Authors’ Note: Why We Wrote This Book
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3. Blackburn, E., E. Epel, and J. Lin, “Human Telomere Biology: A Contributory and Interactive Factor in Aging, Disease Risks, and Protection,” Science 350, no. 6265 (December 4, 2015): 1193–98.
Introduction: A Tale of Two Telomeres
1. Bray, G. A. “From Farm to Fat Cell: Why Aren’t We All Fat?” Metabolism 64, no. 3 (March 2015):349–353, doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.09.012, Epub 2014 Oct 22, PMID: 25554523, p. 350.
2. Christensen, K., G. Doblhammer, R. Rau, and J. W. Vaupel, “Ageing Populations: The Challenges Ahead,” Lancet 374, no. 9696 (October 3, 2009): 1196–1208, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61460-4.
3. United Kingdom, Office for National Statistics, “One Third of Babies Born in 2013 Are Expected to Live to 100,” December 11, 2013, The National Archive, http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/lifetables/historic-and-projected-data-from-the-period-and-cohort-life-tables/2012-based/sty-babies-living-to-100.html, accessed November 30, 2015.
4. Bateson, M., “Cumulative Stress in Research Animals: Telomere Attrition as a Biomarker in a Welfare Context?” BioEssays 38, no. 2 (February 2016): 201–12, doi:10.1002/bies.201500127.
5. Epel, E., E. Puterman, J. Lin, E. Blackburn, A. Lazaro, and W. Mendes, “Wandering Minds and Aging Cells,” Clinical Psychological Science 1, no. 1 (January 2013): 75–83, doi:10.1177/2167702612460234.
6. Carlson, L. E., et al., “Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery and Supportive-Expressive Therapy Maintain Telomere Length Relative to Controls in Distressed Breast Cancer Survivors.” Cancer 121, no. 3 (February 1, 2015): 476–84, doi:10.1002/cncr.29063.
Chapter One: How Prematurely Aging Cells Make You Look, Feel, and Act Old
1. Epel, E. S., and G. J. Lithgow, “Stress Biology and Aging Mechanisms: Toward Understanding the Deep Connection Between Adaptation to Stress and Longevity,” Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 69 Suppl. 1 (June 2014): S10–16, doi:10.1093/gerona/glu055.
2. Baker, D. J., et al., “Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive Senescent Cells Delays Ageing-Associated Disorders,” Nature 479, no. 7372 (November 2, 2011): 232–36, doi:10.1038/nature10600.
3. Krunic, D., et al., “Tissue Context-Activated Telomerase in Human Epidermis Correlates with Little Age-Dependent Telomere Loss,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1792, no. 4 (April 2009): 297–308, doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.02.005.
4. Rinnerthaler, M., M. K. Streubel, J. Bischof, and K. Richter, “Skin Aging, Gene Expression and Calcium,” Experimental Gerontology 68 (August 2015): 59–65, doi:10.1016/j.exger.2014.09.015.
5. Dekker, P., et al., “Stress-Induced Responses of Human Skin Fibroblasts in Vitro Reflect Human Longevity,” Aging Cell 8, no. 5 (September 2009): 595–603, doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00506.x; and Dekker, P., et al., “Relation between Maximum Replicative Capacity and Oxidative Stress-Induced Responses in Human Skin Fibroblasts in Vitro,” Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 66, no. 1 (January 2011): 45–50, doi:10.1093/gerona/glq159.
6. Gilchrest, B. A., M. S. Eller, and M. Yaar, “Telomere-Mediated Effects on Melanogenesis and Skin Aging,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 14, no. 1 (August 2009): 25–31, doi:10.1038/jidsymp.2009.9.
7. Kassem, M., and P. J. Marie, “Senescence-Associated Intrinsic Mechanisms of Osteoblast Dysfunctions,” Aging Cell 10, no. 2 (April 2011): 191–97, doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00669.x.
8. Brennan, T. A., et al., “Mouse Models of Telomere Dysfunction Phenocopy Skeletal Changes Found in Human Age-Related Osteoporosis,” Disease Models and Mechanisms 7, no. 5 (May 2014): 583–92, doi:10.1242/dmm.014928.
9. Inomata, K., et al., “Genotoxic Stress Abrogates Renewal of Melanocyte Stem Cells by Triggering Their Differentiation,” Cell 137, no. 6 (June 12, 2009): 1088–99, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.037.
10. Jaskelioff, M., et al., “Telomerase Reactivation Reverses Tissue Degeneration in Aged Telomerase-Deficient Mice,” Nature 469, no. 7328 (January 6, 2011): 102–6, doi:10.1038/nature09603.
11. Panhard, S., I. Lozano, and G. Loussouam, “Greying of the Human Hair: A Worldwide Survey, Revisiting the ‘50’ Rule of Thumb,” British Journal of Dermatology 167, no. 4 (October 2012): 865–73, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11095.x.
12. Christensen, K., et al., “Perceived Age as Clinically Useful Biomarker of Ageing: Cohort Study,” BMJ 339 (December 2009): b5262.
13. Noordam, R., et al., “Cortisol Serum Levels in Familial Longevity and Perceived Age: The Leiden Longevity Study,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 37, no. 10 (October 2012): 1669–75; Noordam, R., et al., “High Serum Glucose Levels Are Associated with a Higher Perceived Age,” Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 35, no. 1 (February 2013): 189–95, doi:10.1007/s11357-011-9339-9; and Kido, M., et al., “Perceived Age of Facial Features Is a Significant Diagnosis Criterion for Age-Related Carotid Atherosclerosis in Japanese Subjects: J-SHIPP Study,” Geriatrics and Gerontology International 12, no. 4 (October 2012): 733-40, doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00824.x.
14. Codd, V., et al., “Identification of Seven Loci Affecting Mean Telomere Length and Their Association with Disease,” Nature Genetics 45, no. 4 (April 2013): 422–27, doi:10.1038/ng.2528.
15. Haycock, P. C., et al., “Leucocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” BMJ 349 (July 8, 2014): g4227, doi:10.1136/bmj.g4227.
16. Yaffe, K., et al., “Telomere Length and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Elders: Findings from the Health ABC Study,” Neurobiology of Aging 32, no. 11 (November 2011): 2055–60, doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.12.006.
17. Cohen-Manheim, I., et al., “Increased Attrition of Leukocyte Telomere Length in Young Adults Is Associated with Poorer Cognitive Function in Midlife,” European Journal of Epidemiology 31, no. 2 (February 2016), doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0051-4.
18. King, K. S., et al., “Effect of Leukocyte Telomere Length on Total and Regional Brain Volumes in a Large Population-Based Cohort,” JAMA Neurology 71, no. 10 (October 2014): 1247–54, doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1926.
19. Honig, L. S., et al., “Shorter Telomeres Are Associated with Mortality in Those with APOE Epsilon4 and Dementia,” Annals of Neurology 60, no. 2 (August 2006): 181–87, doi:10.1002/ana.20894.
20. Zhan, Y., et al., “Telomere Length Shortening and Alzheimer Disease—A Mendelian Randomization Study,” JAMA Neurology 72, no. 10 (October 2015): 1202–03, doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1513.
21. If you would like, you can contribute to studies on brain aging and disease without having to get your brain scanned, or even show up in person. Dr. Mike Weiner, a noted researcher at UCSF who leads the largest cohort study of Alzheimer’s disease worldwide, developed the online Brain Health Registry. By joining the Brain Health Registry you answer questionnaires and take online cognitive tests. We are helping him study the effects of stress on brain aging. You can find the registry at http://www.brainhealthregistry.org/
22. Ward, R. A., “How Old Am I? Perceived Age in Middle and Later Life,” International Journal of Aging and Human Development 71, no. 3 (2010): 167–84.
23. Ibid.
24. Levy, B., “Stereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 18, vol. 6 (December 1, 2009): 332–36.
25. Levy, B. R., et al., “Association Between Positive Age Stereotypes and Recovery from Disability in Older Persons,” JAMA 308, no. 19 (November 21, 2012): 1972–73, doi:10.1001/jama.2012.14541; Levy, B. R., A. B. Zonderman, M. D. Slade, and L. Ferrucci, “Age Stereotypes Held Earlier in Life Predict Cardiovascular Events in Later Life,”Psychological Science 20, no. 3 (March 2009): 296–98, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02298.x.
26. Haslam, C., et al., “‘When the Age Is In, the Wit Is Out’: Age-Related Self-Categorization and Deficit Expectations Reduce Performance on Clinical Tests Used in Dementia Assessment,” Psychology and Aging 27, no. 3 (April 2012): 778784, doi:10.1037/a0027754.
27. Levy, B. R., S. V. Kasl, and T. M. Gill, “Image of Aging Scale,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 99, no. 1 (August 2004): 208–10.
28. Ersner-Hershfield, H., J. A. Mikels, S. J. Sullivan, and L. L. Carstensen, “Poignancy: Mixed Emotional Experience in the Face of Meaningful Endings,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 1 (January 2008): 158–67.
29. Hershfield, H. E., S. Scheibe, T. L. Sims, and L. L. Carstensen, “When Feeling Bad Can Be Good: Mixed Emotions Benefit Physical Health Across Adulthood,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 4, no.1 (January 2013): 54-61.
30. Levy, B. R., J. M. Hausdorff, R. Hencke, and J. Y. Wei, “Reducing Cardiovascular Stress with Positive Self-Stereotypes of Aging,” Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 55, no. 4 (July 2000): P205–13.
31. Levy, B. R., M. D. Slade, S. R. Kunkel, and S. V. Kasl, “Longevity Increased by Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging,” Journal of Personal and Social Psychology 83, no. 2 (August 2002): 261–70.
Chapter Two: The Power of Long Telomeres
1. Lapham, K. et al., “Automated Assay of Telomere Length Measurement and Informatics for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort,” Genetics 200, no. 4 (August 2015):1061–72, doi:10.1534/genetics.115.178624.
2. Rode, L., B. G. Nordestgaard, and S. E. Bojesen, “Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Telomere Length and Mortality Among 64,637 Individuals from the General Population,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 107, no. 6 (May 2015): djv074, doi:10.1093/jnci/djv074.
3. Ibid.
4. Lapham et al., “Automated Assay of Telomere Length Measurement and Informatics for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort.” (See #1 above.)
5. Willeit, P., et al., “Leucocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Prospective Cohort Study and Literature-Based Meta-analysis,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 11 (2014): e112483, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112483; D’Mello, M. J., et al., “Association Between Shortened Leukocyte Telomere Length and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics 8, no. 1 (February 2015): 82–90, doi:10.1161/CIRCGENET ICS.113.000485; Haycock, P. C., et al., “Leucocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” BMJ 349 (2014): g4227, doi:10.1136/bmj.g4227; Zhang, C., et al., “The Association Between Telomere Length and Cancer Prognosis: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis,” PLOS ONE 10, no. 7 (2015): e0133174, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133174; and Adnot, S., et al., “Telomere Dysfunction and Cell Senescence in Chronic Lung Diseases: Therapeutic Potential,” Pharmacology & Therapeutics 153 (September 2015): 125–34, doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.007.
6. Njajou, O. T., et al., “Association Between Telomere Length, Specific Causes of Death, and Years of Healthy Life in Health, Aging, and Body Composition, a Population-Based Cohort Study,” Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 64, no. 8 (August 2009): 860–64, doi:10.1093/gerona/glp061.
Chapter Three: Telomerase, the Enzyme That Replenishes Telomeres
1. Vulliamy, T., A. Marrone, F. Goldman, A. Dearlove, M. Bessler, P. J. Mason, and I. Dokal. “The RNA Component of Telomerase Is Mutated in Autosomal Dominant Dyskeratosis Congenita.” Nature 413, no. 6854 (September 27, 2001): 432–35, doi:10.1038/35096585.
2. Epel, Elissa S., Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Jue Lin, Firdaus S. Dhabhar, Nancy E. Adler, Jason D. Morrow, and Richard M. Cawthon, “Accelerated Telomere Shortening in Response to Life Stress,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, no. 49 (December 7, 2004): 17312–315, doi:10.1073/pnas.0407162101.
Chapter Four: Unraveling: How Stress Gets into Your Cells
1. Evercare by United Healthcare and the National Alliance for Caregiving, “Evercare Survey of the Economic Downtown and Its Impact on Family Caregiving” (March 2009), 1.
2. Epel, E. S., et al., “Cell Aging in Relation to Stress Arousal and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 31, no. 3 (April 2006): 277–87, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.08.011.
3. Gotlib, I. H., et al., “Telomere Length and Cortisol Reactivity in Children of Depressed Mothers,” Molecular Psychiatry 20, no. 5 (May 2015): 615–20, doi:10.1038/mp.2014.119.
4. Oliveira, B. S., et al., “Systematic Review of the Association between Chronic Social Stress and Telomere Length: A Life Course Perspective,” Ageing Research Reviews 26 (March 2016): 37–52, doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.12.006; and Price, L. H., et al., “Telomeres and Early-Life Stress: An Overview.” Biological Psychiatry 73, no. 1 (January 2013): 15–23, doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.025.
5. Mathur, M. B., et al., “Perceived Stress and Telomere Length: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Methodologic Considerations for Advancing the Field,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 54 (May 2016): 158–69, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.002.
6. O’Donovan, A. J., et al., “Stress Appraisals and Cellular Aging: A Key Role for Anticipatory Threat in the Relationship Between Psychological Stress and Telomere Length,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 26, no. 4 (May 2012): 573–79, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.01.007.
7. Ibid.
8. Jefferson, A. L., et al., “Cardiac Index Is Associated with Brain Aging: The Framingham Heart Study,” Circulation 122, no. 7 (August 17, 2010): 690–97, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.905091; and Jefferson, A. L., et al., “Low Cardiac Index Is Associated with Incident Dementia and Alzheimer Disease: The Framingham Heart Study,” Circulation 131, no. 15 (April 14, 2015): 1333–39, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012438.
9. Sarkar, M., D. Fletcher, D. J. Brown, “What doesn’t kill me… : Adversity-Related Experiences Are Vital in the Development of Superior Olympic Performance,” Journal of Science in Medicine and Sport 18, no. 4 (July 2015): 475–79. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2014.06.010.
10. Epel, E., et al., “Can Meditation Slow Rate of Cellular Aging? Cognitive Stress, Mindfulness, and Telomeres,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1172 (August 2009): 34–53, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04414.x.
11. McLaughlin, K. A., M. A. Sheridan, S. Alves, and W. B. Mendes, “Child Maltreatment and Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity: Identifying Dysregulated Stress Reactivity Patterns by Using the Biopsychosocial Model of Challenge and Threat,” Psychosomatic Medicine 76, no. 7 (September 2014): 538–46, doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000098.
12. O’Donovan et al., “Stress Appraisals and Cellular Aging: A Key Role for Anticipatory Threat in the Relationship Between Psychological Stress and Telomere Length.” (See #6 above.)
13. Barrett, L., How Emotions Are Made (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, in press).
14. Ibid.
15. Jamieson, J. P., W. B. Mendes, E. Blackstock, and T. Schmader, “Turning the Knots in Your Stomach into Bows: Reappraising Arousal Improves Performance on the GRE,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46, no. 1 (January 2010): 208–12.
16. Beltzer, M. L, M. K. Nock, B. J. Peters, and J. P. Jamieson, “Rethinking Butterflies: The Affective, Physiological, and Performance Effects of Reappraising Arousal During Social Evaluation,” Emotion 14, no. 4 (August 2014): 761–68, doi:10.1037/a0036326.
17. Waugh, C. E., S. Panage, W. B. Mendes, and I. H. Gotlib, “Cardiovascular and Affective Recovery from Anticipatory Threat,” Biological Psychology 84, no. 2 (May 2010): 169–175, doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.010; and Lutz, A., et al., “Altered Anterior Insula Activation During Anticipation and Experience of Painful Stimuli in Expert Meditators,” NeuroImage 64 (January 1, 2013): 538–46, doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.030.
18. Herborn, K.A., et al., “Stress Exposure in Early Post-Natal Life Reduces Telomere Length: An Experimental Demonstration in a Long-Lived Seabird,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1782 (March 19, 2014): 20133151, doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3151.
19. Aydinonat, D., et al., “Social Isolation Shortens Telomeres in African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus),” PLOS ONE 9, no. 4 (2014): e93839, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093839.
20. Gouin, J. P., L. Hantsoo, and J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser, “Immune Dysregulation and Chronic Stress Among Older Adults: A Review,” Neuroimmunomodulation 15, nos. 4–6 (2008): 251–59, doi:10.1159/000156468.
21. Cao, W., et al., “Premature Aging of T-Cells Is Associated with Faster HIV-1 Disease Progression,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) 50, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 137–47, doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181926c28.
22. Cohen, S., et al., “Association Between Telomere Length and Experimentally Induced Upper Respiratory Viral Infection in Healthy Adults,” JAMA 309, no. 7 (February 20, 2013): 699–705, doi:10.1001/jama.2013.613.
23. Choi, J., S. R. Fauce, and R. B. Effros, “Reduced Telomerase Activity in Human T Lymphocytes Exposed to Cortisol,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 22, no. 4 (May 2008): 600–605, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.12.004.
24. Cohen, G. L., and D. K. Sherman, “The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention,” Annual Review of Psychology 65 (2014): 333–71, doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137.
25. Miyake, A., et al., “Reducing the Gender Achievement Gap in College Science: A Classroom Study of Values Affirmation,” Science 330, no. 6008 (November 26, 2010): 1234–37, doi:10.1126/science.1195996.
26. Dutcher, J. M., et al., “Self-Affirmation Activates the Ventral Striatum: A Possible Reward-Related Mechanism for Self-Affirmation,” Psychological Science 27, no. 4 (April 2016): 455–66, doi:10.1177/0956797615625989.
27. Kross, E., et al., “Self-Talk as a Regulatory Mechanism: How You Do It Matters,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 106, no. 2 (February 2014): 304–24, doi:10.1037/a0035173; and Bruehlman-Senecal, E., and O. Ayduk, “This Too Shall Pass: Temporal Distance and the Regulation of Emotional Distress,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108, no. 2 (February 2015): 356–75, doi:10.1037/a0038324.
28. Lebois, L. A. M., et al., “A Shift in Perspective: Decentering Through Mindful Attention to Imagined Stressful Events,” Neuropsychologia 75 (August 2015): 505–24, doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.030.
29. Kross, E., et al., “‘Asking Why’ from a Distance: Its Cognitive and Emotional Consequences for People with Major Depressive Disorder,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 121, no. 3 (August 2012): 559–69, doi:10.1037/a0028808.
Chapter Five: Mind Your Telomeres: Negative Thinking, Resilient Thinking
1. Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Roseman, Type A Behavior and Your Heart (New York: Knopf, 1974).
2. Chida, Y., and A. Steptoe, “The Association of Anger and Hostility with Future Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-analytic Review of Prospective Evidence,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53, no. 11 (March 17, 2009): 936–46, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.11.044.
3. Miller, T. Q, et al., “A Meta-analytic Review of Research on Hostility and Physical Health,” Psychological Bulletin 119, no. 2 (March 1996): 322–48.
4. Brydon, L., et al., “Hostility and Cellular Aging in Men from the Whitehall II Cohort,” Biological Psychiatry 71, no. 9 (May 2012): 767–73, doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.08.020.
5. Zalli, A., et al., “Shorter Telomeres with High Telomerase Activity Are Associated with Raised Allostatic Load and Impoverished Psychosocial Resources,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 12 (March 25, 2014): 4519–24, doi:10.1073/pnas.1322145111.
6. Low, C. A., R. C. Thurston, and K. A. Matthews, “Psychosocial Factors in the Development of Heart Disease in Women: Current Research and Future Directions,” Psychosomatic Medicine 72, no. 9 (November 2010): 842–54, doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f6934f.
7. O’Donovan, A., et al., “Pessimism Correlates with Leukocyte Telomere Shortness and Elevated Interleukin-6 in Post-menopausal Women,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 23, no. 4 (May 2009):446–49, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.11.006.
8. Ikeda, A., et al., “Pessimistic Orientation in Relation to Telomere Length in Older Men: The VA Normative Aging Study,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 42 (April 2014): 68–76, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.001; and Schutte, N. S., K. A. Suresh, and J. R. McFarlane, “The Relationship Between Optimism and Longer Telomeres,” 2016, under review.
9. Killingsworth, M. A., and D. T. Gilbert, “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind,” Science 330, no. 6006 (November 12, 2010): 932, doi:10.1126/science.1192439.
10. Epel, E. S., et al., “Wandering Minds and Aging Cells,” Clinical Psychological Science 1, no. 1 (January 2013): 75–83.
11. Kabat-Zinn, J., Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life (New York: Hyperion, 1995), p. 15.
12. Engert, V., J. Smallwood, and T. Singer, “Mind Your Thoughts: Associations Between Self-Generated Thoughts and Stress-Induced and Baseline Levels of Cortisol and Alpha-Amylase,” Biological Psychology 103 (December 2014): 283–91, doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.10.004.
13. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., “The Role of Rumination in Depressive Disorders and Mixed Anxiety/Depressive Symptoms,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109, no. 3 (August 2000): 504–11.
14. Lea Winerman, “Suppressing the ‘White Bears,’” Monitor on Psychology 42, no. 9 (October 2011): 44.
15. Alda, M., et al., “Zen Meditation, Length of Telomeres, and the Role of Experiential Avoidance and Compassion,” Mindfulness 7, no. 3 (June 2016): 651–59.
16. Querstret, D., and M. Cropley, “Assessing Treatments Used to Reduce Rumination and/or Worry: A Systematic Review,” Clinical Psychology Review 33, no. 8 (December 2013): 996–1009, doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.004.
17. Wallace, B. Alan, The Attention Revolution: Unlocking the Power of the Focused Mind (Boston: Wisdom, 2006).
18. Saron, Clifford, “Training the Mind: The Shamatha Project,” in The Healing Power of Meditation: Leading Experts on Buddhism, Psychology, and Medicine Explore the Health Benefits of Contemplative Practice, ed. Andy Fraser (Boston: Shambhala, 2013), 45–65.
19. Sahdra, B. K., et al., “Enhanced Response Inhibition During Intensive Meditation Training Predicts Improvements in Self-Reported Adaptive Socioemotional Functioning,” Emotion 11, no. 2 (April 2011): 299–312, doi:10.1037/a0022764.
20. Schaefer, S. M., et al., “Purpose in Life Predicts Better Emotional Recovery from Negative Stimuli,” PLOS ONE 8, no. 11 (2013): e80329, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080329.
21. Kim, E. S., et al., “Purpose in Life and Reduced Incidence of Stroke in Older Adults: The Health and Retirement Study,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 74, no. 5 (May 2013): 427–32, doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.01.013.
22. Boylan, J.M., and C. D. Ryff, “Psychological Wellbeing and Metabolic Syndrome: Findings from the Midlife in the United States National Sample,” Psychosomatic Medicine 77, no. 5 (June 2015): 548–58, doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000192.
23. Kim, E. S., V. J. Strecher, and C. D. Ryff, “Purpose in Life and Use of Preventive Health Care Services,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 46 (November 18, 2014): 16331–36, doi:10.1073/pnas.1414826111.
24. Jacobs, T.L., et al., “Intensive Meditation Training, Immune Cell Telomerase Activity, and Psychological Mediators,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 36, no. 5 (June 2011): 664–81, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.010.
25. Varma, V. R., et al., “Experience Corps Baltimore: Exploring the Stressors and Rewards of High-Intensity Civic Engagement,” Gerontologist 55, no. 6 (December 2015): 1038–49, doi:10.1093/geront/gnu011.
26. Gruenewald, T. L., et al., “The Baltimore Experience Corps Trial: Enhancing Generativity via Intergenerational Activity Engagement in Later Life,” Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, February 25, 2015, doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv005.
27. Carlson, M. C., et al., “Impact of the Baltimore Experience Corps Trial on Cortical and Hippocampal Volumes,” Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association 11, no. 11 (November 2015): 1340–48, doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.12.005.
28. Sadahiro, R., et al., “Relationship Between Leukocyte Telomere Length and Personality Traits in Healthy Subjects,” European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists 30, no. 2 (February 2015): 291–95, doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.03.003.
29. Edmonds, G. W., H. C. Côté, and S. E. Hampson, “Childhood Conscientiousness and Leukocyte Telomere Length 40 Years Later in Adult Women—Preliminary Findings of a Prospective Association,” PLOS ONE 10, no. 7 (2015): e0134077, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134077.
30. Friedman, H. S., and M. L. Kern, “Personality, Wellbeing, and Health,” Annual Review of Psychology 65 (2014): 719–42.
31. Costa, D. de S., et al., “Telomere Length Is Highly Inherited and Associated with Hyperactivity-Impulsivity in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,” Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 8 (2015): 28, doi:10.3389/fnmol.2015.00028; and Yim, O. S., et al., “Delay Discounting, Genetic Sensitivity, and Leukocyte Telomere Length,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, no. 10 (March 8, 2016): 2780–85, doi:10.1073/pnas.1514351113.
32. Martin, L.R., H. S. Friedman, and J. E. Schwartz, “Personality and Mortality Risk Across the Life Span: The Importance of Conscientiousness as a Biopsychosocial Attribute,” Health Psychology 26, no. 4 (July 2007): 428–36; and Costa, P. T., Jr., et al., “Personality Facets and All-Cause Mortality Among Medicare Patients Aged 66 to 102 Years: A Follow-On Study of Weiss and Costa (2005),” Psychosomatic Medicine 76, no. 5 (June 2014): 370–78, doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000070.
33. Shanahan, M. J., et al., “Conscientiousness, Health, and Aging: The Life Course of Personality Model,” Developmental Psychology 50, no. 5 (May 2014): 1407–25, doi:10.1037/a0031130.
34. Raes, F., E. Pommier, K. D. Neff, and D. Van Gucht, “Construction and Factorial Validation of a Short Form of the Self-Compassion Scale,” Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 18, no. 3 (May–June 2011): 250–55, doi:10.1002/cpp.702.
35. Breines, J. G., et al., “Self-Compassionate Young Adults Show Lower Salivary Alpha-Amylase Responses to Repeated Psychosocial Stress,” Self Identity 14, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 390–402.
36. Finlay-Jones, A. L., C. S. Rees, and R. T. Kane, “Self-Compassion, Emotion Regulation and Stress Among Australian Psychologists: Testing an Emotion Regulation Model of Self-Compassion Using Structural Equation Modeling,” PLOS ONE 10, no. 7 (2015): e0133481, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133481.
37. Alda et al., “Zen Meditation, Length of Telomeres, and the Role of Experiential Avoidance and Compassion.” (See #15 above.)
38. Hoge, E. A., et al., “Loving-Kindness Meditation Practice Associated with Longer Telomeres in Women,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 32 (August 2013): 159–63, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.04.005.
39. Smeets, E., K. Neff, H. Alberts, and M. Peters, “Meeting Suffering with Kindness: Effects of a Brief Self-Compassion Intervention for Female College Students,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 70, no. 9 (September 2014): 794–807, doi:10.1002/jclp.22076; and Neff, K. D., and C. K. Germer, “A Pilot Study and Randomized Controlled Trial of the Mindful Self-Compassion Program,” Journal Of Clinical Psychology 69, no. 1 (January 2013): 28–44, doi:10.1002/jclp.21923.
40. This exercise is adapted from Dr. Neff’s website: http://self-compassion.org/exercise-2-self-compassion-break/. For more information on developing self-compassion, see K. Neff, Self-Compassion: The Proven Power of Being Kind to Yourself (New York: HarperCollins, 2011).
41. Valenzuela, M., and P. Sachdev, “Can cognitive exercise prevent the onset of dementia? Systematic review of randomized clinical trials with longitudinal follow-up.” Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2009. 17(3): p. 179–87.
Assessment: How Does Your Personality Influence Your Stress Responses?
1. Scheier, M. F., C. S. Carver, and M. W. Bridges, “Distinguishing Optimism from Neuroticism (and Trait Anxiety, Self-Mastery, and Self-Esteem): A Reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67, no. 6 (December 1994): 1063–78.
2. Marshall, Grant N., et al. “Distinguishing Optimism from Pessimism: Relations to Fundamental Dimensions of Mood and Personality,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62.6 (1992): 1067.
3. O’Donovan et al., “Pessimism Correlates with Leukocyte Telomere Shortness and Elevated Interleukin-6 in Post-Menopausal Women” (see #7 above); and Ikeda et al., “Pessimistic Orientation in Relation to Telomere Length in Older Men: The VA Normative Aging Study” (see #8 above).
4. Glaesmer, H., et al., “Psychometric Properties and Population-Based Norms of the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R),” British Journal of Health Psychology 17, no. 2 (May 2012): 432–45, doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02046.x.
5. Eckhardt, Christopher, Bradley Norlander, and Jerry Deffenbacher, “The Assessment of Anger and Hostility: A Critical Review,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 9, no. 1 (January 2004): 17–43, doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(02)00116-7.
6. Brydon et al., “Hostility and Cellular Aging in Men from the Whitehall II Cohort.” (See #4 above.)
7. Trapnell, P. D., and J. D. Campbell, “Private Self-Consciousness and the Five-Factor Model of Personality: Distinguishing Rumination from Reflection,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76, no. 2 (February 1999) 284–304.
8. Ibid; and Trapnell, P.D., “Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ) Shortforms,” unpublished data, University of British Columbia (1997).
9. Ibid.
10. John, O. P., E. M. Donahue, and R. L. Kentle, The Big Five Inventory—Versions 4a and 54 (Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research, 1991). We thank Dr. Oliver John of UC Berkeley for permission to use this scale. John, O. P., and S. Srivastava, “The Big-Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Theoretical Perspectives,” in Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, ed. L. A. Pervin and O. P. John, 2nd ed. (New York: Guilford Press, 1999): 102–38.
11. Sadahiro, R., et al., “Relationship Between Leukocyte Telomere Length and Personality Traits in Healthy Subjects,” European Psychiatry 30, no. 2 (February 2015): 291–95, doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.03.003, pmid: 24768472.
12. Srivastava, S., et al., “Development of Personality in Early and Middle Adulthood: Set Like Plaster or Persistent Change?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84, no. 5 (May 2003): 1041–53, doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1041.
13. Ryff, C. D., and C. L. Keyes, “The Structure of Psychological Wellbeing Revisited,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, no. 4 (October 1995): 719–27.
14. Scheier, M. F., et al., “The Life Engagement Test: Assessing Purpose in Life,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 29, no. 3 (June 2006): 291–98, doi:10.1007/s10865-005-9044-1.
15. Pearson, E. L., et al., “Normative Data and Longitudinal Invariance of the Life Engagement Test (LET) in a Community Sample of Older Adults,” Quality of Life Research 22, no. 2 (March 2013): 327–31, doi:10.1007/s11136-012-0146-2.
Chapter Six: When Blue Turns to Gray: Depression and Anxiety
1. Whiteford, H. A., et al., “Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Mental and Substance Use Disorders: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010,” Lancet 382, no. 9904 (November 9, 2013): 1575–86, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6.
2. Verhoeven, J. E., et al., “Anxiety Disorders and Accelerated Cellular Ageing,” British Journal of Psychiatry 206, no. 5 (May 2015): 371–78.
3. Cai, N., et al., “Molecular Signatures of Major Depression,” Current Biology 25, no. 9 (May 4, 2015): 1146–56, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.008.
4. Verhoeven, J. E., et al., “Major Depressive Disorder and Accelerated Cellular Aging: Results from a Large Psychiatric Cohort Study,” Molecular Psychiatry 19, no. 8 (August 2014): 895–901, doi:10.1038/mp.2013.151.
5. Mamdani, F., et al., “Variable Telomere Length Across Post-Mortem Human Brain Regions and Specific Reduction in the Hippocampus of Major Depressive Disorder,” Translational Psychiatry 5 (September 15, 2015): e636, doi:10.1038/tp.2015.134.
6. Zhou, Q. G., et al., “Hippocampal Telomerase Is Involved in the Modulation of Depressive Behaviors,” Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 34 (August 24, 2011): 12258–69, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0805-11.2011.
7. Wolkowitz, O. M., et al., “PBMC Telomerase Activity, but Not Leukocyte Telomere Length, Correlates with Hippocampal Volume in Major Depression,” Psychiatry Research 232, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 58–64, doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.01.007.
8. Darrow, S. M., et al., “The Association between Psychiatric Disorders and Telomere Length: A Meta-analysis Involving 14,827 Persons,” Psychosomatic Medicine 78, no. 7 (September 2016): 776–87, doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000356.
9. Cai et al., “Molecular Signatures of Major Depression.” (See #3 above.)
10. Verhoeven, J. E., et al., “The Association of Early and Recent Psychosocial Life Stress with Leukocyte Telomere Length,” Psychosomatic Medicine 77, no. 8 (October 2015): 882–91, doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000226.
11. Verhoeven, J. E., et al., “Major Depressive Disorder and Accelerated Cellular Aging: Results from a Large Psychiatric Cohort Study,” Molecular Psychiatry 19, no. 8 (August 2014): 895–901, doi:10.1038/mp.2013.151.
12. Ibid.
13. Cai et al., “Molecular Signatures of Major Depression.” (See #3 above.)
14. Eisendrath, S. J., et al., “A Preliminary Study: Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Versus Sertraline as First-Line Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder,” Mindfulness 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 475–82, doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0280-8; and Kuyken, W., et al., “The Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Compared with Maintenance Antidepressant Treatment in the Prevention of Depressive Relapse/Recurrence: Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial (the PREVENT Study),” Health Technology Assessment 19, no. 73 (September 2015): 1–124, doi:10.3310/hta19730.
15. Teasdale, J. D., et al., “Prevention of Relapse/Recurrence in Major Depression by Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68, no. 4 (August 2000): 615–23.
16. Teasdale, J., M. Williams, and Z. Segal, The Mindful Way Workbook: An 8-Week Program to Free Yourself from Depression and Emotional Distress (New York: Guilford Press, 2014).
17. Wolfson, W., and Epel, E. (2006), “Stress, Post-traumatic Growth, and Leukocyte Aging,” poster presentation at the American Psychosomatic Society 64th Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, Abstract 1476.
18. Segal, Z., J. M. G. Williams, and J. Teasdale, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression, 2nd ed. (New York: Guilford Press, 2013), pp. 74–75. (The three-minute breathing space is part of the MBCT program. Our breathing break is a modified version).
19. Bai, Z., et al., “Investigating the Effect of Transcendental Meditation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Journal of Human Hypertension 29, no. 11 (November 2015): 653–62. doi:10.1038/jhh.2015.6; and Cernes, R., and R. Zimlichman, “RESPeRATE: The Role of Paced Breathing in Hypertension Treatment,” Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 9, no. 1 (January 2015): 38–47, doi:10.1016/j.jash.2014.10.002.
Master Tips for Renewal: Stress-Reducing Techniques Shown to Boost Telomere Maintenance
1. Morgan, N., M. R. Irwin, M. Chung, and C. Wang, “The Effects of Mind-Body Therapies on the Immune System: Meta-analysis,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 7 (2014): e100903, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100903.
2. Conklin, Q., et al., “Telomere Lengthening After Three Weeks of an Intensive Insight Meditation Retreat,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 61 (November 2015): 26–27, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.462.
3. Epel, E., et al. “Meditation and Vacation Effects Impact Disease-Associated Molecular Phenotypes,” Translational Psychiatry (August 2016): 6, e880, doi: 10.1038/tp.2016.164.
4. Kabat-Zinn, J., Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness, rev. ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 2013).
5. Lengacher, C. A., et al., “Influence of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on Telomerase Activity in Women with Breast Cancer (BC),” Biological Research for Nursing 16, no. 4 (October 2014): 438–47, doi:10.1177/1099800413519495.
6. Carlson, L. E., et al., “Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery and Supportive-Expressive Therapy Maintain Telomere Length Relative to Controls in Distressed Breast Cancer Survivors,” Cancer 121, no. 3 (February 1, 2015): 476–84, doi:10.1002/cncr.29063.
7. Black, D. S., et al., “Yogic Meditation Reverses NF-κB-and IRF-Related Transcriptome Dynamics in Leukocytes of Family Dementia Caregivers in a Randomized Controlled Trial,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 38, no. 3 (March 2013): 348–55, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.011.
8. Lavretsky, H., et al.,”A Pilot Study of Yogic Meditation for Family Dementia Caregivers with Depressive Symptoms: Effects on Mental Health, Cognition, and Telomerase Activity,” International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 28, no. 1 (January 2013): 57–65, doi:10.1002/gps.3790.
9. Desveaux, L., A. Lee, R. Goldstein, and D. Brooks, “Yoga in the Management of Chronic Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Medical Care 53, no. 7 (July 2015): 653–61, doi:10.1097/MLR.0000000000000372.
10. Hartley, L., et al., “Yoga for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5 (May 13, 2014): CD010072, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010072.pub2.
11. Lu, Y. H., B. Rosner, G. Chang, and L. M. Fishman, “Twelve-Minute Daily Yoga Regimen Reverses Osteoporotic Bone Loss,” Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 32, no. 2 (April 2016): 81–87.
12. Liu, X., et al., “A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Qigong and Tai Chi for Depressive Symptoms,” Complementary Therapies in Medicine 23, no. 4 (August 2015): 516–34, doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2015.05.001.
13. Freire, M. D., and C. Alves, “Therapeutic Chinese Exercises (Qigong) in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review,” Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 7, no. 1 (March 2013): 56–59, doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2013.02.009.
14. Ho, R. T. H., et al., “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Qigong Exercise on Fatigue Symptoms, Functioning, and Telomerase Activity in Persons with Chronic Fatigue or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 44, no. 2 (October 2012): 160–70, doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9381-6.
15. Ornish D., et al., “Effect of Comprehensive Lifestyle Changes on Telomerase Activity and Telomere Length in Men with Biopsy-Proven Low-Risk Prostate Cancer: 5-Year Follow-Up of a Descriptive Pilot Study,” Lancet Oncology 14, no. 11 (October 2013): 1112–20, doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70366-8.
Assessment: What’s Your Telomere Trajectory? Protective and Risky Factors
1. Ahola, K., et al., “Work-Related Exhaustion and Telomere Length: A Population-Based Study,” PLOS ONE 7, no. 7 (2012): e40186, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040186.
2. Damjanovic, A. K., et al., “Accelerated Telomere Erosion Is Associated with a Declining Immune Function of Caregivers of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients,” Journal of Immunology 179, no. 6 (September 15, 2007): 4249–54.
3. Geronimus, A. T., et al., “Race-Ethnicity, Poverty, Urban Stressors, and Telomere Length in a Detroit Community-Based Sample,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 56, no. 2 (June 2015): 199–224, doi:10.1177/0022146515582100.
4. Darrow, S. M., et al., “The Association between Psychiatric Disorders and Telomere Length: A Meta-analysis Involving 14,827 Persons,” Psychosomatic Medicine 78, no. 7 (September 2016): 776–87, doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000356; and Lindqvist et al, “Psychiatric Disorders and Leukocyte Telomere Length: Underlying Mechanisms Linking Mental Illness with Cellular Aging,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 55 (August 2015): 333–64, doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.007.
5. Mitchell, P. H., et al., “A Short Social Support Measure for Patients Recovering from Myocardial Infarction: The ENRICHD Social Support Inventory,” Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 23, no. 6 (November–December 2003): 398–403.
6. Zalli, A., et al., “Shorter Telomeres with High Telomerase Activity Are Associated with Raised Allostatic Load and Impoverished Psychosocial Resources,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 12 (March 25, 2014): 4519–24, doi:10.1073/pnas.1322145111; and Carroll, J. E., A. V. Diez Roux, A. L. Fitzpatrick, and T. Seeman, “Low Social Support Is Associated with Shorter Leukocyte Telomere Length in Late Life: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis,” Psychosomatic Medicine 75, no. 2 (February 2013): 171–77, doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31828233bf.
7. Carroll et al., “Low Social Support Is Associated with Shorter Leukocyte Telomere Length in Late Life: Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.” (See #6 above.)
8. Kiernan, M., et al., “The Stanford Leisure-Time Activity Categorical Item (L-Cat): A Single Categorical Item Sensitive to Physical Activity Changes in Overweight/Obese Women,” International Journal of Obesity (2005) 37, no. 12 (December 2013): 1597–1602, doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.36.
9. Puterman, E., et al., “The Power of Exercise: Buffering the Effect of Chronic Stress on Telomere Length,” PLOS ONE 5, no. 5 (2010): e10837, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010837; and Puterman, E., et al., “Determinants of Telomere Attrition over One Year in Healthy Older Women: Stress and Health Behaviors Matter,” Molecular Psychiatry 20, no. 4 (April 2015): 529–35, doi:10.1038/mp.2014.70.
10. Werner, C., A. Hecksteden, J. Zundler, M. Boehm, T. Meyer, and U. Laufs. “Differential Effects of Aerobic Endurance, Interval and Strength Endurance Training on Telomerase Activity and Senescence Marker Expression in Circulating Mononuclear Cells.” European Heart Journal 36 (2015) (Abstract Supplement): P2370. Manuscript in progress.
11. Buysse D. J., et al., “The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A New Instrument for Psychiatric Practice and Research,” Psychiatry Research 28, no. 2 (May 1989): 193–213.
12. Prather, A. A., et al., “Tired Telomeres: Poor Global Sleep Quality, Perceived Stress, and Telomere Length in Immune Cell Subsets in Obese Men and Women,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 47 (July 2015): 155–162, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.011.
13. Farzaneh-Far, R., et al., “Association of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels with Telomeric Aging in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease,” JAMA 303, no. 3 (January 20, 2010): 250–57, doi:10.1001/jama.2009.2008.
14. Lee, J. Y., et al., “Association Between Dietary Patterns in the Remote Past and Telomere Length,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, no. 9 (September 2015): 1048–52, doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.58.
15. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., et al., “Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Oxidative Stress, and Leukocyte Telomere Length: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 28 (February 2013): 16–24, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.004.
16. Lee, “Association between Dietary Patterns in the Remote Past and Telomere Length” (see #14 above); Leung, C. W., et al., “Soda and Cell Aging: Associations Between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Healthy Adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys,” American Journal of Public Health 104, no. 12 (December 2014): 2425–31, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302151; and Leung, C., et al., “Sugary Beverage and Food Consumption and Leukocyte Telomere Length Maintenance in Pregnant Women,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (June 2016): doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.v93.
17. Nettleton, J. A., et al., “Dietary Patterns, Food Groups, and Telomere Length in the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA),” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88, no. 5 (November 2008): 1405–12.
18. Valdes, A. M., et al., “Obesity, Cigarette Smoking, and Telomere Length in Women,” Lancet 366, no. 9486 (August 20–26, 2005): 662–664; and McGrath, M., et al., “Telomere Length, Cigarette Smoking, and Bladder Cancer Risk in Men and Women,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Prevention 16, no. 4 (April 2007): 815–19.
19. Kahl, V. F., et al., “Telomere Measurement in Individuals Occupationally Exposed to Pesticide Mixtures in Tobacco Fields,” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 57, no. 1 (January 2016): 74–84, doi:10.1002/em.21984.
20. Pavanello, S., et al., “Shorter Telomere Length in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Workers Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” Carcinogenesis 31, no. 2 (February 2010): 216–21, doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp278.
21. Hou, L., et al., “Air Pollution Exposure and Telomere Length in Highly Exposed Subjects in Beijing, China: A Repeated-Measure Study,” Environment International 48 (November 1, 2012): 71–77, doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.020; and Hoxha, M., et al., “Association between Leukocyte Telomere Shortening and Exposure to Traffic Pollution: A Cross-Sectional Study on Traffic Officers and Indoor Office Workers,” Environmental Health 8 (September 21, 2009): 41, doi:10.1186/1476-069X-8-41.
22. Wu, Y., et al., “High Lead Exposure Is Associated with Telomere Length Shortening in Chinese Battery Manufacturing Plant Workers,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 69, no. 8 (August 2012): 557–63, doi:10.1136/oemed-2011-100478.
23. Pavanello et al., “Shorter Telomere Length in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Workers Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons” (see #20 above); and Bin, P., et al., “Association Between Telomere Length and Occupational Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure,” Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 44, no. 6 (June 2010): 535–38. (The article is in Chinese.)
Chapter Seven: Training Your Telomeres: How Much Exercise Is Enough?
1. Najarro, K., et al., “Telomere Length as an Indicator of the Robustness of B-and T-Cell Response to Influenza in Older Adults,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 212, no. 8 (October 15, 2015): 1261–69, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv202.
2. Simpson, R. J., et al., “Exercise and the Aging Immune System,” Ageing Research Reviews 11, no. 3 (July 2012): 404–20, doi:10.1016/j.arr.2012.03.003.
3. Cherkas, L. F., et al., “The Association between Physical Activity in Leisure Time and Leukocyte Telomere Length,” Archives of Internal Medicine 168, no. 2 (January 28, 2008): 154–58, doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2007.39.
4. Loprinzi, P. D., “Leisure-Time Screen-Based Sedentary Behavior and Leukocyte Telomere Length: Implications for a New Leisure-Time Screen-Based Sedentary Behavior Mechanism,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 90, no. 6 (June 2015): 786–90, doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.02.018; and Sjögren, P., et al., “Stand Up for Health—Avoiding Sedentary Behaviour Might Lengthen Your Telomeres: Secondary Outcomes from a Physical Activity RCT in Older People,” British Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no 19 (October 2014): 1407–09, doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093342.
5. Werner, C., et al., “Differential Effects of Aerobic Endurance, Interval and Strength Endurance Training on Telomerase Activity and Senescence Marker Expression in Circulating Mononuclear Cells,” European Heart Journal 36 (abstract supplement) (August 2015): P2370, http://eur heartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/ehj/36/suppl_1/163.full.pdf.
6. Loprinzi, P. D., J. P. Loenneke, and E. H. Blackburn, “Movement-Based Behaviors and Leukocyte Telomere Length among US Adults,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 47, no. 11 (November 2015): 2347–52, doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000695.
7. Chilton, W. L., et al., “Acute Exercise Leads to Regulation of Telomere-Associated Genes and MicroRNA Expression in Immune Cells,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 4 (2014): e92088, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092088.
8. Denham, J., et al., “Increased Expression of Telomere-Regulating Genes in Endurance Athletes with Long Leukocyte Telomeres,” Journal of Applied Physiology (1985) 120, no. 2 (January 15, 2016): 148–58, doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00587.2015.
9. Rana, K. S., et al., “Plasma Irisin Levels Predict Telomere Length in Healthy Adults,” Age 36, no. 2 (April 2014): 995–1001, doi:10.1007/s11357-014-9620-9.
10. Mooren, F. C., and K. Krüger, “Exercise, Autophagy, and Apoptosis,” Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science 135 (2015): 407–22, doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.023.
11. Hood, D. A., et al., “Exercise and the Regulation of Mitochondrial Turnover,” Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science 135 (2015): 99–127, doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.007.
12. Loprinzi, P. D., “Cardiorespiratory Capacity and Leukocyte Telomere Length Among Adults in the United States,” American Journal of Epidemiology 182, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 198–201, doi:10.1093/aje/kwv056.
13. Krauss, J., et al., “Physical Fitness and Telomere Length in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: Findings from the Heart and Soul Study,” PLOS ONE 6, no. 11 (2011): e26983, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026983.
14. Denham, J., et al., “Longer Leukocyte Telomeres Are Associated with Ultra-Endurance Exercise Independent of Cardiovascular Risk Factors,” PLOS ONE 8, no. 7 (2013): e69377, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069377.
15. Denham et al., “Increased Expression of Telomere-Regulating Genes in Endurance Athletes with Long Leukocyte Telomeres.” (See #8 above.)
16. Laine, M. K., et al., “Effect of Intensive Exercise in Early Adult Life on Telomere Length in Later Life in Men,” Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 14, no. 2 (June 2015): 239–45.
17. Werner, C., et al., “Physical Exercise Prevents Cellular Senescence in Circulating Leukocytes and in the Vessel Wall,” Circulation 120, no. 24 (December 15, 2009): 2438–47, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.861005.
18. Saßenroth, D., et al., “Sports and Exercise at Different Ages and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Later Life—Data from the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II),” PLOS ONE 10, no. 12 (2015): e0142131, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142131.
19. Collins, M., et al., “Athletes with Exercise-Associated Fatigue Have Abnormally Short Muscle DNA Telomeres,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35, no. 9 (September 2003): 1524–28.
20. Wichers, M., et al., “A Time-Lagged Momentary Assessment Study on Daily Life Physical Activity and Affect,” Health Psychology 31, no. 2 (March 2012): 135–144, doi:10.1037/a0025688.
21. Von Haaren, B., et al., “Does a 20-Week Aerobic Exercise Training Programme Increase Our Capabilities to Buffer Real-Life Stressors? A Randomized, Controlled Trial Using Ambulatory Assessment,” European Journal of Applied Physiology 116, no. 2 (February 2016): 383–94, doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3284-8.
22. Puterman, E., et al., “The Power of Exercise: Buffering the Effect of Chronic Stress on Telomere Length,” PLOS ONE 5, no. 5 (2010): e10837, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010837.
23. Puterman, E., et al., “Multisystem Resiliency Moderates the Major Depression–Telomere Length Association: Findings from the Heart and Soul Study,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 33 (October 2013): 65–73, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.05.008.
24. Werner et al., “Differential Effects of Aerobic Endurance, Interval and Strength Endurance Training on Telomerase Activity and Senescence Marker Expression in Circulating Mononuclear Cells.” (See #5 above.)
25. Masuki, S., et al., “The Factors Affecting Adherence to a Long-Term Interval Walking Training Program in Middle-Aged and Older People,” Journal of Applied Physiology (1985) 118, no. 5 (March 1, 2015): 595–603, doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00819.2014.
26. Loprinzi, “Leisure-Time Screen-Based Sedentary Behavior and Leukocyte Telomere Length.” (See #4 above.)
Chapter Eight: Tired Telomeres: From Exhaustion to Restoration
1. “Lack of Sleep Is Affecting Americans, Finds the National Sleep Foundation,” National Sleep Foundation, https://sleepfoundation.org/media-center/press-release/lack-sleep-affecting-americans-finds-the-national-sleep-foundation, accessed September 29, 2015.
2. Carroll, J. E., et al., “Insomnia and Telomere Length in Older Adults,” Sleep 39, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 559–64, doi:10.5665/sleep.5526.
3. Micic, G., et al., “The Etiology of Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 27 (June 2016): 29–38, doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.06.004.
4. Sachdeva, U. M., and C. B. Thompson, “Diurnal Rhythms of Autophagy: Implications for Cell Biology and Human Disease,” Autophagy 4, no. 5 (July 2008): 581–89.
5. Gonnissen, H. K. J., T. Hulshof, and M. S. Westerterp-Plantenga, “Chronobiology, Endocrinology, and Energy-and-Food-Reward Homeostasis,” Obesity Reviews 14, no. 5 (May 2013): 405–16, doi:10.1111/obr.12019.
6. Van der Helm, E., and M. P. Walker, “Sleep and Emotional Memory Processing,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 6, no. 1 (March 2011): 31–43.
7. Meerlo, P., A. Sgoifo, and D. Suchecki, “Restricted and Disrupted Sleep: Effects on Autonomic Function, Neuroendocrine Stress Systems and Stress Responsivity,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 12, no. 3 (June 2008): 197–210, doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.007.
8. Walker, M. P., “Sleep, Memory, and Emotion,” Progress in Brain Research 185 (2010): 49–68, doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53702-7.00004-X.
9. Lee, K. A., et al., “Telomere Length Is Associated with Sleep Duration but Not Sleep Quality in Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus,” Sleep 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 157–66, doi:10.5665/sleep.3328; and Cribbet, M. R., et al., “Cellular Aging and Restorative Processes: Subjective Sleep Quality and Duration Moderate the Association between Age and Telomere Length in a Sample of Middle-Aged and Older Adults,” Sleep 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 65–70, doi:10.5665/sleep.3308.
10. Jackowska, M., et. al., “Short Sleep Duration Is Associated with Shorter Telomere Length in Healthy Men: Findings from the Whitehall II Cohort Study,” PLOS ONE 7, no. 10 (2012): e47292, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047292.
11. Cribbet et al., “Cellular Aging and Restorative Processes.” (See #9 above.)
12. Ibid.
13. Prather, A. A., et al., “Tired Telomeres: Poor Global Sleep Quality, Perceived Stress, and Telomere Length in Immune Cell Subsets in Obese Men and Women,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 47 (July 2015): 155–62, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.011.
14. Chen, W. D., et al., “The Circadian Rhythm Controls Telomeres and Telomerase Activity,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 451, no. 3 (August 29, 2014): 408–14, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.138.
15. Ong, J., and D. Sholtes, “A Mindfulness-Based Approach to the Treatment of Insomnia,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 66, no. 11 (November 2010): 1175–84, doi:10.1002/jclp.20736.
16. Ong, J. C., et al., “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness Meditation for Chronic Insomnia,” Sleep 37, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 1553–63B, doi:10.5665/sleep.4010.
17. Chang, A. M., D. Aeschbach, J. F. Duffy, and C. A. Czeisler, “Evening Use of Light-Emitting eReaders Negatively Affects Sleep, Circadian Timing, and Next-Morning Alertness,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 4 (January 2015): 1232–37, doi:10.1073/pnas.1418490112.
18. Dang-Vu, T. T., et al., “Spontaneous Brain Rhythms Predict Sleep Stability in the Face of Noise,” Current Biology 20, no. 15 (August 10, 2010): R626–27, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.06.032.
19. Griefhan, B., P. Bröde, A. Marks, and M. Basner, “Autonomic Arousals Related to Traffic Noise During Sleep,” Sleep 31, no. 4 (April 2008): 569–77.
20. Savolainen, K., et al., “The History of Sleep Apnea Is Associated with Shorter Leukocyte Telomere Length: The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study,” Sleep Medicine 15, no. 2 (February 2014): 209–12, doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.11.779.
21. Salihu, H. M., et al., “Association Between Maternal Symptoms of Sleep Disordered Breathing and Fetal Telomere Length,” Sleep 38, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 559–66, doi:10.5665/sleep.4570.
22. Shin, C., C. H. Yun, D. W. Yoon, and I. Baik, “Association Between Snoring and Leukocyte Telomere Length,” Sleep 39, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 767–72, doi:10.5665/sleep.5624.
Chapter Nine: Telomeres Weigh In: A Healthy Metabolism
1. Mundstock, E., et al., “Effect of Obesity on Telomere Length: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Obesity (Silver Spring) 23, no. 11 (November 2015): 2165–74, doi:10.1002/oby.21183.
2. Bosello, O., M. P. Donataccio, and M. Cuzzolaro, “Obesity or Obesities? Controversies on the Association Between Body Mass Index and Premature Mortality,” Eating and Weight Disorders 21, no. 2 (June 2016): 165–74, doi:10.1007/s40519-016-0278-4.
3. Farzaneh-Far, R., et al., “Telomere Length Trajectory and Its Determinants in Persons with Coronary Artery Disease: Longitudinal Findings from the Heart and Soul Study,” PLOS ONE 5, no. 1 (January 2010): e8612, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008612.
4. “IDF Diabetes Atlas, Sixth Edition,” International Diabetes Federation,http://www.idf.org/atlasmap/atlasmap?indicator=i1&date=2014, accessed September 16, 2015.
5. Farzaneh-Far et al., “Telomere Length Trajectory and Its Determinants in Persons with Coronary Artery Disease.” (See #3 above.)
6. Verhulst, S., et al., “A Short Leucocyte Telomere Length Is Associated with Development of Insulin Resistance,” Diabetologia 59, no. 6 (June 2016): 1258–65, doi:10.1007/s00125-016-3915-6.
7. Zhao, J., et al., “Short Leukocyte Telomere Length Predicts Risk of Diabetes in American Indians: The Strong Heart Family Study,” Diabetes 63, no. 1 (January 2014): 354–62, doi:10.2337/db13-0744.
8. Willeit, P., et al., “Leucocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Prospective Cohort Study and Literature-Based Meta-analysis,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 11 (2014): e112483, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112483.
9. Guo, N., et al., “Short Telomeres Compromise β-Cell Signaling and Survival,” PLOS ONE 6, no. 3 (2011): e17858, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017858.
10. Formichi, C., et al., “Weight Loss Associated with Bariatric Surgery Does Not Restore Short Telomere Length of Severe Obese Patients after 1 Year,” Obesity Surgery 24, no. 12 (December 2014): 2089–93, doi:10.1007/s11695-014-1300-4.
11. Gardner, J. P., et al., “Rise in Insulin Resistance is Associated with Escalated Telomere Attrition,” Circulation 111, no. 17 (May 3, 2005): 2171–77.
12. Fothergill, Erin, Juen Guo, Lilian Howard, Jennifer C. Kerns, Nicolas D. Knuth, Robert Brychta, Kong Y. Chen, et al. “Persistent Metabolic Adaptation Six Years after The Biggest Loser Competition,” Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), May 2, 2016, doi:10.1002/oby.21538.
13. Kim, S., et al., “Obesity and Weight Gain in Adulthood and Telomere Length,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 18, no. 3 (March 2009): 816–20, doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0935.
14. Cottone, P., et al., “CRF System Recruitment Mediates Dark Side of Compulsive Eating,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, no. 47 (November 2009): 20016–20, doi:0.1073/pnas.0908789106.
15. Tomiyama, A. J., et al., “Low Calorie Dieting Increases Cortisol,” Psychosomatic Medicine 72, no. 4 (May 2010): 357–64, doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d9523c.
16. Kiefer, A., J. Lin, E. Blackburn, and E. Epel, “Dietary Restraint and Telomere Length in Pre- and Post-Menopausal Women,” Psychosomatic Medicine 70, no. 8 (October 2008): 845–49, doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318187d05e.
17. Hu, F. B., “Resolved: There Is Sufficient Scientific Evidence That Decreasing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Will Reduce the Prevalence of Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases,” Obesity Reviews 14, no. 8 (August 2013): 606–19, doi:10.1111/obr.12040; and Yang, Q., et al., “Added Sugar Intake and Cardiovascular Diseases Mortality Among U.S. Adults,” JAMA Internal Medicine 174, no. 4 (April 2014): 516–24, doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13563.
18. Schulte, E. M., N. M. Avena, and A. N. Gearhardt, “Which Foods May Be Addictive? The Roles of Processing, Fat Content, and Glycemic Load,” PLOS ONE 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2015): e0117959, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117959.
19. Lustig, R. H., et al., “Isocaloric Fructose Restriction and Metabolic Improvement in Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome,” Obesity 2 (February 24, 2016): 453–60, doi:10.1002/oby.21371, epub October 26, 2015.
20. Incollingo Belsky, A. C., E. S. Epel, and A. J. Tomiyama, “Clues to Maintaining Calorie Restriction? Psychosocial Profiles of Successful Long-Term Restrictors,” Appetite 79 (August 2014): 106–12, doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.006.
21. Wang, C., et al., “Adult-Onset, Short-Term Dietary Restriction Reduces Cell Senescence in Mice,” Aging 2, no. 9 (September 2010): 555–66.
22. Daubenmier, J., et al., “Changes in Stress, Eating, and Metabolic Factors Are Related to Changes in Telomerase Activity in a Randomized Mindfulness Intervention Pilot Study,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 37, no. 7 (July 2012): 917–28, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.10.008.
23. Mason, A. E., et al., “Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Mindful Eating, Sweets Consumption, and Fasting Glucose Levels in Obese Adults: Data from the SHINE Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 39, no. 2 (April 2016): 201–13, doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9692-8.
24. Kristeller, J., with A. Bowman, The Joy of Half a Cookie: Using Mindfulness to Lose Weight and End the Struggle with Food (New York: Perigee, 2015). Also see www.mindfuleatingtraining.com and www.mb-eat.com.
Chapter Ten: Food and Telomeres: Eating for Optimal Cell Health
1. Jurk, D., et al., “Chronic Inflammation Induces Telomere Dysfunction and Accelerates Ageing in Mice,” Nature Communications 2 (June 24, 2104): 4172, doi:10.1038/ncomms5172.
2. “What You Eat Can Fuel or Cool Inflammation, A Key Driver of Heart Disease, Diabetes, and Other Chronic Conditions,” Harvard Medical School, Harvard Health Publications, http://www.health.harvard.edu/family_health_guide/what-you-eat-can-fuel-or-cool-inflammation-a-key-driver-of-heart-disease-diabetes-and-other-chronic-conditions, accessed November 27, 2015.
3. Weischer, M., S. E. Bojesen, and B. G. Nordestgaard, “Telomere Shortening Unrelated to Smoking, Body Weight, Physical Activity, and Alcohol Intake: 4,576 General Population Individuals with Repeat Measurements 10 Years Apart,” PLOS Genetics 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2014): e1004191, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004191; and Pavanello, S., et al., “Shortened Telomeres in Individuals with Abuse in Alcohol Consumption,” International Journal of Cancer 129, no. 4 (August 15, 2011): 983–92. doi:10.1002/ijc.25999.
4. Cassidy, A., et al., “Higher Dietary Anthocyanin and Flavonol Intakes Are Associated with Anti-inflammatory Effects in a Population of U.S. Adults,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 102, no. 1 (July 2015): 172–81, doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.108555.
5. Farzaneh-Far, R., et al., “Association of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels with Telomeric Aging in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease,” JAMA 303, no. 3 (January 20, 2010): 250–57, doi:10.1001/jama.2009.2008.
6. Goglin, S., et al., “Leukocyte Telomere Shortening and Mortality in Patients with Stable Coronary Heart Disease from the Heart and Soul Study,” PLOS ONE (2016), in press.
7. Farzaneh-Far et al., “Association of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels with Telomeric Aging in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease.” (See #5 above.)
8. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., et. al., “Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Oxidative Stress, and Leukocyte Telomere Length: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 28 (February 2013): 16–24, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.004.
9. Glei, D. A., et al., “Shorter Ends, Faster End? Leukocyte Telomere Length and Mortality Among Older Taiwanese,” Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 70, no. 12 (December 2015): 1490–98, doi:10.1093/gerona/glu191.
10. Debreceni, B., and L. Debreceni, “The Role of Homocysteine-Lowering B-Vitamins in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease,” Cardiovascular Therapeutics 32, no. 3 (June 2014): 130–38, doi:10.1111/1755-5922.12064.
11. Kawanishi, S., and S. Oikawa, “Mechanism of Telomere Shortening by Oxidative Stress,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1019 (June 2004): 278–84.
12. Haendeler, J., et al., “Hydrogen Peroxide Triggers Nuclear Export of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase via Src Kinase Familiy-Dependent Phosphorylation of Tyrosine 707,” Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 13 (July 2003): 4598–610.
13. Adelfalk, C., et al., “Accelerated Telomere Shortening in Fanconi Anemia Fibroblasts—a Longitudinal Study,” FEBS Letters 506, no. 1 (September 28, 2001): 22–26.
14. Xu, Q., et al., “Multivitamin Use and Telomere Length in Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89, no. 6 (June 2009): 1857–63, doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26986, epub March 11, 2009.
15. Paul, L., et al., “High Plasma Folate Is Negatively Associated with Leukocyte Telomere Length in Framingham Offspring Cohort,” European Journal of Nutrition 54, no. 2 (March 2015): 235–41, doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0704-1.
16. Wojcicki, J., et al., “Early Exclusive Breastfeeding Is Associated with Longer Telomeres in Latino Preschool Children,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (July 20, 2016), doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.115428.
17. Leung, C. W., et al., “Soda and Cell Aging: Associations between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Healthy Adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys,” American Journal of Public Health 104, no. 12 (December 2014): 2425–31, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302151.
18. Wojcicki, et al “Early Exclusive Breastfeeding Is Associated with Longer Telomeres in Latino Preschool Children.” (See #16 above.)
19. “Peppermint Mocha,” Starbucks, http://www.starbucks.com/menu/drinks/espresso/peppermint-mocha#size=179560&milk=63&whip=125, accessed September 29, 2015.
20. Pilz, Stefan, Martin Grübler, Martin Gaksch, Verena Schwetz, Christian Trummer, Bríain Ó Hartaigh, Nicolas Verheyen, Andreas Tomaschitz, and Winfried März. “Vitamin D and Mortality.” Anticancer Research 36, no. 3 (March 2016): 1379–87.
21. Zhu et al., “Increased Telomerase Activity and Vitamin D Supplementation in Overweight African Americans,” International Journal of Obesity (June 2012): 805–09, doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.197.
22. Boccardi, V., et al., “Mediterranean Diet, Telomere Maintenance and Health Status Among Elderly,” PLOS ONE 8, no.4 (April 30, 2013): e62781, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062781.
23. Lee, J. Y., et al., “Association Between Dietary Patterns in the Remote Past and Telomere Length,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, no. 9 (September 2015): 1048–52, doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.58.
24. Ibid.
25. “IARC Monographs Evaluate Consumption of Red Meat and Processed Meat,” World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, press release, October 26, 2015, https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf.
26. Nettleton, J. A., et al., “Dietary Patterns, Food Groups, and Telomere Length in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA),” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88, no. 5 (November 2008): 1405–12.
27. Cardin, R., et al., “Effects of Coffee Consumption in Chronic Hepatitis C: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Digestive and Liver Disease 45, no. 6 (June 2013): 499–504, doi:10.1016/j.dld.2012.10.021.
28. Liu, J. J., M. Crous-Bou, E. Giovannucci, and I. De Vivo, “Coffee Consumption Is Positively Associated with Longer Leukocyte Telomere Length” in the Nurses’ Health Study. Journal of Nutrition 146, no. 7 (July 2016): 1373–78, doi:10.3945/jn.116.230490, epub June 8, 2016.
29. Lee, J. Y., et al., “Association Between Dietary Patterns in the Remote Past and Telomere Length” (see #23 above); and Nettleton et al., “Dietary Patterns, Food Groups, and Telomere Length in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)” (see #26 above).
30. García-Calzón et al., “Telomere Length as a Biomarker for Adiposity Changes after a Multidisciplinary Intervention in Overweight/Obese Adolescents: The EVASYON Study.” PLOS ONE 9, no. 2 (February 24, 2014): e89828, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089828.
31. Lee et al., “Association Between Dietary Patterns in the Remote Past and Telomere Length,” (See #23 above.)
32. Leung et al., “Soda and Cell Aging.” (See #17 above.)
33. Tiainen, A. M., et al., “Leukocyte Telomere Length and Its Relation to Food and Nutrient Intake in an Elderly Population,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66, no. 12 (December 2012):1290– 94, doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.143.
34. Cassidy, A., et al., “Associations Between Diet, Lifestyle Factors, and Telomere Length in Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, no. 5 (May 2010): 1273–80, doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28947.
35. Pavanello, et al., “Shortened Telomeres in Individuals with Abuse in Alcohol Consumption.” (See #3 above.)
36. Cassidy et al., “Associations Between Diet, Lifestyle Factors, and Telomere Length in Women.” (See #34 above.)
37. Tiainen et al., “Leukocyte Telomere Length and Its Relation to Food and Nutrient Intake in an Elderly Population.” (See #33 above.)
38. Lee et al., “Association Between Dietary Patterns in the Remote Past and Telomere Length.” (See #23 above.)
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Farzaneh-Far et al., “Association of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels With Telomeric Aging in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease.” (See #5 above.)
42. García-Calzón et al., “Telomere Length as a Biomarker for Adiposity Changes after a Multidisciplinary Intervention in Overweight/Obese Adolescents: The EVASYON Study.” (See #30 above.)
43. Liu et al., “Coffee Consumption Is Positively Associated with Longer Leukocyte Telomere Length” in the Nurses’ Health Study. (See #28 above.)
44. Paul, L., “Diet, Nutrition and Telomere Length,” Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 22, no. 10 (October 2011): 895–901, doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.12.001.
45. Richards, J. B., et al., “Higher Serum Vitamin D Concentrations Are Associated with Longer Leukocyte Telomere Length in Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86, no. 5 (November 2007): 1420–25;
46. Xu et al., “Multivitamin Use and Telomere Length in Women” (see #14 above).
47. Paul et al., “High Plasma Folate Is Negatively Associated with Leukocyte Telomere Length in Framingham Offspring Cohort.” (This study also found vitamin use was associated with shorter telomeres.) (See #15 above.)
48. O’Neill, J., T. O. Daniel, and L. H. Epstein, “Episodic Future Thinking Reduces Eating in a Food Court,” Eating Behaviors 20 (January 2016): 9–13, doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.10.002.
Master Tips for Renewal: Science-Based Suggestions for Making Changes That Last
1. Vasilaki, E. I., S. G. Hosier, and W. M. Cox, “The Efficacy of Motivational Interviewing as a Brief Intervention for Excessive Drinking: A Meta-analytic Review,” Alcohol and Alcoholism 41, no. 3 (May 2006): 328–35, doi:10.1093/alcalc/agl016; and Lindson-Hawley, N., T. P. Thompson, and R. Begh, “Motivational Interviewing for Smoking Cessation,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3 (March 2, 2015): CD006936, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006936.pub3.
2. Sheldon, K. M., A. Gunz, C. P. Nichols, and Y. Ferguson, “Extrinsic Value Orientation and Affective Forecasting: Overestimating the Rewards, Underestimating the Costs,” Journal of Personality 78, no. 1 (February 2010): 149–78, doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00612.x; Kasser, T., and R. M. Ryan, “Further Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22, no. 3 (March 1996): 280–87, doi:10.1177/0146167296223006; and Ng, J. Y., et al., “Self-Determination Theory Applied to Health Contexts: A Meta-analysis,” Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science 7, no. 4 (July 2012): 325–40, doi:10.1177/1745691612447309.
3. Ogedegbe, G. O., et al., “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Positive-Affect Intervention and Medication Adherence in Hypertensive African Americans,” Archives of Internal Medicine 172, no. 4 (February 27, 2012): 322–26, doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.1307.
4. Bandura, A., “Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change.” Psychological Review 84, no. 2 (March 1977): 191–215.
5. B. J. Fogg illustrates his suggestion of making tiny changes attached to daily trigger events: “Forget Big Change, Start with a Tiny Habit: BJ Fogg at TEDxFremont,” YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdKUJxjn-R8.
6. Baumeister, R. F., “Self-Regulation, Ego Depletion, and Inhibition,” Neuropsychologia 65 (December 2014): 313–19, doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.012.
Chapter Eleven: The Places and Faces That Support Our Telomeres
1. Needham, B. L., et al., “Neighborhood Characteristics and Leukocyte Telomere Length: The Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis,” Health & Place 28 (July 2014): 167–72, doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.04.009.
2. Geronimus, A. T., et al., “Race-Ethnicity, Poverty, Urban Stressors, and Telomere Length in a Detroit Community-Based Sample,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 56, no. 2 (June 2015): 199–224, doi:10.1177/0022146515582100.
3. Park, M., et al., “Where You Live May Make You Old: The Association Between Perceived Poor Neighborhood Quality and Leukocyte Telomere Length,” PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2015): e0128460, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128460.
4. Ibid.
5. Lederbogen, F., et al., “City Living and Urban Upbringing Affect Neural Social Stress Processing in Humans,” Nature 474, no. 7352 (June 22, 2011): 498–501, doi:10.1038/nature10190.
6. Park et al., “Where You Live May Make You Old.” (See #3 above.)
7. DeSantis, A. S., et al., “Associations of Neighborhood Characteristics with Sleep Timing and Quality: The Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis,” Sleep 36, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 1543–51, doi:10.5665/sleep.3054.
8. Theall, K. P., et al., “Neighborhood Disorder and Telomeres: Connecting Children’s Exposure to Community Level Stress and Cellular Response,” Social Science & Medicine (1982) 85 (May 2013): 50–58, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.02.030.
9. Woo, J., et al., “Green Space, Psychological Restoration, and Telomere Length,” Lancet 373, no. 9660 (January 24, 2009): 299–300, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60094-5.
10. Roe, J. J., et al., “Green Space and Stress: Evidence from Cortisol Measures in Deprived Urban Communities,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 9 (September 2013): 4086–103, doi:10.3390/ijerph10094086.
11. Mitchell, R., and F. Popham, “Effect of Exposure to Natural Environment on Health Inequalities: An Observational Population Study,” Lancet 372, no. 9650 (November 8, 2008): 1655–60, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61689-X.
12. Theall et al., “Neighborhood Disorder and Telomeres.” (See #8 above.)
13. Robertson, T., et al., “Is Socioeconomic Status Associated with Biological Aging as Measured by Telomere Length?” Epidemiologic Reviews 35 (2013): 98–111, doi:10.1093/epirev/mxs001.
14. Adler, N. E., et al., “Socioeconomic Status and Health: The Challenge of the Gradient,” American Psychologist 49, no. 1 (January 1994): 15–24.
15. Cherkas, L. F., et al., “The Effects of Social Status on Biological Aging as Measured by White-Blood-Cell Telomere Length,” Aging Cell 5, no. 5 (October 2006): 361–65, doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00222.x.
16. “Canary Used for Testing for Carbon Monoxide,” Center for Construction Research and Training, Electronic Library of Construction Occupational Safety & Health, http://elcosh.org/video/3801/a000096/canary-used-for-testing-for-carbon-monoxide.html.
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19. Ibid.
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23. Zota et al., “Associations of Cadmium and Lead Exposure with Leukocyte Telomere Length.” (See #20 above.)
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25. Ibid.
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27. Hoxha, M., et al., “Association Between Leukocyte Telomere Shortening and Exposure to Traffic Pollution: A Cross-Sectional Study on Traffic Officers and Indoor Office Workers,” Environmental Health 8 (2009): 41, doi:10.1186/1476-069X-8-41; Zhang, X., S. Lin, W. E. Funk, and L. Hou, “Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemicals and Telomere Length in Human Studies,” Postgraduate Medical Journal 89, no. 1058 (December 2013): 722–28, doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-101350rep; and Mitro, S. D., L. S. Birnbaum, B. L. Needham, and A. R. Zota, “Cross-Sectional Associations Between Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Leukocyte Telomere Length Among U.S. Adults in NHANES, 2001–2002,” Environmental Health Perspectives 124, no. 5 (May 2016): 651–58, doi:10.1289/ehp.1510187.
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39. Ibid.
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Chapter Twelve: Pregnancy: Cellular Aging Begins in the Womb
1. Hjelmborg, J. B., et al., “The Heritability of Leucocyte Telomere Length Dynamics,” Journal of Medical Genetics 52, no. 5 (May 2015): 297–302, doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102736.
2. Wojcicki, J. M., et al., “Cord Blood Telomere Length in Latino Infants: Relation with Maternal Education and Infant Sex,” Journal of Perinatology: Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association 36, no. 3 (March 2016): 235–41, doi:10.1038/jp.2015.178.
3. Needham, B. L., et al., “Socioeconomic Status and Cell Aging in Children,” Social Science and Medicine (1982) 74, no. 12 (June 2012): 1948–51, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.019.
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5. Factor-Litvak, P., et al., “Leukocyte Telomere Length in Newborns: Implications for the Role of Telomeres in Human Disease,” Pediatrics 137, no. 4 (April 2016): e20153927, doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3927.
6. De Meyer, T., et al., “A Non-Genetic, Epigenetic-like Mechanism of Telomere Length Inheritance?” European Journal of Human Genetics 22, no. 1 (January 2014): 10–11, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.255.
7. Collopy et al., “Triallelic and Epigenetic-like Inheritance in Human Disorders of Telomerase.” (See #4 above.)
8. Tarry-Adkins, J. L., et al., “Maternal Diet Influences DNA Damage, Aortic Telomere Length, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Defense Capacity in Rats,” FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 22, no. 6 (June 2008): 2037–44, doi:10.1096/fj.07-099523.
9. Aiken, C. E., J. L. Tarry-Adkins, and S. E. Ozanne, “Suboptimal Nutrition in Utero Causes DNA Damage and Accelerated Aging of the Female Reproductive Tract,” FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 27, no. 10 (October 2013): 3959–65, doi:10.1096/fj.13-234484.
10. Aiken, C. E., J. L. Tarry-Adkins, and S. E. Ozanne. “Transgenerational Developmental Programming of Ovarian Reserve,” Scientific Reports 5 (2015): 16175, doi:10.1038/srep16175.
11. Tarry-Adkins, J. L., et al., “Nutritional Programming of Coenzyme Q: Potential for Prevention and Intervention?” FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 28, no. 12 (December 2014): 5398–405, doi:10.1096/fj.14-259473.
12. Bull, C., H. Christensen, and M. Fenech, “Cortisol Is Not Associated with Telomere Shortening or Chromosomal Instability in Human Lymphocytes Cultured Under Low and High Folate Conditions,” PLOS ONE 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2015): e0119367, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119367; and Bull, C., et al., “Folate Deficiency Induces Dysfunctional Long and Short Telomeres; Both States Are Associated with Hypomethylation and DNA Damage in Human WIL2-NS Cells,” Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.) 7, no. 1 (January 2014): 128–38, doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0264.
13. Entringer, S., et al., “Maternal Folate Concentration in Early Pregnancy and Newborn Telomere Length,” Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 66, no. 4 (2015): 202–08, doi:10.1159/000381925.
14. Cerne, J. Z., et al., “Functional Variants in CYP1B1, KRAS and MTHFR Genes Are Associated with Shorter Telomere Length in Postmenopausal Women,” Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 149 (July 2015): 1–7, doi:10.1016/j.mad.2015.05.003.
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16. Paul, L., et al., “High Plasma Folate Is Negatively Associated with Leukocyte Telomere Length in Framingham Offspring Cohort,” European Journal of Nutrition 54, no. 2 (March 2015): 235–41, doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0704-1.
17. Entringer, S., et al., “Maternal Psychosocial Stress During Pregnancy Is Associated with Newborn Leukocyte Telomere Length,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 208, no. 2 (February 2013): 134.e1–7, doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.033.
18. Marchetto, N. M., et al., “Prenatal Stress and Newborn Telomere Length,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, January 30, 2016, doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.177.
19. Entringer, S., et al., “Influence of Prenatal Psychosocial Stress on Cytokine Production in Adult Women,” Developmental Psychobiology 50, no. 6 (September 2008): 579–87, doi:10.1002/dev.20316.
20. Entringer, S., et al., “Stress Exposure in Intrauterine Life Is Associated with Shorter Telomere Length in Young Adulthood,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, no. 33 (August 16, 2011): E513–18, doi:10.1073/pnas.1107759108.
21. Haussman, M., and B. Heidinger, “Telomere Dynamics May Link Stress Exposure and Ageing across Generations,” Biology Letters 11, no. 11 (November 2015), doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0396.
22. Ibid.
Chapter Thirteen: Childhood Matters for Life: How the Early Years Shape Telomeres
1. Sullivan, M. C.,” For Romania’s Orphans, Adoption Is Still a Rarity,” National Public Radio, August 19, 2012, http://www.npr.org/2012/08/19/158924764/for-romanias-orphans-adoption-is-still-a-rarity.
2. Ahern, L., “Orphanages Are No Place for Children,” Washington Post, August 9, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/orphanages-are-no-place-for-children/2013/08/09/6d502fb0-fadd-11e2-a369-d1954abcb7e3_story.html, accessed October 14, 2015.
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11. Price, L. H., et al., “Telomeres and Early-Life Stress: An Overview,” Biological Psychiatry 73, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 15–23, doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.025.
12. Révész, D., Y. Milaneschi, E. M. Terpstra, and B. W. J. H. Penninx, “Baseline Biopsychosocial Determinants of Telomere Length and 6-Year Attrition Rate,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 67 (May 2016): 153–62, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.02.007.
13. Danese, A., and B. S. McEwen, “Adverse Childhood Experiences, Allostasis, Allostatic Load, and Age-Related Disease,” Physiology & Behavior 106, no. 1 (April 12, 2012): 29–39, doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.019.
14. Infurna, F. J., C. T. Rivers, J. Reich, and A. J. Zautra, “Childhood Trauma and Personal Mastery: Their Influence on Emotional Reactivity to Everyday Events in a Community Sample of Middle-Aged Adults,” PLOS ONE 10, no. 4 (2015): e0121840, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121840.
15. Schrepf, A., K. Markon, and S. K. Lutgendorf, “From Childhood Trauma to Elevated C-Reactive Protein in Adulthood: The Role of Anxiety and Emotional Eating,” Psychosomatic Medicine 76, no. 5 (June 2014): 327–36, doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000072.
16. Felitti, V. J., et al., “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (May 1998): 245–58, doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8.
17. Lim, D., and D. DeSteno, “Suffering and Compassion: The Links Among Adverse Life Experiences, Empathy, Compassion, and Prosoial Behavior,” Emotion 16, no. 2 (March 2016): 175–82, doi:10.1037/emo0000144.
18. Asok, A., et al., “Infant-Caregiver Experiences Alter Telomere Length in the Brain,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 7 (2014): e101437, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101437.
19. McEwen, B. S., C. N. Nasca, and J. D. Gray, “Stress Effects on Neuronal Structure: Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Prefrontal Cortex,” Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 41, no. 1 (January 2016): 3–23, doi:10.1038/npp.2015.171; and Arnsten, A. F. T., “Stress Signalling Pathways That Impair Prefrontal Cortex Structure and Function,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (June 2009): 410–22, doi:10.1038/nrn2648.
20. Suomi, S., “Attachment in Rhesus Monkeys,” in Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, ed. J. Cassidy and P. R. Shaver, 3rd ed. (New York: Guilford Press, 2016).
21. Schneper, L., Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Daniel Notterman, and Stephen, Suomi, “Early Life Experiences and Telomere Length in Adult Rhesus Monkeys: An Exploratory Study.” Psychosomatic Medicine, in press (n.d.).
22. Gunnar, M. R., et al., “Parental Buffering of Fear and Stress Neurobiology: Reviewing Parallels Across Rodent, Monkey, and Human Models,” Social Neuroscience 10, no. 5 (2015): 474–78, doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1070198.
23. Hostinar, C. E., R. M. Sullivan, and M. R. Gunnar, “Psychobiological Mechanisms Underlying the Social Buffering of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis: A Review of Animal Models and Human Studies Across Development,” Psychological Bulletin 140, no. 1 (January 2014): 256–82, doi:10.1037/a0032671.
24. Doom, J. R., C. E. Hostinar, A. A. VanZomeren-Dohm, and M. R. Gunnar, “The Roles of Puberty and Age in Explaining the Diminished Effectiveness of Parental Buffering of HPA Reactivity and Recovery in Adolescence,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 59 (September 2015): 102–11, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.024.
25. Seery, M. D., et al., “An Upside to Adversity?: Moderate Cumulative Lifetime Adversity Is Associated with Resilient Responses in the Face of Controlled Stressors,” Psychological Science 24, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 1181–89, doi:10.1177/0956797612469210.
26. Asok, A., et al., “Parental Responsiveness Moderates the Association Between Early-Life Stress and Reduced Telomere Length,” Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 3 (August 2013): 577–85, doi:10.1017/S0954579413000011.
27. Bernard, K., C. E. Hostinar, and M. Dozier, “Intervention Effects on Diurnal Cortisol Rhythms of Child Protective Services–Referred Infants in Early Childhood: Preschool Follow-Up Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial,” JAMA Pediatrics 169, no. 2 (February 2015): 112–19, doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2369.
28. Kroenke, C. H., et al., “Autonomic and Adrenocortical Reactivity and Buccal Cell Telomere Length in Kindergarten Children,” Psychosomatic Medicine 73, no. 7 (September 2011): 533–40, doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318229acfc.
29. Wojcicki, J. M., et al., “Telomere Length Is Associated with Oppositional Defiant Behavior and Maternal Clinical Depression in Latino Preschool Children,” Translational Psychiatry 5 (June 2015): e581, doi:10.1038/tp.2015.71; and Costa, D. S., et al., “Telomere Length Is Highly Inherited and Associated with Hyperactivity-Impulsivity in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,” Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 8 (July 2015): 28, doi:10.3389/fnmol.2015.00028.
30. Kroenke et al., “Autonomic and Adrenocortical Reactivity and Buccal Cell Telomere Length in Kindergarten Children.” (See #27 above.)
31. Boyce, W. T., and B. J. Ellis, “Biological Sensitivity to Context: I. An Evolutionary-Developmental Theory of the Origins and Functions of Stress Reactivity,” Development and Psychopathology 17, no. 2 (spring 2005): 271–301.
32. Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., and M. J. Bakermans-Kranenburg, “Genetic Differential Susceptibility on Trial: Meta-analytic Support from Randomized Controlled Experiments,” Development and Psychopathology 27, no. 1 (February 2015): 151–62, doi:10.1017/S0954579414001369.
33. Colter, M., et al., “Social Disadvantage, Genetic Sensitivity, and Children’s Telomere Length,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 16 (April 22, 2014): 5944–49, doi:10.1073/pnas.1404293111.
34. Brody, G. H., T. Yu, S. R. H. Beach, and R. A. Philibert, “Prevention Effects Ameliorate the Prospective Association Between Nonsupportive Parenting and Diminished Telomere Length,” Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research 16, no. 2 (February 2015): 171–80, doi:10.1007/s11121-014-0474-2; Beach, S. R. H., et al., “Nonsupportive Parenting Affects Telomere Length in Young Adulthood Among African Americans: Mediation through Substance Use,” Journal of Family Psychology: JFP: Journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43) 28, no. 6 (December 2014): 967–72, doi:10.1037/fam0000039; and Brody, G. H., et al., “The Adults in the Making Program: Long-Term Protective Stabilizing Effects on Alcohol Use and Substance Use Problems for Rural African American Emerging Adults,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 80, no. 1 (February 2012): 17–28. doi:10.1037/a0026592.
35. Brody et al., “Prevention Effects Ameliorate the Prospective Association Between Nonsupportive Parenting and Diminished Telomere Length”; and Beach et al., “Nonsupportive Parenting Affects Telomere Length in Young Adulthood among African Americans: Mediation through Substance Use.” (See #33 above.)
36. Spielberg, J. M., T. M. Olino, E. E. Forbes, and R. E. Dahl, “Exciting Fear in Adolescence: Does Pubertal Development Alter Threat Processing?” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 8 (April 2014): 86–95, doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.01.004; and Peper, J. S., and R. E. Dahl, “Surging Hormones: Brain-Behavior Interactions During Puberty,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 22, no. 2 (April 2013): 134–39, doi:10.1177/0963721412473755.
37. Turkle, S., Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age (New York: Penguin Press, 2015).
38. Siegel, D., and T. P. Bryson, The Whole-Brain Child: 12 Revolutionary Strategies to Nurture Your Child’s Developing Mind (New York: Delacorte Press, 2011).
39. Robles, T. F., et al., “Emotions and Family Interactions in Childhood: Associations with Leukocyte Telomere Length Emotions, Family Interactions, and Telomere Length,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 63 (January 2016): 343–50, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.018.
Conclusion: Entwined: Our Cellular Legacy
1. Pickett, K. E., and R. G. Wilkinson, “Inequality: An Underacknowledged Source of Mental Illness and Distress,” British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 197, no. 6 (December 2010): 426–28, doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.072066.
2. Ibid; and Wilkerson, R. G., and K. Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better (London: Allen Lane, 2009).
3. Stone, C., D. Trisi, A. Sherman, and B. Debot, “A Guide to Statistics on Historical Trends in Income Inequality,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, updated October 26, 2015, http://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/a-guide-to-statistics-on-historical-trends-in-income-inequality.
4. Pickett, K. E., and R. G. Wilkinson, “The Ethical and Policy Implications of Research on Income Inequality and Child Wellbeing,” Pediatrics 135, Suppl. 2 (March 2015): S39–47, doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3549E.
5. Mayer, E. A., et al., “Gut Microbes and the Brain: Paradigm Shift in Neuroscience,” Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 34, no. 46 (November 12, 2014): 15490–96, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3299-14.2014; Picard, M., R. P. Juster, and B. S. McEwen, “Mitochondrial Allostatic Load Puts the ‘Gluc’ Back in Glucocorticoids,” Nature Reviews Endocrinology 10, no. 5 (May 2014): 303–10, doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.22; and Picard, M., et al., “Chronic Stress and Mitochondria Function in Humans,” under review.
6. Varela, F. J., E. Thompson, and E. Rosch, The Embodied Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991).
7. “Zuckerberg: One in Seven People on the Planet Used Facebook on Monday,” Guardian, August 28, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/27/facebook-1bn-users-day-mark-zuckerberg, accessed October 26, 2015; and “Number of Monthly Active Facebook Users Worldwide as of 1st Quarter 2016 (in Millions),” Statista, http://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/.