Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Page numbers in italics refer to figures or tables
Alam (migrant worker), 198
American Himalayan Foundation, 260
animal feed supply chain, 245–46
Anju (labor trafficking victim), 166–67
antipoverty programs, 43; barriers to, 257; global economy integration and, 258–59; microcredit expansion for, 257–58; universal primary school education and, 259–60
antislavery efforts: community vigilance and, 45; global supply chain and, 33–34, 258–59, 268–69, 274; individual action steps for, 44–46, 47, 140–41; partnership and, 41–42; reliable data and, 18, 42; resources for, 41–42, 43; Technology Trust for, 43. See also eradication of slavery framework
Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act, Malaysia (2007), 206–7, 208
Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act, Thailand (2008), 265–66
Apollo hospitals, India, 114
Ashish (domestic work recruiter), 189; on agency corruption, 190; recruiting of, 190–93
A. Tamang (domestic worker), 183–84
awareness and education campaigns: celebrities and, 261; film industry and, 261–62; in Malaysia, 201–2; “untouchables” and, 262
baby factories, 70; survivors of, 69
Badagry, Nigeria: baracoons in, 75–76; Portuguese in, 74–75; slave museums in, 75
baracoons (slave holding cells), 75–76
bitcoin, 131n14, 147; Backpage.com and, 152; block chain technology and, 168
Bitnation Refugee Emergency Response (BRER), 169
Blockchain Emergency ID (BE-ID), 169
block chain technology: bitcoin and, 168; child pornography and, 169; crisis-zones and, 261
Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, India (1976), 15–16, 179
Boom (ship captain): on boat varieties, 235–36; wage deductions and, 236–37; on worker treatment, 236
brothel: GB Road as, 2–3; gharwalis managing, 66; India economics for, 288; Sita in, 2–3; Thailand economics for, 289; U.S. economics for, 290
California agriculture sector, ix, 17, 246; air pollution and, 79; almonds in, 78–79, 93–94; Central Valley Project and, 78–79; coyotes and, 13–14, 80–81, 82, 84, 85; crew leaders in, 99–103; debt bondage in, 108; economics of labor trafficking for, 294; enganchador and, 80, 82, 84, 85; Enrique and, 82–84; Felipe in, 88–89; heat stress regulations and, 96; irregular and undocumented labor in, 80; labor trafficking route in, 80–81, 81; Mateo and, 86; trafficking stories from, 84–85, 102–3; water supply for, 93–94. See also farm labor contractor; H-2A visa seasonal guest workers
carpet weaving: child labor for India, 177–78; Nepal economics of forced, 296
Central Valley Project, 78–79
child pornography: block chain technology and, 168–69; Google and, 159
children in armed conflict, 11
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), U.S., 104
Christianity, 71; British conquest in Nigeria and, 56–57
class discrimination: of crew leaders, 100; in India, 1, 3
commercial fish stocks, 240
commercial sex: choice and, 174–75; consumers of, 176, 269–70; debt bondage accounts and, 215; debt bondage figures for, 218–19; Demand Abolition and, 34, 270; demand-side interventions for, 34; deterrence-focused interventions and, 269–70; elasticity of demand for, 34, 212–13, 269; foster care system and, 213, 214, 216–18; Katya (Moscow) as victim of debt bondage and, 215–16; Lou and, 173–76; Maria as victim of debt bondage and, 213–14, 215; in Nevada, 175; penalties for, 269–70; Russian mafia and, 215–16; transnational migrants and, 213. See also sex trafficking and technology
Communications Decency Act, U.S. (1996), 152–53
corruption: antipoverty programs and, 257; labor trafficking and, 209; prosecution and, 40, 256
crew leaders: Elias as, 100–101; FLCs and, 99; race and class divisions of, 100; wage protection and, 106
crisis-zones: block chain technology and, 261; displacement and trafficking in, 37, 255, 260; rapid-response in, 43, 260–61; 2015 mass migration and, 260
dalals (traffickers), 112
Danish Center Against Human Trafficking, 53
Dao (Thai massage parlor worker), 220, 222
dasas (subservient positions), 5–6
Debjeet (organ trafficking survivor), 112–13
debt bondage, ix, 4, 5; in Bangladesh, 116; in California agriculture sector, 108; child labor in India carpet industry, 177–78; commercial sex and, 213–16, 218–19; construction and, 211–12; Dao and, 220, 222; definitions of, 15–17; domestic work economics and, 293; EV of, 35–36; history of, 15; in India, 179–80, 292; international law and, 15, 179; intervention and, 211–22; Isra and, 221, 222; labor trafficking and, 162–63; microcredit loans and, 257; migrant labor increases and, 178–79; in Nigeria, 52, 54, 67, 73–74, 219; organ trafficking and, 114–15; origin countries and, 208–9, 210; palm oil and, 210–11; profits of, 24; research questionnaire and, 303–4, 305–6; Russia and, 215–16; sex trafficking and, 218–19, 220; slavery and, 16, 17; in South Asia, 15, 18, 177–78; Sunee and, 219–20; transnational labor migration and, 178; up-front fees and, 38, 44, 186–89, 187, 197, 202, 262–63. See also commercial sex; construction; domestic work
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 159–60
Demand Abolition, 34, 270
demand-side forces, 31; commercial sex and, 34; elasticity and, 34, 212–13, 269; globalization of competition and, 33; labor costs and, 32–33; prosecution and, 40–41; sex trafficking and, 34–35; supply chain certification and, 33–34
dignity, 9, 46, 274; organ trafficking and, 139
Dinesh (labor trafficking victim), 162–63
Dipali (sex trafficking survivor), 156
domestic shrimp aquaculture chain: peeling sheds in, 245; types of shrimp farms in, 244–45; women and children and, 251–52
domestic work: Anand and, 274; A. Tamang and, 183–84; caste and, 181, 193; debt bondage and economics of, 293; gender and, 183; IDWF and, 194; Joyce and, 184–85; key findings on, 193; Laxmi and, 192–93; legal protections for, 185–86, 186; literacy and education and, 189; Philippines and, 188–89; recruiters for, 189–93; regulations and oversight for, 189, 193–94; remittance income for, 182, 182–83; subcontractors and, 187; U.S. and Western Europe model for, 181; as welfare-enhancing, 180–81
Douglas (farm owner), 91, 95; on fees for guest workers, 92–93, 94; guest worker housing and, 93; on wages of guest workers, 92; water usage for, 93–94
economic penalties, 40; calculating, 266; drug laws and, 268; economic costs and, 267; EV and, 268; steps for, 265; supply chains and, 268–69; Thailand current real, 266, 316n6; total economic profits and, 266–67
economics: acquisition price for slaves, 23–24, 279, 280, 282, 283; Atlantic slave trade and, 282; California agriculture and labor trafficking, 294; of Colombia coffee forced labor, 297; of domestic work and debt bondage, 293; global supply chain penalties and, 268–69; for India brick making, 292; for Indian brothel, 288; Nepal forced carpet weaving, 296; Nigerian street prostitution, 291; penalties and, 265–69; ROI and, 24–25, 279, 280, 282, 283, 310n41; sex trafficking, 267, 279, 280, 281, 290; for Thailand brothel, 289; Thai seafood industry and, 238–39, 240–41; trash fish and labor trafficking, 295; for U.S. brothel, 290. See also exploitation value; profits, of slavery
Elias (crew leader), 100; freedom of movement and, 101–2; on laziness, 101
enganchador (human smugglers), 80, 84, 85; Enrique and, 82
England: Christianity and conquest by, 56–57; Sandra in, 68; Slave Trade Abolition Act in, 6, 103
Enrique (irregular migrant slave): drug cartel work of, 82, 84; physical health of, 83–84
Equaino, Olaudah: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equaino by, 203–4; Mustafa compared to, 204–5
eradication of slavery framework: antipoverty programs and, 43, 257–60; crisis-zones and rapid response for, 260–62; forces that promote slavery and, 255–57; governance of labor migration and, 262–64; individual steps and, 44–46, 47, 140–41; ISCs and, 272–73; legal reform, 40, 264–70; policy reforms and, 271; profits and, 254; slavery intervention force and, 273; supply chains and, 33–34, 258–59, 268–69, 274; Technology Trust for, 262; UN fund for slavery for, 272
European Union countries (EU), 249; domestic work model in, 181; Nigerian sex trafficking victims and, 51; social media and sex trafficking in, 154–55
exploitation value (EV), 35–36, 279, 280; calculating, 285; economic penalties and, 268; range of, 267; in 2016, 284
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), U.S., 106
farm labor contractor (FLC), 80–81, 85; accountability for, 97–98; California Labor Code and, 95–96; crew leaders and, 99; H-2A visa seasonal guest workers and, 87, 90, 94, 95–99; jamadar system compared to, 98; Jim on, 96–97; license of, 96, 97, 99; monitoring for, 97; wage of, 96; wage protection and, 106
Felipe (H-2A guest worker), 88; freedom of movement for, 89
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), 135
forced labor, 4, 5; coercion indicators and, 9–10, 11; Colombia coffee economics and, 297; involuntariness and, 9, 10; Nepal carpet weaving economics and, 296; severe exploitation in, 7; slavery compared to, 11. See also International Labour Organisation; irregular migrants; labor trafficking
formal credit markets, 37
foster care system and sex trafficking, U.S., 213, 214, 216; protections and, 217, 218; Stephanie in, 217–18
freedom of movement, 9; Elias and, 101–2; Felipe and, 89; involuntary labor and, 10; Thai massage parlor and, 221
Garrison, William Lloyd, 78
gharwalis (brothel managers), 66
global economy integration, 258; supply chain transparency initiatives and, 259
“Global Slavery Index” (GSI), 20
global slavery metrics: acquisition price and, 23–24, 279, 280, 282, 283; categorization for, 277; global weighted average calculations for, 316n1; sex trafficking economics and, 279, 280, 281; time value of money and, 317n3; total slaves in 2016 mean estimates, 278, 278. See also exploitation value
global supply chains, 169, 172; antislavery efforts and, 33–34, 258–59, 268–69, 274; certification for, 33–34; cost and risk for, 41; documenting, 242; economic penalties and, 268–69; economy integration and, 258–59; eradication of slavery framework and, 33–34, 258–59, 268–69, 274; LexisNexis and, 170; “Rethink Supply Chains: The Tech Challenge to Fight Labor Trafficking” contest for, 171; Supply Unchained pilot project and, 170–71; visibility and, 170. See also Thai seafood supply chain
GoodWeave, 172; Supply Unchained pilot project and, 170–71, 259
Google: child pornography and, 159; one box of, 158–60
Gopal (organ trafficking victim), 124–25
GT (head of Cult of Ayelala): Gift and, 53–54; hallucinogens of, 64; Joy and, 59; Mercy and, 59, 60–61; M. Okonkwo and, 65–66; shrine of, 62–63; Step-by-Step and, 60, 61–63, 65; “witch children” of, 62; women cursed by, 62–63
“Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue and Organ Transplantation,” 138–39
H-2A visa seasonal guest workers, 79–80, 81, 102, 311nn2–3; application for, 91; background of, 87; Bracero Program and, 104–5; Douglas on, 91–95; fees for, 88, 90, 92–93, 94; Felipe as, 88–89; FLCs and, 87, 90, 94, 95–99; housing for, 89, 90, 93; physical abuse of, 88, 90; Thai seafood industry workers compared to, 235
Hasan (organ recruiter), 117; threats of, 118–19
household pet food supply chain, 245–46
Humanitarian Blockchain (HB), 169
human smuggling: coyotes and, 13–14, 80–81, 82, 84, 85, 213; enganchadors and, 80, 82, 84, 85; trolleys and, 14, 53
human trafficking, 3–4, 5, 59; human smuggling and, 13–14; international law and, 207; isolation and, 148; movement in, 12–13; Palermo Protocol defining, 11–12; as process, 14–15; refugee camps and, 30, 233; research questionnaire and, 304, 306; of Rohingya, 237–39, 247, 260; Singapore government and, 199–200; slavery compared to, 13, 14. See also debt bondage; organ trafficking; sex trafficking
illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, 242; defining, 224
ILO Convention on Decent Work for Domestic Workers (No. 189), 194, 313n10
ILO Forced Labour Convention (No. 29): defining forced labor in, 9; involuntariness and coercion under, 305; research questionnaire and, 301–3
ILO International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (ILO-IPEC), 308n17
income-generating activities (IGAs), 258
India: Anand as slave in, 274–76; Apollo hospitals in, 114; Bedia in, 1–2, 4; Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act of, 15–16, 179; brothel economics in, 288; child labor in carpet industry in, 177–78; class discriminations in, 1, 3; Darjeeling in, 276; debt bondage in, 179–80, 292; domestic work in, 180–81; gharwalis in, 66; Gurudongmar Lake in, 275–76; jamadar system in, 98; organ trafficking in, 112–15, 312n2; sporting events in, 150–51; West Bengal in, 112–13
individual antislavery action steps, 44–46, 47; organ trafficking and, 140–41
Institutional Review Board principles, 27
Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equaino, The (Equaino), 203–4
international adoption, 69–70
International Domestic Workers Federation (IDWF), 194
International Labour Organisation (ILO), 9; policy reform and, 271; profit estimates by, 20, 21; slavery estimates by, 19–20; Thai seafood industry and, 249
International Organisation on Migration (IOM), 51
international slavery courts (ISCs), 272–73
Internet Service Providers (ISPs), 152
investigative journalism, 226
Iqbal (organ recruiter), 119–20
irregular migrants, 81, 85; border crossing for, 81; border fees for, 103; coyotes and, 13–14, 80–81, 82, 84, 85, 213; Enrique as, 82–84; H-2A program compared to, 87; HB and, 169; human smuggling and, 13–14; Mateo as, 86; Singapore and, 198. See also California agriculture sector; Mexican drug cartels; Rohingya
Isra (Thai massage parlor worker), 221, 222
jamadar system (labor recruiting system): FLCs compared to, 98; strategic litigation for, 99
J. Gopal (migrant laborer), 190–91
Jim (Farm Labor Contractor Association staff): on FLC exploitation, 96–97; on FLC licensing, 96
John’s Chat Rooms: content of, 150; pedophiles and, 149–50
Joy (mother of Gift): home of, 58, 59; labor of, 59; Mercy and, 60
Joyce (domestic work and sex trafficking survivor), 184–85
Juanita (migrant from Mexico), 133–34
juju oaths and rituals, 57, 74; baby factories and, 69, 70; Gift and, 52; Love on, 67–68; Mercy and, 59, 60; old-world slave trade and, 77; spirituality and, 51–52, 54–55. See also GT (head of Cult of Ayelala)
Katya (Moldova sex trafficking survivor), 154–55
Katya (Moscow debt bondage and commercial sex victim), 215–16
labor trafficking, ix, 12; border fees in, 85; consumerism and, 108–9; corruption and, 209; debt bondage and, 162–63; EV of, 35–36; FLC and, 80–81; isolation and, 161, 163; in Nepal, 162–63; origin countries and, 208–9, 210; poverty and, 82–83; subcontracting thesis for, 98–99; technology as intervention in, 164–67; trash fish economics and, 295; in U.S., 85–86, 103–5, 106–7; violence element for, 8–9; work environment and, 9. See also California agriculture sector; Enrique (irregular migrant slave); International Labour Organisation; Thai seafood industry
labor trafficking and technology, 160; Anju and, 166–67; Dinesh and, 162–63; Nok and, 165–66; online job recruitment sites for, 161–62; Pradeep and, 164–65; social media and, 161; technology education and, 164–65
Lacey Act, U.S. (1900), 249–50
law enforcement: media and technology and, 45–46, 149, 153, 156, 157, 159, 160, 167; revictimization and, 38–39; slavery abuse screening and, 44, 45, 271; Thai seafood industry and, 225; training of, 40, 218, 256, 261, 269
laws and conventions, for Thai seafood industry: ILO conventions and, 249; political will and, 251; Rohingya and, 250; Thai Department of Fisheries and, 248; UN and EU on, 249; U.S. Lacey Act and, 249–50; U.S. Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, 250; U.S. Trade Facilitation and Enforcement Act, 250; for work standards, 248–49
Laxmi (potential domestic worker), 192–93
League of Nations Slavery Convention (1926), 6–7
legal reform: commercial sex consumer penalties as, 269–70; economic penalties as, 40, 265–69; employer strict liability as, 270; labor subcontractors and, 270; survivor-witness protection as, 264–65
Lisu (sex trafficking survivor), 232–33
Lou (potential sex purchaser), 173–76
Love (madam): on juju oath, 67–68; trafficking story of, 66–67
low-caste or outcaste communities, 6; awareness and education campaigns for, 262; Bedia as, 1–2, 4; domestic work and, 181, 193; India carpet sector and, 178; organ trafficking and, 126; prevention and, 37–38, 255; South Asia and, 29–30, 262
Malaysia, ix; Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act, 206–7, 208; barracks in, 202, 206; construction statistics for, 201; government and trafficking in, 207–10; government shelters for trafficking in, 206, 208; Mustafa in, 202–3; opposition MP on, 209–10; palm oil sector in, 210–11; racism in, 209; trafficking awareness in, 201–2; up-front fees in, 202; Visit Passes in, 205; wage deductions in, 205–6, 207–8
Maria (debt bondage and commercial sex victim): border crossing of, 213; forced prostitution of, 214; Sinaloa cartel and, 215
Mateo (irregular migrant slave), 86
Melanie (sex trafficking survivor), 153–54
Mexican-American war, 103–4
Mexican drug cartels, 83; cartel hawks for, 132–33; Enrique and, 82, 84; Juanita and, 133–34; organ trafficking and, 110; regions of, 131–32; security and, 132–33; Sinaloa cartel, 215
M. Hossein (organ trafficking survivor), 116
Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (1983), U.S., 106
migrant labor: Alam as, 198; coyotes and, 13–14, 80–81, 82, 84, 85, 213; increase in, 178–79; J. Gopal and, 190–91; Mustafa and, 202–3; Rafiq and, 199; up-front fees for, 38, 44
minority ethnicity, 29–30
Mustafa (migrant laborer), 202–3; Equaino compared to, 204–5
nathni utarna (taking off the nose ring), 2
National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons (NAPTIP), 51
National Labor Relations Act (1935), U.S., 106
National Union of Plantation Workers (NUPW), 210–11
Nepal: domestic work recruiters in, 189–93; economics of forced carpet weaving in, 296; Gopal as organ trafficking victim from, 124–25; health centers in, 121, 122–23; Kamaliri system in, 181; labor trafficking in, 162–63; Makwanpur district of, 123; organ traffickers in, 123, 124; transplant time in, 122
Nigeria, ix, 48; Atlantic slave trade in, 74–76; baby factories in, 69–70; Badagry, 74–76; Boko Haram in, 59, 71; Christianity in, 56–57; corruption in, 56, 73; coups and riots in, 72–73; Cult of Ayelala in, 51–52, 54–55, 57; debt bondage in, 52, 54, 67, 73–74, 219; environment in, 55–56; Equaino as slave in, 203–5; ethnic violence in, 71–72, 73; EU sex trafficking from, 51; 419 Letters in, 56; homosexuality in, 69; madams from, 52, 55, 66–68; mafia in, 55, 70; M. Okonkwo sermon in, 49–50; Muslim and Christian divide in, 71; oil in, 71–72, 73; poverty in, 73; precolonial slave trade in, 75; Republic of Biafra and, 72; Sandra as sex trafficking survivor from, 68–69; security costs in, 49; sex trafficking statistics for, 73–74; street prostitution economics in, 291; survivor shelters in, 50–51, 68; Yoruba tradition in, 56–57, 71. See also Gift (Nigerian sex trafficking survivor); juju oaths and rituals
Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC), 72
Nok (labor trafficking victim), 165–66
Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970), U.S. (OSHA), 107
Organ Procurement Organizations, U.S. (OPOs), 127, 128
Organ Retrieval Banking Organisation (ORBO), 125, 128
organ trafficking, ix, 12, 312n1; cadaver transplant systems and, 127–28, 141; caste and, 126; Debjeet and, 112–13; debt bondage and, 114–15; dignity and, 139; Gopal, 124–25; in India, 112–15, 312n2; individual antislavery action steps and, 140–41; international protocols on, 138–39; Iran organ sales and, 140; low-caste or outcaste communities and, 126; monitoring and regulation of sales and, 139–40; moral questions for, 110–11; organized crime groups and, 110, 142; Palermo Protocol and, 111, 138–39; policy responses to, 141; postoperative care for, 113, 123; poverty and, 114–15; regulatory bodies and, 125; sex trafficking and, 111; as slavery, 111–12; 3-D printing technology and, 141–42. See also Bangladesh; Nepal; U.S. organ trafficking
partnership, of four P’s, 41; as force that promotes slavery, 256; for sending and destination countries, 42
Philippines Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), 188–89
Po (Thai fishing sector laborer), 233–34
policy reforms, 44; re-victimization and, 271
Portal-to-Portal Pay Act (1947), U.S., 106
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), 229
Pradeep (labor trafficking victim), 164–65
Prak (Thai fishing sector laborer), 228; PTSD of, 229
Precious (baby factory survivor), 69
prevention, of four P’s, 37; as force that promotes slavery, 255
profits, of slavery, x; debt bondage and, 24; economic penalties and, 266–67; eradication of slavery framework and, 254; EV and, 35–36; legal status and, 26; length of slavery and, 25–26; old world compared to today for, 22–25, 23; range of, 21–22; ROI and, 24–25; sex trafficking and, 20–21, 21; skills and, 24; in 2016, 280
prosecution, of four P’s: corporations and, 41; of demand-side, 40–41; economic penalties and, 40, 265–69; as force that promotes slavery, 256; protection of survivors and, 39; witness protection and, 39
protection of survivors, of four P’s: as force that promotes slavery, 255–56; prosecution and, 39; victimization and, 38–39
Rafiq (migrant laborer), 199
remittance income: for domestic work, 182, 182–83; labor migration and, 262
researcher safety: Mexico drug cartels and, 132–33; organ recruiters and, 117–19; Thai fishing sector and, 237
research questionnaire: background and nature of work in, 300–301; categorization for, 305–6; child labor and, 299, 304–5, 306; consent and assent in, 300; debt bondage in, 303–4, 305–6; forced labor under ILO Convention No. 29 in, 301–3, 305; human trafficking and, 304, 306
revictimization, 207; law enforcement and, 38–39; policy reforms and, 271
Revised Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, U.S. (2006), 128
Rohingya, 224, 232; cargo holds for, 238; citizenship of, 237, 239; economic conditions of Thai seafood industry and, 237–39; human trafficking of, 237–39, 247, 260; international response to, 239; laws and conventions for, 250; mass graves of, 239; violence against (2012), 237
Russia: American romanticism and, 216; debt bondage and commercial sex from, 215–16
Sandra (sex trafficking survivor), 68–69
sex trafficking, ix, 12; baby factories and, 69–70; Bedia and, 1–2, 4; of children, 2–3, 4, 146, 151, 158; debt bondage and, 218–19, 220; demand-side policies and, 34–35; Dipali as survivor of, 156; economics of, 267, 279, 280, 281, 290; EU and, 51, 154–55; EV of, 35–36; false marriage offers and, 155–56; foster care system and, 213, 214, 216–18; India brothel economics, 288; Joyce and, 184–85; Katya (Moldova) and, 154–55; Lisu and, 232–33; madams for, 2–3, 52, 55, 66–70; Maria and U.S., 213–14, 215; Melanie and, 153–54; Nigerian street prostitution economics and, 291; organized crime groups and, 214; organ sale and, 111; profits of, 20–21, 21; in Singapore, 196; Sita and, 1–3; spirituality and, 49, 51; Stephanie and, 217–18; Sunee and, 219–20; in Thailand, 224, 231–32, 289; trolleys and, 53; U.S. economics and, 267, 290. See also brothel; child sex trafficking; Nigeria
sex trafficking and technology: Backpage.com and, 145–47, 146, 152–53, 173; Communications Decency Act and, 152–53; Craigslist and, 151–52; female degradation and, 147, 150; John’s Chat Rooms and, 149–50; Lou and, 173–76; online advertisements for, 149; social media and, 153–56; in South Asia, 155–56; sporting events and, 150–51. See also technology, as prevention and intervention
Singapore: Alam in, 198; automobile tax in, 195–96; construction sector, ix; deportation in, 200–201; housing for construction workers in, 199; human trafficking and government in, 199–200; migrant worker policies in, 197–98; NPA in, 200; Rafiq in, 199; sex trafficking in, 196; TWC2 in, 196–97; up-front fees in, 197–98
Singapore National Plan of Action (NPA) to combat human trafficking, 200
Sita (sex trafficking survivor in Rajasthan), 1; early life of, 2; HIV infection of, 3; Manju buying, 2–3
slavery: abolitionist era of, 6–7; case documentation summary for, 27, 28; criminal law and, 8; debt bondage and, 16, 17; defining, 4–5, 6, 7–9; forced labor compared to, 11; history of, 5–6; human trafficking compared to, 13, 14; legal status of, 26; length of, 25–26; military conquest and, 5; overlapping categories of, 17; by region, 19; thesis on, 26–27; in 2016, 18–20. See also Atlantic slave trade; chattel slavery; global slavery metrics
slavery, forces promoting, 36; economic penalties and, 265; partnership and, 41–42; prevention and, 37–38; progress and, 42–43; prosecution and, 39–41; protection and, 38–39
slavery, key features of: foreign migration as, 30–31; minority ethnicity or caste as, 29–30; poverty as, 29; reasonable alternatives and, 31
slavery free institutions, 45
slavery intervention force, 273–74
Slaves Spiritual Attenuation Well, 76–77
Slave Trade Abolition Act (1807), UK, 6, 103
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, U.S. (1930), 250
social media: Katya (Moldova) and, 154–55; labor trafficking and, 161; Melanie as sex trafficking survivor from, 153–54; method of trafficking through, 154
Songkhla Province, Thailand, 232–40
spirituality: juju oath and, 51–52, 54–55; sex trafficking and, 49, 51; speaking in tongues as, 50; Yoruba tradition and, 56–57, 71
sporting events: in India, 150–51; Qatar World Cup facilities construction for, 195; Super Bowl XLV, 151
Stephanie (foster care sex trafficking survivor), 217–18
STOP Girl Trafficking program, 260
subservient positions. See dasas
Sunee (debt bondage and sex trafficking victim), 219–20
supply-side forces, 31–32
Tagore, Rabindranath, 223
taking off the nose ring (nathni utarna), 2
technology, as facilitator, 148, 262; anonymity and, 149; Backpage.com, 145–47, 146, 152–53, 173; capture-recapture methodology for, 147; foreign migrants and, 38, 255.See also sex trafficking and technology
technology, as prevention and intervention: block chain technology, 168–69; crowdfunding and, 157; crowdsourcing and, 148, 149; deep web and, 159–60; facial recognition and, 159, 167; for global supply chains, 169–72; Google and, 158–60; labor trafficking and, 164–67; law enforcement and, 45–46, 149, 153, 156, 157, 159, 160, 167; litigation and, 168; media using, 172–73; one-box result as, 158; tagging as, 157–58; Technology Trust for, 262
Thailand, ix, 223; Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act, 265–66; border trafficking route in, 231–32; brothel economics in, 289; current real economic penalty in, 266, 316n6; Koh Tao in, 252–53; Narcotic Act, B.E. 2522 of, 268; Samut Sakhon, 225–32, 247; sex trafficking in, 224, 231–32, 289; Songkhla Province, 232–40. See also illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing; Rohingya
Thailand Act Governing the Right to Fish in Thai Waters, B.E. 2482 (1939), 248–49
Thailand Fisheries Act, B.E. 2490 (1947), 248–49
Thailand Narcotic Act, B.E. 2522 (1979), 268
Thailand Vessel Act, B.E. 2481 (1938), 248–49
Thai massage parlor, U.S.: Dao at, 220, 222; freedom of movement and, 221; Isra at, 221, 222; Sunee and, 219–20
Thai seafood industry, 7, 253; Anurat and, 228, 229–30; Boom and, 235–37; border trafficking route for, 231–32; catch rates for, 240; challenges of research in, 252; Chindavanich on, 224–25; data from, 251; economic conditions of, 238–39, 240–41; EMS and, 240, 315n11; environment of, 226; fuel costs and, 240; H-2A visa seasonal guest workers compared to, 235; interview process for, 226–27, 235–36; investigative journalism and, 226, 238; IUUs and, 224, 242; law enforcement and, 225; laws and conventions for, 248–51; origin country of trafficked laborers in, 225–26; Po and, 233–34; Prak and, 228–29; recruitment for, 230; researcher safety and, 237; research questionnaire for, 299–306; Rohingya trafficking and, 237–39; safe house for trafficking victims of, 227–28, 229–31; seafood types sold in, 225; ship captains in, 237–38; stigma and, 235; Than in, 231; Tina and, 229, 230; Tor Ror 38/1 papers and, 234–35; trash fish in, 225, 226, 242, 295; working conditions in, 227
Thai seafood supply chain, 224; animal feed and household pet food chain, 245–46; docks and, 244; domestic shrimp aquaculture chain, 244–45, 251–52; harvested shrimp in, 242–43, 243; labor abuse points in, 243; Project Issara and, 247; retailers in West and, 247–48; seafood exporters in, 246–47; seafood product types and, 242; solutions for abuses in, 247; tracing tainted seafood in, 243–44; trash fish and, 242–44, 243, 295
Thai Vessel Act, B.E. 2481, 230
Than (Thai labor trafficking victim), 231
3-D printing technology, 141–42
Tina (safe house operator), 229, 230
Trade Facilitation and Enforcement Act, U.S. (2015), 250
Trafficking in Person’s Report, U.S., 265–66
Trafficking Victim Protection Act, U.S. (2000), 12, 107, 222
Transient Workers Count Too (TWC2), 196
trash fish, 225, 226, 242; labor trafficking economics for, 295
trolleys (human smugglers), 14; sex trafficking and, 53
UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, 11–12
UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 308n14
UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 249
United Farm Workers (UFW), 105
United Nations (UN): CEDAW and, 308n14; Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children of, 11; slavery intervention force for, 273; Thai seafood industry and, 249
United Network for Organ Sharing, U.S. (UNOS), 127, 128
United States (U.S.): Bracero Program of, 104–5; brothel economics in, 290; Chinese Exclusion Act of, 104; Communications Decency Act of, 152–53; domestic work model in, 181; FLSA in, 106; freedom of speech in, 151, 168; Jim Crow laws in, 104; labor laws in, 106–7; labor trafficking in, 85–86, 103–5, 106–7; Lacey Act in, 249–50; Maria as sex trafficking survivor in, 213–14, 215; Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act in, 106; National Labor Relations Act in, 106; OSHA in, 107; Portal-to-Portal Pay Act for, 106; private military contractors in, 132–33, 142–43, 144; Revised Uniform Anatomical Gift Act of, 128; seafood imports of, 241; sex trafficking economics in, 267, 290; Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act in, 250; Thai seafood industry and laws and, 249–50; Thirteenth Amendment of, 6–7, 103; Trade Facilitation and Enforcement Act in, 250; Trafficking in Person’s Report of, 265–66; Trafficking Victim Protection Act of, 12, 107, 222; UFW in, 105; UNOS and, 127, 128. See also California agriculture sector; commercial sex; foster care system and sex trafficking, U.S.; sex trafficking and technology; Thai massage parlor, U.S.; U.S.-Mexico border; U.S. organ trafficking
universal primary school education: child labor and, 259–60; girls and, 260
UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children. See Palermo Protocol
UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery (1956), 15
up-front fees, 38, 44, 186, 187; bank loans as, 187; for construction, 195, 202; governance and, 262–63; in Malaysia, 202; in Singapore, 197–98
U.S. organ trafficking, 138; alleged Mexican family member in, 130–31; cadaver transplant system and, 127–28; costs of, 136, 137; Mexican drug cartels and, 110; Mexico migrant shelters and, 133–35; online marketplaces for, 129; OPOs for, 127, 128; organ brokers and, 130, 135–37; physician on, 142–44
Veera (baby factory survivor), 69
Walk Free Foundation: GSI of, 20; slavery data by, 19, 21
water: almond requirements for, 78–79, 93–94; beef requirements of, 93–94; California agriculture sector and, 93–94
West Bengal organ trafficking, India: dalals in, 112; Debjeet in, 112–13
World Health Organization (WHO): “Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue and Organ Transplantation,” 138–39
Yoruba tradition, 56, 71; Cult of Ayelala and, 57
