Index

A

• acceptance of technology theory 24–6, 30
• access (physical)
  • conditional 49, 50, 57, 60
  • material 48–9, 60, 90–1,113, 121
• access phases 2, 113, 134
  • motivation/attitude 39–44
  • physical 47–60
  • skills 61–75, 135
  • usage 80–92, 154–5
• accessibility 43, 74–5, 112–13, 137, 153
• adult education 54, 64, 69, 70, 71, 104, 124, 126, 134, 138, 152, 153
• Africa 54, 85, 87, 147
• Americans 8, 42, 55, 89, 92, 104, 107, 124
• age 42, 53–4, 72, 77, 86–7, 103, 106–8
• artificial intelligence 114, 128–9, 130
• attitudes to digital media 34–9, 113, 149–50
• augmented reality 49, 78, 114, 128–9, 130, 157
• automation 74, 75–6, 128–9, 130, 156
• awareness programmes 140–1, 145, 150, 152

B

• Bonfadelli, Heinz 94,
• Bourdieu, Pierre 27, 28, 118, 123
• Brazil 55
• broadband 48–9, 50, 53, 55–6, 75, 92, 135, 142–3, 146–8, 151–2
• Broadband Technology Opportunities Program 142
• Bush administration 8–9, 142

C

• Canada 142, 145
• capacity of digital media 49, 55
• China 11, 143–4
• Clinton administration 9, 141
• combined and uneven development 135, 137, 146
• community access centre (CAT) 135
• community technology centre (CTC) 135, 142
• competency of digital media use 62–4
• competition (market) 136–7, 149, 151, 154, 156
• computer anxiety 35, 38, 40, 43
• computer driving licence 64, 153
• costs of digital media 15, 27, 111, 113, 156
• cultural capital 27–8, 40, 118–19, 120, 123
• cultural differentiation 28, 94–5, 123
• cultural inequality 6, 16, 28, 123
• cultural opportunities 100, 103
• curriculum change 153
• cyberabuse/cybercrime 105, 107–8

D

• design of technology 55, 133, 152–3
• developed countries 3, 6, 9–10, 29, 52–3, 59–60, 85, 119, 135, 138, 141
• developing countries 6, 9–10, 29, 52–3, 59–60, 85, 135, 141, 145–8
• developing strategy 146–7
• diffusion of innovation theory 7–8, 15, 18, 25–6, 58
• digital divide
  • critics 8–9
  • definition 1–2, 7
  • evolution 16, 46, 58–60, 62, 94–5, 127–9, 130, 157
  • history 2, 7–14
  • level of research (first, second, third) 7–14, 18, 47, 98
  • metaphor 2–3
  • perspectives 4–5, 134–41
  • research 11, 17–23
  • research disciplines 20–1
  • research publications 22–3
  • research questions 17–19
  • research strategies 21–2
  • research themes 19–21
  • theory 23–33
• digital literacy 5, 11, 62–5, 69, 93, 137–8
• see also digital skills; literacy
• Digital New Zealanders 155
• digital skills 12, 57, 61–79, 80, 87, 90, 106, 108, 111, 113, 128, 129, 133–4, 138–9, 143–4, 145, 149, 152–4, 155, 156
  • communication 67–8, 76, 78
  • content-creating 67–8, 76
  • definition 63
  • formal 67–8, 70, 111
  • frameworks 61, 63–6, 68
  • information 67–8, 70, 72, 76, 78
  • operational 66–7, 70, 111
  • research strategies 65–6
  • strategic 67–8, 70, 72
  • ways to acquire 69–70
• disabled people 32, 43, 55, 73, 88–9, 92, 139, 142, 150, 152, 154
• disinformation (‘fake news’) 40, 67, 79, 104, 105, 107–8, 113, 151, 153, 156
• domestication theory 26, 28

E

• e-commerce 1, 10, 76, 79–80
• e-government 10, 20
• e-health 20, 124
• East Asia 53, 136, 143–4
• economic capital 27, 120–1
• economic opportunities 99–101, 121–2, 136–7
• economic theory 27, 136
• Economist Intelligence Unit 13, 71, 136
• educational level of attainment 12, 27, 51–2, 71, 77, 85, 103, 106, 125, 138
• educational perspective on the digital divide 137–9, 157
• educational software 153
• elderly 12, 29, 54, 87, 124, 154
  • see also seniors
• ethnic minorities 54–5, 92, 139, 154
• ethnicity 8, 17, 32, 33, 42, 44, 54–5, 57, 94
• Europe 1, 23, 82, 85, 97, 143, 144–5
• European Commission 17, 22
• European Union (EU) 69, 70, 144–5
• excessive use of digital media 105, 106–7
• exclusion/inclusion 5, 6, 9, 116–17, 139–40
• expectations of digital media use 36, 38
• exploitation 122

F

• Facebook 121
• Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 141

G

• Gates, Bill 142, 147
• gender 29, 31, 33, 42, 44, 54, 57, 73, 74, 77, 84, 88, 91, 93, 106–8, 111–12, 125
• generation (effect) 12, 53–4, 72, 87
  • see also age
• Giddens, Anthony 27, 31, 123
• Goldthorpe, John Henry, 118
• Gordon, Robert 157
• government policy 3, 7, 10, 134–8
• gratifications from digital media use 36–8

H

• Harari, Yuval N. 129
• Hargittai, Eszter, 9, 18, 23, 61
• haves and have-nots 7, 14
• health 124
• health information 13, 99, 100, 124, 147, 154
• Helsper, Ellen 13, 104
• Hilbert, Martin 2, 48, 55, 141
• Hoffman, Donna 23
• households 41, 53, 71, 86

I

• illiterates 40, 42,73–4, 88, 89, 92, 115, 130, 142, 154, 156
  • full 73–4, 89
  • functional 73–4, 89
• Inclusive Development Index 136
• income 2, 8, 17, 21, 27, 32, 39, 50–1, 55, 58, 59, 83, 84, 85, 92–3, 120–1, 151, 154–6
• India 85, 120
• Indonesia 85, 143
• inequality
  • absolute 3, 112, 115–16, 124, 130, 132
  • categorical 19–30, 31
  • cultural 123
  • economic 120–1
  • information 1
  • old and new 13–15
  • personal 31–2, 42–3, 123–4, 125
  • positional 32, 41
  • relational view of 29–30
  • relative 3, 113, 115–17, 121, 124, 130, 132
  • social 15, 110–15, 121–2, 130, 132, 155
  • structural 3, 93–4, 113
• information and communication technology (ICT) 1, 4, 5, 41, 42, 54, 157
• information elite 1, 3, 4, 41, 42, 53, 76, 116–17, 129
• information overload 105, 106
• information society 1, 76, 114, 115–16, 130, 144
• innovation 4, 5, 6, 136, 141
• intelligence 71–2, 42, 71, 88–9
• intentions to use digital media 26, 38–9
• interfaces 128–9
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 6, 17, 22, 23, 135
• Internet cafés 48, 56, 147, 148
• Internet dropouts 45
• Internet experience 73, 87
• Internet (non-)use 45–6
• Internet of Things 49, 56, 75–6, 78, 114, 128–9, 130, 157

J

• Japan 143
• job training 154

K

• knowledge gap 1, 15, 93–4, 130
• knowledge society 115

L

• labour market position 51, 71, 85, 138
• Latin/South America 11, 23, 53, 147
• ‘leapfrog’ strategy 146–7
• life chances 5, 28
• lifelong learning 78, 154
• lifestyle (digital) 28, 70, 103, 123–4, 154
• LinkedIn 121
• literacy 42, 62–3, 65, 88
  • traditional 62
  • see also digital literacy

M

• Malaysian Super Corridor Project 143
• Marx, Karl 118
• Matthew effect 117
• meritocracy 138
• mobile telephony 10, 86, 90–2, 135, 146–7
• mobility 75, 121
• motivation for digital media use 1, 34–40, 113, 149–50

N

• National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) 1, 8–9, 59, 141
• nations 52, 71 145–7
• needs for digital media use 38–9
• Netherlands 10, 12, 32, 68, 85, 91
• network approach/relational perspective 29
• network effects 122, 126–7
• network society 6, 16, 30, 114, 115–17, 121–2, 125, 130, 139
• network theory 29, 126–7
• non-users of digital media/Internet 130, 140
• Norris, Pippa 7, 18, 23, 58
• North America 85, 141–2

O

• Obama administration 10, 142
• occupations 119–21, 122, 125
• OECD 6, 133, 136, 138, 141
• One Laptop per Child projects 135, 148, 153
• open access 154
• opportunity hoarding 122
• outcomes 18–19, 57, 92–3, 86–109, 121, 141
  • negative 19, 98, 104–8, 110, 111, 150
  • positive 18, 46, 98–104, 110, 150
• Oxford Internet Institute 59

P

• participation 1, 4, 5, 20, 30, 31, 33, 93, 74, 95, 96, 102, 117, 139
• personal categories 42–3, 53–4, 86–90
• personal opportunities 103–4
• personality 32, 33, 42–4, 53, 83–4, 89–91, 149
• Pew Research Center 8, 59, 104, 107
• Poland 89
• policy perspectives on the digital divide 134–41
• political and civic opportunities 102–3
• positional categories 41, 51–3, 70–1, 84–6
• positional good 115
• power law 117
• primary good 115
• privacy protection 105, 108
• productivity 12, 137, 145, 157
• public access 12, 137, 145, 157

Q

• quality of information 111, 113–14, 127

R

• race 42, 53, 55
  • see also ethnicity
• Ragnedda, Massimo 13, 28, 70
• region(al) gaps 52, 71, 85, 142, 145–7
• resources 5, 27–8, 32, 39–41, 50–1, 69, 83–4, 122
  • cultural 32, 40–1, 50, 70, 83–4
  • material 32, 39, 50, 68, 84
  • mental 32, 39–40, 50–1, 68, 84
  • social 32, 39–40, 50, 68, 83
  • temporal 32, 39, 68, 84
• resources and appropriation theory 30–2, 44, 57, 74, 81, 96–7, 109, 110
• Rogers, Everett 7–8, 58

S

• s-curve of adoption 8, 18, 58
• Scotland 154
• search engine use 1, 5, 66, 67, 68, 77, 79, 82, 112
• security protection 105, 108
• segregation/segmentation 114, 124–7
• Sen, Amartya 4–5
• seniors 8, 10, 42, 54, 54, 70, 72, 139
• Singapore 11, 12, 144
• Singapore One Project 143
• skill premium 77, 100
• skills 5, 61, 77
  • see also digital skills
• social capital 27, 121–2, 172
• social class 8, 77, 93, 94, 114, 117–20, 121, 123–5, 130
• social mobility 125–7, 138–9, 155–6
• social media/social-networking sites 1, 4, 6, 10, 103, 120, 121–2, 126–7, 156
• social network position 41, 53, 71, 86, 93
• social opportunities 101–2
• solutions to the digital divide 132–4, 149–57
• South Korea 11, 143–4
• Spain 12, 23, 85
• stratification 18, 58, 114, 125
• structuration theory 27, 31
• subsidies 152

T

• teacher skills 138, 142, 148, 149, 154
• technical ability 40, 71–2, 88, 91, 93, 112
• technical acceptance model 25, 26, 81
• technical characteristics of digital media 20, 49, 55–6, 74–6, 90–2, 127–9
• technical determinism 9, 135–6
• technological diffusion policy 135–6, 142, 146
• technology maintenance 56, 60
• technophobia/technophilia 40
• Technopolis program 143
• theory of planned behaviour 24–5, 26
• Tilly, Charles 29, 122
• trickle-down principle 8, 18, 27, 58
• twenty-first-century skills 61, 78–9, 94, 157

U

• unemployed 34, 39, 41, 51, 89, 85, 118, 119, 145, 156
• uneven development 137
  • see also combined and uneven development
• unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 25, 26
• United Kingdom 11, 23, 32, 45, 74, 84, 85, 89, 98–9, 101, 102, 120, 122, 123
• United Nations 6, 17, 22, 23, 59, 141,
• United States 1, 8, 42, 55, 144
• universal access 59–60, 112, 135, 142, 151
• universal service 151
• usability 75, 150, 156
• usage gap 11, 93–5, 113, 156
• usage of digital media 57, 76–7, 80–3, 110–15
  • creative or passive 80–1, 83
  • diversity 18, 76, 80–2, 83, 113
  • frequency/amount 18, 45, 46, 80–1, 83, 113
• use typologies 81–2
• user-friendliness 150
• uses and gratification theory 25–6, 81–2

V

• van Deursen, Alexander 12, 13
• van Dijk, Jan 12, 23, 94
• virtual reality 49, 128–9, 157

W

• Warschauer, Mark 23
• Weber, Max 28, 118
• World Bank 6, 13, 17, 22, 71, 136, 138, 141
• World Economic Forum (WEF) 136, 138, 141
• World Internet Project 22
• World Trade Organization (WTO) 136

Y

• young people 15, 28, 40, 42, 53, 54, 72, 91, 101–2, 106, 124, 129, 140, 154, 157