INDEX
Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
abalone, 138, 142
Aboriginal Australians, 64
Abra cadabra, 64
“absolute dating,” 34
abyssal deep, 172
Acanthostega, 205
acorn worms, 186
Actinoceratoidea, 162
actinopterygians, 202–205
adductor muscles, 146–147
Aepycamelus, 276
Aepyornis, 237–238
aetosaurs, 222–223
Agate Springs fossil beds, Nebraska, 25
“Age of Crinoids,” 182
“Age of Dinosaurs,” 22
age, of the earth, 36
“agnathans,” 193–195
agnostids, 126–127
Agra vation, 64
Agriochoerus, 271
Aha ha, 64
aistopods, 206
Alchisme, 64
alder, 306
algae, 284–286
Alnus, 306
alpacas, 273
alternation of generations, 83–85
Alvar, 40
amber, 8–10
ambulacral areas, 178
Ambulocetus, 246
American mastodon, 252
American Museum of Natural History, 52
Amia, 202
ammonites, 8–9, 13, 46, 54, 56
ammonitic suture, 163–169
ammonoids, 155–171
amniotes, 209
amphibians, 24, 67, 117. 205–209, 282
Amphicyon, 258, 259
amphicyonids, 259
Amphineura, 140
Amynodon, 265
anaspids, 194–196, 209–213
Andean condor, 237–239
angiosperms, 303–308
Animalia, 67
Anisonchus cophater, 66
ankylosaurs, 231
anteaters, 249–251
Anthozoa, 82
anthracosaurs, 206–208
antiarchs, 197
Apatosaurus, 67
Apatosaurus louisae, 28, 67
aperture, 142
apex, 142
Aphelops, 265
aragonite, 8–9, 11, 138
Araucaria, 295, 302
Araucariaxylon, 294
Archaeocyatha, 73–75
Archaeocyon, 62
Archaeopteris, 291–292
Archaeopteryx, 236–238
Archaeothyris, 241
Archelon, 211–212, 214
Archimedes, 111–113
Archimedes screw, 112
Architectonica, 143
Archosauria, 209–235, 218–239
Arctic, 24–25
Arctinurus, 129–130
Arcy–sur–Cure, France, 119
Ardipithecus, 66
Arfia, 65
Argentavis, 237–239
Argentina, 227
argon–40, 34
Aristotle’s lantern, 178
armadillos, 249–251
arthrodires, 196–197
Arthropleura, 117–118
Arthropoda, 67, 114, 118–137
articulate brachiopods, 97–106
Artiodactyla, 268–279
Asaphina, 127
ascon sponge, 72–73
Ashfall Fossil Beds, Nebraska, 25–27
Asteroidea, 175
Astraeospongia, 75–76
Astylospongia, 75–77
Atdabanian Stage, 119
Atrypa, 102
Aturia, 162
Audolioceras, 166–167
Australia, 64
Australopithecus, 66
Aves, 67, 235–239
axial lobe, 121–122
Ba humbug, 64
bacteria, 4
bactrian camel, 27
bactritoids, 163
Baculites, 166–168
badlands, 37–40
bald cypress, 300–301, 303
Barameda, 64
Barwick, Dick, 64
Barwickia downunda, 64
Basilosaurus, 65, 67
Batondonoides vanhouteni, 240
beak, 148–149
“beardogs,” 258, 259
belemnites, 54–56, 169–171
Bellerophon, 143
bellerophontids, 142–144
Berlin–Ichthyosaur State Park, Nebraska, 214
bichir, 202
biconvex, 95
Big Badlands, South Dakota, 25, 38, 266, 275, 280
Big Island, Hawaii, 19
bilateral symmetry, 174
binomial name, 63
biostratigraphy, 54–55
bird, 14–15, 235–239
Bison, 278
Bittium, 64
bivalves, 91–92, 145–154
“Black Beauty,” 2
Blastoidea, 172, 184–185
blastomerycines, 275
blastopore, 174–176
bleaching, 90
Boavus, 221
bony fish, 202–205
Borhyaena, 248–249
borophagine dogs, 257
Bothriolepis, 197
brachial valve, 92–96
brachiopods, 13, 91–106, 147
Brachiosaurus, 227
Brachycrus, 270–271
brittle stars, 172–174, 176
Brontosaurus, 28, 62–64, 67, 227
brontotheres, 246, 265–268
bryozoans, 107–113
bubble shells, 142
Buettneria, 206–207
Bumastus, 128
Bureau of Land Management, U.S., 57
Busycon, 144
buttercups, 6
byssal threads, 149
Cacops, 208–209
cadicone, 163
Calamari, 138
Calamites, 289–291
calcareous sponges, 73–74
calcification, 121
calcite, 8–11
California (U.S. state), 6
Calistoga Petrified Forest, California, 308
Calliostoma, 144
callus, 142
Calvert Cliffs, Maryland, 45, 198
Calymene, 131
calyx, 181
Cambrian, 70, 73, 119, 126, 140, 174, 181,188
Camelops, 278
camels, 273–275
Camelus bactrianus, 67
Cameroceras, 161–162
Campanile, 140
Canidae, 66, 259
captorhinids, 211
carbon-14, 36–37
Carboniferous, 98, 117, 206, 241, 290, 291
carbonization, 12–14
Carcharocles megalodon, 198–201
Caribbean Sea, 85
Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 27–28, 66
Carnegie, Andrew, 28–29
Carnivora, 66, 253–259
cassowary, 238
“cat gap,” 259
cats, 259
Catskill Mountains, 196
Cayman Islands, 71
Celtis, 280
cephalon, 121–122
cephalopods, 155–171
ceratitic suture, 163–165
ceratopsians, 232
“chain coral,” 85–88
chalk, 39, 215, 284
cheeks, 121–122
cheilostomes, 113
chelicerae, 134
Chelicerata, 115, 131–137
chiggers, 131
chimney effect, 71–72
chitin, 117, 121
chitons, 139–141
“chondrosteans,” 202
chordates, 186, 193–279
Choristoceras, 166
Cincinnati, Ohio, 48
Cindarella, 64
Cladoselache, 198–199
clams, 91–92
Clarkia, 280
class, 66–67
classification, 61–66
Cleveland Shale, Ohio, 196, 197
climate change, 3
“cloven hooves,” 268
club mosses, 286
Cnidaria, 80–90
coal, 4–5
coal swamps, 282
coccolithophores, 284
cockroaches, 114, 117
coelenterates, 80–90
Coelodonta, 266
Coelophysis, 229–231
Coleoidea, 169–171
collecting rights, 57
Colorado (U.S. state), 15, 27–29, 57, 205
columella, 142
columnals, 181–183
commissure, 95–96, 148–149
concavo-convex, 95, 98–100
cones, 291
conifers, 291–303
Constellaria, 110
Conus, 144
convexi-concave, 95
Cooksonia, 286–287
Cope, Edward Drinker, 66
corallites, 85
corals, 80, 83–90
Cordaites, 301
costae, 95–96, 148–149
cranes, 27
cranidium, 121
creodonts, 253–255
Crepidula, 144
Cretaceous, 22–24, 38, 39, 145, 163–171, 179, 284
Cretaceous extinctions, 169, 244
crinoids, 172–173, 181–185
crocodilians, 222–224
cross–cutting relationships, 33–34
“crown of thorns” sea star, 90
crustaceans, 115
crypstostomes, 108–113
Cryptolithus, 129
Culmacanthus, 64
Cuttysarkus, 65
cyanobacteria, 283–284
cycadeoids, 297, 302
cycads, 296, 302
cyclostomes, 113
Dactylioceras, 163–166
Dalmanites, 131–132
Daphoenus demilo, 64
dasycladacean algae, 285–286
“Dawn Redwood,” 298–299, 302
day length, 87
Deinonychus, 229–231
Deinosuchus, 222–224
Deinotherium, 252
Dekayella, 109–110
dendroids, 190
Depression, 29
determinate cleavage, 175
deuterostomes, 174–176
“Devil’s toenails,” 151
Devonian, 24–25, 87, 91,119, 162–163, 188, 198, 205, 285–286
Devonian extinction, 78, 85, 102, 119
dextral, 142
Diacodexis, 268
diaphragm, 240, 244
Diapsida, 209–235
diatoms, 284
Diatryma, 237–239
Diceratherium, 265
Dictyonema, 190–192
dicynodonts, 241
Didymoceras, 166–169
Didymograptus, 190–192
Dimetrodon, 227, 241–243
Dinictis, 259
dinocephalians, 241
Dinohippus, 261
Dinohyus hollandi, 66
Dinorthis, 98
Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, 27–31
dinosaurs, 22, 193, 227–239; behavior of, 233; color in, 233; feathers on, 233
Diplocaulus, 206–208
Diplodocus, 27
Diplograptus, 190–192
Diplomoceras, 166–167
Diplomystus, 204–205
Diprotodon, 248–249
dissolution, 11–12
Djalgaringa, 64
Djaludjiangi, 64
Djarthia, 64
DNA, 6–7, 11
Doedicurus, 250
dogs, 259
Doleserpeton, 209
Dolichisme, 64
dolomite, 12
dorsal valve, 92–96
Dorset, England, 46
Douglass, Earl, 27–31
Dragon, Utah, 29
dragonflies, 117–118
dromedary camels, 273
dromomerycids, 275
duckbilled dinosaurs, 231, 303
Dunkleosteus, 197
echidna, 240, 244
Echinodermata, 172–185
Echinoidea, 176–179
Ecphora, 144
ectodermal cells, 80
Edaphosaurus, 241
“edentates,” 249–251
Edmontosaurus, 231
Edops, 206
Ekgmoiteptecela, 64
Ekgmowechashala, 63
Elachisme, 64
elasmosaurs, 214–216
Elasmotherium, 266
Eldredgeops, 131–133
“elephant birds,” 237–238
elephants, 251–253
Elrathia kingi, 119, 124–128
Emry, Robert, 52–53
emu, 238
enantiornithes, 238
endocameral deposits, 162
Endoceras, 162
Endoceratoidea, 162
endocones, 162
endodermal cells, 80
endosiphuncular deposits, 162
endotherms, 240
endothermy, 233–234
Eobasileus, 246
Eohippus, 261
Eoraptor, 227–228
Epicyon, 257
Equisetum, 289–291
Eryops, 206–207, 242
erythrosuchids, 222–223
Escargot, 138
Estemnosuchus, 241
Etruscan shrew, 240
Eudimorphodon, 225
Eunotosaurus, 211
Euplectella, 73–74
Euryapsida, 209, 213–216
eurypterids, 115, 118, 134–137
Eurypterus remipes, 136–137
Eusmilus, 259
even-toed hoofed mammals, 268–279
Exogyra, 151–153
exoskeleton, 117
eyeball, 155
facial suture, 121
“false saber-toothed cats,” 256
family–rank names, 66
faunal succession, 52–54
Favosites, 85–88
“feather stars,” 181
feldspar, 34
Felidae, 66, 259
Fenestella, 109,112
fenestrate bryozoans, 109, 112–113
Fenestrellina, 109, 112
ferns, 14, 290
field notebook, 51–52
Fingal’s Cave, Isle of Staffa, Scotland, 20
fish, 24, 193–205
Fissuridea, 144
fixed cheek, 121
flagellum, 70–71
Flexicalymene, 131–132
Florichisme, 64
Florissant Fossil Beds, Colorado, 15, 304
flowering plants, 303–308
fold, 95–96
foot, 146–147
Fossil Butte National Monument, Wyoming, 205
fossil club, 50
Frick Laboratory, American Museum of Natural History, 52
frog, 11, 209
“Frogamander,” 209
Gansus, 238
gar fish, 202–203
Gargylosaurus, 231
Gastornis, 237–239
Gastropoda, 141–145
Geisenoceras, 163–167
genal angle, 121
genus, 63
geoducks, 151
geologic map, 22–24, 54, 55
geologic timescale, 35
geosaurs, 222
Gerobatrachus hottoni, 208–209
giant clams, 151–152
giant squid, 140, 155–156
Gigantocamelus, 275
Ginkgo biloba, 296, 302
Ginkgo Petrified Forest, Washington, 308
Giraffatitan, 230
“giraffe camels,” 275
gizzard, 222
glabella, 121–122
glass sponges, 73–74, 79
Glossopteris, 291–293
Gluteus minimus, 64
Glyptal, 40
glyptodonts, 249–251
Gobiconodon, 246
gomphotheres, 251–253
Gomphotherium, 252
goniatites, 160, 163–164
Goodrich, “Dad,” 28
gophers, 61
gopher tortoise, 61
Gorgonops, 241–243
GPS systems, 51
Grand Canyon, Arizona, 32
granite, 19
graphite, 188
graptolites, 188–192
Great Barrier Reef, 85
Green River Shale, 14–15, 203–205, 218, 304
greenhouse gases, 3
Greenland, 24
Greenops, 131
“ground pine,” 286, 288
ground sloths, 250
growth lines, 95–96, 148–149
Gryphaea, 151–153
guanacos, 273
Gulf of Mexico, 85
gymnosperms, 291–303
hackberry bushes, 280
hagfish, 194–196
Haldane, J. B. S., 114
Hamites, 166–167
Hamulina, 166
hard hat, 44–46, 47–48
Harpes, 130
harpids, 129–130
harvestmen, 131
Hawaii (U.S. state), 19
heart urchins, 179–180
Hebertella, 98–99
Heerz tooyia, 64
Helicoprion, 198–200
Heliophyllum, 87–90
Hell Creek Formation, Montana, 65, 235
hemichordates, 186–192
Hemiptera, 64
Herrerasaurus, 227–228
Hesperaletes, 263
Hesperornis, 238
heteromorph ammonites, 166–169
heterostracans, 193–195
hexacorals, 90
Hexagonaria, 87–90
high-spired shells, 142
holdfast, 182
Holland, William J., 27–29, 66
Holmesina, 250
holochroal eyes, 121
“holosteans,” 202
Holothuroidea, 176
Holzmaden Shale, Germany, 214–217
Homo, 63, 66
Homo erectus, 63
Homo habilis, 63
Homo neanderthalensis, 63
Homo sapiens, 68
Homotelus, 128–129
“honeycomb coral,” 85–88
Hooke, Robert, 159
Hoplophoneus, 256, 259
horizontal tooth replacement, 251–253
horn corals, 87–90
horses, 27, 259–262
horseshoe crabs, 134–135
horsetails, 289–291
House Range, Utah, 119, 126
Hunkydora, 64
Hyaenodon, 256
Hydnoceras, 79
Hydra, 83
Hydrozoa, 81
hyperstrophic, 143
Hyphatoceras, 166
hyponome, 157–160
“hypothetical ancestral mollusk,” 140–141
Hyrachyus, 266
Hyracodon, 264, 266
Hyracotherium, 261
Icaronycteris, 247
icehouse, 4
Ichthyornis, 238
ichthyosaurs, 14, 22, 214–216, 227
Ichthyostega, 205
Idaho (U.S. state), 280
igneous rock, 16, 19
illaenids, 128
Illaenus, 128
inappropriate names, 65
inarticulate brachiopods, 96–97
indeterminate cleavage, 174
index fossils, 22–23
India, 63
inertial homeothermy, 234
Ingabalanaridae, 64
inoceramids, 151–154
insects, 8–10, 114–116, 282
interambulacral areas, 178
internal mold, 11–12
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 68
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 65
Iowa (U.S. state), 85
irregular echinoids, 179–180
Isachisme, 64
Isle of Staffa, Scotland, 20
Isotelus, 118, 128–129
Isurus, 198
Ittibittium, 64
jacketing (fossils), 40–43
Jaekelopterus, 135–137
Japan, 63
jawless fish, 193–196
jaws, 196
Jurassic, 22–24, 27–29, 46, 163–171, 179, 218
Jurassic Park, 3, 11, 38, 233
Jurassic World, 3, 11, 218
Juxia, 266
Kaiparowits Plateau, Utah, 235
kangaroos, 248
Kannemeyeria, 241
Kansas (U.S. state), 215, 284
kelp, 284
Kentucky (U.S. state), 48
Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, 19
king crab, 118
kingdom, 67
Kirkaldy, George W., 64
kiwi, 238
Knightia, 204–205, 304
komodo dragons, 218
Kronosaurus, 214–217
Kukusepasatanka, 64
“lace collar trilobite,” 129
Lagomorpha, 66
Lakota Sioux, 63
Lambdotherium, 266
Lamellibranchia, 145
“lamp shells,” 91
lampreys, 194–196
Lance Creek Formation, Wyoming, 235
lancelets, 186
Larson, Gary, 66
Late Ordovician extinction, 98, 119
Latin America, 63
laurel, 306
lava flows, 19–20
lead-206, 34
lead-207, 34
Lecanospira, 144
Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, 198
Leioclema, 109–110
Lepidodendron, 288, 290
Lepidosauria, 209, 217–221
lepospondyls, 206–208
Leptauchenia, 271–273
Leptomeryx, 275
leucon sponges, 72–73
Liaoning beds, China, 236, 238
Lichas, 130
lichids, 129–130
ligaments, 147
limestone, 4–5, 18–19
limpets, 141–142
Limulus, 134
Lingula, 97
Linnaeus, Carolus, 62, 66
lions, 61
Liopleurodon, 214–217
“Lizard of Aus,” 64
lizards, 11, 217–219
llamas, 273
Longrich, Nicholas, 64
lophophores, 93–94, 107–113
Lophospira, 144
low-spired shells, 142
Lucas, Spencer, 67
Lucashyus, 67
lucinids, 150
Lunatia, 144
lycophytes, 286–290
Lycopodium, 286, 288
Lyme Regis, Dorset, England, 46
Macdonald, J. Reid, 63–64
Macginitea, 305
Maclurites, 143–144
Macroscaphites, 166–169
magma, 19
magnetite, 140
magnolia, 307
Mahonia, 307
mammalian evolutionary radiation, 244
“mammal–like reptiles,” 240–241
Mammalia, 67, 227, 239–279
mammoths, 6–7, 61, 227, 251–253
Mammouth, 61
Mammut, 252
Mammuthus, 61
Mamut, 61
mantle, 139–140
Marichisme, 64
Marsh, O. C., 66, 67
marsupials, 248–249
mastodonts, 251–253
Medusa, 83–85
Megacerops, 268
Megalania, 218–219
Megalonyx, 250
Megatherium, 250
Megoreodon, 270–272
Mendenhall Gneiss, California, 20–21
Meninatherium, 266
Menoceras, 25, 264–266
Meomyia, 64
merostomes, 134
Merychippus, 261
Merychyus, 271–273
Merycochoerus, 270–271
Merycoidodon, 269–271
mesogastropods, 143–145
mesoglea, 83
Mesohippus, 261
Mesolimulus, 135
mesotarsal joint, 227–228
Mesozoic, 22
Messel lake beds, Germany, 205, 236
metamorphic rocks, 16, 20–21
Metamynodon, 265, 266
Metasequoia, 298–299, 302
meteorites, 36
mica, 34
microsaurs, 206
middens, 138
millipedes, 115–117, 282
Miniochoerus, 270–271
Miohippus, 261–262
miolabine camels, 275
Mississippian, 112, 181–185
mites, 131
moa, 236–238
Moeritherium, 247, 252
Mojoceratops, 64
Mollusca, 67, 91–92, 138–171
molting, 117
Mongolia, 65
Monograptus, 191–192
monoplacophorans, 140–142
Montana (U.S. state), 65
Monte Bolca beds, Italy, 205
Montypythonoides, 64
moon rocks, 36
Morocco, 129, 162, 163
Morrison Formation, 27–29, 30, 235
mosasaurs, 22, 218–219
Mosasaurus copeanus, 66
Moschops, 241
mosquitos, 11
“moss animals,” 107
mosses, 286
mother of pearl, 8–11, 138
Mount St. Helens, 19
Mucrospirifer, 102–104
musk deer, 27, 275
mussels, 149–150
Myaceae, 151
Mylodon, 250
Namilamadeta, 64
Nanichisme, 64
Nautiloidea, 161–164
nautilus, 157–159
Nebraska (U.S. state), 25, 57
neocortex, 240
neogastropods, 144–145
neognath birds, 239
Neospirifer, 102–104
Neotrigonia, 151
Neuropteris, 293
Ngapakaldia, 64
nimravids, 256, 259
Nimravus, 259
Nipponites, 166–169
Norfolk Island pine, 295–296, 302
North Dakota, 57
Notharctus, 246
notochord, 186
nudibranchs, 142
numerical dating, 34–36
Numidotherium, 252
Ochisme, 64
odd-toed hoofed mammals, 261
Odontochelys semitestacea, 211–212
odontopleurids, 129–130
Ohio, 48
Old Red Sandstone, UK, 196, 197
Olenellidae, 124–126
Olenus, 124
Onycharonycteris, 247
Onychodus jandamarrai, 64
open hip joint, 227–228
Ophiuroidea, 176
opisthobranchs, 142
opisthoma, 134
opisthoparians, 121
opossums, 248
Orbitremites, 184–185
order, 66
Ordovician, 98, 108, 117, 119, 126–127, 161–162, 188
Oregon grape, 307
oreodonts, 269–271
original continuity, 33–34
original horizontality, 33–34
Ornithischia, 227–235
orthides, 98–100
Orthis, 98
orthostrophic condition, 143
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 66
osculum, 71
ossicles, 175
Osteichthyes, 202–205
osteostracans, 193–195
Ostlingoceras, 166
ostriches, 238
Oviraptor, 65
Oxyacodon marshater, 66
oxycone, 163
oysters, 138, 146–150
Ozraptor, 64
paddlefish, 202
Painted Desert, Arizona, 206
Palaeomastodon, 252
palaeomerycids, 275
palaeoniscoids, 202–203
Palaeosyops, 266
paleobotany, 280–308
pallial line, 148–149
pallial sinus, 148–149
palmetto, 304
palms, 304
Palorchestes, 248
pampatheres, 250
Panopea, 151
Pappochelys, 211
Paraceratherium, 266
Paradoxides, 124–125
Paranthropus, 66
Parapuzosia, 156
Parasaurolophus, 233
pariesaurs, 211
Patrofelis, 255
pearls, 138
peccary, 61
pedicle, 92–96
pedicle valve, 92–96
pedipalps, 134
Peggichisme, 64
Pelagornis, 239
Pelecypoda, 145
Pentamerida, 101–103
Pentremites, 184–185
Peraceras, 265
Perissodactyla, 259–268
permafrost, 6–7
Permian, 98, 206, 291
Permian extinction, 90, 98,102, 113, 119, 163, 169, 183, 185, 244
permineralization, 10–11
Persian Gulf, 85
Peru, 6
Peterson, O. A., 66
Petoskey stones, 90
Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, 8–10, 206, 294, 302
phacopids, 131
Phacops, 131–133
pharynx, 186
Phiomia, 252
Pholadidae, 151
phorusrhacids, 237–239
Phosphatherium, 252
Phyllograptus, 190–192
phylum, 67
phytosaurs, 222–223
Pieza pi, 64
Pilkipildridae, 64
pinnules, 181
placentals, 249–279
Placenticeras, 163–165
placoderms, 196–198
plankton, 4
plano-convex, 95
plants, 280–308
plaster of paris, 40–43
platypus, 240, 244
plesiosaurs, 22, 214–217, 227
pleuracanth sharks, 198–200
pleural lobe, 121–122
plications, 95–96, 148–149
poachers, 57
Poebrodon, 275
Poebrotherium, 273–276
polar bears, 24
Polychisme, 64
polyp, 83–85
Polyplacophora, 140
Porifera, 70–89
Portheus, 205
potassium-40, 34
potassium-argon dating, 34–36
pouched mammals, 248–249
Prasopora, 110–111
primates, 66, 246
Prismopora, 109–110
Proboscidea, 251–253
Procamelus, 273
procolophonids, 211
Procoptodon, 248
productids, 98
Proetida, 131
Proganochelys, 211–212
progymnosperms, 291–292
Promerycochoerus, 270–272
pronghorns, 275–278
proparian suture, 121
prosobranchs, 141–145
prosoma, 134
Protherohyus catadontus, 67
Protoceratops, 65
Protoclepsydrops, 241
protolabine camels, 275
“protomammals,” 241
Protoreodon, 269
Protorohippus, 247, 261–262
Protylopus, 273
Psaronius, 290
Pteranodon, 225–226
pterobranchs, 186–192
Pterodactylus, 225
pterosaurs, 222–226
Pterygotus, 135–137
Ptychoparia, 124
ptychopariids, 124–126
Puijila, 64
pulmonates, 142
Purgatorius, 65
Purgatory Hill, Montana, 65
Purussaurus, 222–224
pygidium, 121–122
pyrite, 12, 122–123
quahog, 150
quarries, 44, 47–49
Quetzalcoatlus, 225–227
quillworts, 286
radial cleavage, 174–176
radial symmetry, 174
Radiaspis, 129
Radinskya, 261
Rafinesquina, 98–100
Rancho La Brea tar pits, California, 6–9, 236
range zones, 54–55
ratites, 238
razor clams, 151
receptaculitids, 284–285
recording locations, 51
recrystallization, 11
Redlichiida, 124
Redrock Canyon, California, 38
reefs, 85
relative dating, 32–34
replacement, 11–12
Reptilia, 67, 209–235
Resserella, 98
Rhabdopleura, 187–188
rhabdosomes, 188
Rhamphorhynchus, 225
rhea, 238
rhinoceros, 6–8, 25–27, 66, 263–267
Rhinocerotidae, 66
Rhomaleosaurus, 217
Rhombopora, 110
rhynchonellides, 102–106
rhynchosaurs, 222–223
Rhynia, 286
Riggs, Elmer, 67
roadcuts, 44, 47–49
Rodentia, 66
Rooseveltia natteri, 65
Rosaceae, 66
rostroconchs, 140–141
rotation, of the earth, 87
rubidium-87, 34
rudistids, 101, 151–154
Rugosa, 87–90, 101
rule of priority, 67
ruminants, 275–277
Russia, 63
Sabal, 304
Sabalites, 304
saber-toothed cat, 61, 227, 257
“sago palms,” 302
Sahelanthropus, 66
San Gabriel Mountains, California, 20–21
sandstone, 16–18
sarcopterygians, 202
Sarcosuchus, 222
satellite, 51
Sauria, 209–221
Saurischia, 227–235
Scala, 144
scallops, 147–150
Scaphites, 166–167
Scaphopoda, 140–141
Scaumenac Bay, Quebec, 196
schizochroal eyes, 121
scientific names, 61–66
Scleractinia, 80–82, 90
scorpions, 131, 282
“scouring rushes,” 291
sea anemones, 80–84
sea biscuits, 179–180
sea cliffs, 44–46
sea cucumbers, 172–176
sea hares, 142
sea jellies, 80–84
“sea lilies,” 172, 181
sea stars, 172–175
sea urchins, 176–179
Sebecus, 222
Second World War, 29
sedimentary rocks, 16, 32–34
seed ferns, 291
semi-upright posture, 222
septa, 158–159
serpenticone, 163
Sespia, 271
setae, 94
Seymour, Texas, 206
Seymouria, 208
shale, 14–18
sharks, 198–200
Sharktooth Hill, California, 198
Shonisaurus, 214–215
short-faced bear, 258–259
shovel-tusked mastodonts, 251–253
Shubin, Neil, 24–26
Siberia, 6–8
Sierra Nevada, 20
Sigesbeck, Johann, 65
Sigesbeckia, 65
Sigillaria, 288, 290
silica, 8–12
Silurian, 75, 102, 119, 162, 188, 286
silverfish, 117
sinistral pattern, 142
siphon, 146–147
siphonal notch, 142
siphuncle, 158–159
Skinner, Morris, 52–53, 57
sloths, 249–251
Smilodon, 61, 257
Smith, William, 52–55
Smithsonian Institution, 52
snakes, 217–221
“Snakewater, Montana,” 38
Solnhofen Limestone, Germany, 236
South Dakota (U.S. state), 25, 57, 63
South Pacific islands, 85
species, 63
sphenodontids, 217
sphenophytes, 289–291
spicules, 70
spiders, 131, 282
spiral cleavage, 174–176
Spirifer, 102
Spiriferida, 94, 102–106
Spiroceras, 166–169
Spitsbergen, 24
sponges, 70–89
spongocoel cavity, 71
springtails, 117
squamates, 217–221
Starunia, Poland, 6–8
steel-toed boots, 48
Stegosaurus, 62–63, 232
Steinkern, 11–12
Steno, Nicholas, 32–34
stenomylines, 275, 276
Stenomylus, 276
Stephanoceras, 163–166
Sterculia, 305
stinger cells, 80–81
stipe, 188
stolon, 188
Streblostrypa, 109–110
Streptelasma, 87–88
Strigiphilus garylarsoni, 66
stromatolites, 283–284
stromatoporoids, 76–78
strontium-87, 34
Strophomena, 96
Strophomenida, 98–106
Stupendemys, 211–213
sturgeon, 202
Stylemys nebraskensis, 211–213
Subhyracodon, 265
sulcus, 95–96
“sunflower corals,” 284–285
superposition, 32–34
suture, 159–168
sycon sponge, 72–73
symmetry, 147; in brachiopods, 91–93
Synapsida, 239–279
tabulae, 85–86
tabulate corals, 85–90
tapirs, 263–265
Tapirus, 263
Taxodium, 300–301, 303
taxonomy, 61–66
Teleoceras, 26–27, 264–266
teleosts, 202–205
tellins, 150
temnospondyls, 206–208
Terebra, 144
terebratulides, 104–106
test (shell), 175
Tetracorallia, 90
Tetrapodophis, 220
tetrapods, 205–209
Thamniscus, 109–110
thecae, 188
thelodonts, 194–196
theropods, 227–235
thorax, 121–122
Thrinaxodon, 244
Thylacosmilus, 248–249
ticks, 131
tide pools, 172
Tiktaalik, 24–25, 205
Tindouf Basin, Morocco, 129, 162, 163
Titanoboa, 221
titanotheres, 265–268
Titanotylopus, 275, 277
topographic map, 51
tornaria larva, 174
tortoises, 280
tracheophytes, 286
trepostomes, 108–113
Triadobatrachus, 209
Triarthrus, 124
Triassic, 163, 227
Triassic-Jurassic extinction, 169
Triceratops, 62–63, 232–233
Tridacnidae, 151–152
Trigonia, 151–152
trilobites, 114–131
trinucleids, 128–129
trivial name, 63
tuatara, 217
tube feet, 174
tunicates, 186
Turrilites, 166–169
Turritella, 144
Turritella ocoyana, 68
turtles, 211–213
tusk shells, 140–141
Tyrannosaurus rex, 2, 62–63, 222, 229–231, 233
Uinta Mountains, 27–29
uintatheres, 246
umbilicus, 158–159
umbo, 148–149
University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, 25
University of Utah, 29
uranium-235, 34
uranium-238, 34
Utah (U.S. state), 15, 27–29, 205
valves, 91
vampire squid, 157
Van Valen, Leigh, 66
vascular plants, 286–308
vegetative reproduction, 303
Velociraptor, 62–63, 229–231, 238
venter, 163
ventral valve, 92–96
venus clams, 149–150
Venus’s flower basket, 73–74
Verae peculya, 64
Vernal, Utah, 28
vertebrates, 67, 193–279
vicuñas, 273
Vini vedivici, 64
volcano, 19
Wakiewakie, 64
Walcott, Charles Doolittle, 29
Walliserops, 131–133
wampum, 138
“warm-blooded dinosaurs” controversy, 233, 240
Washington (U.S. state), 19
water vascular system, 174
Wells, John, 87
Wenlock Limestone, England, 4
Wheeler Shale, Utah, 127
White Cliffs, England, 284
White River badlands, 57
whorl, 142
Wilson, Woodrow, 29
Winchester, Simon, 54
Wyoming (U.S. state), 15, 57, 205
xenacanth sharks, 198–200
xenarthrans, 249–251
Xiphactinus, 39, 203–205
Yalkparidontidaem, 64
Your Inner Fish (Shubin), 24
Ytu brutus, 64
Yucatan, Mexico, 85
Yurlunggur, 64
Zaisanamynodon protheroi, 67
Zanchisme, 64
Zaphrentis, 87–88
zircon, 34
Zoological Society of London, 64