Contents

Preface

Timeline of Philosophy and Psychology in the Context of General History

SECTION I
The Present: Globalization, Psychology, and History

1 Contemporary Psychology: Global Forces

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Coming Together: The Evolution of Globalization

The Growth of Psychology Around the Globe

Global Psychological Associations

Postmodernism and the Multicultural Movement

Postmodernism

A Reevaluation of Psychology

Cross-Cultural Psychology

Culture and Boundaries

Development Initiatives and Indigenization

The Call for Indigenization

Systematic Deterrents to the Development of Psychology in the Developing World

Linking the Social and the Economic

Toward a Global Psychology Paradigm

History of Psychology: A Framework

Summary

2 Psychology: The American Approach

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Local–Global Dynamics in American Psychology

American Psychological Association (APA)

Association for Psychological Science (APS)

Three Issues in American Psychology

Credentials

Diversity

Prescription Privileges

Definition and a New Vision for Psychology

Summary

3 Nature of History and Methods of Study

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

What’s Important

Making History

Approaches to the History of Psychology

Methods of Study in Psychology

Spiritualism and Science

Sorcery in Salem

The New History of Psychology

Paradigms and Revolutions

Specialization in Psychology

Psychology Makes a Difference

Summary

SECTION II
Early Philosophical and Biological Foundations of Scientific Psychology

4 Philosophical Foundations of Psychology

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

The Dawn of Civilization: Four River Valley Civilizations

Early Explanatory Systems: Animism and Spirits

Early Philosophies and Religions

Confucianism and Taoism

Indian Religions: Hinduism and Buddhism

Judaism

Greek Philosophy

Thales

Anaximander and Pythagoras

The Eleatics

Heraclitus, Empedocles, and Democritus

Socrates

Plato

Aristotle

Roman Philosophies

Christianity

Islam

Islamic Science and Philosophy

Judaic Philosophers

Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas and William of Occam

The Renaissance: The Place and the People

Francesco Petrarch

Martin Luther

Niccolò Machiavelli

Renaissance Science

Nicolas Copernicus

Galileo Galilei

Isaac Newton

Francis Bacon

The Modern Period: René Descartes

Summary

5 Biological Foundations of Psychology

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Mind–Body Relationship

Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)

Spinal Cord Studies

René Descartes (1596–1650)

Robert Whytt (1714–1766)

Charles Bell (1774–1842)

Francois Magendie (1783–1855)

Bell–Magendie Law

Johannes Müller (1801–1858)

Neural Impulses

Brain Localization

Marie-Jean Pierre Flourens (1794–1867)

Pierre-Paul Broca (1824–1880)

Electrical Stimulation of the Brain

Phantom Limbs and Causalgia

Phineas Gage (1823–1860)

Neural Units and Processes

The Golgi–Ramón y Cajal Controversy

The Microelectrode

CATS, PETS, and MRI

Split Brains

Matters of the Mind

Decade of the Brain

Minds and Monkeys

Brain Challenges

Affect and Health

Summary

6 Phrenology, Mesmerism, and Hypnosis

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Mind and Soul

Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)

Conscious and Unconscious Minds

Phrenology

Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828)

Phrenology in America

Personality Assessment

Mesmerism

Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815)

Marquis de Puysegur (1751–1825)

Hypnosis

The Nancy School of Hypnosis

The Parisian School of Hypnosis

Laboratory Studies of Hypnosis

The State and Non-State Model of Hypnosis

Dissociation Theories of Hypnosis

Hypnotic Phenomena: Age Regression

Hypnosis and Clinical Psychology, Efficacy Studies, and Prevention

Summary

7 Associationism

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Origins of Human Knowledge

Empiricism

Revelation

Positivism

Associationism

The British Empiricists

John Locke (1632–1704)

George Berkeley (1685–1753)

David Hume (1711–1776)

The British Associationists

David Hartley (1705–1757)

The Family Mills

Alexander Bain (1818–1903)

Counterpoint: Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)

Associationism: Later Developments

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909)

Sensory Conditioning

Selective Deprivation Studies

Repressed Memories

The Seven Sins of Memory

Summary

SECTION III
Schools of Psychology

8 Voluntarism and Structuralism

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Psychophysical Laws and Consciousness

Weber’s Law

Weber–Fechner Law

Stevens’ Law

Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)

Establishment of Psychology as an Independent Science

Voluntarism: The Subject Matter and Method of Study

The Composition of Consciousness

Apperception

Mental Chronometry

Völkerpsychologie or Cultural Psychology

Alternatives to Voluntarism

Franz Brentano (1838–1917) and Act Psychology

Oswald Külpe (1862–1915) and Imageless Thought

Edward Bradford Titchener (1867–1927) and Structuralism

The Origins of the Psychological Experiment

The Elements of Love

Summary

9 Functionalism

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Setting the Stage for Functionalism

Charles Darwin: Evolution Is Adaptive and Functional

Darwin and Psychology

The Legacy of Charles Darwin

Sir Francis Galton: To Quantify Is to Know

Galton and Psychology: Individual Differences

Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism

Forerunners of Functionalism

William James: Psychologist, Philosopher, and Pragmatist

James as a Psychologist

James as a Philosopher

Granville Stanley Hall: Scientific and Professional Psychology

Hall Entering Psychology

Hall as an Established Psychologist

Hall and Scientific/Applied Psychology

The Founding of Functionalism

John Dewey: A Vermonter and Functionalist

Dewey and Education

James Rowland Angell: Popularizing Functionalism

Harvey A. Carr: A Mature Functionalism

Functionalism at Columbia University

James McKeen Cattell: A Quantifiable and Functional Psychology

Edward Lee Thorndike: Animal Behavior and Connectionism

Robert Sessions Woodworth: Author and Educator

The Legacy of Functionalism and Contemporary Issues

Hugo Münsterberg: Popularizing Applied Psychology

Forensic Psychology

Clinical Psychology

Industrial/Applied Psychology

Lightner Witmer: The Beginnings of Clinical Psychology

A Functional Future

Summary

10 Behaviorism

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Models of Learning

Stimulus–Response (S–R)

Stimulus–Organism–Response (S–O–R)

Response (R)

Mind, Motion, and Mapping: The Beginning

John Broadus Watson (1878–1958)

Emotions, Thinking, and Instinct

Karl Lashley (1890–1958)

Mass Action and Equipotentiality

Pavlovian or Classical Conditioning

Basic Pavlovian Conditioning

Applied Pavlovian Conditioning

Neobehaviorism

Clark Hull (1884–1952)

Methodology and Learning

Hypothetico-Deductive Theory of Behavior

Drive Reduction Theory of Learning

Edward Chace Tolman (1886–1959)

Fundamental Ideas

Theory and Experiments

Orval Hobart Mowrer (1907–1983)

Two-Factor Theory of Learning

Emotional Conditioning

Burrhus Fredric Skinner (1904–1990)

Types of Conditioning

Schedules of Reinforcement

Law of Acquisition

Behavioral Technology

Martin Seligman (1942–)

Learned Helplessness

Learned Optimism

Explanatory Style

Albert Bandura (1925–)

Social Learning

Self-Efficacy

Self-Regulation

Positive Psychology

Summary

11 Gestalt Psychology

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction: The Figure and the Ground

Laying the Groundwork for Revolution

Max Wertheimer (1880–1943)

Phi Phenomenon

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

Productive Thinking

Kurt Koffka (1886–1941)

Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967)

The Mentality of Apes

Coming to America

From Structuralism to Behaviorism

Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)

Field Theory

The Zeigarnik Effect

Lewin in America

The Child Welfare Research Station

Action Research

Expanding Gestalt’s Influence

Gestalt Therapy

Gestalt Psychology Today

Summary

12 Psychoanalysis

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Setting the Stage: Antecedent Influences on Psychoanalysis

The History of Attitudes/Ideas Concerning Psychopathology

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)

Early Life

The Development of Psychoanalysis

Breuer and the Case of Anna O., Studies on Hysteria

Freud’s Seduction Theory

The Interpretation of Dreams

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life

Building a Legacy: Freud and His “Naughty Boys”

Freud in America

Theory of Personality Development

Freud in Exile

The Last Year

Following in Freud’s Footsteps

Anna Freud: Child Psychoanalysis

Ernest Jones

Carl Jung (1875–1961)

The Final Break

Psychological Types

Personality Structure

Alfred Adler (1870–1937)

Individual Psychology

Summary

13 Beyond Psychoanalysis: Continuing Developments in Psychotherapy

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Object Relations Theory

Melanie Klein

W. R. D. Fairbairn

Alternatives to Classical Psychoanalysis and Object Relations

D. W. Winnicott

Heinz Hartmann

Margaret Mahler

Heinz Kohut

Erich Fromm

Fromm’s Theory

Erik Erikson

Gordon Allport

Henry Murray

A Third Force in Psychology: Humanistic Psychology

Abraham Maslow

Carl Rogers

Rollo May

Summary

SECTION IV
Diversity in Psychology

14 Women in the History of Psychology

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction: Women in Psychology

Early Women in Psychology

Hildegard von Bingen

Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802–1887)

Breaking the Educational Barrier

Mary Whiton Calkins

Margaret Floy Washburn

Christine Ladd-Franklin

Lillien Jane Martin

Out of Academia

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

Maria Montessori

Work and Marriage

Lillian Moller Gilbreth

Anne Anastasi

Rosser’s Stages of Women’s Participation in Science

The Psychology of Women

Karen Horney

Re-Defining Gender Difference

Janet Spence

Sandra Bem

Florence Denmark

Women Challenging Bias

Evelyn Hooker

Mamie Phipps Clark

Women in Developmental Psychology

Anna Freud

Mary Cover Jones

Mary D. Salter Ainsworth

Groundbreakers and Newsmakers

Carol Gilligan: In a Different Voice

Elizabeth Loftus: Eyewitness Memory

Summary

15 Ethnic Diversity in American Psychology

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Some Factors in the Experience of African Americans in Psychology

The Association of Black Psychologists

Kenneth B. Clark

Francis Cecil Sumner

Dalmas A. Taylor

Norman B. Anderson

Asian-American Contributions to Psychology

The Asian American Psychological Association (AAPA)

Stanley Sue

Richard M. Suinn

Hispanic American Contributions

Martha Bernal

Native Americans and American Psychology

Carolyn Attneave

Summary

16 Psychology in Russia

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

An Overview of Russian History (1860–Present)

The Pre-Revolutionary Period (1860–1917)

The Soviet Period (1917–1991)

The Post-Soviet Period (1991–Beyond)

Pre-Revolutionary Psychology (1860–1917)

Ivan Michailovich Sechenov

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Revolution: The Development of Soviet Psychology (1917–1991)

Vladimir Bekhterev

Soviet Repression and Reactology

Georgy Ivanovich Chelpanov

Konstantin Kornilov

Dialectical Materialism, Pedology, and Psychotechnics

Lev Vygotsky

Alexander Luria

Aleksei Nikolayevich Leontiev

The Soviet Union in the 1960s

Post-Soviet Psychology: Picking Up the Pieces After Perestroika

Summary

17 Psychology in China

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Philosophical Roots of Chinese Psychology

Confucianism

Taoism

The I Ching

East Meets West: Early European Influence

Psychological Testing

The Chinese Medical Model

Psychology in China as an Experimental Science

Foreign Imports

The Impact of Communism

The Cultural Revolution

Chinese Economic Reform

Chinese Psychology Faces Forward: Current Challenges and Opportunities

Summary

18 Indigenous Psychologies: Latin America, South Africa, and India-Asia

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Latin American Psychology

Formal Institutions

Social Problem Solvers

South African Psychology

Formal Institutions

Shifts in Research

Indian-Asian Psychology

Formal Institutions

Shifts in Research

Summary

SECTION V
Applied Psychology

19 Clinical Psychology

Chapter Overview

Learning Objectives

The Making of a Profession

What Is a Profession

Precursors and Origin of Clinical Psychology

A Profession Needs the Backing of a Reputable Organization

A Defining Role for Clinical Psychologists: Testing and Assessment

Intelligence Testing

Personality Testing

Treatment and Psychotherapy

From Mental Asylums to Community Mental Health Centers

The 1920s

World War II: Clinical Psychology Gains Clout

From Independent Practice to Managed Care

Beyond Psychotherapy

Forensic Psychology

Training

Summary

Epilogue

References

Name Index

Subject Index

1. Cover
2. Title
3. Copyright
4. Brief Contents
5. Contents
6. Preface
7. Timeline of Philosophy and Psychology in the Context of General History
8. SECTION I The Present: Globalization, Psychology, and History
   1. 1 Contemporary Psychology: Global Forces
      1. Chapter Overview
      2. Learning Objectives
      3. Introduction
      4. Coming Together: The Evolution of Globalization
         1. The Growth of Psychology Around the Globe
         2. Global Psychological Associations
      5. Postmodernism and the Multicultural Movement
         1. Postmodernism
         2. A Reevaluation of Psychology
         3. Cross-Cultural Psychology
         4. Culture and Boundaries
      6. Development Initiatives and Indigenization
         1. The Call for Indigenization
         2. Systematic Deterrents to the Development of Psychology in the Developing World
         3. Linking the Social and the Economic
      7. Toward a Global Psychology Paradigm
      8. History of Psychology: A Framework
      9. Summary
   2. 2 Psychology: The American Approach
      1. Chapter Overview
      2. Learning Objectives
      3. Introduction
      4. Local–Global Dynamics in American Psychology
         1. American Psychological Association (APA)
         2. Association for Psychological Science (APS)
      5. Three Issues in American Psychology
         1. Credentials
         2. Diversity
         3. Prescription Privileges
      6. Definition and a New Vision for Psychology
      7. Summary
   3. 3 Nature of History and Methods of Study
      1. Chapter Overview
      2. Learning Objectives
      3. Introduction
         1. What’s Important
         2. Making History
         3. Approaches to the History of Psychology
      4. Methods of Study in Psychology
         1. Spiritualism and Science
         2. Sorcery in Salem
         3. The New History of Psychology
         4. Paradigms and Revolutions
         5. Specialization in Psychology
      5. Psychology Makes a Difference
      6. Summary
9. SECTION II Early Philosophical and Biological Foundations of Scientific Psychology
   1. 4 Philosophical Foundations of Psychology
      1. Chapter Overview
      2. Learning Objectives
      3. Introduction
      4. The Dawn of Civilization: Four River Valley Civilizations
      5. Early Explanatory Systems: Animism and Spirits
      6. Early Philosophies and Religions
         1. Confucianism and Taoism
         2. Indian Religions: Hinduism and Buddhism
         3. Judaism
      7. Greek Philosophy
         1. Thales
         2. Anaximander and Pythagoras
         3. The Eleatics
         4. Heraclitus, Empedocles, and Democritus
         5. Socrates
         6. Plato
         7. Aristotle
      8. Roman Philosophies
      9. Christianity
      10. Islam
          1. Islamic Science and Philosophy
      11. Judaic Philosophers
      12. Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas and William of Occam
      13. The Renaissance: The Place and the People
          1. Francesco Petrarch
          2. Martin Luther
          3. Niccolò Machiavelli
      14. Renaissance Science
          1. Nicolas Copernicus
          2. Galileo Galilei
          3. Isaac Newton
          4. Francis Bacon
      15. The Modern Period: René Descartes
      16. Summary
   2. 5 Biological Foundations of Psychology
      1. Chapter Overview
      2. Learning Objectives
      3. Introduction
         1. Mind–Body Relationship
         2. Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
      4. Spinal Cord Studies
         1. René Descartes (1596–1650)
         2. Robert Whytt (1714–1766)
         3. Charles Bell (1774–1842)
         4. Francois Magendie (1783–1855)
         5. Bell–Magendie Law
         6. Johannes Müller (1801–1858)
         7. Neural Impulses
      5. Brain Localization
         1. Marie-Jean Pierre Flourens (1794–1867)
         2. Pierre-Paul Broca (1824–1880)
         3. Electrical Stimulation of the Brain
         4. Phantom Limbs and Causalgia
         5. Phineas Gage (1823–1860)
      6. Neural Units and Processes
         1. The Golgi–Ramón y Cajal Controversy
         2. The Microelectrode
         3. CATS, PETS, and MRI
         4. Split Brains
      7. Matters of the Mind
         1. Decade of the Brain
         2. Minds and Monkeys
         3. Brain Challenges
         4. Affect and Health
      8. Summary
   3. 6 Phrenology, Mesmerism, and Hypnosis
      1. Chapter Overview
      2. Learning Objectives
      3. Introduction
         1. Mind and Soul
         2. Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
         3. Conscious and Unconscious Minds
      4. Phrenology
         1. Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828)
         2. Phrenology in America
         3. Personality Assessment
      5. Mesmerism
         1. Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815)
         2. Marquis de Puysegur (1751–1825)
      6. Hypnosis
         1. The Nancy School of Hypnosis
         2. The Parisian School of Hypnosis
         3. Laboratory Studies of Hypnosis
         4. The State and Non-State Model of Hypnosis
         5. Dissociation Theories of Hypnosis
         6. Hypnotic Phenomena: Age Regression
      7. Hypnosis and Clinical Psychology, Efficacy Studies, and Prevention
      8. Summary
   4. 7 Associationism
      1. Chapter Overview
      2. Learning Objectives
      3. Introduction
      4. Origins of Human Knowledge
         1. Empiricism
         2. Revelation
         3. Positivism
         4. Associationism
      5. The British Empiricists
         1. John Locke (1632–1704)
         2. George Berkeley (1685–1753)
         3. David Hume (1711–1776)
      6. The British Associationists
         1. David Hartley (1705–1757)
         2. The Family Mills
         3. Alexander Bain (1818–1903)
         4. Counterpoint: Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
      7. Associationism: Later Developments
         1. Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909)
         2. Sensory Conditioning
         3. Selective Deprivation Studies
         4. Repressed Memories
         5. The Seven Sins of Memory
      8. Summary
10. SECTION III Schools of Psychology
    1. 8 Voluntarism and Structuralism
       1. Chapter Overview
       2. Learning Objectives
       3. Introduction
       4. Psychophysical Laws and Consciousness
          1. Weber’s Law
          2. Weber–Fechner Law
          3. Stevens’ Law
       5. Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)
          1. Establishment of Psychology as an Independent Science
          2. Voluntarism: The Subject Matter and Method of Study
          3. The Composition of Consciousness
          4. Apperception
          5. Mental Chronometry
          6. Völkerpsychologie or Cultural Psychology
       6. Alternatives to Voluntarism
          1. Franz Brentano (1838–1917) and Act Psychology
          2. Oswald Külpe (1862–1915) and Imageless Thought
          3. Edward Bradford Titchener (1867–1927) and Structuralism
       7. The Origins of the Psychological Experiment
       8. The Elements of Love
       9. Summary
    2. 9 Functionalism
       1. Chapter Overview
       2. Learning Objectives
       3. Introduction
       4. Setting the Stage for Functionalism
          1. Charles Darwin: Evolution Is Adaptive and Functional
          2. Darwin and Psychology
          3. The Legacy of Charles Darwin
          4. Sir Francis Galton: To Quantify Is to Know
          5. Galton and Psychology: Individual Differences
          6. Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism
       5. Forerunners of Functionalism
          1. William James: Psychologist, Philosopher, and Pragmatist
          2. James as a Psychologist
          3. James as a Philosopher
          4. Granville Stanley Hall: Scientific and Professional Psychology
          5. Hall Entering Psychology
          6. Hall as an Established Psychologist
          7. Hall and Scientific/Applied Psychology
       6. The Founding of Functionalism
          1. John Dewey: A Vermonter and Functionalist
          2. Dewey and Education
          3. James Rowland Angell: Popularizing Functionalism
          4. Harvey A. Carr: A Mature Functionalism
       7. Functionalism at Columbia University
          1. James McKeen Cattell: A Quantifiable and Functional Psychology
          2. Edward Lee Thorndike: Animal Behavior and Connectionism
          3. Robert Sessions Woodworth: Author and Educator
       8. The Legacy of Functionalism and Contemporary Issues
          1. Hugo Münsterberg: Popularizing Applied Psychology
          2. Forensic Psychology
          3. Clinical Psychology
          4. Industrial/Applied Psychology
          5. Lightner Witmer: The Beginnings of Clinical Psychology
       9. A Functional Future
       10. Summary
    3. 10 Behaviorism
       1. Chapter Overview
       2. Learning Objectives
       3. Introduction
       4. Models of Learning
          1. Stimulus–Response (S–R)
          2. Stimulus–Organism–Response (S–O–R)
          3. Response (R)
       5. Mind, Motion, and Mapping: The Beginning
          1. John Broadus Watson (1878–1958)
          2. Emotions, Thinking, and Instinct
          3. Karl Lashley (1890–1958)
          4. Mass Action and Equipotentiality
       6. Pavlovian or Classical Conditioning
          1. Basic Pavlovian Conditioning
          2. Applied Pavlovian Conditioning
       7. Neobehaviorism
          1. Clark Hull (1884–1952)
          2. Methodology and Learning
          3. Hypothetico-Deductive Theory of Behavior
          4. Drive Reduction Theory of Learning
       8. Edward Chace Tolman (1886–1959)
          1. Fundamental Ideas
          2. Theory and Experiments
       9. Orval Hobart Mowrer (1907–1983)
          1. Two-Factor Theory of Learning
          2. Emotional Conditioning
       10. Burrhus Fredric Skinner (1904–1990)
           1. Types of Conditioning
           2. Schedules of Reinforcement
           3. Law of Acquisition
           4. Behavioral Technology
       11. Martin Seligman (1942–)
           1. Learned Helplessness
           2. Learned Optimism
           3. Explanatory Style
       12. Albert Bandura (1925–)
           1. Social Learning
           2. Self-Efficacy
           3. Self-Regulation
       13. Positive Psychology
       14. Summary
    4. 11 Gestalt Psychology
       1. Chapter Overview
       2. Learning Objectives
       3. Introduction: The Figure and the Ground
          1. Laying the Groundwork for Revolution
       4. Max Wertheimer (1880–1943)
          1. Phi Phenomenon
          2. Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
          3. Productive Thinking
       5. Kurt Koffka (1886–1941)
       6. Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967)
          1. The Mentality of Apes
          2. Coming to America
       7. From Structuralism to Behaviorism
       8. Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)
          1. Field Theory
          2. The Zeigarnik Effect
          3. Lewin in America
          4. The Child Welfare Research Station
          5. Action Research
       9. Expanding Gestalt’s Influence
       10. Gestalt Therapy
       11. Gestalt Psychology Today
       12. Summary
    5. 12 Psychoanalysis
       1. Chapter Overview
       2. Learning Objectives
       3. Introduction
       4. Setting the Stage: Antecedent Influences on Psychoanalysis
          1. The History of Attitudes/Ideas Concerning Psychopathology
       5. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
          1. Early Life
          2. The Development of Psychoanalysis
          3. Breuer and the Case of Anna O., Studies on Hysteria
          4. Freud’s Seduction Theory
          5. The Interpretation of Dreams
          6. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
          7. Building a Legacy: Freud and His “Naughty Boys”
          8. Freud in America
          9. Theory of Personality Development
          10. Freud in Exile
          11. The Last Year
       6. Following in Freud’s Footsteps
          1. Anna Freud: Child Psychoanalysis
          2. Ernest Jones
       7. Carl Jung (1875–1961)
          1. The Final Break
          2. Psychological Types
          3. Personality Structure
       8. Alfred Adler (1870–1937)
          1. Individual Psychology
       9. Summary
    6. 13 Beyond Psychoanalysis: Continuing Developments in Psychotherapy
       1. Chapter Overview
       2. Learning Objectives
       3. Introduction
       4. Object Relations Theory
          1. Melanie Klein
          2. W. R. D. Fairbairn
       5. Alternatives to Classical Psychoanalysis and Object Relations
          1. D. W. Winnicott
          2. Heinz Hartmann
          3. Margaret Mahler
          4. Heinz Kohut
          5. Erich Fromm
          6. Fromm’s Theory
          7. Erik Erikson
          8. Gordon Allport
          9. Henry Murray
       6. A Third Force in Psychology: Humanistic Psychology
          1. Abraham Maslow
          2. Carl Rogers
          3. Rollo May
       7. Summary
11. SECTION IV Diversity in Psychology
    1. 14 Women in the History of Psychology
       1. Chapter Overview
       2. Learning Objectives
       3. Introduction: Women in Psychology
       4. Early Women in Psychology
          1. Hildegard von Bingen
          2. Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802–1887)
       5. Breaking the Educational Barrier
          1. Mary Whiton Calkins
          2. Margaret Floy Washburn
          3. Christine Ladd-Franklin
          4. Lillien Jane Martin
       6. Out of Academia
          1. Leta Stetter Hollingworth
          2. Maria Montessori
       7. Work and Marriage
          1. Lillian Moller Gilbreth
          2. Anne Anastasi
          3. Rosser’s Stages of Women’s Participation in Science
          4. The Psychology of Women
          5. Karen Horney
          6. Re-Defining Gender Difference
          7. Janet Spence
          8. Sandra Bem
          9. Florence Denmark
       8. Women Challenging Bias
          1. Evelyn Hooker
          2. Mamie Phipps Clark
       9. Women in Developmental Psychology
          1. Anna Freud
          2. Mary Cover Jones
          3. Mary D. Salter Ainsworth
       10. Groundbreakers and Newsmakers
           1. Carol Gilligan: In a Different Voice
           2. Elizabeth Loftus: Eyewitness Memory
       11. Summary
    2. 15 Ethnic Diversity in American Psychology
       1. Chapter Overview
       2. Learning Objectives
       3. Introduction
       4. Some Factors in the Experience of African Americans in Psychology
          1. The Association of Black Psychologists
          2. Kenneth B. Clark
          3. Francis Cecil Sumner
          4. Dalmas A. Taylor
          5. Norman B. Anderson
       5. Asian-American Contributions to Psychology
          1. The Asian American Psychological Association (AAPA)
          2. Stanley Sue
          3. Richard M. Suinn
       6. Hispanic American Contributions
          1. Martha Bernal
       7. Native Americans and American Psychology
          1. Carolyn Attneave
       8. Summary
    3. 16 Psychology in Russia
       1. Chapter Overview
       2. Learning Objectives
       3. Introduction
       4. An Overview of Russian History (1860–Present)
          1. The Pre-Revolutionary Period (1860–1917)
          2. The Soviet Period (1917–1991)
          3. The Post-Soviet Period (1991–Beyond)
       5. Pre-Revolutionary Psychology (1860–1917)
          1. Ivan Michailovich Sechenov
          2. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
       6. Revolution: The Development of Soviet Psychology (1917–1991)
          1. Vladimir Bekhterev
       7. Soviet Repression and Reactology
          1. Georgy Ivanovich Chelpanov
          2. Konstantin Kornilov
       8. Dialectical Materialism, Pedology, and Psychotechnics
          1. Lev Vygotsky
          2. Alexander Luria
          3. Aleksei Nikolayevich Leontiev
       9. The Soviet Union in the 1960s
       10. Post-Soviet Psychology: Picking Up the Pieces After Perestroika
       11. Summary
    4. 17 Psychology in China
       1. Chapter Overview
       2. Learning Objectives
       3. Introduction
       4. Philosophical Roots of Chinese Psychology
          1. Confucianism
          2. Taoism
          3. The I Ching
          4. East Meets West: Early European Influence
       5. Psychological Testing
       6. The Chinese Medical Model
       7. Psychology in China as an Experimental Science
          1. Foreign Imports
          2. The Impact of Communism
          3. The Cultural Revolution
          4. Chinese Economic Reform
       8. Chinese Psychology Faces Forward: Current Challenges and Opportunities
       9. Summary
    5. 18 Indigenous Psychologies: Latin America, South Africa, and India-Asia
       1. Chapter Overview
       2. Learning Objectives
       3. Introduction
       4. Latin American Psychology
          1. Formal Institutions
          2. Social Problem Solvers
       5. South African Psychology
          1. Formal Institutions
          2. Shifts in Research
       6. Indian-Asian Psychology
          1. Formal Institutions
          2. Shifts in Research
       7. Summary
12. SECTION V Applied Psychology
    1. 19 Clinical Psychology
       1. Chapter Overview
       2. Learning Objectives
       3. The Making of a Profession
          1. What Is a Profession
          2. Precursors and Origin of Clinical Psychology
          3. A Profession Needs the Backing of a Reputable Organization
       4. A Defining Role for Clinical Psychologists: Testing and Assessment
          1. Intelligence Testing
          2. Personality Testing
       5. Treatment and Psychotherapy
          1. From Mental Asylums to Community Mental Health Centers
          2. The 1920s
          3. World War II: Clinical Psychology Gains Clout
          4. From Independent Practice to Managed Care
       6. Beyond Psychotherapy
          1. Forensic Psychology
          2. Training
       7. Summary
13. Epilogue
14. References
15. Name Index
16. Subject Index

1. i
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7. vii
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9. ix
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Guide

1. Cover
2. Title
3. Copyright
4. Brief Contents
5. Contents
6. Preface
7. Timeline of Philosophy and Psychology in the Context of General History
8. Start of Content
9. Epilogue
10. References
11. Name Index
12. Subject Index