Note: Page numbers in italics indicate a figure and page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page.
AAAP (American Association of Applied Psychology) 371
AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 167
AACP (American Association of Clinical Psychologists) 371–372
AAPA (Asian American Psychological Association) 313–314
ABCs of life 15
ABEPP (American Board of Examiners of Professional Psychology) 377
ablation 103
abnormal behavior, therapeutic practices for 229–230
ABP (Association of Black Psychologists) 308–309
ABPP (American Board of Professional Psychology) 377
absent-mindedness 125
absolute monarchy 114
absolutism 9
acquisition of learned behavior 193
Adolescent Growth Study 299
affect 137
African Americans, contributions to psychology: ABP 308–309; Anderson, Norman 313; Clark, Kenneth B. 309–310; “Development of Consciousness of Self in Negro Preschool Children” (Clark) 296; experiences in psychology 307–308; Sumner, Francis 310–311; Taylor, Dalmas 312
age regression 103
“aggressive drive” 246
ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) 86
alternatives to voluntarism: Act Psychology 139–140; imageless thought 140
Alzheimer’s Disease, research in 85–86
American model of the psychological experiment 142
American psychology 14; APA 16–18, 17; Boulder Conference 17; credentials 18; discussion questions 22; diversity in 19–20, 19, 20; ethnicity of practicing psychologists 19, 20; focus on positive psychology 21–22; functionalism 146–147; learning objectives 15; phrenology 95; prescription privileges for psychologists 20–21; scientific revolutions in 33; see also functionalism
American Traits (Münsterberg) 173
Analects (Confucius) 45–46, 346
Analysis of Sensations, The (Mach) 209
Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (Mill) 117–118
analytical geometry 65
angiograms 81
animal intelligence, assessing 168
Animal Mind, The: A Textbook of Comparative Psychology (Washburn) 281
animal spirits 72
animate objects 43
Antioch College 157
anti-Semitism, influence on Wertheimer 212
anxiety, panic disorder 189
APA (American Psychological Association) 16–18, 17, 371; credentials 18; Division 30 101–102; ethics code, creation of 373; Hall, Granville Stanley 156; membership 17, 19–20, 19, 20; philosophers in 34; “The Province of Functional Psychology” address (Angell) 163; website 17
apartheid system 362
apperception 137–138; Thematic Apperception Test 265
applied Pavlovian conditioning 189–190; counterconditioning 190; extinction 190
applied psychology: Ebbinghaus, Hermann 122; Münsterberg, Hugo 172–173
APS (Association for Psychological Science) 17–18
archival research 28
Art and Visual Perception (Arnheim) 223
artificial somnambulism 98
ASAP (Assembly of Scientific and Applied Psychologists) 17
Asia, river valley civilizations 42–43
Asian Americans, contributions to psychology: AAPA 313–314; Sue, Stanley 314–315; Suinn, Richard 315
associationism 108, 112; Bain, Alexander 119–120; cause and effect 116; contiguity 116; discussion questions 126; Ebbinghaus, Hermann 121–122; goals of 116; Hartley, David 116–117; learning objectives 108–109; Mill, James 118; Mill, John Stuart 118–119; resemblance 116; sensory conditioning 122–123
attention 201
auditory nerves 75
autobiographical psychology 28
automata 66
Baby Minds: Brain Building Games Your Baby Will Love 85
Bedlam 229
Behavior of Organisms, The: An Experimental Analysis (Skinner) 197
behaviorism 33, 163; applied Pavlovian conditioning 189–190; behavioral technology 198–199; classical conditioning 188–190; discussion questions 205; Lashley, Karl 186–188, 187; learning objectives 181; S-O-R model 183; S-R model 182; unconditioned emotions 184–185; Watson, John B. 184; see also neobehaviorism
Behaviorism (Watson) 299
bell curve 151
Bell’s palsy 73
Bem Sex Role Inventory 293
Berlin Wall 26
“bewitchment” 30
Beyond the Chains of Illusion: My Encounter with Marx and Freud (Fromm) 260–261
bias 125
biological foundations of psychology: discussion questions 88; learning objectives 70–71
birth control, Freud’s views on 235
black bile 76
blickfeld 138
blickpunt 138
blocking 125
“bloody Sunday” 325
bodies in motion 183
body, the: dualists 90; involuntary movement 72; mental map of the body 79; phrenology 94–96; relationship to the mind and soul 68–69
Boston School of Abnormal Psychology 91, 104, 106
Boulder Conference 17
brain, the see human brain, the
“brain drain” 361
branches of Judaism 49
breath, as explanatory system 43
brightness discrimination 188
British associationists: Bain, Alexander 119–120; Hartley, David 116–117; Mill, James 117–118; Mill, John Stuart 118–119
British empiricists 126; Berkeley, George 114–115; Hume, David 115–116; Locke, John 113–114
Broca’s area 81
B/START (Behavioral Science Track Award for Rapid Transition) 18
Buddhism 47–48; Zen Buddhism 47–48
calendar of significant events since dawn of civilization 45
Canon, The (Avicenna) 58
Captain Corelli’s Mandolin (de Bernieres) 143
case study 28
categories of thought 120
catharsis 232
Catholicism 55
CATS (Computer Assisted Tomography Scanning) 81–83
cause and effect 116
cerebral hemispheres, split brains 83
“change blindness” 125
chaos hypothesis 25
child abuse, seduction theory 234–235
child psychology: Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis (Freud) 297–298; Witmer’s practice in 175–176
Child Psychology (Zhu) 353
Child Welfare Research Station 221
China: Cai, Yuanpei 351–353; Confucianism 45–46, 346–347; Cultural Revolution 344, 354; current challenges of psychology 354–356; depression and suicide in 355; early European influence in 349; economic reform in 354; Emperor Wu 347; HIV/AIDS epidemic in 355–356; I Ching 343–344, 348–349; impact of communism on 353; “Iron Rice Bowl” 354; philosophical roots of Chinese psychology 345–346; psychological testing 349–350; psychology as experimental science 351; as river valley civilization 42–43; Taoism 46, 348; three “isms” 343; traditional Chinese medicine 350–351; xinlingxue 351; xinlixue 351
Chinese Academy of Sciences 351
choler 76
Christianity 55–56; the Crusades 59
chronological study of the history of psychology 23–24, 27
City of God (Augustine) 56
City of Jerusalem, claims on 59
civilization: Homo sapiens 41; river valley civilizations 42–43
clairvoyance 29
Clark University 158
classical conditioning 183, 188–190; conditioned response 189; unconditioned response 189
Claviceps purpurea 30
clinical psychology 174, 178; AACP 371–372; discussion questions 380; and hypnosis 103–104; intelligence testing 373–374; Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 372; learning objectives 370; managed care 377–378; origins of 371; personality testing 374–375; post-World War II treatment of mental illness 377; “professionalism” 369, 370; training 379–380; treatment of mental disorders 375–378; Witmer, Lightner 175–176
cocaine in medical practice 231
“Cogito, ergo sum” 65
cognitions 146
cognitive neuroscience 81
cognitive psychology 33, 81–82
collective unconscious 244
color vision theories 283
communism 343; impact on China 353
Community Mental Health Centers 376
comparison of psychoanalysis with other schools of psychology 228
compensatory history 31
complexes 242
complication experiments 138–139
composition of consciousness 137
Concerning Memory: An Investigation in Experimental Psychology (Ebbinghaus) 121
Concerning Memory and Reminiscence (Aristotle) 112
conditioning 180–181; applied Pavlovian conditioning 189–190; classical conditioning 183, 188–190; conditioned reflex 329–330; conditioned response 189; counterconditioning 190; emotional conditioning 189, 196; extinction 190; operant conditioning 183; Type R conditioning 197; Type S conditioning 197; unconditioned emotions 184–185; unconditioned response 189
Confessions (Augustine) 56
Confucianism 45–46, 343, 346–347; Analects 346; as “civil religion” 346; Jun-zi 346; Meng, Tzu 347; moral qualities 46; Xun, Zi 347
connectional specificity 80
consciousness: Angell’s view on 163; apperception 137–138; composition of 137; immediate conscious experiences 143; introspection 154; James’ view on 154; Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von 90; monads 94; neodissociation theory 102–103; preconscious 237; psychophysics 129; self-recognition in primates 84–85; split brains 83; triangular theory of love 130–131; the unconscious mind 93–94; undulatia reflexa 41, 66; utilities of consciousness 150; Vygotsky’s theory of 337; see also soul, the
Considerations on Representative Government (Mill) 118
constitutional monarchy 114
consummate love 143
contemporary psychology: discussion questions 13; learning objectives 4
Contemporary Schools of Psychology (Woodworth) 27, 171
context of sensations 141
contra-lateral representation of function 95
contradictory beleifs in Hinduism 47
contrast 112
contribution history 31
convulsive ergotism 30
Core-Context Theory of Meaning 141
corpus callosum 77; split brains 83
cortical ablation 186
Council of Florence 323
counterconditioning 190
counter-transference 233
Courage to Heal, The (Bass & Davis) 124
CPS (Chinese Psychological Society) 352
CR (conditioned response) 189
cranial nerves 73
credentials 18
CRF (continuous reinforcement) 197–198
Crisis of Psychoanalysis, The (Fromm) 261–262
critical history of psychology 31–32
Critique of Practical Reason (Kant) 120
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant) 120
Crusades, the 59
culture 9–10; indigenous psychologies 358–360; Naturalistic study of history 26–27; Völkerpsychologie 139
“Curtis Report, The” 256
cybernetics 340
cyclical hypothesis of history 25
Dark Ages, the 56
dawn of civilization, calendar of significant events 45
De Anima (Aristotle) 53
“Decade of the Brain” 84
deductive scientific inquiry 110
democratic leadership 221
“demonic possession,” treatment for 229
depression and suicide in China 355
determinism 72
developing world, deterrents to development of psychology in 11
“Development of Consciousness of Self in Negro Preschool Children” (Clark) 296
developments in psychotherapy: discussion questions 271; learning objectives 251
dharma 47
dialectical materialism 321–322, 336
dialogue 52
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems—Ptolemaic and Copernican (Galileo) 63–64
Differential Psychology (Anastasi) 287–288
Discourse de la Mèthode (Descartes) 41, 65
Discourses, The (Machiavelli) 62
discrimination: brightness discrimination 188; discrimination reaction time (DRT) 138; measuring 130; shape discrimination 180
discussion questions: American psychology 22; associationism 126; behaviorism 205; biological foundations of psychology 88; clinical psychology 380; contemporary psychology 13; developments in psychotherapy 271; ethnic diversity in American psychology 319; functionalism 178; Gestalt psychology 225; indigenous psychologies 366; nature of history and study of methods 36; philosophical foundations of psychology 67; phrenology, mesmerism, and hypnosis 106; psychoanalysis 248–249; psychology in China 357; psychology in Russia 342; voluntarism and structuralism 143; women in psychology 303–304
diseases: Alzheimer’s Disease, research in 85–86; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 86; animal magnetism 90; convulsive ergotism 30; emotions and health 86–87
dissolution of the Soviet Union 26
Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) degree designation 18
doctrine of double truths 60
Dome of the Rock 58
dream analysis, The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud) 235
drive induction 196
DRT (discrimination reaction time) 138
dualism 115
dynamic polarization 80
early 20th century treatments for mental illness 376–377
Eastern Orthodox Church 55
Ecole Polytechnique 111
education, Dewey’s career in 161–162
Educational Psychology (Pan) 353
Educational Psychology (Thorndike) 169
EEG (electroencephalography) 81
EFPPA (European Federation of Professional Psychologists’ Associations) 7
ego 238; Fairbairn’s focus on 254–255; psychoanalytic defense mechanisms used by 298
Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation (Hartmann) 257–258
Eightfold Path of right understanding 47
einstellung 140
Eleatics, the 50
electric shock, Steven’s law 135–136
electrical stimulation of the brain 78
elementism 208
elements of love 130–131, 142–143
Elements of Psychophysics (Fechner) 121
emic constructs 9
emotional conditioning 189, 196
emotions: affect 137; fear 196; and health 86–87; hope 196; James–Lange theory of emotion 141, 155; Little Albert Study 185; OCEAN 96; and passion 93; unconditioned emotions 184–185
Emotions and the Will (Bain) 119
empiricism 8, 107, 110, 126; Berkeley, George 114–115; Hume, David 115–116; Kant, Immanuel 108; Locke, John 113–114
“Endopsychic Structure Considered in Terms of Object-Relationships” (Fairbairn) 254
entelechy 53
environment, effect on psychological capacity 123
Epicureanism 54
equations: acquisition of learned behavior 193; choice time 138–139; deriving from experiments 131; discrimination time 138; drive reduction theory 192; hypothetico-deductive theory of behavior 192; Steven’s law 135–136; Weber-Fechner law 133–135, 134; Weber’s law 132–133
equipotentiality 180, 186–188, 187
ergot 30
“escape from freedom” 263
Essay Concerning Human Understanding, An (Locke) 113
Essay of the Vital and Other Involuntary Motions of Animals (Whytt) 73
Essay Toward a New Theory of Vision, An (Berkeley) 114
esse est percipi 115
Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA) 370
ethnic diversity in American psychology: discussion questions 319; learning objectives 306
ethnicity of practicing American psychologists 19, 20
etic constructs 9
“Etiology of Hysteria, The” (Freud) 234
eugenics 151
European influence on China 349
Even the Rat Was White (Sumner) 310
“evil spirits” 44
evolution of psychology, growth of psychology around the globe 5–6
evolutionary theory 145, 148–149, 177; psychological evolution 84–85; theory of recapitulation 158–159
existential philosophy 270
expanding influence of Gestalt psychology 222–223
experience as source of knowledge 113–114
experimenta fructifera 64
experimenta lucifera 64
Experimental Psychology (Titchener) 141
“Experimental Studies on the Seeing of Motion” (Wertheimer) 211
“Experimental Study of the Associative Process in Animals, An” (Thorndike) 168
“Experimentalists, The” 17
experiments: complication 138–139; deriving mathematical equations from 131; electrical stimulation of the brain 78; experimenta fructifera 64; experimenta lucifera 64; “An Experimental Study of the Associative Process in Animals” (Thorndike) 168; field 28; Fraulein Oesterlin 97; Fraulein Paradies 97–98; laboratory 28; laboratory experiments of hypnosis 101; models 130–131, 142; origins of the psychological experiment 141–142; self-recognition in primates 84–85; Society of Experimental Psychologists 212; spinal cord research 72–75; Tolman, Edward C. 193–195, 194, 195; transfer and polarization 100; Wundt, Wilhelm 136–139
explanatory style 200
explanatory systems, animism 43
expressive aphasia 78
extinction 190
Faith Seeking Understanding (St. Anselm) 59
Family Networks: A Way toward Retribalization and Healing in Family Crises (Speck & Attneave) 318
feelings 137; Act Psychology 139–140; elements of love 142–143
Fellow status in APA 16
Feminism and Its Discontents: A Century of Struggle with Psychoanalysis (Buhle) 288–289
FFM (Five Factor Model of personality) 96
field experiments 28
figure and ground 213; Von Restorff Effect 222
First Book in Psychology, A (Calkins) 280
Five Forms of Human Relationship 46
Five Pillars of Faith 57
Flynn Effect 96
forensic psychology 173–174, 378–379; testing and assessment 379
forerunners of functionalism, William James 152–156
forgetfulness, seven sins of memory 124–125
founding of functionalism 159–160
four body fluids 76
Four Noble Truths 47
four rules for finding truth 65
framework for the history of psychology 12–13, 12
free will 118
Freudian slip 236
fringe elements 141
From Séance to Science: A History of the Profession of Psychology in America (Baker & Benjamin) 369
functional autonomy 264
functional fixedness 222
functionalism 17, 26, 145, 146–147; Angell, James Rowland 162–163; Carr, Harvey 164; Cattell, James McKeen 165–167; at Columbia University 164–165; Darwin, Charles 147–150; Dewey, John 160–162; discussion questions 178; founding of 159–160; future of 176–177; Galton, Sir Francis 150–151; Hall, Granville Stanley 156–159; James, William 152–156; learning objectives 145; legacy of 171–172; Spencer, Herbert 151–152; Thorndike, Edward Lee 167–169; utilities of consciousness 150; Woodworth, Robert Sessions 169–171
“g” factor 82
Galapagos Islands, Darwin’s visit to 148
Gandhi’s Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence (Erikson) 263–264
gender gap in psychology workforce 277
General Account of Western Studies and Introduction to Human Nature, A(Alenis) 350
general intelligence 82
General Psychology (Cao) 353
generalizability approaches 9
Geocentric theory 63
Gestalt psychology 8, 112, 206–207; action research 221–222; Arnheim, Rudolph 223; discussion questions 225; Duncker, Karl 222; Ehrenfels, Christian von 209–210; expanding influence of 222–223; field theory 218–219; figure and ground 213; Goldstein, Kurt 222; Henle, Mary 223; insight learning 216; Kant, Immanuel 209; Köhler, Wolfgang 215–217; learning objectives 207–208; Lewin, Kurt 217–222; life space 218–219; modern 224; noumena 209; phi phenomenon 210–212; Pragnanz 213; principles of perceptual organization 212–213, 213; Stumpf, Carl 139; trial-and-error learning 215–216; Von Restorff Effect 222; Wertheimer, Max 210–214, 213; Zeigarnik Effect 219
Gestalt Triumvirate 207
Gestaltqualitaten 206–207, 210
global psychological associations 6–7
“global village” 4
globalization 3, 4–5, 358; cross-cultural psychology 8–9; evolution of 4–5; and postmodernism 8; “the uncertainty phase” 5
goals: of British associationism 116; of Gestalt therapy 224
Golden Age of Greece 53
Golgi–Ramón y Cajal controversy 79–80
government: Considerations on Representative Government (Mill) 118; constitutional monarchy 114; Introduction to Principles of Moral Legislation (Bentham) 118
Great Northern War 324
“Great Person” historical theories 208–209
Great Schism 55
Greek Orthodox Church 55
Greek philosophy 49; Anaximander 49–50; Aristotle 52–53; Democritus 51; the Eleatics 50; Empedocles 50–51; Golden Age of Greece 53; Heraclitus 50–51; Plato 52; Pythagoras 49–50; Socrates 51–52; Thales 49
growth of psychology around the globe 5–6
GST (General Systems Theory) 317–318
Guide for the Perplexed, The (Maimonides) 40, 58–59
gyri 95
habit strength, drive reduction theory 192
Handbuch der Physiologic des Menschen (Müller) 75
happiness, positive psychology 203–204
Hebrew Bible 48
Herald of Neurology (journal) 332
Hereditary Genius (Galton) 150–151
hierarchy of human needs 267–268, 268
Hispanic American contributions to psychology, Martha Bernal 315–316
historiography 25
history, study of 25; Naturalistic approach 26–27
History of British India (Mill) 117
History of Experimental Psychology, A (Boring) 27
history of psychology: chronological approach to 23–24, 27; framework for 12–13, 12; importance of events 26; new history of psychology 31–32; schools of psychology 27–28; women’s contribution to 32; see also history, study of
History of Psychology in Autobiography (Murchinson) 28
History of Psychotherapy (Freedheim) 28
Hitler’s Imagery and German Youth (Erikson) 263
HIV/AIDS epidemic in China 355
HMOs (health maintenance organizations) 377–378
HMS Beagle 147
Homemaker and Her Job, The (Gilbreth) 287
Homo sapiens 41
homosexuality, Hooker’s research on 295–296
hope 196
horopter 282
Hsun-tzu 46
human brain, the 76–77, 180; Alzheimer’s Disease 85–86; Bell-Magendie Law 74; Broca’s area 81; CAT scans 81–83; corpus callosum 77; cortical ablation 186; “Decade of the Brain” 84; Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus 69; electrical stimulation of 78; equipotentiality 180, 186–188, 187; Gage, Phineas 79; imaging 76; imaging technologies 88; localization 75; mass action 186; mental map of the body 79; microelectrodes 80–81; “Mozart effect” 85; split brains 83; Wernicke’s area 78
Human Relations (journal) 256
humanistic psychology 251, 266; Maslow, Abraham 267–268, 268; May, Rollo 269–270; Rogers, Carl 268–269
hypnosis 90, 98–99; age regression 103; Boston School of Abnormal Psychology 104; Braid, James 99; and clinical psychology 103–104; dissociation theories 102–103; Division 30 101–102; efficacy of 104–105; Elliotson, John 98; Esdaile, James 98–99; Freud’s use of 233; Hull’s research on 191; laboratory experiments 101; Nancy School of 99; non-state model of 101–102; Parisian School of 99–101; special process model of 102–103; state model of 91, 101–102; as treatment intervention 104–105; see also mesmerism; phrenology
Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach (Hull) 101
hypothesis testing 10
hypothetico-deductive theory of behavior 191–192
hysteria 99–100, 227, 230; Anna O. 232–233; “The Etiology of Hysteria” (Freud) 234
IAAP (International Association of Applied Psychology) 6
IACCP (International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology) 6
ICP (International Council of Psychologists) 6
Id 238
Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain; Submitted for the Observation of his Friends (Bell) 73
Ignis Sacer 30
imageless thought 140
imaging technologies 81–83, 88
immaterialism 115
immediate experiences 108, 143
In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development (Gilligan) 301–302
Index of Prohibited Books 95
India: Hinduism 46–47; Indian-Asian psychology 364–365
indigenous psychologies 358–360; discussion questions 366; Indian-Asian psychology 364–365; Latin American psychology 360–362; South African psychology 362–363
instinct 185
institutionalization of mentally ill 229–230
intelligence: age regression 103; animal intelligence, assessing 168; assessment of 96; Flynn Effect 96; “g” factor 82; Hereditary Genius (Galton) 151; and hypnosis 91; mental testing 284; “Mozart effect” 85; phrenology 90, 94–96; SB scale 374; selective deprivation studies 123; sentence completion test 122; testing and assessment 373–374; WBIS 374
Intelligenz prufunge an Menschenaffen (Köhler) 215
internal perception 130
internalization 200
International Psychoanalytic Association 243
international psychological associations 6–7
Interpretation of Dreams, The (Freud) 235
intervening variables 193
Introduction to Principles of Moral Legislation (Bentham) 118
Introduction to Psychology, An (Calkins) 280
Introduction to Social Psychology, An (McDougall) 185
Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis (Freud) 297–298
introspection 154
involuntary movement of the body 72, 73
IRF (intermittent reinforcement) 197–198
“Iron Curtain” 339
“Iron Rice Bowl” 354
ISCP (International Society of Comparative Psychology) 6–7
Islam 56–58; Avicenna 58; the Crusades 59
isoergine 30
Israel, Judaism 48
ISSBD (International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development) 7
istoric 50
IUPsyS (International Union of Psychological Science) 5, 6
James–Lange theory of emotion 141, 155
Jerusalem, territorial claims on 59
Jesuit influence on Chinese psychology 350
JND (just noticeable difference) 129, 143; Steven’s law 135–136; Weber-Fechner law 133–135, 134
Journal of Abnormal Psychology 376
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 372
Journal of Physiology and Experimental Pathology 74
Journal of Psychology and Physiology of the Sense Organs 121
Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 31
Judaism 48–49; anti-Semitism, influence on Wertheimer 212; branches of 49; Maimonides 58–59; Spinoza, Baruch 92–93
judicial system, forensic psychology 378–379
Jun-zi 346
justice 301
Ka’aba 56
key functions of history 277
knowledge: empiricism 110; esse est percipi 115; noumena 120–121; positivism 111; revelation as source of 110; sources of 107–108; “transfer of training” 170
Koran 57
laboratory experiments 28; of hypnosis 101; James’ disdain for 154; Wundt, Wilhelm 136–139
lapses in memory 125
latent learning 194
Latin American psychology 360–362; formal institutions 360–361; liberation psychology 361–362
law enforcement, forensic psychology 378–379
law of acquisition 198
law of specific nerve energies 69, 75, 87
learned helplessness 199
learned optimism 200
learning 180; acquisition of learned behavior 193; drive reduction theory 192; equipotentiality 186; insight 207, 216; latent 194; mass action 186; operant 181; place 193–195, 194, 195; response-based model 183; social 201–202; solution 196; S-O-R model 183; S-R model 182; trial-and-error 215–216; two-factor theory of 196; vicarious trial-and-error 295
learning curve 192
learning objectives: American psychology 15; associationism 108–109; behaviorism 181; biological foundations of psychology 70–71; clinical psychology 370; contemporary psychology 4; developments in psychotherapy 251; ethnic diversity in American psychology 306; functionalism 145; Gestalt psychology 207–208; nature of history and methods of study 24; philosophical foundations of psychology 41; phrenology, mesmerism, and hypnosis 91–92; psychoanalysis 227–228; psychology in China 344–345; psychology in Russia 322–323; response-based model of learning 193–195, 194, 195; voluntarism and structuralism 131; women in psychology 276–277
Learning Theory and Behavior (Mowrer) 196
Lectures on the Work of the Digestive Glands (Pavlov) 188
Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality (Bem) 293
Leviathan (Hobbes) 71
Levo-Dopamine 86
li 346
linear progressive model of history 25
lists of nonsense syllables 121
Little Albert Study 185
logical positivism 112
Logos 50
love 184–185; elements of 142–143; triangular theory of 130–131
Lyceum 53
lysergic acid amide 30
“Manifestations of the Female Castration Complex” (Abrahams) 290
Marischal College 119
Marxism, dialectical materialism 321–322, 336
material monists 90
material self 155
materialistic monism 113
mathematics: deriving equations from experiments 131; postulates 191–192; Pythagoras 49–50; see also equations
meaning, Core-Context Theory of Meaning 141
measuring: cultural syndromes 9–10; discrimination 130; psychological processes 166; reaction time 138
mechanism 71
memory: Calkins’ research on 280; “change blindness” 125; Concerning Memory and Reminiscence (Aristotle) 112; Ebbinghaus’ study of 122; Loftus’ research in 302–303; repressed memories 123–124; Ricci’s treatise on 349; seven sins of 124–125; Von Restorff Effect 222
“mental age” 374
“mental chemistry” 119
mental illness: asylums 375; early 20th century treatments 376–377; hysteria 230; managed care 377–378; moral treatment 376; post-World War II treatment of 377; therapeutic practices for 229–230
mental monists 90
Mentality of Apes, The (Köhler) 207, 215
mesmerism: animism 96–97; Fraulein Oesterlin experiment 97; Fraulein Paradies experiment 97–98; Marquis de Puysegur 98; Mesmer, Franz Anton 96–98
Mesopotamia, Sumerian civilization 42–43
meta-analysis 35
metaphysics 111
“Method for the Experimental Determination of the Horopter, A” (Ladd-Franklin) 282
method of average effort or adjustment 134
method of constant stimuli 134
method of limits 134
methods of study in psychology 28–29, 28
microscope, invention of 94
Mind (journal) 119
mind, the 90, 183; Bell-Magendie Law 74; composition of consciousness 137; dualists 90; emotions and health 86–87; mind-body relationship 71; phrenology 90; psychological evolution 84–85; relationship to the body and soul 68–69; and soul 92; see also body, the; empiricism; human brain, the
mind-body relationship 71
misattribution 125
MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) 375
Mnemonic Arts (Ricci) 349
models: of psychological experimentation 130–131, 142; of scientific revolution 32–33
modern Gestalt psychology 224
moshka 47
molecular perspective of Tolman 193
monkeys, self-recognition in primates 84–85
monotheistic religions, Judaism 48–49
mood regulation strategies 87
moral qualities of Confucianism 46
moral treatment 376
Moscow Psychological Society 327
mother-child relationship, Klein’s focus on 253
motivation 201
motor aphasia 78
Motor Theory of Consciousness 281
Movement and Mental Imagery: Outline of a Motor Theory of Consciousness (Washburn) 281
“Mozart effect” 85
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) 76
music, “Mozart effect” 85
Muslims 57
Myia 50
myth of the cave 52
Nancy School of hypnosis 90, 99; Binet, Alfred 100; Janet, Pierre 100–101
National Congress of Psychology 6
national psychological associations, APA 16–18, 17
Native Americans, contributions to psychology 316–317; Attneave, Carolyn 317–318
natural selection 149
naturalism 49
Naturalistic theory of history 26–27
nature of history 25
Near East, river valley civilizations 42–43
neobehaviorism 190; Bandura, Albert 200–202; behavioral technology 198–199; drive reduction theory 192; explanatory style 200; Hull, Clark 190–191; hypothetico-deductive theory of behavior 191–192; law of acquisition 198; learned helplessness 199; learned optimism 200; Mowrer, Orval Hobart 195–196; positive psychology 203–204; schedules of reinforcement 197–198; self-efficacy 202; self-regulation 202; Seligman, Martin 199–200; Skinner, Burrhus Fredric 196–199; social learning 201–202; Tolman, Edward C. 193–195, 194, 195
neodissociation theory 102–103
Neoplatonists 54
“nervous fluid” 72
nervous system: Bell-Magendie Law 74; CAT scans 81; cranial nerves 73; Golgi–Ramón y Cajal controversy 79–80; law of specific nerve energies 75; nerve growth factor 81; neural impulses 75; optical nerves 75; phantom limb 78–79; split brains 83; see also spinal cord, the
neural impulses 75
neural vibrations 117
neuro-hypnology 99
neuron doctrine 80
neuropsychology 75
Neurotic Personality of Our Time, The (Horney) 291
new history of psychology 31–32; stages of scientific revolution 32–33
New History, The (Robinson) 31–32
New School for Social Research 212
new vision for American psychology 21–22
NIAAA (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) 18
NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) 18
NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health) 203
Noah’s Ark 148
non-state model of hypnosis 91, 101–102
normal distribution 151
normal science 32
“Notes on Some Schizoid Mechanisms” (Klein) 253–254
Novum Organum (Bacon) 64
object relations theory 250, 252; Fairbairn, W. R. D. 254–255; Klein, Melanie 252–254
observation, positivism 111
Observations of Man (Hartley) 116–117
OCEAN (Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism) 96
October Revolution 325
Oedipus complex 235
Old Age Center 284
On Nature (Parmenides) 50
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (Darwin) 147, 149
On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres (Copernicus) 63
optical nerves 75
optimism, learned optimism 200
“Organization of Practical Work in Psychology, The” (Witmer) 176
origins of the psychological experiment 141–142
Outline of Psychology (Titchener) 141
paradox of the basins 114
Parisian model of the psychological experiment 130–131, 142
Parisian School of hypnosis 90–91, 99–101
Parkinson’s Disease 86
Pavlovian conditioning 180
PD (panic disorder) 189
PDP (U.S. Department of Defense Psychopharmacology Demonstration Project) 20
Peloponnesian War 51
perceived intensity: Steven’s law 135–136; Weber-Fechner law 133–135, 134
perceived self-efficacy 202
perception of time, as category of thought 120; see also Gestalt psychology
perceptual organization 212
permanence 200
persistence 125
“Personal Timeline Exercise” xx–xxi
personal unconscious 244
Personalistic theory of history 23, 27
personality development, Freud’s theory on 237–240, 238, 239
personality testing 374–375; MMPI 375; projective personality tests 374; Thematic Apperception Test 375
personality type theory 244–245
personalization 200
personology 266
pervasiveness 200
PET (Positron Emission Tomography) 76
Phaedo (Socrates) 52
“phantasy” 253
pharmaceuticals, Levo-Dopamine 86
phenomenology 208; Gestalt psychology 208–209; phi phenomenon 210–212
Phenomenology of Mind (Hegel) 210
Philosophische Studien (journal) 136
philosophy 44–45; Confucianism 45–46, 346–347; Descartes, René 65–66; existential 270; Greek 49–54; Hume, David 108; I Ching 348–349; James, William 155–156; Kant, Immanuel 108; Locke, John 108; Roman 54–55; roots of Chinese psychology 345–346; Scholasticism 59–60; Scottish Realist 165; Spinoza, Baruch 92–93; Taoism 46, 348; three “isms” 343; timeline of philosophy and psychology xxii–xliv; see also religion
philotimo 9
phlegm 76
phrenology 90, 94, 105; in America 95; discussion questions 106; Foster, Thomas 94; Gall, Franz Joseph 94–95; learning objectives 91–92; personality assessment 95–96
place learning 193–195, 194, 195
pleasure, hedonism 119
polytheism 48
Ponzo illusion 103
positive psychology 203–204; American psychology focus on 21–22
positivism 108, 111; logical positivism 112; Mach, Ernst 112
post-Soviet period in Russia 326
“Practical Work in Psychology” (Witmer) 175–176
practice, and the mental map of the body 79
Pragnanz 213
PRC (People’s Republic of China) 344, 353; see also China
preconscious mind 237
PREE (partial reinforcement extinction effect) 199
pre-revolutionary period in Russia 323–324
prescription privileges for American psychologists 20–21
primary laws 118
primary qualities of objects 114, 115
primates, self-recognition in 84–85
Prince, The (Machiavelli) 40, 62
principle of parsimony 60
Principles of Behavior and Essentials of Behavior (Hull) 191
principles of perceptual organization 213
Principles of Physiological Psychology (Wundt) 136
Principles of Psychology (Ebbinghaus) 121
Principles of Psychology, The (James) 153–154
Problem of Mental Disorder, The (Hollingworth) 285
problem solving, imageless thought 140
Problems of Philosophy and Psychology (journal) 327
Productive Thinking (Wertheimer) 214
“professionalism” 369, 370; and professional organizations 371–373
projective personality tests 374–375
“proprium” 264
“Province of Functional Psychology, The” (Angell) 163
pseudoscience 371; spiritualism 29
psuche 52
psyche 52
psychic model of psychopathology 227, 230
psychics 29
psychoanalysis 226–227; Adler, Alfred 245–247; Allport, Gordon 264–265; comparing with other schools of psychology 228; counter-transference 233; development of 231–232; discussion questions 248–249; Erikson, Erik 262–264; Fairbairn, W. R. D. 254–255; Freud, Anna 240–241; Fromm, Erich 260–262; influences on 228; International Psychoanalytic Association 243; The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud) 235; Jones, Ernest 241; Jung, Carl 236–237, 241–243; Kohut, Heinz 258–260; learning objectives 227–228; Mahler, Margaret 258; Murray, Henry 265–266; stages of psychosexual development 239; theory of personality development 237–240, 238, 239; transference 233; Wednesday Psychoanalytical Society 236; Winnicott, D. W. 255–257
Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality (Fairbairn) 255
Psychological Corporation 167
psychological intensity 130
Psychological Review (journal) 166
Psychological Survey (journal) 335
Psychologische Forschung (journal) 211, 222
psychology: and Darwin 148–149; defining 21; establishment as independent science 136–137; growth of around the globe 5–6; meta-analysis 35; methods of study in 28–29, 28; scientific psychology 15; of women 291–292
Psychology (Dewey) 160
Psychology: A Study of Mental Activity (Carr) 164
“Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It” (Watson) 184
Psychology Club of Washington, DC 185
Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (Brentano) 139
Psychology of Dementia Praecox, The (Jung) 242
“Psychology of Kant, The” (Dewey) 160
Psychology of Subnormal Children, The (Hollingworth) 285
“psychology of the self” 259–260
Psychology of the Unconscious, The (Jung) 243
“Psychometric Investigations” (Cattell) 165–166
psychopathology 227; history of attitudes concerning 229–230
Psychopathology of Everyday Life, The (Freud) 236
psychophysics 129; Steven’s law 135–136; Weber-Fechner law 133–135, 134; Weber’s law 132–133
psychotherapeutics 99, 103–104
Psychotherapy (Münsterberg) 174
PsyD (Doctor of Psychology) degree designation 18
Ptolemy’s theory 63
ratio schedules 198
Rationale of Nervous Sleep, The (Braid) 99
rationalism 49
rationality 40, 43; Logos 50; sensus communis 53
reason, sensus communis 53
reflex actions 73
“Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology, The” (Dewey) 160–161
Reflexes of the Brain (Sechenov) 188, 328
Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti 285
reincarnation 47
reinforcement schedules 197–198
reinstatement 103
relativism 9
relics 25; of Salem witchraft trials 30
religion 44–45; atheism 113–114; Buddhism 47–48; Christianity 55–56; Hinduism 46–47; Islam 56–58; Judaism 48–49; Zen Buddhism 47–48
“Religion of Humanity, The” 111
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) 82–83
Renaissance, the 40, 60–61; Bacon, Francis 64; Copernicus, Nicolas 62–63; Galilei, Galileo 63–64; Luther, Martin 61–62; Machiavelli, Niccolò 62; Newton, Isaac 64; Petrarch, Francesco 61
reproduction 201
Republic, The (Plato) 52
research: action 221–222; Adolescent Growth Study 299; archival research 28; Bobo doll study 181, 202; of Ebbinghaus 108–109; Hooker’s homosexuality research 295–296; hypnosis as treatment intervention 104; Lipsey and Wilson study 35; Little Albert Study 185; Loftus’ memory research 302–303; New School for Social Research 212; on problem solving 140; selective deprivation studies 123; sensory conditioning 122–123; Sperry and Gazzaniga 83; on the spinal cord 72–75; Thorndike’s animal research 167–168
Research Center for Group Dynamics 221
resemblance 116
respondent conditioning 197
response-based model of learning 183, 193–195, 194, 195
retention 201
revelation as source of knowledge 110
revivification 103
revolutions: philosophical and religious revolutions of the four river valley civilizations 44; in science 32–33
river valley civilizations 40, 42–44, 44
Roman Catholic Church 55; Index of Prohibited Books 95; the Reformation 61–62
roots of the spinal cord 74
Rosser’s stages of women’s participation in science 288–289, 289
Royal College of Physicians 73
Russia: Chelpanov, Georgy 334–335; development of Soviet psychology 331; discussion questions 342; Kornilov, Konstantin 335–336; Moscow Psychological Society 327; October Revolution 325; Pavlov, Ivan P. 329–330; post-Soviet period 326, 340–341; pre-revolutionary period 323–324; pre-revolutionary psychology 326–327; Problems of Philosophy and Psychology 327; Sechenov, Ivan 327–329; Soviet period 324–326; see also Soviet Union
Russo-Japanese War 324
Salem witchcraft trials 24, 30
salivary reflexes, Pavlovian conditioning 188–190, 329–330
Salpêtrière Hospital 100
samsara 47
Saudi Arabia 56
SB (Stanford-Binet) scale 374
schedules of reinforcement 197–198
Scholasticism 40, 59–60; Abelard, Peter 59–60; Aquinas, Thomas 60; William of Occam 60
School and Society, The (Dewey) 162
school psychology 176
schools of psychology 23–24, 27–28; Act Psychology 139–140; autobiographical psychology 28; behaviorism see behaviorism; functionalism 26; see also functionalism; Gestalt psychology see Gestalt psychology; psychoanalysis 228; see also psychoanalysis; structuralism 141; theoretical psychology 34–35; voluntarism 137
science: Bacon, Francis 64; Galilei, Galileo 63–64; Newton, Isaac 64; the Renaissance 62–65; revolutions in 32–33; systematic observation 40, 43
scientific psychology 15
“scientism” 111
Scottish Realist philosophy 165
secondary laws 118
secondary qualities of objects 114–115
selective deprivation studies 123
self, the, James’ view on 155
self-efficacy 202
self-recognition in primates 84–85
self-regulation 202
sensation 137
Sense and the Intellect and Emotions and the Will, The (Bain) 108
Sense of Touch, The (Weber) 132
Senses and the Intellect, The (Bain) 119
sensus communis 53
sentence completion test 122
Seven Psychologies (Heidbreder) 27
sexual abuse, seduction theory 234–235
shape discrimination 180
S-IgA (secretory immunoglobulin A) 87
sign learning 196
similarity 112
simplicity 213
SIP (Interamerican Society of Psychology) 7
Skeptics 54
sleep: artificial somnambulism 98; REM 82–83; see also hypnosis
social Darwinism 177; “survival of the fittest” 151–152
Social Foundations of Thought and Action (Bandura) 202
social self 155
Society of Experimental Psychologists 141, 212
Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists 332
sociology 111
Socratic Method 51
solution learning 196
somatic model of psychopathology 227, 230
S-O-R model 171, 180, 183; Mowrer’s theory on 196; positive psychology 203–204; Tolman’s theory on 193–195, 194, 195
sorcery in Salem 30
soul, the 89, 92; De Anima (Aristotle) 53; as explanatory system 43; psyche 52; relationship to the body and mind 68–69; Study of the Soul (Sambiasi) 350
South African psychology 362–363; apartheid system 362; shifts in research 363
Soviet Union 321, 324–326; Bekhterev, Vladimir 331–334; Chelpanov, Georgy 334–335; development of Soviet psychology 331; dialectical materialism 336; dissolution of 26; Glasnost 340; “Iron Curtain” 339; Khrushchev, Nikita 340; Kornilov, Konstantin 335–336; Leontiev, Aleksei 338–340; Luria, Alexander 338; Perestroika 340; post-Soviet period 326; post-Soviet psychology 340–341; Stalin, Joseph 325; Vygotsky, Lev 337
space form 209
special process model of hypnosis 102–103
“specialist” psychologies 10
specialization in psychology 28–29, 28, 33–35; meta-analysis 35; new history of psychology 31–32
speed of neural impulses 75
spinal cord, the 69, 72–75; Bell, Charles 73–74, 73; Bell-Magendie Law 74; brain localization 75–76; Broca, Pierre-Paul 77–78; Flourens, Marie-Jean Pierre 76–77, 77; Gage, Phineas 79; Magendie, Francois 74; microelectrodes 80–81; Müller, Johannes 75; phantom limb 78–79; roots of 74; Whytt, Robert 72–73; see also human brain, the
spirit as explanatory system 43
spiritual self 155
spiritualism 29
split brains 83
splitting 253
S–R (stimulus–response) model 182
SRT (simple reaction time) 138
stages of psychosexual development 239
stages of scientific revolution 32–33
state model of hypnosis 91, 101–102
Stoics 54
Stroop effect 82
structuralism 16–17, 130, 137, 141; discussion questions 143; learning objectives 131
Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The (Kuhn) 8, 32
Studien über Hysterie (Freud & Breuer) 232–233
Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Psychical Compensation (Adler) 246
Study of the Soul (Sambiasi) 350
subjective idealism 115
subsystems of personality 238
suggestability 125
suicide rates in China 355
sulci 95
superego 238
suras 57
“survival of the fittest” 151–152
susceptibility to hypnosis 191
symbiotic families 262
symptoms of convulsive ergotism 30
System of Logic, A (Mill) 118
systematic desensitization 299
Systems and Theories in Psychology (Marx & Cronan-Hillix) 27
Systems and Theories of Psychology (Chaplin & Krawiec) 28
systems of knowledge 8
Talmud 48
Tao Te Ching 46
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) 265, 375
TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) 350–351
testing and assessment: in forensic psychology 379; intelligence testing 373–374; personality testing 374–375
Theories of Learning (Hilgard & Bowers) 28
theory of evolution 145, 148–149; Darwin, Charles 147
theory of imageless thought 140
theory of personality development 237–240, 238, 239
theory of recapitulation 158–159
theory of reflex action 66
therapy 375–378; asylums 375–376; behavior therapy 190; Community Mental Health Centers 376; for “demonic possession” 229; Gestalt therapy 223–224; hypnosis as treatment intervention 104–105; managed care 377–378; moral treatment 376; post-World War II treatment of mental illness 377
“third force” 251, 266; see also humanistic psychology
three “isms” 343
time form 209
timeline of philosophy and psychology xxii–xliv
Torah 48
training for clinical psychology 379–380
“transfer of training” 170
transference 233
“Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena” (Winnicott) 256
trauma: Gage, Phineas 79; repressed memories 123–124
Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, A (Berkeley) 114
Treatise of Human Nature, A (Hume) 115–116
treatment of mental disorders 375–378; asylums 375–376; Community Mental Health Centers 376; early 20th century treatments 376–377; managed care 377–378; moral treatment 376; post-World War II 377
trial-and-error learning 215–216
triangular theory of love 130–131
truth, four rules for finding 65
twin studies 151
two-factor theory of learning 196
Type R conditioning 197
Type S conditioning 197
“Uber das Behalten von erledigten und unerledigten Handlungen” (Zeigarnik) 219
UCR (unconditioned response) 189
“uncertainty phase” of globalization 5
unconditioned emotions 184–185
unconscious mind, the 93–94; collective unconscious 244; Freud’s lectures on 237; personal unconscious 244; The Psychology of the Unconscious (Jung) 243; repressed memories 123–124
undulatio reflexa 66
Union Theological Seminary 156
unique histories 31
United States: AAAS 167; Freud’s visit to 237; Köhler’s arrival in 216–217; Lewin’s arrival in 219–220; phrenology in 95; structuralism 143; see also American psychology
universalism 9
“University in Exile” 212
University of Konigsberg 120
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) 321, 323, 324–326, 334–335; Bekhterev, Vladimir 331–334; development of Soviet psychology 331; dialectical materialism 336; Glasnost 340; “Iron Curtain” 339; Khrushchev, Nikita 340; Kornilov, Konstantin 335–336; Leontiev, Aleksei 338–340; Luria, Alexander 338; Perestroika 340; post-Soviet period 326; post-Soviet psychology 340–341; Stalin, Joseph 325; Vygotsky, Lev 337
utilitarianism 118
utilities of consciousness 150
variables: in hypothetico-deductive theory of behavior 192; intervening variables 193
Vedas, the 47
Veterans Administration 17
“Vibratuncles” 117
“Visual Illusion of Motion During Eye-Closure, A” (Carr) 164
Visual Thinking (Arnheim) 223
vocational counseling 176
voluntarism 130, 137; discussion questions 143; learning objectives 131; Völkerpsychologie 139
voluntary movement 73
Von Restorff Effect 222
Voyage of the Beagle, The (Darwin) 149
VTE (vicarious trial-and-error) learning 295
“War Landscape, The” (Lewin) 218
Warren Anatomical Medical Museum 79
ways of knowing 40, 43; see also Renaissance, the
WBIS (Wechsler–Bellevue Intelligence Scale) 374
Weber-Fechner law 129–130, 133–135, 134
websites, APA 17
Wednesday Psychoanalytical Society 236
well-being, emotions and health 86–87
Wernicke’s area 78
Wheel of Life, The 47
Williston Seminary 156
witchraft, sorcery in Salem 30
withdrawing families 262
women in psychology 277; Ainsworth, Mary 300–301; Anastasi, Anne 287–288; Bem, Sandra 293; Calkins, Mary Whiton 279–280; Clark, Mamie Phipps 296–297; Cover Jones, Mary 298–300; Denmark, Florence 294; discussion questions 303–304; Dix, Dorothea 278–279; Freud, Anna 297–298; Gilbreth, Lillian Moller 286–287; Gilligan, Carol 301–302; Hollingworth, Leta Stetter 284–285; Hooker, Evelyn 294–296; Horney, Karen 289–291; Ladd-Franklin, Christine 282–283; learning objectives 276–277; Loftus, Elizabeth 302–303; Martin, Lillien Jane 283–284; Montessori, Maria 285–286; Rosser’s stages of women’s participation in science 288–289, 289; Spence, Janet 292–293; von Bingen, Hildegard 278; Washburn, Margaret Floy 280–282
World of Forms or Ideas 52
xinlingxue 351
xinlixue 351
yellow bile 76
Zeigarnik Effect 219
Zeitgeist approach to the study of history 26–27, 208–209
Zend Avesta, On Concerning Matters of Heaven and the Hereafter (Fechner) 133
Zhou religion of China 346