A
Aiguebelle, Charles d’ 59
American Bank Note Company 61, 130
anastatic printing 59
Anglo-Egyptian Expeditionary Force 13
Anti-Counterfeiting Connections (newsletter by Bank of Canada) 140
“army bills” in Lower Canada (1812) 49
assignats (paper currency of revolutionary France) 33
Association for the Suppression of Counterfeiting 152–153
Association of Banks for the Suppression of Counterfeiting 77
Australia and polymer notes 128–129
B
Bank Act (Canada, 1880) 96
Bank for International Settlements (BIS) 155, 156
bank note “detectors” (with descriptions of counterfeit notes) 51–52
bank notes. See entries beginning with Bank of Canada; note-security measures; notes
Bank of British North America 65
Bank of Canada
British £5 notes not accepted post-WWII due to counterfeiting 38
Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group 156–157
Crown corporation (1938) 102–103
responsibilities 96
standard Canadian currency introduced (1935) 65, 97
Bank of Canada counterfeit $1 note (1818) 49
Bank of Canada, early series of notes
1935 unilingual notes (French and English) 97–99
1937 bilingual series 104
1949 “Buffalo” counterfeit $10 bills 103, 104, 108–110
Canadian Landscape series (1954) anti-counterfeiting devices 105–106
Canadian Landscape series (1954) counterfeit $10 and $50 bills 105–106, 115–116
counterfeiting in 1930s 100, 102
frequency of new note series 103
lenient sentences for counterfeiting 102
public education re counterfeit notes 100
wartime counterfeiting plot (1940) 106–107
Bank of Canada, later series of notes
Birds of Canada series (1986 on), anti-counterfeiting devices 117–118
Birds of Canada series (1986 on), counterfeit bills 120–122, 125–126
Canadian Journey series (1998 on), anti-counterfeiting devices 119–120, 122–123, 124
Canadian Journey series (1998 on), counterfeit bills 124, 125–126, 166, 167
counterfeiting statistics (2004–05) 124, 125
growth of counterfeiting 113–114, 118–119, 119, 122
leniency of Quebec courts 114
Project “Greenback” anti-counterfeiting operation (2003–04) 125–126
prosecutions in 1960s 114
public educatio™n re counterfeit notes 122–123
Scenes of Canada series (1969 on), anti-counterfeiting devices 114–116
Scenes of Canada series (1969 on), counterfeit bills 122–123
Bank of Canada (Montreal) 49
Bank of Canada, polymer series of notes
$20 note’s security features 132
advantages and disadvantages of polymer 133–135
Australia’s experience with polymer 128–129
counterfeit $50 note 146
development (the Next Generation Project) 130–132
difficulty in counterfeiting 9
invention of polymer 128
manufacturing and printing 132
release into circulation 135
security features 131, 132, 166
Bank of Canada, strategies against counterfeiting. See also international co-operation against counterfeiting; note-security measures; RCMP
difficult-to-counterfeit notes 122, 136
educating public and retailers 136, 137, 165
educational material for police 140–141
encouraging justice system to treat counterfeiting seriously 136
ensuring quality of notes in circulation 122, 136
law enforcement 11, 122, 136–137, 145
Law Enforcement Award of Excellence for Counterfeiting Deterrence 140
Project Ophir (2004), against counterfeit $20 bills 11, 142–144
Project Ophir II (2009), against counterfeit $20 bills 144
Prosecutor’s Tool Kit 141
RCMP’s anti-counterfeiting strategies 137–138, 139–141, 166, 167
restrictions on reproducing bank note images 100, 147–149
success of strategies 145–146
Bank of Clifton (Canada) 64
Bank of England
£1 note (1805) 24
convertibility of notes suspended 24
issuance of notes (1695) 7, 24
reproduction of watermark illegal 24
small-denomination notes 25
watermarked paper to deter counterfeiting 7, 58
Bank of New Brunswick 49
Bank of North America 44
Bank of Nova Scotia 49
Bank of Pennsylvania 44
Bank of the United States 44
Bank of Upper Canada (Kingston) 49
Bank of Upper Canada (York) 49
Bank of Western Canada 64
Banque Canadienne Nationale counterfeit $10 note (1925) 92–93
Banque du France 8
Bawania, Rehan 143
Baylis, Georgina (née Johnson) 87, 89
Bazna, Elyesa (“Cicero”) 37–38
Beaudoin, Alfred 93–94
Beaudoin counterfeiting gang 84, 92–94
Beaudoin, Gustave 93–94
Beaudoin, J. Isidore Mederic 93–94
Beaudoin, Joseph 93–94
Beaudoin, J. Raphael Maximilien 93–94
Beaudoin, Pierre Paul 93–94
Becker, Carl Wilhelm 13
Bigot, François 27
“bills of exchange” in English colonies 6
Birds of Canada bank note series 117–118, 120–122, 125–126
Bitcoins (electronic currency) 163–164
Bradbury, Henry 59
Breckenridge, Roeliff 63
British American Bank Note Company 61, 97, 132
“Buffalo” counterfeit $10 bills (Canada, 1949) 103, 104, 108–110
Burton, Richard 13
C
Calder, R. L. 94
calotype photography (1841) 58–59
Canada and counterfeiting. See also international cooperation; Lower Canada; Upper Canada; entries beginning with Bank of Canada
in 1800s 49–51, 49–52, 63, 65–66
in 1960s and 1970s 113, 114–115
1976–2012 119
2002 to 2005 124, 122–125, 136
bank note “detectors” (of counterfeit notes) 51–52
chartered banks’ issuance of bank notes 97
charter necessary for banks 49
counterfeit coins 67–69, 146–147
counterfeit U.S. notes for sale in Canada (1893) 65–66
Criminal Code, provisions and penalties 30, 114, 138–139, 149–150
Dominion $1 and Molsons Bank $5 forgeries 90
jurisdiction over crime of counterfeiting 101–102, 137, 139
losses from counterfeit debit/credit cards 11, 165–166
prosecutions in 1960s 114
Provincial and Dominion notes 64
small number of issuing banks 50, 63
standardization of currency 65, 97
“very bad” counterfeit efforts 145
wartime counterfeiting plot (1940) 106–107
Canada Bank Note Printing Tint (green) 60–61
Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police 140
Canadian Bankers Association 101, 154
Canadian Bank Note Company 97–99, 100, 132
Canadian Journey bank note series 119–123, 124, 125–126, 130, 166, 167
Canadian Landscape bank note series 105–107, 115
Caporale, Anthony 120–121
“card money” in New France (1685) 6–7, 49
cash transactions vs. electronic methods 160–161
Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group (CBCDG) 156–157
CEPAS e-money system 163
Chaloner, William 22–23
Chamberlain, S. B. 98–99
chartered banks (in Canada) and issuance of bank notes 49, 97
Churchill, Winston 38
“Cicero” (Elyesa Bazna) 37–38
Cipolla, Frank 110
City Bank of Montreal $1 notes (1851, 1857) 60
coins
Canadian counterfeit $1 and $2 coins (2006, 2010) 146–147
Canadian counterfeits in 19th century 67–69, 68
Canadian security features (2011) 147
Charles I shilling, original and clipped 2
Chinese kwan (Ming Dynasty) 19
“clipping” 2
counterfeiting in the ancient world 2
counterfeit silver Mexican dollars 73–74
debasing of currency by the state3–4
Maria Theresa thaler 12
“milled” coins to prevent clipping 4, 21
numismatic forgeries 13
Roman denarii3
tetradrachm 2
Colonial Bank (Canada) 63
Columbia Bank note 45
Commercial Bank of the Midland District 55
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSRIO) 128
Confederate $20 note 47
Coniackers or Koniackers (counterfeiters in Lower Canada) 74
Coniac Street counterfeiting tool kit 78
Coniac Street, Durham, Eastern Townships 74
“continental” currency (“shinplasters”) 33–34
Cooley, John 18
Coughlin, James 126
The Counterfeiters (Die Fälscher) (film) 36
counterfeiting. See also Canada and counterfeiting; coins; counterfeiting gangs; government-sponsored counterfeiting; notes
as type of fraud 1
costs of fighting counterfeiting 18
cost to issuer of currency 11, 18
countermeasures. See note-security measures; penalties for counterfeiting
impact on public confidence in the currency 18, 37, 122, 145
in 19th century. See counterfeiting in 19th century
lack of compensation for victims 16–17
numismatic forgeries 13
counterfeiting gangs
Beaudoin family (1920s) 84, 92–94
Guelph gang (1940s) 110–111
impact on public confidence in currency 10
Johnson clan (1860s on) 84–88, 151
counterfeiting in 19th century. See also United States and counterfeiting in 19th century
calotype photography (1841) 58–59
Canada Bank Note Printing Tint invented 60–61
Canadian coins 67–69
counterfeit U.S. notes for sale in Canada (1893) 65–66
geometric lathe and guilloche to thwart counterfeiters 61
Gleason counterfeiting gang 76, 78
Johnson counterfeiting gang 84–89, 151
multi-coloured notes introduced (1856) 59
national currency (“the greenback”) in U.S. 61–62
small-denomination notes and counterfeiting 25
steel plate siderography to thwart counterfeiting 55–57
use of “respectable” people to pass counterfeit notes 52–55
U.S. Secret Service established to fight counterfeiting (1865) 63–64, 152
watermarked paper to deter counterfeiting 58
Craig, James 75, 81–82, 151, 152
credit and debit cards. See also electronic money (e-money or stored-value cards); electronic payment methods
Bank of Canada’s fight vs. fraud 165
cash transactions vs. credit/debit transactions 160–161
losses from counterfeit cards 164–165, 165–166
losses from counterfeit debit/credit cards 11
Visa and MasterCard, value of transactions 160
Criminal Code of 1892 (Canada) 30
Criminal Code of Canada
amendments regarding bank note reproductions (1999) 149–150
counterfeit notes to be forwarded to Bank of Canada 102
offences concerning counterfeiting 138–139
penalties for counterfeiting 30, 114, 138–139
Cruikshank, George 26
Cruikshank “note” 26
Currency Act (Canada, 1853) 30
Currency Wars (Cooley) 18
D
Davidson Dual Duplicator 110
Davidson, Mrs. W 52–54
debit cards. See credit and debit cards
Decker, Paul (alias Paul Rose) 90
Demitrak, John 107
deterrence. See Bank of Canada, strategies against counterfeiting; note-security measur penalties for counterfeiting
direct debit/deposit 159
Dobrowolski, George 117
Dodge, David 28–29
Dominion $1 note (1898) 90
Dominion Police Force (Canada) 152
Donovan, William 40
Dusiak, Matthew 107
E
Eastern Townships (in Lower Canada)
area suitable for counterfeiting operation in 1800s 72–73
“baneful” moral influence of Canada on U.S. 79
bogus U.S. paper money 73–74
Coniackers or Koniackers (counterfeiters) 74
Coniac Street counterfeiting tool kit 78
counterfeiting tools 78
counterfeit silver Mexican dollars 72–73
Dunham the centre for counterfeiting 73–74
efforts to suppress counterfeiting 76–78
judicial system ineffective 76
legality of counterfeiting foreign notes (pre- and post-1810) 29, 73, 75–76, 151
Stephen Burroughs, counterfeiter and con man 29, 80–82
U.S. response to counterfeiting U.S. bank notes 75
e-commerce 159 See also electronic payment methods
Ejtehad, Taimaz 143
electronic money (e-money or stored-value cards). See also credit and debit cards
CEPAS e-money system in Singapore 163
“electronic wallet” or smart card 160–161
MintChip™ electronic currency (Canada) 163
Mondex electronic wallet 162
stored-value cards, or e-money 160–162
virtual currencies in online video gaming 165
electronic payment methods
Bitcoins 163–164
credit and debit cards 159
direct debit/deposit 159
“electronic wallet” or smart card 161–162
Elkorich, Harry 100
Elliott, Ellen 137
Ellis, John 54
England. See Bank of England; English colonies in North America; Great Britain
English colonies in North America
“bills of exchange” 6
first paper money 6
New Jersey shilling note 7, 29
penalties for counterfeiting 28–30
European Banknote Printers’ Conference 156
European Central Bank and CBCDG 156
F
Fast, Peter 100
“fiat” money 4
Fighting Fraud on the Front Lines (Bank of Canada) 165
Financial Post 103
fluorescent inks 9
Forbes, Harrison R. 54
Fouché, Joseph 34
Four Nations Group Counterfeit Deterrence Working Party 157
Four Nations Group on Advanced Anti-Counterfeiting 131
Fraine, Herbert de 34–35
Francis, John 25
G
Geneva Convention on the Suppression of Counterfeiting 153–154
Gentile, Joseph 92
geometric lathe 61
Germany
high-denomination notes only to deter counterfeiting 8
Nazi counterfeiting of British pounds (Operation Bernhard, during WWII) 36–37
punishment for counterfeiting 21
Gleason family of counterfeiters 76, 78
Gleason, William 78
Gordon, Donald 102
Gordon, General “Chinese” 13
government-sponsored counterfeiting
American 39–40
economic purpose 33
French 34
in the ancient world 33
Nazi Germany 36–37
North Korean 41
Soviet 35
Great Britain
Charles I shilling, original and clipped 2
coinage debased by Henry VIII (1544) 4
counterfeit coins (2002 on) 146
Cruikshank “note” 26
death penalty for counterfeiting 21–25
extent of counterfeiting and clipping (1695) 17
government-sponsored counterfeiting 33–35, 38–39
introduction of paper money 24
Nazi counterfeiting of British pounds (Operation Bernhard) 36–37
penal code reform (1832) 24–25
penalties for counterfeiting after 1832 26
proposal to counterfeit German currency during WWII 38–39
small-denomination notes (early 19th century) 25
Greece 1
Guardian© polymer substrate 129–130
Guay, A. 76
Guelph gang of counterfeiters 110–111
H
Hall, Ellen 137
Harris, Homer R. 66
Higgins, Charles 91–92
Hill, Nancy (alias for Nancy Sawchuk) 107–108
History of England (Macaulay) 17
Hobby Protection Act (U.S., 1973) 14
Hodare, Ryan 120–121
holographic stripes 9, 122, 124, 132
Home Bank of Canada $10 note 51
Howe, William 33
Hunt, Thomas Sperry 60
I
Imperial Bank of Canada 36, 101
in Roman world 4
intaglio printing 8–9, 97, 115, 119, 124, 133
Integrated Counterfeit Enforcement Teams (ICETs) (RCMP) 138, 141, 167
International Bank of Canada 63, 64
international cooperation against counterfeiting
Bank for International Settlements (BIS) 155, 156
banks’ efforts (U.S. and Canada) 77–78, 152–153
Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group (CBCDG) (work re colour copiers and emerging technologies) 156–157
Dominion Police Force established in Canada (1868) 152
Geneva Convention on the Suppression of Counterfeiting 153–154
International Criminal Police (Interpol) 153, 154
law enforcement’s cross-border co-operation 152–153
legality of counterfeiting foreign notes (pre- and post-1810) in Canada 29, 73, 75–76, 151
Pacific Rim Group 157
U.S. Secret Service established (1865) 63–64, 152
Vermont’s request to Canada to suppress counterfeiting of U.S. bills (1808) 75, 151
International Criminal Police (Interpol) 153, 154
Iraci, Anthony 110
J
Johnson, Charles 87–89
Johnson, David 87–89
Johnson, Edwin (Colorado senator) 40
Johnson, Edwin (counterfeiter) 84–88
Johnson, Georgina (later Baylis) 87, 89
Johnson, Jessie 87
K
Kaiser Friedrich Museum (Berlin) 13
Keratry, Jean-Marie 20
Keynes, John Maynard 39
Knight, Ephraim 76
Kossom, Dustin 120–121
Kunz, Hans 90–91
L
Laurence, Tim 143
Law Enforcement Award of Excellence for Counterfeiting Deterrence 140
League of Nations’ Convention on the Suppression of Counterfeiting 153–154
Le Beau (counterfeiter) 27
Leman, Beaudry 94
Levantine (Maria Theresa) thaler 12
Lipin, David 16–17
Lothian, Lord 40–41
Lower Canada. See also Eastern Townships (in Lower Canada)
“army bills” (1812) and restoration of public confidence in paper money 48
counterfeiting in Eastern Townships 72–77
haven for U.S. counterfeiters 29–30
lack of confidence in paper money due to “card” money in New France 49
legality of counterfeiting foreign notes (pre- and post-1810) 29, 73, 75–76, 151
penalties for counterfeiting 30–31
“Luminus” substrate for currency 119–120
M
MacArthur, Douglas 40
Malidor, Pierre 26–27
Mallet, Louis 27
Maria Theresa thaler 12
Marshall, Ralph 21
Marton, Paul 107
Massachusetts Bay Colony 6, 28–29
MasterCard transactions 160
McAugherty, Thomas 106
Memoirs (Burroughs) 81
Mercio, Christopher 111
metallic threads 9
Meulles, de (Intendant of New France)6–7
microprinting 9, 117–118, 119, 124, 133
Mihalkov, Miroslav 125–126
MintChip electronic currency (Canada) 163
Molsons Bank $5 note 90–91
Mondex electronic wallet 162
monetary policy and public confidence in country’s currency 18
Moore, Mary 27
Morgenthau, Henry 40
Mosher, Terry 134
Murphy, Catherine 21
Murray, John Wilson 85–87
N
National Anti-Counterfeiting Bureau (NACB) (RCMP) 138, 139–141
National Bank Act (U.S., 1863, 1864) 61–62
National Counterfeit Enforcement Strategy (RCMP, 2005) 137–138
National Research Council 117
Natural History (Pliny the Elder) 3
Nazi counterfeit £50 British pound 37
Neuner, Bernard 111
New England Bank Association 76–77
New France 5, 6, 26–28. See also Lower Canada
New Jersey shilling note 7, 29
Newton, Isaac 22–23
Next Generation Project 130–132
North America. See English colonies in North America; Lower Canada; United States; Upper Canada
North Korean government-sponsored counterfeiting 41
note detectors in photocopiers/scanners 9, 117–118
Note Printing Australia 132
notes. See also note-security measures; polymer notes; entries beginning with Bank of Canada
“army bills” in Lower Canada (1812) 49
bank note “detectors” (with descriptions of counterfeit notes) 51–52
bank notes in circulation in Canada 10, 160
Bank of Canada 1935 $1 (French) 98
Bank of Clifton $5 note (1859) 64
Bank of England £1 note (1805) 24
Banque Canadienne Nationale counterfeit $10 note (1925) 92–93
“bills of exchange” in English colonies 6
“Buffalo” counterfeit $10 bills (1949) 103, 104, 108–110
calotype photography (1841) 58–59
Canadian 1935 $1 note (French) 98
“card money” in New France (1685) 6–7, 49
City Bank of Montreal $1 notes (1851, 1857) 60
Columbia Bank note 45
Commercial Bank of the Midland District $10 note 55
Confederate $20 note 47
“continentals” (“shinplasters”) 33–34
counterfeit Bank of Canada $1 note (1818) 49
counterfeit Ontario Bank $10 note (1870) 87
Cruikshank “note” 26
current “fiat” money 4
Dominion $1 note (1898) 90
French assignats (paper currency of revolutionary France) 33
Home Bank of Canada $10 note 51
Imperial Bank of Canada forged $100 notes 35
inflation with excessive issuance 5
International Bank of Canada $20 note (1859) 64
Molsons Bank $5 note 90–91, 91
multi-coloured notes introduced (1856) 59
Nazi counterfeit £50 British pound 37
New Jersey shilling note 7, 29
Nova Scotia Treasury note (1821) 9
paper money invented in China 4, 20
Province of Canada $1 note (1866) 65
slang names for bogus notes 74
small-denomination notes issued in England (early 19th century) 25
U.S. “greenback” (introduced in 1861) 61–62, 63
note-security measures. See also Bank of Canada, strategies against counterfeiting; penalties for counterfeiting; public education
anastatic printing 59
assessment of social class of person offering notes 55
in Birds of Canada series (1986 on) 117–118
Canada Bank Note Printing Tint (green) 60–61
in Canadian 1935 notes 97–98
in Canadian Journey series 119–120, 124
in Canadian Landscape series (1954) 105–106
windowed colour-shifting thread 124
complicated designs (including portraits) 8, 56, 97–98, 132
fluorescent inks 9
guilloche, created by geometric lathe 61, 98, 99
hidden numbers 119
high-denomination notes only until mid-1800s 8
holographic stripes 9, 122, 124, 132
intaglio printing 8–9, 97, 115, 119, 124, 133
metallic threads 9
microprinting 9, 117–118, 119, 124, 133
multi-colours on notes 59, 114–116
note detectors in photocopiers/scanners 9, 117–118
note “detectors” (with descriptions of counterfeit notes) 51–52
optical security devices 9, 117–118, 121
Ormsby unit system for printing 56
planchettes (green dots) 98–99, 105, 121
plastic substrates. See polymer notes
polymer notes’ security features 131, 133
restrictions on reproducing bank note images 100, 147–149
in Scenes of Canada series (1969) 114–116
“secret marks” 99
steel plate siderography to produce notes 55–57
transparent areas 133
watermarked paper 7, 58, 122, 124
windowed colour-shifting thread 122, 124
Nova Scotia Treasury note (1821) 9
numismatic forgeries 13
O
Ontario Bank counterfeit $10 note (1870) 87
Operation Bernhard (Nazi counterfeiting of British pounds) 36–37
optical security devices 9, 117–118, 121
Ormsby’s Bank-Note Engraving (Ormsby) 57
Ormsby unit system for printing 56
Ormsby, W. L. 57
P
Pacific Rim Group 157
Paige, Seneca 75
paper money. See notes
Pelletier, François 27
penalties for counterfeiting
in Canada 30, 114, 138–139, 149–150
death by various methods 7, 20–24
in early and medieval Europe 20–21
in England and its colonies 21–25, 28–30
in China 20
in New France 26–28
in Upper and Lower Canada 30–31
in Roman Empire 20
simulations of notes 149
treasonous and capital crime 19
Perkins, Jacob 55–57
“phantom” banks 47–48
Philotechnus 56–57
Phipps, W. B. 53–54
photocopiers’ security devices 9, 117–118, 155
photography
calotype (1841) and counterfeiting 58–59
method to deter photographic counterfeiting 59–61
Pierce, Franklin 57
planchettes (green dots) 98–99, 105, 121
Pliny the Elder 3
Polycrates (of Samos) 33
polymer notes. See also Bank of Canada, polymer series of notes
advantages and disadvantages 9, 133–135
Canadian series of bank notes 9, 130–133, 166–167
counterfeit $50 polymer note 146
invention 128
security features 131, 132, 166
use in Australia 128–129
printing methods
anastatic printing 59
microprinting 9, 117–118, 119, 124, 133
intaglio 8–9, 97, 115, 119, 124, 133
Ormsby unit system 56
siderography (with steel plates) process 55–57
transfer press 56
private banks in Canada 49
private banks in United States 44–47, 61–62
Project “Greenback” anti-counterfeiting operation (2003–04) 125–126
Project Ophir (2004) 11, 142–144
Project Ophir II (2009) 144
Prosecutor’s Tool Kit 141
Province of Canada $1 note (1866) 65
Provincial Notes Act (Canada, 1866) 64
public confidence in currency 10, 18, 37, 122, 145
public education
by Bank of Canada 100, 122–123
of public plus banking and retail staff 10, 136, 137, 165
part of Canada’s strategy against counterfeiting 136, 137
re “Buffalo” counterfeit $10 bills (1949) 103, 104
video on cybercrime (Bank of Canada) 165
punishments. See penalties for counterfeiting
Q
Quebec. See also Eastern Townships (in Lower Canada); Lower Canada; New France
British criminal law 28
counterfeiting a capital crime 28
French civil code after 1774 28
leniency of courts in sentencing counterfeiters 114
Quebec Act (1774) 28
Quebec Gazette 76
R
RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police)
Integrated Counterfeit Enforcement Teams (ICETs) 138, 141, 167
jurisdiction over investigation/prosecution of counterfeiting 101–102, 137–138, 139
National Anti-Counterfeiting Bureau (NACB) 138, 139–141
National Counterfeit Enforcement Strategy (2005) 137–138
on joining Geneva Convention on the Suppression of Counterfeiting 154
success against counterfeit $1 and $2 coins (2006, 2010) 146–147
work with U.S. Secret Service to combat cross-border counterfeiting 155
Reed, Fitch 75–76
Reserve Bank of Australia 118, 128–129
Rogers, J. E. 67
Roman denarii 4
Roman world coinage and counterfeiting2–3
Roosevelt, Franklin 39
Rose, John 65
Royal Bank of Canada 102
Royal Canadian Mint’s MintChip electronic currency 163
S
Salli, Salvatore 110
Saunders, J. C. 153–154
Sawchuk, Michael 107
Sawchuk, Nancy (alias Nancy Hill) 107–108
Scenes of Canada bank note series 114–116, 122–123
Scientific American 59–60
Securency International of Australia 129, 132
“shinplasters” (“continental” currency) 33–34
siderography (with steel plates) process 55–57
Simon, John 39
Skelton, O. D. 153–154
Special Studies Group (SSG) 156
Special Study Group on Modern Reproduction Technologies (SSG-2) 156–157
Spencer, Asa 61
Staines, Commissioner (RCMP) 154
Steinbeck, John 39
Stern (magazine) 38
Stewart, Don 133
St. Luke’s Printing Works of London 98
Stockholms Banco (Sweden) 7
Stoinoff, Peter 107
stored-value cards. See electronic money (e-money or stored-value cards)
T
Talbot, William Henry Fox 58
tetradrachm 2
thaler, Maria Theresa 12
Tichenor, Governor (Vermont) 75, 151
Todorov, Ronald 125
Tomchuk, Steve 100
Towers, Graham 100
transfer press 56
Tyburn Tree 20
Tyvek substrate for note 130
U
ultraviolet features on notes 119, 124
United Kingdom. See Great Britain
United States and counterfeiting. See also United States and counterfeiting in 19th century
“baneful” moral influence of Canada on the U.S. 79
government counterfeiting of Japanese notes during WWII 40
government counterfeiting of Vietnamese notes (dongs) during Vietnamese War 40
government counterfeiting of Vietnamese notes during Vietnam War 39–40
government-sponsored 39–40
Hobby Protection Act (1973) 14
lack of compensation for victims 16–17
Vermont’s petition to suppress counterfeiting in Lower Canada 75, 151
United States and counterfeiting in 19th century
bewildering mixture of private bank notes 44–45
in Confederate states 48
counterfeit coins by small-time fraudsters 67–69
legality in Canada of counterfeiting U.S. notes (pre- and post-1810) 29, 73, 75–76, 151
Lower and upper Canada havens for U.S. counterfeiters 29
national currency (“the greenback”) introduced in 1861 61–62, 63
population growth, urbanization, and counterfeiting 43
private bank notes and counterfeiting 43–46
Secret Service established to fight counterfeiting (1865) 63–64, 152
severity of problem 45–47, 63–64
Upham, Samuel C. 48
Upper Canada
haven for U.S. counterfeiters 29
legality of counterfeiting foreign notes (pre- and post-1810) 29, 73, 75–76, 151
penalties for counterfeiting 30–31
U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing 61
V
Vaughn, Richard 24
Vermont, petition to suppress counterfeiting in Lower Canada 75, 151
Viger, Denis 93–94
Visa transactions 160
W
Wagner, James 111
Waley, S. D. 39
Wallace, Michael 8
watermarks on bank notes
by Sweden 7
on Canadian Journey series of notes 122, 124
Weber, Wesley 40, 120–121, 139
White, David 69
“wildcat” banks 47–48
Wilkie, John 88–89
Wolashyn, John 107
Z
Zdolinski, Matthew 110–111