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Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
abolitionists, abolitionism, 4, 51–52, 84, 190–92, 208, 213, 226–27, 236, 246–47, 251, 252–53, 260, 264, 270–72, 293–94, 323–24
African American support for, 193–94, 220–21, 240, 280, 288–89
British, 168–69, 171, 173, 183–84, 189–90, 196, 248–49, 286, 312–17, 320, 359
FD and, xii, 190–92, 208, 213, 226–27, 236, 246–47, 251, 252–53, 260, 264, 270–72, 293–94, 323–24, 351–52, 358, 417, 420, 421, 424, 428, 443, 555–56, 626–27, 757
Frémont’s order praised by, 352
Garrisonianism in, 162, 172, 175, 180, 189, 201, 207, 208, 213–19, 221–27, 229, 245, 249, 252–53, 255, 263, 285, 304–5, 313, 316–17, 320–21, 330
Lincoln’s criticism of, 353
and Lincoln’s emancipation plan, 363–64
as outraged at Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan, 431
political, 190–92, 208, 213, 226–27, 236, 246–47, 251, 252–53, 260, 264, 270–72, 293–94, 323–24
Abraham, 159, 165, 226, 232, 482
Adams, Henry, 615
Adams, Perry Frank, 166
Adams, Ruth Cox (Harriet Bailey, FD’s adopted sister), 163–66, 164, 171, 319
African Americans:
abolition supported by, 193–94, 220–21, 240, 280, 288–89
churches of, 185–86, 193, 229, 291, 301–2, 329–30
colonization and, see African colonization movement
at Columbian Exposition, 714, 725–27, 733–39
communities of, 186, 191–94, 229, 231, 242, 244, 256–57, 277–78, 288–89, 293
and enlistment in military, 351, 354, 359, 361, 388, 390–91, 392–96, 401, 402–4, 405, 407, 410–11, 414, 424, 470
Freedmen’s Memorial and, 5
leadership of, 225–27, 254–55, 303, 307
literacy of, 258
mixed race, 260
nationalism for, 289
pay of soldiers of, 402–3
power of, 273
as prisoners of war, killing of, 405–6
racism endured by, 181–83, 188, 189, 190, 193, 202–5, 218, 238–39, 289–90, 304, 317, 318, 326
segregation of, 177, 178–79, 188, 269, 290, 303
self-improvement of, 192–94, 211, 240, 254, 288–89
self-respect of, 246–47
vigilance committees of, 242, 300
voting rights of, see black suffrage
see also free blacks
African colonization movement, 218, 238–40, 256, 275, 278, 303–4, 369–79, 380, 387, 428
denounced at Syracuse convention, 440
Johnson’s embrace of, 474, 476
African Free School no. 2, 255
Agassiz, Louis, 376
agricultural activism, 289
Albany, N.Y., 179, 181, 188–89
Aldridge, Ira, 466
Alert Base Ball Club, 507
Alexander, Archer, 3
Along This Way (Johnson), 688
Alvord, John, 545
Amanda (sloop), 56
Amar, Akhil, 647
American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS), 171, 179–81, 184, 189, 202–4, 216, 217–19, 221–22, 224, 291, 320–21, 416–17, 468–69
American Colonization Society, 238–40
American Missionary Association, 559
American Revolution, 244, 309, 395
American Social Science Association, 603
Ames, Adelbert, 553
Amistad mutiny (1839), 287
Anderson, Alfred, 747
Anderson, Mr., 751
Andersonville prison, 392
Andover, Mass., 247
black troops mobilized by, 391, 403
Anglo-African Institute for the Encouragement of Industry and Art, 371
Annapolis, Md., 36
Anthony, Aaron, 9–10, 13–14, 19, 22–23, 25, 35, 56, 597, 625
Anthony, Ann Catherine Skinner, 14
Anthony, Susan B., 488–91, 492–93, 748, 752, 753
Anti-Caste (journal), 733
anti-Catholicism, of FD, 528–29, 545, 670–71
Antietam, Battle of, 357, 376, 397
Anti-Slavery League, 175
“Appeal to Free Colored People of the United States, The,” 373
aristocracy, 174–75
Assembly Club, 757
Assing, Ludmilla, 451
Assing, Ottilie, xvii, 268, 290–92, 299, 306, 317–19, 318, 320, 338–39, 404, 413, 419, 493–94, 509, 512–13, 518, 519
and Anna Douglass, 387, 388, 451, 511–12, 514, 521–22, 608, 657
in attempt to convert FD to atheism, 514–15
on Cedar Hill family times, 611
in desire to go to Europe, 452
as disgusted with Perry’s family, 510–11
and Douglass house fire, 521–22
on election of 1864, 452–53
and FD’s District of Columbia marshal position, 583
and FD’s family difficulties, 570
and FD’s move south, 414
FD’s relationship with, 521–22, 529, 570, 572–73
FD taught by, 516–17
and financial issues, 521–22
and Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, 619
and New National Era, 525, 529–30, 539
Othello watched by, 466–67
separation from FD of, 606–9, 656–57
suicide of, 657–59
Atlanta, Ga., 436–37
Atlanta University, 715
Augustine, Saint, 24
Auld, Hugh, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 49, 51, 55–56, 75–76, 78, 80–81, 170–73, 176, 240, 565, 746
Auld, Lucretia, 23, 30–31, 35, 48, 55, 485
Auld, Rowena Hamilton, 55, 57, 75
Auld, Sophia, 36, 38–39, 40, 41–42, 48–49, 50–51, 52, 56, 76, 449, 565, 746
Auld, Thomas, 23, 31, 48, 49, 55–56, 57–59, 63, 73, 74–75, 80, 83, 158–59, 161, 163, 171, 176, 198–200, 260–61, 449, 468, 485, 746
emotional breakdown of, 58
FD’s 1877 encounter with, 592–95
Auld, Tommy, (Hugh’s son), 35, 38, 48, 75
Aunt Katy (Arnold family cook), 11–12, 22, 24
Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (Johnson), 689
Autographs for Freedom (Griffiths, ed.), 224, 225, 227, 249
Ayr, Scotland, 167
Babcock, Orville, 537
Babylonian Captivity, 228
Báez, Buenaventura, 537
Bagpipe Lesson, The (painting), 751
Bailey, Augustus, 11
Bailey, Betsy, xii, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 49, 198, 502, 517
Bailey, Harriet (FD’s adopted sister) see Adams, Ruth Cox
Bailey, Harriet (FD’s mother), xii, 11–12, 16, 258, 495, 502
and FD’s post-Reconstruction Eastern Shore visits, 597–98
FD’s relationship with, xii, 517–18
Bailey, Joseph, 42
Bailey, Priscilla, 56
Bailey, Tom, 75
Ball, Thomas, 2–3
“Ballot and the Bullet, The” (Douglass), 304–5
Baltimore American, 51
Baltimore, Md., 34, 35–47, 48–66, 56, 166, 181, 190, 199, 222, 261, 268
African American religious community of, 53
European immigration to, 37
FD’s plan to move to, 468
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), 36
“Banks o’ Doon, The” (Burns), 167
Barnett, Ferdinand, 733
baseball, 507–8
Bassett, Ebenezer D., 541, 691, 694–95, 749
Batchelder, James, 245–46
“Battle Hymn of the Republic” (Howe), 369
“Battle of Liberty Place” (New Orleans, 1874), 553
Bay Side, Md., 58
Beecher-Hooker, Isabella, 736
Beggs, Mrs., 167
Belknap Street Church, 222
Bellamy, Francis J., 727
Berlin, Ira, 20
Bethel AME Church (Fell’s Point), 446
Bible, xi, xv–xvi, 156, 157, 165, 167, 190, 197, 222, 226, 228–38, 258–59, 261, 263–70, 272, 283–85, 287, 293–94, 316, 324
and FD’s Europe trip (1886), 677–78
and FD’s self-reliance philosophy, 565
see also specific books
Bingham, John, 479–80
Birney, James, 311
Blackall, B. F., 306
black codes, 472
“black laws,” 188
Black Lives Matter, 743
black preachers, 53
black suffrage, 213, 214, 217, 264, 273, 288–89, 304–5, 324–25, 416–17, 426, 427, 428, 429, 431–32, 442, 444, 454–55, 469, 475, 480–81, 483, 487, 503
FD on, 597
Fifteenth Amendment, 525–27, 552
and violence against African Americans, 552–53, 578, 579
Blaine, James G., 576, 613, 659–60
Blair, Montgomery, 407, 408, 428
colonization supported by, 376–77, 379, 387, 428, 429
racial amalgamation warned against by, 429
“Bleeding Kansas,” 264, 272, 274–75, 285, 293, 294–96, 297, 299, 300
Blyden, Edward, 635
Bondage and Freedom (Douglass), 24, 28–29, 77, 340, 449, 517
Booth, Edwin, 466–67
“border ruffians,” 294–95
border states, 351, 353, 354, 363, 366
Boston, Mass., 197–98, 222, 242–43, 246, 328–30, 454, 455
“Boston Board,” 183
Boston Transcript, 757
Bourdon, Denis, 750
Boutwell, George, 2
Bradford, England, 311
Brady, Matthew, 591
Braudy, Leo, 598
Brazil, 370
Breckinridge, John C., 321
Bridgwater, England, 174
Bristol, England, 174
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 169
“British Racial Attitudes” (Douglass), 317
British West Indies, 370
Broadbent, Samuel S., 220
Broadway Tabernacle, 179–81, 202–5
Brown, Anne, 313
Brown, Jeremiah, 314
Brown, John, 280–320, 297, 328, 329, 337, 390, 395, 435, 437
FD on, 626–27
FD’s differences with, 336
Brown, John, Jr., 285, 293, 298, 301, 313, 315, 330
Brown, John M., 2
Brown, Oliver, 294
Brown, Owen, 281–82
Brown, William Wells, 223, 382, 383, 391, 440, 561, 621
at second annual celebration of Emancipation Proclamation, 449
Bruce, Blanche K., 2, 649, 753
and Anna Douglass’s death, 631
and Cleveland, 661
and election of 1876, 575
and emancipation anniversary celebrations (1883), 635
and FD’s second marriage, 649, 651
and Freedmen’s Bank testimony, 613
and Kansas Exodus, 602
and nepotism accusations, 627
Bruce, Josephine, 649
Brueggemann, Walter, 482
Bruff, Louisa, 593
Bruner, Jerome, 24
Buchanan, Ann Lloyd, 626
Buchanan, James, 276, 277, 306, 340
Buckinham, William, 436
Buffalo, N.Y., 269
Buffum, 158
Bugle, 184
Bull Run, First Battle of, 345, 348, 349, 350
Bunker Hill, Battle of, 309
Burch, J. Henri, 2
Burns, Anthony, 245–46
Burns, Robert, 166, 167–68, 168, 177, 212, 247, 567–68
Burns Monument, 167
Burton, Allan A., 538
Butler, Benjamin, 351
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 273, 287
Caldwell, Handy, 68
Caldwell, James, 392
Calhoun, John C., 185, 249, 290
Calvinism, 281
Cambria, 157, 177, 178–79, 263, 282
Camden, N.J., 306
Cameron, Simon, 351
Camp Barker, 418
Camp William Penn, 404
Canada, 190, 231, 240, 242, 243, 244, 250, 281, 293, 294, 297, 300, 306–10, 312, 315
Capitol, US, 479–80
statue of FD in, xiv
“Capt. John Brown Not Insane” (Douglass), 308–9
Carnegie, Andrew, 722
Caroline (slave), 262
Carr, Jonathan D., 190
Carson, Perry, 665
Carwardine, Richard, 433
Cayuga Lake, 269
Cedar Mountain, Battle of, 357
Central America, 370, 372, 374, 380
Central Church, 754
Chaffin’s Farm, Battle of, 445
Chalmers, Thomas, 156
Chambers, James, 49
Chapman, Maria Weston, 169, 189
Charleston, S.C., 399–402
Charles Town, Va., 308
Chartist movement, 173–75
Chase, Calvin, 665
Chase, Salmon P., 214, 323, 429–30, 457, 458, 476
Chatham, Ontario, 297
Chester, William, 78
Chicago, Ill., 508
Chicago Tribune, 351
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Byron), 287
Choptank River, 10
Christiana Riot (1851), 243–45, 262–63, 287
Christianity, 187, 235, 236–38, 244, 281–82, 316, 320
Christian Recorder, 417
Church of Scotland, 156
Cincinnati Enquirer, 443
Cinqué, Joseph, 287
citizenship, 478–79
City Point, 422–23
civil rights, xii, 426, 428, 440
Civil Rights Act (1865), 473, 477, 478
Civil Rights Act (1866), 478–79
Civil Rights Act (1875), 555, 646
Civil Rights Cases (United States v. Stanley), 646, 647–49
civil rights movement, 605
Civil War, US, xiii, 1, 252, 264, 274, 305, 310, 327–34
FD on meaning of, 359–61
FD’s frustration with, 350, 353–54
FD’s welcoming of, xii, 335–36, 339–42, 343–45, 357
as “holy war,” 341
Lost Cause ideology, 530–32, 533, 535, 627, 680
Peninsula Campaign in, 365
savagery of, 348–49
start of, 339
Civil War Soldiers’ Monument, 716–17
Clay, Henry, 190–91, 238–40, 249, 290, 363
in election of 1888, 684
and FD’s Recorder of Deeds position, 661–62, 663, 666
Cleveland, Ohio, 188
Cleveland Gazette, 757
clipper ships, 36
Clough, William, 191
Clyde, William P., 702, 704, 705
Cochrane, John, 430
Cody, Buffalo Bill, 726
Cold Harbor, Battle of, 423
Coles, Howard, 208
Colfax massacre (1873), 578
Collamer, Jacob, 314
“Colonization Cant” (Douglass), 239
Colored Citizen Publishing Company, 550
Colored Methodist Church, 186
Colored Vigilance Committee, 300
color line, see Jim Crow
Columbian Exposition:
African Americans and Native Americans at, 714, 725–27, 733–39
conclusion of, 739
Deutsche Haus at, 728
ethnological villages at, 725–26
Haitian Pavilion at, 718, 721, 727–28, 729, 733, 735, 737
Midway Plaisance at, 725, 726, 732, 737
“Negro Labor” session at, 739–40
planning and building of, 725–26
“Sitting Bull’s Cabin” at, 726
Columbian Orator (Bingham), 43–46, 43, 52, 68, 85
Columbia Typographical Union, 505
“comeoutism,” 185
“Composite Nation” (Douglass), 528, 544
Compromise of 1877, 579–80
Concert Hall (Liverpool), 175
Confederacy:
death penalty for black soldiers ordered by, 404–5
diplomacy of, 358
FD’s criticism of, 420
FD’s desire for remaking of, 471
and negotiated peace settlement, 441
Confiscation Acts, 478
Congdon, Charles T., 757
Congress, US, 22, 214, 238–40, 252, 260, 270, 313, 332–33
Constitution, US, xiii, 8, 176, 180, 198, 200–201, 208, 213, 214–15, 233–34, 236, 253, 275, 293, 316–17, 323, 515
contraband camps, 381
Conway, T. W., 495
Cook, John, 307
Cook, John F., 631
Cooper Insitute, 389, 419, 453, 454
Copeland, John A., 395
Copper, Isaac, 24
Corinthian Hall, 229–36, 230, 238, 333
corruption, political, 197
Cosdry, William, 42
“Cotter’s Saturday Night, The” (Burns), 212
cotton, 49
Cotton States Exhibition, 757
Couch, Darius N., 484
Covey, Edward, 59–66, 67, 68, 161, 222, 261–62, 447, 741
Cox, Ebby, 163
Crampton’s Gap, 377
Crédit Mobilier scandal, 535
Crittenden, John J., 332
Crittenden Compromise, 332–33
Crofts, Henry O., 311, 312, 319
Crofts, Julia Griffiths, xvii, 170–71, 189–90, 195, 201, 202–8, 243–44, 249, 251, 253, 265–69, 286, 311, 312–13, 317, 319, 320, 350, 358, 359, 367, 381, 512, 518, 718, 727, 745
English network informed about Douglas’s family by, 497
FD given money by, 501
FD’s 1886 visit to, 668–69
and FD’s plan to move to Baltimore, 468
and FD’s second marriage, 651–52
on FD’s trip to Arlington Heights, 418–19
FD warned about South by, 414, 438
Croly, David, 444
Crosby, Elisha Oscar, 370
Crown and Anchor Tavern, 173
Cuba, 537
Currier & Ives, 241
Cyrus (fugitive slave), 289
Dallas, George, 318
Dalzell, J. M., 652
Daniels, Jim, 300
Daniels, John Brown, 300
Dante Alighieri, 754
Darg, John P., 84
Darsey, James, 237
Davis, Henry Winter, 429
Davis, Jefferson, 314, 315, 339, 381, 456
“Day and Night in ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin,’ A” (Douglass), 247–48
Dead Rabbits, 203
DeBaptiste, George, 300
Declaration of Independence, xiii, 196, 230, 232, 233, 234–35, 368, 515
“Declaration of Sentiments,” 196–97
Delany, Martin R., 186–87, 188, 191–95, 193, 222–23, 239, 255, 285, 297, 370, 371, 391, 635
Delaware Republican, 161
Democracy (Adams), 615
“Democrat carriage,” 244
Democratic Convention of 1864, 439
Democratic Party, 8, 202, 245, 260, 269, 274, 276, 314, 315, 324, 326, 333
in election of 1862, 380–81
in election of 1864, 441–42, 452
in election of 1872, 534–35
in election of 1874, 549, 551–52
in election of 1876, 577–78
in election of 1880, 613, 614–15, 616
in election of 1884, 659
FD on, 529, 530, 532, 533, 558–59, 681
and Freedmen’s Bank, 548
Lincoln criticized by, 443–44
and negotiated peace settlement, 441–42
in post-Reconstruction years, 601
racism of, 416
De Molay, 399
“denationalization,” 323
Denby, Bill, 26
denominational dissenters, 185
Denton, 10
Despeaux, Joseph, 36
“Dialogue Between a Master and a Slave” (Everett), 45
Dickinson, Anna, 487
Dilworth, William H., 10
District of Columbia Homeopathic Hospital, 747
Divine Providence, 235
Doolittle, James R., 314
Dorgan, Gustav, 42
Douglas, H. Ford, 411
Douglass, Amelia Loguen, 392, 397, 402, 411, 450, 504
Douglass, Anna Murray, xvii, 79–80, 81–82, 84, 163, 164, 165–66, 169, 171, 172, 177, 179, 181, 190, 194–95, 206–10, 212, 213, 221–22, 224, 265, 267–68, 268, 296, 298, 306–7, 320, 401, 424, 509, 518–19, 630, 721, 755
Assing and, 387, 388, 451, 511–12, 514, 521–22, 608, 628
and children’s service in Civil War, 385–86
and Douglass house fire, 520, 521
and family dispute, 500
FD’s first meeting with, 446
health problems of, 499, 551, 606, 628
household run by, 387–88, 449, 452, 502, 508, 519
and move South, 414
in post-Reconstruction family times, 610, 612
Douglass, Annie, 266, 318–20, 755
death of, 519
Douglass, Charles Frederick, 194–95, 285, 296, 320, 477, 483, 499, 504, 506, 513, 740–41, 753, 754, 755
baseball played by, 507–8
and black leadership conflicts, 683
in Civil War, 385, 386, 392, 396, 412, 412, 422–23, 424, 450, 519
colonization considered by, 373
and emancipation anniversary celebrations, 635
and family deaths, 700
in family disputes, 497–98, 500, 504–7, 509
and FD’s Freedmen’s Bank presidency, 547
financial difficulties of, 571–72, 606, 700–701
Freedmen’s Bureau job of, 499, 507
and nepotism accusations, 627, 628
and passage of Thirteenth Amendment, 454
and Santo Domingo annexation project, 539
and Sprague lawsuit, 655
abolitionism and, xii, 190–92, 208, 213, 226–27, 236, 246–47, 251, 252–53, 260, 264, 270–72, 293–94, 323–24, 351–52, 358, 417, 420, 421, 424, 428, 443, 555–56, 626–27, 757
aborted 1861 Haiti trip of, 338–39
ambition of, 186–90, 195, 260, 267
Andrew Anthony’s death and, 48–49
anger of, 179–81, 198–200, 213, 222, 267, 289–90
and Anna’s death, 629–34
anti-Catholicism of, 528–29, 545, 670–71
anti-Garrisonian views of, 189, 201, 208, 213–14, 215, 216–19, 223–27, 229, 252–53, 255, 263, 285, 304–5, 313, 316–17, 320–21, 330
arrest warrant for, 306–7
as art patron, 751
Assing’s relationship with, 387, 451, 493–94
and Assing’s suicide, 657–59
attachment to grandmother of, 517
audiences for, 229–36
Auld as former master of, 158–59, 161, 163, 171, 176, 198–200, 260–61
in Baltimore, 48–66
Baltimore speech of, 446–48
and Battle of Fort Wagner, 401
beatings endured by, 260–61
Bible of, 360
biographies of, 167–68, 197, 198
black education demanded by, 469–70, 472
black enlistment in military desired by, 351, 359, 361, 390–91, 392–96, 401, 403–4, 405, 407, 410–11, 414, 424, 470
and black leadership conflicts, 544–45, 602–3, 637, 640–42, 663, 678–79
black rivals of, 186–87, 188, 191–95, 222–23
breakdown of (July 1883), 643
Brown’s differences with, 336
Cedar Hill estate of, 605, 607, 610–12, 612, 719, 747
in Chambersburg, Penn., 301–3, 308, 314
childhood of, 10–12, 17–18, 19–34, 48–66, 253, 258
civil liberties demanded by, 391, 442
and Civil Rights Cases, 646–49
Civil War recruiting by, 385
Civil War trip to DC of, 406–8
Civil War welcomed by, xii, 335–36, 339–42, 343–45, 357
colonization opposed by, 370, 372–73, 374, 375, 376–77, 379, 380, 387
at Columbian Exposition, 714, 733–40
combativeness of, 222–23
commemorative speeches by, 555–56
compared to Lincoln, 761
correspondence of, 165, 167, 189–90, 194, 199, 206, 208, 213, 217, 283, 301, 315–16, 322
criticism of, 171–72, 180, 181, 197, 218–27, 276–77, 307–8
criticized for failing to fight, 411–12
Daniel Lloyd’s friendship with, 21–22
death and burial of, 752–55
as “demagogue in black,” 181, 197
District of Columbia marshal position of, 583–88, 586
disunionism as viewed by, 185, 200–201, 214, 252, 316, 327, 330, 333
divorce as option for, 267–68
Dunbar’s eulogy for, 335
editorials of, 215, 222, 223, 246, 271, 274, 304–5, 321, 323, 326, 327
at Edward Covey’s farmstead, 59–66
1886 European trip of, 666–78, 674, 675
and election of 1864, 439, 445–46
and election of 1872, 533, 534–35, 542
and election of 1876, 574–78, 579–80
and election of 1880, 612, 613–17, 618
and election of 1884, 659–61
and election of 1888, 682–85
and emancipation anniversary celebrations, 634–37, 638–39, 665–66, 680–82
emancipation cheered by, xii, 365–66
Emancipation Proclamation praised by, 355–57, 379–80, 382–84, 388, 389
emigration considered by, 337–38, 464
English exile of, 309–20
English tour of (1846–47), 162–77, 178, 179, 180, 190, 223, 254, 263, 282
escape from slavery by, 182–83, 198, 242
escape plan of, 81–86
eulogies for, 755–64
and family deaths, 570–71, 699–700
and family financial difficulties, 571–72
as father, 163, 171, 177, 178, 190, 199, 206, 207, 209–10, 265, 267, 285, 292, 298, 306–7
father’s identity sought by, 13–16, 746
fiction written by, 224, 248–51
in fight with Covey, 65–66, 67, 68
finances of, 169, 183, 184, 190, 195, 207, 209, 210–11, 213, 221, 253, 265, 282, 320, 513
financial aid sought from, 748–50, 752
first escape plot of, 69–74
food scrounged by, 57
as former slave, 160–64, 171–73, 182–83, 198–99, 222, 240, 242, 258–62
Fourteenth Amendment supported by, 481, 483
Fourth of July speech of (1852), 229–36, 516
Frederick Bailey as original name of, 161, 164, 199
Frederick Jr.’s death and, 720–21
Freedmen’s Bank presidency of, 545–49, 558, 612–13, 663
Freedmen’s Bank testimony of, 612–13
Freedmen’s Bureau position rejected by, 524
Freedmen’s Memorial address of, 4–9
Frémont convention in 1864 supported by, 430, 431
friendships of, 21–22, 170–71, 177, 191, 196, 205–6, 208–12, 220, 223, 224, 251, 254–60, 265–67, 317–19, 721–22
as frustrated with Civil War, 350, 353–54
fugitive slaves as concern of, 351
at Gardiner’s shipyard, 75–77
German translator of, 267, 290–92, 317–19
in Haiti, see Haiti, FD as US minister to
on Haiti and Haitians, 728–30, 758–59, 760
Harpers Ferry raid involvement of, 280, 301–8, 308, 314, 329
heat stroke of, 63
Hillsdale Fourth of July speech of (1875), 556–59
house fire and, 520–23
Howells’s comparison of B. T. Washington to, 714
humor and irony of, 157, 176, 203, 228, 231, 233–34, 236, 316
illnesses of, 183, 187–88, 209–12, 229, 708
on Indians, 486
intelligence of, 23–24
Irish jokes of, 389–90, 417, 453, 455, 487
jeremiads of, 156–58, 179–80, 228–37, 254, 263, 368, 434, 458, 515, 558, 577, 645, 665, 681, 686, 738, 760
Jim Crow experiences of, 581–82
Johnson criticized by, 476, 477, 482–83, 487
Johnson’s meeting with, 474–75, 477, 482
in journey from outsider to political insider, xvi
and Kansas Exodus, 601–5
and killing of black prisoners, 405–6
language as used by, xv, xvi, xvii, 13, 263; see also jeremiads of above, as orator below
learning from Assing, 516–17
lectures and speeches of, 157, 174, 179–88, 197–98, 202–5, 212, 229–36, 239, 241–42, 248–49, 252–53, 267–72, 278–79, 289–90, 295–96, 301–5, 311–17, 323, 328–30, 332, 333–34
letter on black rights from, 473–74
letter to Blair from, 376–77, 387
Lewis’s scrapbook on, 503–4
on Lincoln, 5–8
Lincoln administration accused of treason by, 359
on Lincoln assassination, 460, 461, 462–63
and Lincoln’s emancipation plan, 363–64, 366–67, 378–79
Lincoln’s first inaugural criticized by, 336–37
Lincoln’s first meeting with, 408–10
Lincoln’s meeting on Reconstruction with, 436–37
Lincoln’s “negro hatred” criticized by, 373, 374
Lincoln’s procession to inaugural witnessed by, 336
and Lincoln’s revocation of Frémont’s emancipation edict, 352–54
at Lincoln’s second inauguration, 457–60, 461–62
in Lincoln tribute at Union League Club, 730–33
literacy of, 38–42, 54–55, 64–65, 68
loneliness of, 21
Lucretia Auld and, 30–31
Lynn home of, 164–65, 166, 172, 177, 178, 179, 183, 184, 188, 190, 194
manumission papers for, 171–73, 240
marriage of Helen and, 643, 649–54, 655–56, 667, 750–51
marriages of, see Douglass, Anna Murray; Douglass, Helen Pitts
on meaning of Civil War, 359–61
memory of, 257–59
millennialism of, 349–50, 389, 419, 432, 433–34, 471
mob violence against, 163, 186, 189, 193, 202–4, 218, 243, 328–30, 333
moral convictions of, 270, 279, 282, 285–86, 295, 333–34
mother of, see Bailey, Harriet
mother’s relationship with, 517–18
in movement to get Lincoln off Republican ticket, 429
in move to Baltimore, 35–47
in move to Washington, 523
in move to Wye plantation, 19–34
name change of, 84
and National Convention of Colored Men, 640, 643–46
at National Union Convention, 484–87
newspaper plans of, 177, 183, 186–87
newspapers edited by, see Douglass’ Monthly; Frederick Douglass’ Paper; New Era; New National Era; North Star
new technology and, xii, 751–52
New york arrival of, 82–83
non-slaveholding whites criticized by, 347
northern hatred of slaveholders fanned by, 348–50
as orator, xii, 176, 191, 197–98, 229–36, 237, 241, 271–73, 274; see also above jeremiads of
Othello watched by, 466–67
“Our National Capital” speech of, 588–91
passport of, 318
patrons of, 168–74, 189–90, 211–16, 221
pen and inkwell of, 347
Perry Downs’s reunion with, 495–96
personality of, 176–77, 210–12, 222–27, 236–38, 254, 263, 264–65
as philanthropist, 749
philosophical outlook of, xvii, 254–60; see also self-reliance, FD’s doctrine of
photographs and images of, xi, xii, 241, 184, 209, 210, 255, 262, 266, 292, 305–7, 308, 332, 356, 390, 434, 489, 534, 541, 554, 591, 592, 598–99, 653, 675, 703, 719, 747, 750
physical description of, 291–92
plan for emancipation of, 425–28
in plan to infiltrate South, 437–38
in plan to move to Baltimore, 468
as political activist, 717, 722–23, 724
political strategy of, 177, 184–85, 194, 195–98, 208, 214–16, 220, 225–26, 236, 238, 246–47, 251, 258–59, 260, 264, 268–70, 321–27
post-raid exile of, 305–10
post-Reconstruction Eastern Shore visits by, 592–98, 624–27
postwar plans of, 468–69
pragmatism of, xiii, xvi, 133, 196, 252, 270, 273–74, 275, 325, 362–63, 404, 409–10, 433, 483, 492, 515, 523–24, 534, 560, 616
press coverage of, 177, 180, 181–82, 203–4, 218, 241, 260, 305, 307, 308, 311
at Price’s shipyard, 77–81
problems of Reconstruction faced by, 424–28, 430, 431–32, 435–37, 454, 470–71, 473, 476–77, 479–80, 481, 503
on progress, 389–91
as prophet, xiv, xviii, 180, 187, 219, 228, 232, 236, 247, 251, 254, 271, 279, 285, 311, 352, 389, 415, 416, 424, 428, 443, 445, 515, 588, 594, 652, 672, 724, 748, 751, 760, 762
public letters issued by, 182–83, 198, 307, 320
public speaking begun by, 68–69
racial identity of, 203
racial stereotypes opposed by, 455–56
racist criticism of, 478, 487–88
radicalism of, xiv, xvi, 196, 216, 252, 257, 260, 273, 275–76, 282–83, 325, 409–10, 433, 492, 523, 616
Recorder of Deeds position of, 619, 627–28, 661–62, 663–64
religious awakening of, 51–55
religious views of, 320, 387, 389, 432–34, 514–16
reputation of, 177, 186, 187–88, 204–6, 208–9, 218–19, 221–24, 229, 242, 253–54, 260, 290–92
in returns to US, 168, 177, 310
in return to Baltimore, 75–78
Rochester homes of, 190, 194–98, 204–8, 213, 217–19, 229–36, 230, 243, 253, 264–65, 268, 270, 272, 279, 291, 292, 295, 296–99, 301, 306–7, 313, 319, 320, 324, 326, 333–34
Rosetta loaned money by, 498–99
Sabbath school taught by, 68–69
in St. Michaels, Md., 161, 260, 261
and Santo Domingo annexation project, 536–37, 538–45, 692
in Scotland, 156–63, 178, 266–67, 286, 311–12, 313, 316
and send-off of Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts regiment, 398, 399
in separation from Assing, 606–9, 656–57
sexual rumors about, 181–83, 221–25, 229
on slave music, 32–34
softening of ire towards Lincoln by, 435
Sophia Auld’s falling out with, 50–51
Southern trip planned by, 407–8, 410
speaking tours of, 527–28, 679–80, 685–89
Sprague lawsuit and, 655–56
and squabbles among family, 483–84, 497–98, 500–503, 505–6, 508–9, 513
subscription list of, 213, 218, 268–69
Sunday lectures of, 238–39
Syracuse convention held by, 440–44
teaching by, 68–69
on Thomas Auld, 57–58
Thomas Auld’s beating of, 59
threats to, 357
on Trent Affair, 358–59
Tuskegee Institute and, 714–16, 716, 739, 749
Union as conceived by, 341–42
violin playing of, 165
Virginia visited by, 418–19
voting rights demanded by, 416–17, 426, 427, 431–32, 442, 454–55, 469, 475, 503
war propoganda of, 345–48
Wells’s friendship with, 721–22
and women’s voting rights, 488–93
see also specific speeches and writings
Douglass, Frederick, Jr., 177, 498, 504, 506, 509, 720–21
and black leadership conflicts, 642
in Civil War, 385, 386, 411, 422, 424, 450, 519
and family difficulties, 606, 700
in family disputes, 497, 500, 504–6
and FD’s District of Columbia marshal position, 585
financial difficulties of, 550, 678, 700
and mother’s death, 629
and nepotism accusations, 628
and New National Era, 525, 539, 550
Douglass, Frederick Aaron, 662–63
Douglass, Helen Pitts, xvii, 643, 649–54, 653, 655–56, 667, 675, 727, 750–51, 752, 754
and Assing, 608–9
and election of 1884, 660
and nepotism accusations, 628
in post-Reconstruction years, 666–75
Douglass, Joseph, 700, 735, 740, 750, 754, 762, 763
Douglass, Lewis, 177, 306, 448, 497, 509, 746, 753, 754, 755, 757
Assing’s criticism of, 513
and black leadership conflicts, 641, 642
business pursued by, 386–87, 450–51
on Civil Rights Cases, 647
in Civil War, 385, 386, 392, 394, 396, 397, 399, 400, 402, 402, 412–13, 422, 424, 519
colonization considered by, 373
and emancipation anniversary celebrations, 635
FD scrapbook kept by, 503–4
and FD’s District of Columbia marshal position, 585
and FD’s second marriage, 650
financial difficulties of, 550
letter on black rights from, 473–74
marriage of, 450
and meeting with Johnson, 474, 476
and mother’s death, 629
and nepotism accusations, 627, 628
and New Era, 524
and New National Era, 525, 529, 539, 550
and Sprague lawsuit, 655
Douglass, Mary Elizabeth Murphy “Libbie,” 498, 499, 513, 571, 572
Douglass, Rosetta, see Sprague, Rosetta Douglas
Douglass, Virginia Hewlett, 678, 700, 720
Douglass Institute, 469–70
Douglass’ Monthly, 303, 319, 320, 322, 327
Assing’s writing modeled on, 339
final issue of, 410, 411, 419, 465
funding for, 381
Haitian trip announced in, 338
Lewis’s letter in, 401
“Men of Color to Arms!” in, 393–95
Rosetta’s reading of, 387
“Douglass on the Late Election,” 724
Douglass Union, 186
Downing, George T., 440, 474, 524, 572, 602, 630
Downs, Maria, 495
Downs, Perry, 495–96, 510–11, 598, 606
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), 223, 277–79, 282, 286, 290, 304, 316, 332, 356, 481
Dubois, Laurent, 698
Du Bois, W. E. B., 758–61
due process, 214
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 335, 735–36, 736, 745, 749, 762
Dundee, Scotland, 157
Durgin and Bailey Shipyard, 42, 48, 55
Ealton, John, Jr., 435
East Baltimore Mental Health Society, 78–79
Easton, Md., 199
Eaton, John, Jr., 435, 437, 438
Edinburgh, 157, 160–61, 160, 163, 166–67, 168, 175, 311, 313, 319
Edinburgh Ladies New Anti-Slavery Association, 313
and self-reliance, 568
Edward White Gallery, 184
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 345
Eighty-Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment, 405
elections, US:
of 1840, 311
of 1852, 252, 268–70, 273, 276
of 1860, 314, 315, 320, 321–27
of 1862, 380–81
of 1864, 428, 429–30, 431, 432, 437, 438, 439, 441–43, 444–46, 452–53, 472
of 1868, 524
of 1884, 659–61
of 1888, 682–85
Eliot, George, 515
Ellison, Ralph, 590
emancipation, xxii, 279, 282, 285–87
considered as military necessity, 351–52, 365
in DC, 364–65
FD’s plan for, 425–28
Lincoln’s movement to, 354
Lincoln’s plan for, 363–64, 366–67, 377–78
Emancipation Act of the State of New York (1827), 254
Emancipation Proclamation, 4, 7, 374, 378–80
as dependent on election of 1864, 437
1883 anniversary celebrations of, 634–37
FD’s praise for, 355–57, 379–80, 382–84, 388, 389
issuing of final, 382–84, 388, 397
second anniversary of, 449
Embry, James H., 478
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 382, 564, 668
emigration, 337–38
enabling clause, 214
equal rights, xii, 191, 205, 216, 226, 254, 257, 273, 288–89, 291, 323, 324–25, 326
Equal Rights Association, 488, 490
Erie, Lake, 269
Erie Railroad, 306
Eskimos, 726
Essence of Christianity, The (Feuerbach), 515
Ethiopia, 470
Evangelical Alliance, 175–76
Evans, Walter O., xiv–xv
Everett, David, 44–45
Excelsior Club, 507
exclusion laws, 303
Exodus, Book of, 229, 232, 238, 239, 265–66, 329, 369, 389, 469, 515
“Extract from an Orator on Eloquence Pronounced at Harvard University, on Commencement Day, 1794, An” (Perkins), 52
Ezekiel, 228
“Farewell Address to the British People” (Douglass), 175–77, 179
“Farewell to Frederick Douglass” (Griffiths), 206
Farity, Charles, 42
Fasset, Samuel Montegue, 434
Fay, Richard S., 328–29
Federal Elections Bill (1890), 717
federalism, 471
Ferdinands, George, 733
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 514–15
Field, Kate, 753
field hands, 23
Fifteenth Amendment, 487, 491, 492, 525–27, 552, 563, 578, 647
Fifth Amendment, 214
Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment, 385, 391–92, 397–402, 402, 403, 412, 422, 424, 450
Fillmore, Millard, 276
Finsbury Chapel, 175
Firmin, Anténor, 696, 698, 703–4, 705–6
First Confiscation Act, 354
First Louisiana Colored Troops, 441
Fish, Hamilton, 552
Fishkin, Shelley Fisher, 249
Fisk, Clinton B., 473
Fisk Jubilee Singers, 734
Fisk University, 564
Fitch, G. N., 314
Fleetwood, Christian A., 444–45, 635
Foner, Eric, 374
Forbes, Hugh, 298–300
“Forbes postponement,” 300
Fort Gregg, 413
Fort Henry, 366
Fort Lee, N.J., 321
Fortress Monroe, 351
Fort Sumter, 339, 340, 352, 400, 422
Fortune, T. Thomas, 635, 636, 637, 641–42, 651, 683
Fort Wagner, 399–402, 405, 412, 413, 505
Foster, Abby Kelley, see Kelley, Abby
Foster, Stephen, 184, 218, 221–22
Fourteenth Amendment, 477, 479, 480–81, 552, 564, 578, 646–47, 648–49
opposition to, 481, 483, 488–89
Fourth US Colored Troops, 444
Fox (cat), 452
Framingham, Mass., 222
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 305, 307, 308
Franklin, John Hope, 472
Frederick Douglass’ Paper, 213, 217, 265, 266, 285, 286, 289, 294, 301
Fredericksburg, Battle of, 357
free blacks, 161, 186, 188, 190, 238–39, 257, 260, 271–72, 275, 301
Free Church of Scotland, 156–60, 162
Free Democracy, 269
Freedmen’s Bank, 545–49, 558, 612–13, 663
Freedmen’s Bureau, 427, 444, 472, 473, 482, 484, 524
Charles Douglass’s job at, 499, 507
and FD’s self-reliance philosophy, 562
Freedmen’s Bureau bill, 473, 478
Freedmen’s Memorial, dedication of, 1–9, 3
“Freedmen’s Memorial Address” (Douglass), 4–9, 576
freedmen’s relief efforts, 425
Freedmen’s Savings and Trust Company, see Freedmen’s Bank
“Freedom’s Battle at Christiana” (Douglass), 244
Freeland, Betsy, 72–73
Freeland, William, 67–68, 69–70, 72, 74
Freeman, Louis, 597
Freemason, 193
Free Soil Party, 200, 214, 218, 245, 268, 269, 270, 274, 276, 293–94, 303
free trade, 724
Free Trade Hall, 175
Frémont, John C., 275, 276, 352–54
and election of 1864, 430, 431, 432, 439, 453
French, Daniel Chester, 725
Fugitive Blacksmith, The (Pennington), 291
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 202, 214, 231, 234, 238, 240–45, 241, 268, 270, 273, 282, 289, 316, 323, 327
Gardiner, William, 75–77
Gardiner’s shipyard, 78
Garfield, James A.:
assassination of, 618–19
in election of 1880, 612, 613, 614, 615
inauguration of, 618
Garner, Margaret, 287
Garnet, Henry Highland, 183, 222–23, 298, 303–4, 371, 391, 440, 441, 544–45, 577
Garrison, William Lloyd, 59, 168, 169, 171, 173–74, 178, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185–88, 189, 191, 197, 201, 202–3, 213–14, 215, 216, 218, 224–27, 236, 241, 285, 321, 361, 382, 469, 543
Civil War supported by, 397–98
on emancipation, 416
Lincoln supported by, 430
at second annual celebration of Emancipation Proclamation, 449
Garrisonians, 162, 172, 175, 180, 189, 201, 207, 208, 213–19, 221–27, 229, 245, 249, 252–53, 255, 263, 285, 304–5, 313, 316–17, 320–21, 330
Garrity, Mary, 723
Gay, Sydney, 432
Genesis, Book of, 165, 232, 324, 440, 445, 447, 482
Georgia, 198, 242–43, 432, 443, 444
German Americans, 453
Gettysburg Address, 414–15
Gherardi, Bancroft, 698–99, 702, 704–5
Ghosh, Amitav, 78
Giddings, Joshua, 315
Gilded Age, xii, xvii, 564, 566, 587–89, 612, 615, 619, 628, 661
The Gilded Age (Twain), 558
Gillmore, Quincy A., 399–400
Glasgow, Scotland, 157–60, 311–12, 316–17, 318, 319
Glasgow City Hall, 157
Glasgow Emancipation Society, 316–17
Glocester, James, 301
Godwyn, Morgan, 556
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 512, 514
Goodell, William, 214
Gooding, James H., 392, 403, 413
Gorsuch, Edward, 243–45
Gospel of Wealth, 561
Graham, Joseph, 596
Grand Army of the Republic, 754
Grant, Ulysses S., xii, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 456, 461, 480, 754
and corruption, 535–36, 551–52, 613
Eaton appointed superintendent of freedmen by, 435
in election of 1868, 524
and election of 1880, 614
Ku Klux Klan suppressed by, 522, 536
and Lost Cause ideology, 531
and Santo Domingo annexation project, 536–37, 538–45, 692
and violence against African Americans, 553
Great Britain, and Trent Affair, 358–59
Great Railroad Strike (1877), 613
Greeley, Horace, 172–73, 239, 273, 299, 443, 517, 534, 535
Green, Beriah, 373
Green, Nancy, 735
Green, Shields, 301, 302–3, 314, 395
Greenback Party, 614
Greener, Richard T., 602, 603, 635, 637, 640–42, 642, 651
Greenwood, Grace, 585–86
Griffiths, Eliza, 190
Griffiths, Julia, see Crofts, Julia Griffiths
Griffiths, Thomas, 190
Grimké, Charlotte Forten, 649–50
Grimké, Francis J., 649, 751, 762
Grinnell, Iowa, 300
Guatemala, 370