1. For a detailed description of the battle see Tim Clayton, Waterloo: Four Days that Changed Europe’s Destiny, London, 2015.
2. John Lees is reported to have said that he was present at the Battle of Waterloo by William Harrison during the inquest into John’s death after Peterloo (see page 308). No further military details are given in this source. John’s father, Robert, who did not deny Harrison’s claim, confirmed that his son was twenty-two years old when he died in early September 1819. However, there are complications in confirming John’s military history. In 1816, three ‘John Lees’, all born in the Parish of Oldham, were named in the War Office Campaign Medal and Award Rolls (General Series): Waterloo TNA WO 100/14. The first is listed under ‘private’ in the ‘1st Regiment of Life Guards’ and recorded as ‘wounded’ in the battle (f. 10); the second listed as number ‘45’ under ‘drivers’ in Robert Bull’s Royal Horse Artillery (RHA) ‘I’ Troop (f. 202r); and the third listed as number ‘72’ under ‘gunners’, also in Bull’s RHA ‘I’ troop (f. 202v). The first can be discounted as the Peterloo John Lees. He was discharged aged twenty-three in 1816 (see TNA WO 97/187/64).
3. Of the two ‘John Lees’ both serving in Bull’s RHA ‘I’ troop by 1816, the documentation states that the driver enlisted on 23 September 1812 (TNA WO 100/14 f. 202v) while the gunner enlisted on 22 July 1812 (TNA WO 100/14 f. 202r). Further information is provided in TNA WO 69/2 Description Book of the Non Commiss[en]d Officers, & Privates of the Royal Horse Artillery. Here the driver is described as ‘no.14’, a ‘Cotton Spinner’, aged fourteen years when he enlisted at Manchester on 23 September 1812, 5 feet 4 ¼ inches in height, with a ‘fresh’ complexion, ‘brown’ hair and ‘grey’ eyes (WO 69/2/2345, f. 157v). The gunner ‘no.5’ is also described as of a fresh complexion with brown hair and grey eyes (f. 158v), but aged eighteen years, 5 feet 6 ½ inches in height and as enlisting at Rochdale on 22 July 1812 (WO 69/2/2351, f. 158v). This John Lees was a ‘weaver’ and assigned to 6th Battalion, 6th Brigade, ‘I’ troop (f. 159r) while John Lees the driver was assigned to ‘RADrs’ (presumably Royal Artillery Drivers) ‘B’ troop. Another source, TNA WO 69/4 Description of Men in Great Britain (L/2310–N/1315) offers similar details for both men, with the additional information that the driver (ff. 141v–142r) was ‘inlisted’ by ‘S Wilson’, first mustered in the ‘7th’ battalion and transferred to the RHA in May 1813 (for the gunner’s entry see ff. 142v–43r).
John Lees the gunner can be discounted as the man who died in 1819, as he would have been around twenty-five years old in that year (based on his given age, eighteen, in 1812) and, via further sources, appears to have been discharged in 1835 aged forty: see TNA ‘Statements of Service RHA Vol. 1’ WO 69/7/161 and WO 97/1243/56. In another source his discharge date is listed as 1836 and his age given as forty-one: see TNA WO 97/1243/55. The age on enlisting of John Lees the driver (fourteen in 1812) at least tallies with the age at death of the Peterloo victim. Based on this analysis, it is assumed here that John Lees, the young man who died of the wounds he received on 16 August 1819, had been present at the Battle of Waterloo as a driver in Robert Bull’s ‘I’ troop of the Royal Horse Artillery.
4. Thomas Paine, Common Sense; Addresses to the Inhabitants of America, Philadelphia, 1776, p. 87.
5. For a recent appraisal of Paine’s life, work and influence see J. C. D. Clark, Thomas Paine: Britain, America, and France in the Age of Enlightenment and Revolution, Oxford, 2018. See also E. Royle, Revolutionary Britannia? Reflections on the threat of revolution in Britain, 1789–1848, Manchester, 2000.
6. Philip Ziegler, Addington: A Life of Henry Addington, First Viscount Sidmouth, London, 1965, pp. 341–2.
7. See John Belchem, Orator Hunt: Henry Hunt and English Working-class Radicalism, Oxford, 1985.
8. See n. 2 and n. 3 above.
9. F. A. Whinyates (ed.), Letters Written by Lieut.-General Dyneley, London, 1984, p. 67.
10. Colin Brown, The Scum of the Earth: What happened to the Real British Heroes of Waterloo?, London, 2015, pp. 169–70.
11. Whinyates, Letters Written by Lieut.-General Thomas Dyneley, p. 64.
12. H. C. Wylly, XVth (The King’s) Hussars 1759 to 1913, London, 1914, p. 243.
13. R. D. Gibney, Eighty Years Ago, or the Recollections of an Old Army Doctor, London, 1896, p. 149.
14. H. C. Wylly (ed.), The Military Memoirs of Lieutenant-General Sir Joseph Thackwell, London, 1908, p. 70.
15. Whinyates, Letters Written by Lieut.-General Dyneley, p. 65.
16. Gibney, Eighty Years Ago, p. 201.
17. Quoted in Gareth Glover (ed.), From Corunna to Waterloo: The Letters and Journals of Two Napoleonic Hussars, 1801–1816, London, 2007, p. 264, footnote *.
18. Allan Mallinson, Light Dragoons: The Making of a Regiment, Barnsley, 2012, p. 79.
19. Whinyates, Letters Written by Lieut.-General Dyneley, p. 65.
20. Ibid., p. 66.
21. Gibney, Eighty Years Ago, p. 210.
22. Both ‘John Lees’, the gunner and the driver, who are listed as being in Major Bull’s ‘I’ troop of the Royal Horse Artillery are among the recipients of the Waterloo Medal and both were still stationed in France, at ‘Cambray’, on 28 May 1816: see TNA WO 100/14 (list of medals sent to Cambrai) ff. 235–236, f. 236r and f. 236v respectively.
23. Whinyates, Letters Written by Lieut.-General Dyneley, p. 67.
24. Ibid.
25. ‘Prince Regent’s Message Respecting an additional grant to the Duke of Wellington’, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) House of Lords, 23 June 1815, Vol. XXXI, cc. 977–99.
26. Samuel Bamford, Passages in the Life of a Radical, London, 1844, p. 51.
27. Bamford, Passages, p. 49.
28. Ibid., p. 47.
29. Ibid., p. 55.
30. Ibid., pp. 54–5.
31. Ibid., p. 55.
32. Ibid.
33. Samuel Bamford, Early Days, London, 1849, p. 241.
1. Joseph Aston, Picture of Manchester, Manchester, 1816, p. 5. For a discussion on the origins of the name see G. D. B. Jones, Roman Manchester, Manchester, 1974, pp. 159–63.
2. Ibid., p. 1.
3. Ibid., p. 26.
4. Ibid., p. 28.
5. For the transition from water to steam power and its impact on Manchester see I. Miller and C. Wild, A. & G. Murray and the Cotton Mills of Ancoats, Lancaster, 2007, pp. 7–23.
6. J. Aikin, A Description of the Country from Thirty to Forty Miles Round Manchester, London, 1795, p. 211.
7. The Times, 24 August 1819.
8. Miller and Wild, A. & G. Murray, p. 25.
9. W. O. Henderson (ed.), Industrial Britain Under the Regency, London, 1968, p. 137. See also C. H. Lee, A Cotton Enterprise 1795–1840: A History of McConnel & Kennedy fine cotton spinners, Manchester, 1972.
10. Miller and Wild, A. & G. Murray, p. 50.
11. Aston, Picture of Manchester, p. 225.
12. Ibid., p. 226.
13. May’s report is transcribed in Henderson, Industrial Britain, pp. 131–69, p. 166.
14. Henderson, Industrial Britain, p. 136.
15. Escher’s letters are transcribed in Henderson, Industrial Britain, pp. 27–67, p. 34.
16. Henderson, Industrial Britain, p. 34.
17. W. O. Henderson, J. C. Fischer and his Diary of Industrial England 1814–51, London, 1966, p. 140.
18. Henderson, Fischer, p. 57.
19. Henderson, Industrial Britain, p. 48.
20. Ibid., pp. 49–50.
21. Ibid., p. 50.
22. Ibid., p. 35.
23. Ibid., p. 137.
24. Ibid., p. 136.
25. Henderson, Fischer, p. 142.
26. Ibid., p. 143.
27. Ibid.
28. Nathan Gould, Information concerning the State of Children employed in Cotton Factories, Manchester, 1818, p. 5.
29. Ibid., p. 7.
30. Ibid., p. 8.
31. See Miller and Wild, A. & G. Murray, pp. 7–23.
32. E. Hewitt, Capital of Discontent: Protest and Crime in Manchester’s Industrial Revolution, Stroud, 2014, p. 40.
33. The Times, 24 August 1819.
34. Henderson, Industrial Britain, p. 35.
35. TNA TS 1125, ‘A Statement exhibiting at one view the wages of Labour generally in the Town of Manchester… 25 November 1819’. My thanks to Robert Poole for bringing this document to my attention.
36. TNA TS 1125, ‘A Statement exhibiting at one view the wages of Labour generally in the Town of Manchester… 25 November 1819’.
37. Henderson, Industrial Britain, p. 50.
38. Ibid., p. 138.
39. Aston, Picture of Manchester, pp. 151–86, 187–8, 116–26.
40. Ibid., pp. 86–7.
41. Edward Baines, History, Directory and Gazetteer, of the County Palatine of Lancaster, 2 Vols, Liverpool, 1825, Vol. II, p. 137.
42. Aston, Picture of Manchester, p. 102.
1. See Jacqueline Riding, Jacobites: A New History of the ’45 Rebellion, London, 2016, pp. 227–51.
2. Bamford, Early Days, p. 15.
3. Ibid., p. 22.
4. Aston, Picture of Manchester, p. 18.
5. Paul R. Ziegler, ‘Archibald Prentice’, ODNB, article 22717, 2004/2009.
6. Archibald Prentice, Historical Sketches and Personal Recollections of Manchester, London and Manchester, 1851, pp. 1–2.
7. For a detailed description and full analysis see Katrina Navickas, Loyalism and Radicalism in Lancashire 1798–1815, Oxford, 2009.
8. Prentice, Historical Sketches, p. 7.
9. Bamford, Early Days, p. 43.
10. Prentice, Historical Sketches, p. 17.
11. Ibid., p. 19.
12. Bamford, Early Days, pp. 43–4.
13. Aston, Picture of Manchester, p. 28.
14. Ibid.
15. Prentice, Historical Sketches, p. 34.
16. Aston, Picture of Manchester, pp. 194–8.
17. Bamford, Passages, pp. 90–1.
18. F. R. Raines (F. Renaud ed.), Lives of the Fellows and Chaplains of the Collegiate Church of Manchester, 2 Parts, Manchester, 1891, Pt 2, p. 313.
19. Raines, Lives of the Fellows and Chaplains, Pt 2, p. 307.
20. Ibid., p. 310.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., p. 311.
23. Ibid., pp. 311–12, citing Hay’s MS Vol. H, p. 286.
24. Raines, Lives of the Fellows and Chaplains, Pt 2, p. 313.
25. Ibid., p. 314.
26. Aston, Picture of Manchester, p. 30.
27. Manchester Mercury, 30 January 1816.
28. Ibid., 14 May 1816.
29. Ibid., 3 November 1818.
30. Ibid., 28 July 1818.
31. Prentice, Historical Sketches, p. 34.
32. For a more sympathetic analysis of Nadin’s career see Hewitt, Capital of Discontent, pp. 13, 41–8.
33. Hewitt, Capital of Discontent, pp. 41–2.
34. Joseph Augustus Dowling, The Whole Proceedings before the Coroner’s Inquest at Oldham on the body of John Lees…, London, 1820, p. 60.
35. Bamford, Passages, p. 82.
36. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 80.
37. Prentice, Historical Sketches, p. 34.
38. For the most up-to-date biography see the forthcoming article by Katrina Navickas, ‘John Knight’, ODNB. I am very grateful to Katrina for showing me a draft.
39. G. Farquharson, A Correct Report of the Proceedings on the Trial of Thirty Eight Men on a Charge of Administering an Unlawful Oath … At Lancaster on Thursday 27th August 1812, with an Introductory Narrative by John Knight, One of the Defendants, Manchester, 1812, p. i.
40. Farquharson, A Correct Report, p. 98.
41. Ibid., p. 99.
42. Ibid., p. iii.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., p. vi.
46. Ibid., p. viii.
47. Navickas, Loyalism and Radicalism in Lancashire, pp. 4–5.
48. For more on the Middleton Hampden Club see Bamford, Passages, pp. 8–11.
49. Bamford, Passages, pp. 7–8.
50. Ibid.
51. For a survey of working-class education through personal accounts see Emma Griffin, Liberty’s Dawn: A People’s History of the Industrial Revolution, New Haven and London, 2013, pp. 165–85.
52. Bamford, Early Days, p. 107.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid., p. 106.
55. Ibid.
56. Bamford, Passages, pp. 7–8.
57. Aston, Picture of Manchester, p. 139.
58. Ibid., pp. 139–40.
1. J. C. Sainty, Office-Holders in Modern Britain, Vol. V, Home Office Officials 1782–1870, London, 1975, pp. 47–61. The method of filing such material was unique to the department and, although it no doubt made sense to the clerks at the time, can prove utterly bewildering to the modern researcher. Nathan Bend has heroically surveyed the Home Office papers for this period and the fruits of his labour can be found in his doctoral thesis, The Home Office and Public Disturbance, c.1800–1832, University of Hertfordshire and The National Archives, 2018.
2. E. Troup, The Home Office, London and New York, 1925, p. 18; see also F. Newsam, The Home Office, London, 1954.
3. Gentleman’s Magazine, June 1816, pp. 423–4 and December 1816, p. 489.
4. Sainty, Office-Holders in Modern Britain, V, Home Office Officials 1782–1870, pp. 47–61.
5. Troup, The Home Office, p. 41.
6. Ibid., p. 156.
7. TNA HO 40/3/1 ff. 82–3, ‘Extract of a letter from Mr Chippindale’, Oldham, 2 December 1816.
8. TNA HO 40/3/1 ff. 11–12, John Lloyd ‘To the Under Secretary of State’, Stockport, 7 January 1817.
9. TNA HO 40/3/2 ff. 10–11, John Knight to John Kay of Bolton, Manchester, 21 November 1816.
10. TNA HO 42/158/1 f. 54, Revd Charles Ethelston to Lord Sidmouth, Longsight, Manchester, 16 January 1817.
11. TNA HO 42/158/1 ff. 55–6, ‘The Information of Peter Campbell’.
12. Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, Vol. XXXII, No. 3, 18 January 1817, pp. 73–4. ‘Price Two Pence’. This copy was among the enclosures sent to the Home Office and filed in TNA HO 42/158/1 ff. 42–9, f. 44.
1. Bamford, Passages, p. 31.
2. Ibid., pp. 15–16.
3. Ibid., p. 16.
4. Belchem, Orator Hunt, pp. 58–65.
5. See Malcolm Chase, 1820: Disorder and stability in the United Kingdom, Manchester, pp. 50–1 and Belchem, Orator Hunt, pp. 61–4.
6. Bamford, Passages, p. 16.
7. See Penny Young, Two Cocks on a Dunghill, William Cobbett and Henry Hunt: their friendship, feuds and fights, South Lopham, 2009.
8. Bamford, Passages, p. 18.
9. Ibid.
10. Morning Chronicle, 23 January 1817.
11. Bamford, Passages, p. 18.
12. Morning Chronicle, 23 January 1817.
13. William Cobbett, ‘A letter to Earl Grosvenor 19th February 1817’ in Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, Vol. XXXII, No. 8, 22 February 1817, pp. 225–56, p. 236.
14. Bamford, Passages, p. 21.
15. For Lord Castlereagh see John Bew, Castlereagh: Enlightenment, War and Tyranny, London, 2011.
16. K. D. Reynolds, ‘Elizabeth Conyngham [née Denison]’, ODNB, article 45483, 2004.
17. Lucy Clementina Drummond Davies, Recollections of Society in France and England, 2 Vols, London, 1872, Vol. I, p. 41.
18. Robert Huish, Memoirs of George the Fourth, 2 Vols, London, 1830, Vol. II, p. 243.
19. Huish, Memoirs of George the Fourth, II, p. 243.
20. The Times, 16 July 1830.
21. ‘It is, however, among art historian and students of patronage that his reputation has been rehabilitated’, Christopher Hibbert, ‘George IV’, ODNB, article 10541, 2004/2008.
22. Roy Porter and George Rousseau, Gout: The Patrician Malady, New Haven and London, 2000, p. 135.
23. William Buchan, Domestic Medicine: Or, A Treatise on the Prevention and Cure of Diseases by Regimen and Simple Medicines, 16th edition, London, 1798, p. 356.
24. For the old palace see Christine Riding and Jacqueline Riding (eds), The Houses of Parliament: History, Art, Architecture, London, 2000.
25. ‘The Prince Regent’s Speech on Opening the Session’, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) House of Lords, 28 January 1817, Vol. XXXV, cc. 1–4.
26. Huish, Memoirs of George the Fourth, II, p. 244.
27. Morning Chronicle, 29 January 1817.
28. RA GEO_MENUS Georgian Menu Books MRH/MRHF/MENUS/MAIN/MIXED/4, Menu book for the Prince Regent, 26 January 1817–28 September 1818, (Tuesday) 28 January 1817.
29. Henry Hunt, Memoirs of Henry Hunt Esq, 3 Vols, London, 1820, Vol. III, pp. 425–6.
30. Ibid., p. 429.
31. Ibid., p. 426.
32. Bamford, Passages, pp. 19–20.
33. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 429.
34. Morning Chronicle, 29 January 1817.
35. ‘Attack on the Prince Regent’, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) House of Lords, 28 January 1817, Vol. XXXV, cc. 4–5.
36. TNA HO 40/3/1 ff. 140–1, ‘The Information of S.F in the Parish of Manchester… taken & made before me Charles Wicksted Ethelston’, 28 January 1817.
37. HO 42/158/1 ff. 149–50 ‘Information from “E.H” [named as John England]… before Charles Wicksted Ethelston’, 31 January 1817.
38. TNA HO 42/158/1 ff. 147–8, ‘Information of A.B late of the first Regiment of Manchester Local Militia… taken & made before me, C. W. Ethelston… this 31st day of January 1817’.
39. TNA HO 40/4/2 ff. 28–9, Report dated 4 February 1817 regarding a meeting held 3 February, also transcribed in H. W. C. Davis, ‘Lancashire Reformers, 1816–1817’ in The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, Vol. X, Issue 1, Manchester, 1926, pp. 47–79, p. 74.
40. ‘Habeas Corpus Suspension Bill’, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) House of Lords, Vol. XXXV, 24 February 1817, cc. 551–88.
41. Black Dwarf, Vol. I, No. 2, 5 February 1817, pp. 24–5. For Wooler see James Epstein, ‘Thomas Jonathan Wooler’, ODNB, article 29952, 2004.
42. Ibid., p. 25.
1. Bamford, Passages, p. 32.
2. Davis, ‘Lancashire Reformers’, p. 58.
3. TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 21–5, Deposition of John Livesey (speeches 6 March), 7 March 1817.
4. For a full exploration of the process of petitioning in this period see Peter Fraser, ‘Public Petitioning and Parliament before 1832’ in History, Vol. 46, No. 158 (1961), pp. 195–211 and the forthcoming article by Robert Poole, ‘Petitioners and Rebels: Petitioning for Parliamentary Reform in Regency Britain’ in Social Science History.
5. Black Dwarf, Vol. I, No. 3, 12 February 1817, pp. 39–41.
6. TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 11–12, John Livesey’s deposition before Reverend Charles Ethelston, 4 March 1817.
7. TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 53–4, ‘Deposition of John Livesey… taken on oath at Salford the eleventh day of March 1817’.
8. TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 19–20, ‘Deposition of “J.L.” [John Livesey] made before Charles Wicksted Ethelston JP, 6th March 1817’ and another version, quoted earlier, ff. 53–5, dated 11 March 1817.
9. This meeting is recorded in two separate depositions taken by the Reverend Charles Ethelston from John Livesey: TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 11–13, 4 March 1817, f. 11, and TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 17–18, 5 March 1817.
10. TNA HO 40/5/4a f. 17.
11. Ibid.
12. TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 11–13, f. 12, ‘Deposition of John Livesey’ before Revd Charles Ethelston, 4 March 1817.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., ff. 17–18, 5 March 1817.
15. TNA HO 40/5/4a f. 33, ‘Deposition of John Livesey’, 7 March 1817.
16. TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 21–5, f. 22, ‘Speeches March 6th Johnson [sic], Baguley [sic] & Mitchell’; also TNA HO 40/5/4a f. 34.
17. TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 21–5, f. 23; also TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 34–5.
18. TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 37–8, ‘Deposition of John Livesey taken 8th day of March 1817’ before Revd Charles Ethelston.
19. TNA HO 40/5/1 ff. 25–8, Speeches from Friday [sic] 8 March. For Elijah Dixon see T. Swindells, Manchester Streets and Manchester Men, 5th series, Manchester, 1908, pp. 216–21, and R. Hargreaves and A. Hampson, Beyond Peterloo: Elijah Dixon and Manchester’s Forgotten Reformers, Barnsley, 2018.
20. TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 26–7.
21. TNA HO 40/5/4a ‘Speeches on 8th March’ ff. 25–8, f. 28.
22. TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 29–30, W. D. Evans to Lord Sidmouth, Manchester, 6 March 1817.
23. Samuel Bamford, An Account of the Arrest and Imprisonment of Samuel Bamford, Middleton, on Suspicion of High Treason, Manchester, 1817, pp. 15–16.
24. Ibid., p. 16.
25. Bamford, Passages, pp. 30–1.
1. TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 41–2, Revd William Hay to Lord Sidmouth, New Bailey, 10 March 1817.
2. Bamford, Passages, p. 32.
3. TNA HO 40/5/4a ff. 43–6, ‘The Meeting at St Peters Church Mar 10th 1817 Monday 9 o’clock’.
4. TNA HO 40/5/4a f. 42, Revd William Hay to Lord Sidmouth, 10 March 1817.
5. TNA HO 40/5/2 f. 1304.
6. Bamford, Passages, p. 34.
7. Ibid., pp. 37–8; also Bamford, An Account of the Arrest and Imprisonment, pp. 17–20.
8. Bamford, Passages, p. 43.
9. Robert Huish, Memoirs of the Late William Cobbett, 2 Vols, London, 1836, Vol. II, p. 195.
10. ‘Mr. Cobbett’s taking leave of his Countrymen’ in Cobbett’s Weekly Register, Vol. XXXII, placed after No. 13, 29 March 1817, p. 416.
11. William Cobbett, ‘To the people of England, Scotland and Ireland’ in Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, Vol. XXXII, No. 15, 12 July 1817, pp. 449–80, pp. 462–3.
12. Ibid., pp. 462–4.
13. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 463.
14. Bamford, Passages, p. 44.
15. Ibid., pp. 45–6.
16. Bamford, An Account of the Arrest and Imprisonment, pp. 21–2; also Bamford, Passages, pp. 79–81.
17. Bamford, Passages, p. 81.
18. Ibid., p. 82.
19. Ibid., p. 87.
20. Ibid., p. 91.
21. Ibid., p. 81.
22. Ibid., p. 106.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., pp. 108–9.
25. Bamford, An Account of the Arrest and Imprisonment, p. 5.
26. Ibid., p. 42.
27. Bamford, Passages, p. 74.
28. TNA HO 42/163 f. 365, Samuel Bamford to Jemima Bamford, 11 April 1817.
29. Bamford, Passages, pp. 147–8.
30. Bamford, An Account of the Arrest and Imprisonment, p. 55.
31. Bamford, Passages, p. 153.
32. Ibid., pp. 153–4.
1. Leeds Mercury, 14 June 1817, p. 3.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. For Oliver ‘the Spy’ see Malcolm Chase, ‘W. J. Richards’, ODNB, article 57111, 2004/2008.
5. Edward Baines, History of the Reign of George III, 4 Vols, Leeds, 1820–3, Vol. IV, p. 78.
6. Baines, George III, IV, p. 78.
7. As quoted in the Leeds Mercury, 5 July 1817.
8. TNA HO 79/3 ff. 40–2, f. 41 ‘Private & Confidential’, Lord Sidmouth to Hugh Parker, Whitehall, 31 May 1817.
9. Bamford, Passages, pp. 156–7.
10. My thanks to John Belchem for providing additional information on Brandreth and the Pentrich rising.
11. Baines, George III, IV, p. 77.
12. TNA HO 42/168 ff. 279–80, John Knight to Lord Sidmouth, Salisbury Gaol, 17 July 1817.
13. Sherwin’s Weekly Political Register, Vol. I, No. 17, 26 July 1817, p. 269.
14. TNA HO 42/170 f. 242, Letter from Elijah Dixon, 19 September 1817.
15. Hargreaves and Hampson, Beyond Peterloo, p. 19.
16. Many thanks again to John Belchem for this additional information and insight into the rising.
17. Samuel Bamford, Miscellaneous Poetry, London, 1821, p. 66. Bamford first included this poem in his collection entitled The Weaver’s Boy, published in April 1819 and advertised in the Manchester Observer, 10 April 1819.
18. Hunt, Memoirs, III, pp. 501–2.
19. Malcolm Chase makes this point: see Chase, ‘Richards’, ODNB.
20. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 503.
21. Ibid., p. 507.
1. Sherwin’s Weekly Political Register, Vol. II, No. 20, 14 February 1818, p. 187.
2. Manchester Observer, 3 January 1818, p. 1.
3. See ‘James Wroe’ in K. Gildart, D. Howell and N. Kirk (eds), Dictionary of Labour Biography, Basingstoke, Vol. XI, 2003, p. 292.
4. Chetham’s Library, MUN Collection Mun.A.6.30 James Weatherly, Autobiography, 1860, ff. 33–4. Weatherley states that in 1860 two of Wroe’s sons were trading in Manchester, one as a bookseller in Oxford Road and the other a sheet-music seller in John Dalton Street. He says Wroe died in 1844.
5. Derby Mercury, 13 November 1800.
6. Stamford Mercury, 1 June 1804.
7. Leeds Intelligencer, 1 July 1816.
8. Their address is given as 4 Canal Street, Manchester in the Manchester Observer, 22 May 1819.
9. The Times, 11 August 1819.
10. Dolby, T., The Trial of Henry Hunt, Esq. Jno. Knight, Jos. Johnson, Jno. Thacker Saxton, Samuel Bamford, Jos. Healey, James Moorhouse, Robert Jones, Geo. Swift, and Robert Wylde, for an alledged [sic] Conspiracy to Overturn the Government, &c., London, 1820, pp. 187–8.
11. G. C. Boase and G. H. Martin, ‘Henry Hobhouse’, ODNB, article 13403, 2004.
12. For Sidmouth’s withdrawal from the department see Ziegler, Addington, pp. 368–9.
13. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 528.
14. www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/constituencies/westminster.
15. Hunt, Memoirs, III, pp. 552–3.
16. Ibid., p. 547.
17. See R. G. Hall, ‘Tyranny, Work and Politics: The 1818 Strike Wave in the English Cotton District’ in International Review of Social History, Vol. 34, No. 3 (1989), pp. 433–70.
18. As reported in newspaper clippings from Chetham’s Library, Main Collection Hay 1–18, William Robert Hay Scrapbooks Vol. 11, ff. 213–14. A version of Boulter’s deposition can be found in TNA HO 42/180/1 ff. 303–6, Speeches at Stockport Meeting, 1 September 1818.
19. TNA HO 42/180/1 f. 291, Deposition of John Livesey, ‘The Outlines of the different speeches made by the Reformers on Sandy Brow… the first day of September 1818’.
20. As reported in newspaper clippings from Chetham’s Library, Hay Scrapbooks, Vol. 11, ff. 213–14. Livesey offers a variation in TNA HO 42/180/1 ff. 292–4.
21. TNA HO 42/180/1 f. 292, Deposition of John Livesey. See also newspaper clippings from Chetham’s Library, Hay Scrapbooks, Vol. 11, ff. 213–14.
22. Robert Reid, The Peterloo Massacre, London, 1989, pp. 99–100.
23. TNA HO 42/180/1 ff. 102–3, John Lloyd to Henry Hobhouse, 7 September 1818.
24. Ibid., ff. 246–7, John Bagguley to Joseph Harrison, 26 September 1818.
25. Reid, The Peterloo Massacre, p. 102.
1. For Richard Carlile see M. L. Bush, The Friends and Following of Richard Carlile, Diss, 2016. For the flag see The Republican, II, p. 254 and V, p. 270.
2. Belchem, Orator Hunt, p. 92.
3. John Knight, A Full and Particular Report of the Proceedings of the Public Meeting held in Manchester on Monday the 18th of January 1819, Manchester, n.d.
4. Ibid., p. 6.
5. Ibid.
6. Belchem, Orator Hunt, pp. 86–7.
7. Knight, A Full and Particular Report, p. 15.
8. Ibid., p. 7.
9. Ibid., pp. 7–8.
10. Ibid., p. 9.
11. Ibid., p. 10.
12. Ibid., p. 7.
13. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 598; Knight, A Full and Particular Report, p. 21.
14. Manchester Observer, 9 January 1819.
15. Ibid., 18 January 1819; Knight, A Full and Particular Report, pp. 21–2.
16. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 599.
17. Ibid., p. 600.
18. Black Dwarf, Vol. III, No. 22, 2 June 1819, pp. 337–8.
19. For a full description of this programme of mass meetings in July and August 1819 see Belchem, Orator Hunt, pp. 98–112.
20. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 600.
21. Manchester Observer, 31 July 1819.
22. TNA TS 11/1056, Letter from Henry Hunt to Joseph Johnson, Middleton Cottage, 6 July 1819.
23. Belchem, Orator Hunt, p. 105.
24. TNA HO 42/190/1 ff. 64–5, f. 65, Henry Hunt to Joseph Johnson, Middleton Cottage, 29 July 1819.
1. The Sporting Magazine or Monthly Calendar, Vol. IX (2nd Series, or Vol. LXXXIV Old Series), London, 1834, p. 222.
2. Edward and James Weatherby, The Racing Calendar for the Year 1818, London, 1819, Vol. XLVI, p. 337, under ‘Races to Come’, ‘Sir John Byng, Bart, Steward’.
3. Weatherby and Weatherby, The Racing Calendar for the Year 1818, pp. 339–40.
4. TNA HO 42/191/1 ff. 226–229, f. 227, Sir John Byng to Henry Hobhouse, Manchester, 2 August 1819.
5. H. W. Pearse, The History of the 31st Foot and 70th Foot, Subsequently the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the East Surrey Regiment, 3 Vols, London, Vol. I, 1702–1914, 1916, p. 122.
6. Ibid., I, p. 125.
7. Ibid., I, p. 125.
8. Ibid., I, p. 126.
9. G. B. L’Estrange, Recollections of Sir George B. L’Estrange, London, 1874, pp. 185–6.
10. Quoted in John Mollo, The Prince’s Dolls: Scandals, Skirmishes and Splendours of the First British Hussars 1793–1815, London, 1997, p. 173.
11. L’Estrange, Recollections of Sir George B. L’Estrange, p. 189.
12. TNA HO 42/191, Sir John Byng to Henry Hobhouse, 2 August 1819. For the army’s involvement in maintaining civil order see Chapter 7 ‘Civil Disorder’ in S. H. Myerly, British Military Spectacle: From the Napoleonic Wars through to the Crimea, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, 1996, pp. 120–138.
13. TNA HO 42/191/2 f. 280, ‘Disposition of the Troops in the Northern District as intended to be on Monday 2nd August 1819’.
14. Wylly, History of the XVth (The King’s) Hussars, p. 260.
15. Joseph Aston, The Manchester Guide, Manchester, 1804, pp. 253–4.
16. ‘Sir William Jolliffe’s Account’ transcribed in George Pellow, The Life and Correspondence of the Right Hon[oura]ble Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, 3 Vols, London, 1847, Vol. III, pp. 253–61, p. 253.
17. Anon, ‘A Chelsea Pensioner’, Jottings from my Sabretasch, London, 1847, pp. 127–8.
18. First published in the Scots Observer, 1890, then in Kipling’s compilation Barrack-Room Ballads and Other Verses, London, 1892.
19. Mollo, The Prince’s Dolls, p. 4.
20. Quoted in Mollo, The Prince’s Dolls, p. 192.
1. Daniel Defoe, A Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain, London, 1748, Vol. III, p. 257.
2. James Ray, A Compleat History of the Rebellion, York, 1749, pp. 201–2.
3. John Harland (ed.), Ballads and Songs of Lancashire: Chiefly Older than the 19th Century, London, 1865, pp. 278–9. The Bodleian Library has a broadsheet version currently dated 1840–66 printed by/for J Harkness of Preston, Harding B II (2052).
4. James Crossley, ‘Pott’s Discovery of Witches in the County of Lancaster’ in Remains Historical & Literary connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester published by The Chetham Society, Manchester, 1845, Vol. VI, p. lxxix.
5. For the working class see Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1995, pp. 141–74.
6. Bamford, Passages, p. 165.
7. M. L. Bush, ‘The Women at Peterloo: The Impact of Female Reform on the Manchester Meeting of 16 August 1819’ in History 89 (2004), pp. 209–32, p. 210 and p. 214.
8. For women occupying public political spaces see Katrina Navickas, Protest and the Politics of Space and Place, 1789–1848, Manchester, 2016, pp. 75–81.
9. Morning Chronicle, 1 July 1819, p. 3.
10. Leeds Intelligencer, 5 July 1819, p. 4.
11. Black Dwarf, Vol. III, No. 28, 14 July 1819, p. 453.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., p. 454.
15. Ibid., pp. 454–6.
16. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, London, 1790, pp. 112–13.
17. For analysis of this famous passage see Richard Bourke, Empire and Revolution: The Political Life of Edmund Burke, Princeton and Oxford, 2015, pp. 703–8 and Sora Sato, Edmund Burke as Historian: War, Order and Civilisation, Basingstoke, 2018, pp. 93–4.
18. For an exploration of the female reform societies see also Ruth Mather, ‘“These Lancashire Women are witches in politics”: Female reform societies and the theatre of radicalism 1819–1820’ in Robert Poole (ed.), Return to Peterloo, Manchester, 2012, pp. 49–64 and her unpublished doctoral thesis, The Home-Making of the English Working Class: Radical Politics and a Domestic Life in Late-Georgian England, c.1790–1820, Queen Mary University London, 2016.
19. Black Dwarf, 14 July 1819, pp. 455–6.
20. Bamford, Passages, p. 166.
21. A Full, Accurate, and Impartial Report of the Trial of John Bagguley, of Stockport, John Johnston, of Salford, and Samuel Drummond, of Manchester, Manchester, 1819.
22. Bagguley spells the latter names ‘Montague’ and ‘Woolstoncroft’.
23. TNA HO 42/188 f. 138, Letter from John Bagguley to the Female Reformers of Stockport, Chester Castle, 19 June 1819.
24. The Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser, 14 July 1819, p. 3.
25. The British Museum, 1935,0522.11.147.
26. Manchester Observer, 31 July 1819, No. 31, Vol. II.
27. Ibid., 31 July 1819.
28. Ibid., also in Henry Fisher, An Impartial Narrative of the Late Melancholy Occurrences in Manchester, Liverpool, pp. 10–11.
29. James Wroe, Peterloo Massacre, Containing A Faithful Narrative of the Events which preceded, accompanied, and followed the fatal Sixteenth of August 1819 …, 2nd edition, Manchester, 1819, pp. 21–2.
30. Ibid., p. 22.
31. TNA HO 42/191/1 ff. 41–2, Mr Wright to [Lord Sidmouth?], Manchester, 11 August 1819.
1. TNA HO 42/161 f. 10, Anthony Molyneux to Lord Sidmouth, and TNA HO 42/164 f. 11.
2. TNA HO 42/164 f. 510, William Hay to Lord Sidmouth, Police Office Manchester, 26 April 1817.
3. Manchester Mercury, 24 June 1817.
4. Prentice, Historical Sketches, p. 70.
5. Ibid.
6. Manchester Observer, 17 July 1819.
7. Ibid., 7 August 1819.
8. Francis Philips, An Exposure of the Calumnies circulated by the Enemies of Social Order… Against the Magistrates and the Yeomanry Cavalry of Manchester and Salford, 2nd edition, London, 1819, pp. 17–18.
9. James Wroe, Peterloo Massacre, 3rd edition, Manchester, December 1819, p. 164.
10. Philips, An Exposure of the Calumnies Circulated, p. 17.
11. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 600.
12. TNA HO 41/4 ff. 358–60, Henry Hobhouse to James Norris, 17 July 1819.
13. Hobhouse’s dealings with the magistrates to date are summarized in TNA HO 41/4 ff. 424–5, Henry Hobhouse to the Attorney General, Whitehall, 2 August 1819.
14. TNA HO 42/191/1 and another copy at Manchester University EGR4/2/3/2/5.
15. TNA HO 41/4 ff. 431–2, Henry Hobhouse to James Norris, Whitehall, 3 August 1819.
16. TNA HO 41/4 ff. 434–5, Henry Hobhouse to James Norris, Whitehall, 4 August 1819.
17. This information was printed and distributed by James Wroe, dated Manchester Observer Office, 4 August, a copy finding its way to the Home Office, TNA HO 42/191/2 f. 325.
18. Manchester Observer, 7 August 1819.
19. TNA HO 42/191/2 f. 327, Sir John Byng to Henry Hobhouse, Pontefract, 5 August 1819.
20. TNA HO 42/191/2 f. 327, Sir John Byng to Henry Hobhouse, Pontefract, 5 August 1819.
21. TNA HO 41/4 f. 441, Henry Hobhouse to James Norris, Whitehall, 7 August 1819.
22. Manchester Observer, 17 July 1819.
23. Joseph Johnson, A Letter to Henry Hunt, Esq. by Joseph Johnson, Manchester, 1822, p. 6.
24. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 601.
25. Ibid., pp. 601–2.
26. Ibid., pp. 602–3.
27. Ibid., p. 603.
28. Ibid., p. 604.
29. Swindells, Manchester Streets and Manchester Men, p. 47.
30. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 605.
31. Ibid.
32. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 214.
33. Hunt, Memoirs, III, pp. 606–7.
34. The Times, 16 August 1819, Henry Hunt’s letter to the Editor of The Star dated Smedley Cottage, near Manchester, 12 August 1819.
35. Ibid.
36. Bamford, Passages, pp. 191–2.
37. Ibid.
38. Hunt, Memoirs, III, pp. 609–10.
39. TNA 41/4 ff. 454–5, Henry Hobhouse to James Norris, Whitehall, 11 August 1819.
40. TNA HO 42/191/2 f. 384, Sir John Byng to Henry Hobhouse, York, 10 p.m., 11 August 1819.
41. TNA HO 42/191/2 f. 386, William Hay to Sir John Byng, Police Office Manchester, 8 o’clock, 10 August 1819.
42. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 610.
43. Bamford, Passages, pp. 194–5.
44. Ibid., pp. 191–2.
45. Ibid., p. 196.
46. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 610.
47. John Edward Taylor, Notes and Observations, London, 1820, p. 53; letter from James Norris to Lord Sidmouth, Manchester, 11 p.m., 15 August 1819.
1. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 52.
2. Ibid., p. 53.
3. TNA HO 79/3 f. 356, Henry Hobhouse to Colonel Ralph Fletcher, 2 March 1819.
4. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, pp. 76–9, p. 141.
5. For a full exploration see Robert Poole, ‘The March to Peterloo: Politics and Festivity in Late Georgian England’ in Past and Present, No. 192 (August 2006), pp. 109–53.
6. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 181.
7. Ibid.
8. Bamford stated this in his petition to the House of Commons, see ‘Manchester Meeting-Petition of Samuel Bamford’, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) House of Commons, 30 November 1819, Vol. XLI, cc. 509–13.
9. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 53.
10. Ibid.
11. J. Harland and T. T. Wilkinson, Lancashire Legends, Traditions, Pageants, Sports, &c., London, 1873, p. 83. See also A. Burton, Rush-Bearing, Manchester, 1891.
12. Ibid., pp. 110–11.
13. Ibid., p. 113.
14. Correspondence from ‘J.L.’ dated Rochdale, Lancashire, 31 May 1825 and quoted in William Hone, The Year Book of Daily Recreation and Information, London, 1832, p. 553.
15. Jonathan Crowther, A Portraiture of Methodism, Or, the History of the Wesleyan Methodists, London, 1815, p. 259.
16. Thomas Coke ed., A Collection of Hymns for the Use of the People Called Methodists. By the Rev. John Wesley, Dublin, 1816, p. 217.
17. John A. La Trobe, The Music of the Church, London, 1831, p. 91. See also K. H. MacDermott, The Old Church Gallery Minstrels: An Account of the Church Bands and Singers in England from about 1660 to 1860, London, 1948.
18. Bamford, Early Days, p. 150.
19. ‘J.L.’ in Hone, The Year Book of Daily Recreation, p. 553.
20. Harland and Wilkinson, Lancashire Legends, p. 113.
21. Bamford, Early Days, pp. 146–51.
22. Ibid., p. 149.
23. Ibid., p. 150.
24. ‘J.L.’ in Hone, The Year Book of Daily Recreation, p. 553.
25. Bamford, Passages, p. 196.
26. Ibid., pp. 197–200.
27. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 178.
28. Bamford, Passages, p. 198.
29. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 178.
30. Bamford, Passages, pp. 198–200.
31. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, pp. 178–9.
32. Ibid., p. 181.
33. Bamford, Passages, p. 200.
34. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 179.
35. Ibid., p. 185.
36. Ibid.
37. Bamford, Passages, p. 81
38. Ibid., p. 200.
39. Ibid., pp. 220–1.
40. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 187.
41. Ibid., p. 185.
1. J. Harrop, A Report of the Trial, Redford against Birley and Others for An Assault on The Sixteenth of August 1819, Manchester, 1822, p. 49.
2. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 265.
3. Ibid., pp. 204–5.
4. The Times, 19 August 1819.
5. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 23.
6. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 106.
7. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 45, William Hulton’s testimony: ‘The meeting on the 9th being illegal, placards were issued to prevent it; there were no such placards on the 16th, the requisition being legal; The illegal passages were taken out.’
8. Ibid., p. 44.
9. See Reid, The Peterloo Massacre, p. 166.
10. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 101.
11. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 30.
12. Ibid., pp. 46–8.
13. Ibid., p. 48.
14. Ibid., p. 37.
15. Ibid., p. 40.
16. Ibid., p. 41.
17. For the whole description see Harrop, Redford against Birley, pp. 40–1.
18. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 41.
19. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 101.
20. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 30.
21. Manchester Chronicle, 21 August 1819.
22. For Tatton see Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 46.
23. ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account of Peterloo’ transcribed in F. A. Bruton, Three Accounts of Peterloo, by Eyewitnesses, Manchester, 1921, pp. 10–23, p. 21.
24. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 30.
25. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 18.
26. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 14.
27. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 192.
28. Ibid., p. 193.
29. Prentice, Historical Sketches, p. 159.
30. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 18.
31. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 46.
32. Anon., An Examination of the late dreadful Occurrences at the Meeting at Manchester, on August 16, 1819; being a clear statement and review of its object, circumstances, and results, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1819, p. 7.
33. Bamford, Passages, pp. 200–1.
34. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 188.
35. Bamford, Passages, p. 201.
36. Ibid., pp. 200–1.
37. Ibid., p. 202.
38. Ibid., p. 203.
39. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 46.
40. Lucy Morville described herself as thirty-nine years old. Apparently she ‘appeared much older, and excited a smile at her declaration of age’, Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 190.
41. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 12.
42. Ibid., p. 74.
43. Ibid., p. 38.
44. Ibid., p. 57.
45. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 611.
46. Ibid.
47. Bush, The Friends and Following of Richard Carlile, p. 96.
48. Sherwin’s Weekly Political Register, Vol. V, No. 16, 21 August 1819, p. 240.
49. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, pp .103, 216.
50. Sherwin’s, 21 August 1819, p. 240.
51. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 612.
52. Ibid.
53. The Times, 19 August 1819.
54. Ibid.
55. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 86.
56. Manchester Chronicle, 21 August 1819.
57. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 611.
58. Sherwin’s, 21 August 1819, p. 240.
59. Ibid.
60. Bamford, Passages, p. 203.
61. The Times, 19 August 1819.
62. Hunt, Memoirs, III, pp. 619–20.
63. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 206.
64. Ibid.
65. Bamford, Passages, pp. 203–4.
66. Jemima Bamford’s account in Bamford, Passages, p. 221.
67. Bamford, Passages, p. 204.
68. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 17.
69. Ibid.
70. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 101.
71. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 44.
72. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 73.
73. Bamford, Passages, p. 205.
74. Ibid.
75. Richard Clark, An Account of the national anthem entitled God Save the King!, London, 1822 and Riding, Jacobites, pp. 285–6.
76. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 192.
77. Bamford, Passages, p. 205.
78. Hunt, Memoirs, III, pp. 612–13.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid., pp. 613–14.
81. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 217.
82. The Times, 19 August 1819.
83. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 217.
84. Sherwin’s, 21 August 1819, p. 241.
85. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 196.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid., p. 191.
88. Bamford, Passages, p. 203.
89. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 18.
90. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 217.
91. Ibid., p. 192.
92. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 18.
93. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 102.
94. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 44.
95. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 102.
96. Ibid., p. 105.
97. TNA HO 42/192 f. 174 (original ff. 348–50), William Hay’s account, 16 August 1819.
98. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 106.
99. Ibid., p. 102.
100. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 45.
101. TNA HO 42/198 f. 636. With thanks to Robert Poole for bringing this document to my attention.
102. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 102.
103. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 31.
104. Ibid., p. 41.
105. Ibid., p. 44.
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid., p. 45.
108. Manchester Chronicle, 21 August 1819.
109. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 45.
110. Ibid.
111. Ibid.
112. An Act for Preventing Tumults and Riotous Assemblies, and for the more speedy and effectual Punishing the Rioters, London, 1715. By 1819, with the third King George on the throne, it was usual to clarify the date of the act with ‘in the first year of King George the First’.
113. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 46.
114. Ibid., p. 45.
115. J. T. Saxton (pub.), ‘A Striking Resemblance of the Swearing Parsons, Hay and Ethelstone, Reading the Riot Act, on St. Peter’s Plain, August 16th, 1819’, Manchester, 1822, used as a frontispiece to the copy of the 3rd edition of James Wroe’s Peterloo Massacre, Manchester, 1819, held in the collections of the University of Minnesota (WILS CLS 942.073 P44).
116. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 45.
117. Ibid., p. 19.
118. Ibid., p. 46.
119. Pellow, ‘Sir William Jolliffe’s Account’, pp. 254–5.
120. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 49.
121. M. L. Bush, The Casualties of Peterloo, Lancaster, 2005, p. 94.
122. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 18.
123. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 187.
124. Weatherley, Autobiography, f. 27.
125. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 179.
126. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 31.
127. Ibid., p. 41.
128. Ibid., p. 31.
129. Manchester Chronicle, 21 August 1819.
130. Bamford, Passages, p. 206.
131. The Times, 19 August 1819.
132. Hunt, Memoirs, III, pp. 614–15.
133. Ibid.
134. James Wroe, Peterloo Massacre, 3rd edition, Manchester, 1819, p. 3.
135. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 214.
136. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 615.
137. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 220.
138. Ibid., p. 219.
139. Ibid., p. 102.
140. Ibid., p. 108.
141. Bamford, Passages, p. 206.
142. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 107.
143. Manchester Chronicle, 21 August 1819; see also Manchester Observer, 21 August 1819: The Yeomanry ‘put to death one of the Special Constables, and wounded many more.’ See also Bush, Casualties of Peterloo, p. 65.
144. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 103.
145. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 49.
146. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 615.
147. Ibid.
148. The Times, 19 August 1819.
149. Weatherley, Autobiography, f. 27.
150. Sherwin’s, 21 August 1819, p. 242.
151. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 193.
152. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 75.
153. Bamford, Passages, p. 206.
154. Ibid., p. 207.
155. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, pp. 18–19.
156. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 44.
157. Ibid., p. 180.
158. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 19.
159. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 48.
160. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 19.
161. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 179.
162. Ibid., p. 180.
163. The Times, 19 August 1819.
164. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 461.
165. Manchester Observer, 21 August 1819.
166. The Times, 19 August 1819.
167. Ibid.
168. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 19.
169. Matthew Roberts says that some banners were ‘ritually destroyed’, see ‘Radical Banners from Peterloo to Chartism’ in R. Poole (ed.), Return to Peterloo, Manchester Region History Review (Special Edition), Vol. 23, 2012/2014, pp. 93–109, p. 97.
170. Bamford, Passages, p. 210.
171. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 179.
172. University of Manchester Library, English MS 172 Peterloo Relief Fund Account Book, c.1820, p. 1; Bush, Casualties of Peterloo, p. 94.
173. ‘Mrs. Fildes, hanging suspended by a nail in the platform which had caught her white dress, was slashed across her exposed body by one of the brave cavalry.’ See Isabella Banks [Mrs George Linnaeus Banks], The Manchester Man, 3 Vols, London, 1876, Vol. II, p. 32. The author refers to this anecdote in the appendix to Volume 3, with the comment that the ‘female sabred on the hustings was a Mrs Fildes when I knew her. Her son, Henry Hunt Fildes, was in my father’s employ.’ Banks, The Manchester Man, Vol. III, p. 304.
174. University of Manchester Library, English MS 172 Peterloo Relief Fund Account Book, p. 1.
175. Sherwin’s, 21 August 1819, p. 242.
176. Ibid.
177. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 19.
178. Ibid.
179. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 616.
180. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 50.
181. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 617.
182. Ibid., pp. 617–18.
183. Ibid., p. 618.
184. Manchester Chronicle, 21 August 1819.
185. Letter quoted by Hunt in Memoirs, III, p. 619.
186. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 617.
187. Ibid., p. 619.
188. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 20.
189. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 49.
190. Pellow, ‘Sir William Jolliffe’s Account’, p. 255.
191. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 49.
192. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 103.
193. Ibid.
194. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 48.
195. Ibid., p. 49.
196. Ibid., p. 45.
197. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 108.
198. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 45.
199. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 109.
200. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 49.
201. Pellow, ‘Sir William Jolliffe’s Account’, pp. 255–6.
202. Ibid., p. 256.
203. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 45.
204. Pellow, ‘Sir William Jolliffe’s Account’, p. 257.
205. Ibid.
206. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 49.
207. Ibid., p. 54.
208. Robert Mutrie’s letter to Archibald Moore dated Thursday [19 August 1819], transcribed by Philip Lawson in ‘Peterloo: A Constable’s Eye-View Re-Assessed’, Peterloo Massacre, Manchester Region History Review (Special Issue), Vol. III, No. 1, Spring/Summer 1989, pp. 39-42, p. 42.
209. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 38.
210. Ibid., p. 41.
211. Ibid., p. 55.
212. Ibid., p. 57.
213. Ibid.
214. Ibid., p. 180. (Joseph Wrigley heard an officer of the 15th say, ‘for shame, won’t you give the people time to get away. Don’t you see them down?’, Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 38. See also ibid pp. 40 and 271.)
215. Ibid., p. 271.
216. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 14.
217. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 267.
218. Pellow, ‘Sir William Jolliffe’s Account’, pp. 257–8.
219. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 54.
220. Anon, Jottings from my Sabretasch, pp. 125–6.
221. Bamford, Passages, p. 210.
222. Harrop, Redford against Birley, p. 55.
223. Pellow, ‘Sir William Jolliffe’s Account’, p. 258.
224. TNA TS 11/1056, Account of events at St Peter’s Field by Major Dyneley, 16 August 1819.
225. Bamford, Passages, p. 208.
226. Pellow, ‘Sir William Jolliffe’s Account’, p. 259.
227. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 21.
228. Dolby, Trial of Henry Hunt, p. 110.
229. The Times, 19 August 1819.
230. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 21.
231. Manchester Chronicle, 21 August 1819.
232. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 21.
233. Manchester Chronicle, 21 August 1819.
234. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 21.
235. Hunt, Memoirs, III, p. 620.
236. Bruton, ‘Bishop Stanley’s Account’, p. 19.
237. The Times, 19 August 1819.
238. Ibid.
239. TNA TS 11/1056, Account of events at St Peter’s Field by Major Dyneley, 16 August 1819.
1. The Republican, Vol. V, p. 272.
2. James Wroe, Peterloo Massacre, 2nd edition, Manchester, December 1819, p. 16.
3. MLIA BR F 942.7389 SC13 f. 123 Advertisement for No. 1 of ‘The Peterloo Massacre’, 23 August 1819. I am extremely grateful to Robert Poole for providing me with a transcript of this document.
4. Wroe, Peterloo Massacre, 2nd edition, p. iii.
5. Manchester Observer, 28 August 1819.
6. Bamford, Passages, p. 211.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., p. 213.
9. Manchester Observer, 21 August 1819.
10. Mutrie, ‘Letter to Archibald Moore’, p. 42.
11. Manchester Mercury, 17 August 1819.
12. Bamford, Passages, p. 214.
13. Ibid.
14. Prentice, Historical Sketches, p. 163.
15. Ibid.
16. The Times, 19 August 1819.
17. Reid, The Peterloo Massacre, pp. 190–1.
18. Manchester Observer, 28 August 1819.
19. Morning Chronicle, 28 September 1819, p. 3.
20. Prentice, Historical Sketches, p. 167.
21. Ibid., p. 168. For example, James Lees, a weaver from ‘Stone-wood, near Delph’ when asked by ‘Dr. Ransome’ whether ‘he had had enough of meetings?’ replied ‘in the negative’ and was ‘ordered to leave the place immediately’; see the appendix ‘List of Persons Wounded at St. Petersfield’ in W. Hone, Report of the Metropolitan and Central Committee, Appointed for the Relief of the Manchester Sufferers, London, 1820.
22. Ibid., pp. 166–8, 169–70; and Hone, Report of the Metropolitan and Central Committee.
23. University of Manchester Library, English MS 172, Peterloo Relief Fund Account Book.
24. Prentice, Historical Sketches, p. 171.
25. Ibid., p. 170.
26. Bamford, Passages, pp. 226–32.
1. TNA HO 41/4 ff. 484–5, Lord Sidmouth to William Hay, Whitehall, 18 August 1819.
2. TNA HO 41/4 f. 486, Lord Sidmouth to Sir John Byng, Whitehall, 18 August 1819 and TNA 42/192 f. 339, Lieutenant Colonel L’Estrange to Sir John Byng, 16 August 1819.
3. The Times, Monday 16 August 1819.
4. Ibid., 21 August 1819.
5. TNA HO 41/4 f. 494, Lord Sidmouth to the Earl of Derby and the Earl of Stamford and Warrington, 21 August 1819.
6. TNA HO 41/4 ff. 496-8, ff. 497-8 Henry Hobhouse to William Hulton, Whitehall, 23 August 1819.
7. Manchester Observer, 28 August 1819.
8. William Hone, The Political House that Jack Built, 26th edition, London, 1819.
1. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 58.
2. Ibid., p. 15.
3. For Hannah Lees’ testimony see Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, pp. 15–21 and for Thomas’s statement see p. 35.
4. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 35.
5. Ibid., p. 15.
6. Ibid., p. 35.
7. Ibid., p. 16.
8. Ibid., p. 12.
9. Ibid., p. 13.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., p. 36.
12. Ibid., p. 37.
13. Ibid., p. 17.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., p. 73.
17. Ibid., p. 37.
18. Ibid., p. 18.
19. Ibid., p. 34.
20. Ibid., p. 38.
21. Ibid., pp. 1–2.
22. Ibid., p. 24.
23. Ibid., p. 25.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., p. 27.
26. Ibid., p. 28.
27. Ibid., p. 29.
28. Ibid., p. 31.
29. Ibid., p. 32.
30. Ibid., p. 34.
31. Ibid., p. 23.
32. Ibid., p. 22.
33. Ibid., p. 23.
34. Ibid., p. 22.
35. Wroe, Peterloo Massacre, 3rd edition, p. 161.
36. For a legal/procedural analysis of the inquest see G. H. H. Glasgow, ‘The John Lees Inquest of 1819 and the Peterloo Massacre’ in Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, Vol. CXLVIII, 1998, pp. 95–118.
37. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 9.
38. Glasgow, ‘The John Lees Inquest’, p. 101.
39. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, p. 3 and p. 6.
40. Glasgow, ‘The John Lees Inquest’, pp. 110–11.
41. Dowling, Lees Coroner’s Inquest, pp. 34–7.
42. ‘Manchester Meeting. – Petitions of Messrs. Redford, Bowker, Barlow, and Lees’, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) House of Commons, 16 December 1819, Vol. XLI, cc. 1180–9.
43. Glasgow, ‘The John Lees Inquest’, p. 113.
44. Prentice, Historical Sketches, p. 169.
45. Belchem, Orator Hunt, p. 113.
46. Ibid., p. 116.
47. Ibid., p. 114.
48. James Grande, William Cobbett, the Press and Rural England: Radicalism and the Fourth Estate, 1792–1835, London, 2014, p. 1.
49. William Hazlitt, ‘Character of Cobbett’ in Table-Talk; or, Original Essays, London, 1821, pp. 115–34, p. 132; also John Gardner, ‘Cobbett’s Return to England in 1819’ in J. Grande and J. Stevenson (eds), William Cobbett, Romanticism and the Enlightenment: Contexts and Legacy, London and New York, 2015, pp. 61–76, p. 62.
50. Belchem, Orator Hunt, p. 118.
1. See Riding and Riding, Houses of Parliament, Chapter 4.
2. See Belchem, ‘Henry Hunt’, ODNB, and Belchem, Orator Hunt, pp. 133–43.
3. For an appraisal of Bamford’s Peterloo poetry see John Gardner, ‘The Suppression of Samuel Bamford’s Peterloo Poems’ in Romanticism, Vol. 13, Issue 2, 2007, pp. 145–55.
4. Henry Hunt, ‘To the Radical Reformers’, dated 25 July 1820 [p. 8] in T. Dolby, Hunt’s Addresses to Reformers, London, 1820–2.
5. Henry Hunt, ‘To the Radical Reformers’, dated 24 September 1821 [p. 29] in Dolby, Hunt’s Addresses to Reformers.
6. Bell’s Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 24 August 1823.
7. For a full account see Chase, 1820, pp. 76–84 and pp. 138–41.
8. See Riding and Riding, Houses of Parliament, pp. 13, 29, 49, 83, 106, 146, 198; and Caroline Shenton, The Day Parliament Burned Down, Oxford, 2012.
9. Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, Vol. 86, No. 5, 1 November 1834, pp. 262–9, p. 269.
10. For a recent exploration of this see J. Cozens, ‘The Making of the Peterloo Martyrs, 1819 to the Present’ in Q. Outram and K. Laybourn (eds), Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland from Peterloo to the Present, Basingstoke, 2018, pp. 31–58.