Advertising, 58–59. See also Marketing
products and, 11
AEG, 160
Aesthetics. See also Industrial design
concerns about today’s, 174–78
elegance and, 164–70
industrial products and, 155–59
introduction, 153–55
problems and tactics table, 179
product form/function and, 170–74
sophistication and, 164–70
thought problem, 178
Aging populations, addressing physical fit and, 74
Airplanes, performance/cost ratios, 64
Albers, Josef, 160
Aluminum products, 208
Anthropocene, 204
Anticipation, 126
Apple, 58
first computer of, 27
iPhone, 11
Automobile companies, tradition and, 29–35
Bamboo Diapers, 211
Bathrooms, human fit and, 69–70
Battery-operated toys, 220–21
Bauhaus, 160–61
Beasley, Bruce, 185
Behrens, Peter, 160
Billington, David, 111
Biotechnology, 67
Bird in Space (Brancusi), 170
Bloom, Paul, 135–36
Boeing, 176
Brain, the, 81–84
Triune Brain theory of, 83–84
Brain function, models of, 84
Brancusi, Constantin, 170
Breuer, Marcel, 160
Business success, product quality and, 10
Capital goods, standardization of, 196–97
Car companies, U.S., tradition and, 29–35
Carson, Rachel, 13
Cell-phone cameras, 209
Challenger accident, 186–87, 228
Change
organizational, creativity and, 44
taste and, 10
Chemical sense, 76
China, 19–20
Chueh, William, 219
Cognitive fit, 81–86. See also Fit
Cognitive revolution, 81
“Competing on the Eight Dimensions of Quality” (Garvin), 26
Competition, global, 19–21
Complexity
human fit and, 87–91
Three Mile Island nuclear plant failure and, 87–89
trade-off between elegance and, 173–74
Compromise products, 34
Computers, 47
human mind compatibility and, 86
problem-solving and, 85–86
Conceptual Blockbusting: A Guide to Better Ideas (Adams), 44
Conjoint analysis, 27
Consumer safety, 92–93
Cortex, 133–34
Cost. See also Price
balancing act between performance and, 59–63
complexity of, 56–59
introduction, 51–52
problems and tactics table, 66
thought problem, 65–66
“true,” debate about, 57
Cost/performance ratios
of airplanes, 64
of products, 64
Craftsmanship industry/culture problem of, 104–9
introduction, 97
nature of, 109–14
pleasure and pride of, 100–104
problems and tactics table, 120
reasons for importance of, 98–100
suggestions for improving, 114–19
thought problem, 119
workmanship and, 109–14
Crawford, Matthew, 108
Creativity
design and, 44
organizational change and, 44
organizational characteristics for, 44–46
Cross-functional interdisciplinary team approach, 28
Crutzen, Paul, 204
Crystal Palace, 185
Cultural values, problems and tactics table, 201
Cultures
globalism and, 195–200
products and, 186–90
Dadaists, 185
Danko, William, 108
Day-to-day annoyances, reasons for accepting, 8
Death, fascination with, 128–31
Deming, W. Edwards, 17
Design
changing nature of, 37–44
creativity and, 44
defined, 37
global constraints and, 210
increased sophistication of, 39
industrial, 159–64
process, for physical fit, 73
of products, 28
safety and, 93–94
threat of litigation and, 227
Design for manufacturing, 16
Design groups, attributes of, 38
Designers
complexity of systems and, 89–90
duality of consciousness/unconsciousness and, 84–85
human fit and, 68–69
Diapers, disposable, 210–11
Doyal, Len, 138–39
Drug Importation Act (1848), 92
Duchamp, Marcel, 185
Economic theory, flaws in, 35–37
Ecosphere problems, 204–7
causes of, 209–12
response to, 212–16
revolutionary approaches to, 216–21
role of industrial products, 207–9
Eiffel Tower, 185
Electric motors, 218–19
problems and tactics table, 179
trade-off between complexity and, 173–74
Elkington, John, 203–4
Emotional Design (Norman), 140
Emotional Intelligence (Goleman), 125–26
Emotions
complexity of, 125–31
diversity in responses to, 131–33
introduction, 121–22
labels for, 125–26
mechanisms of, 133–36
needs and, 140–44
problems and tactics table, 152
role of, 122–25
thought problem, 152
Employees, retaining and motivating high-quality, 10
Empowerment, worker, 16
recognition/rewards for, 113–14
Energy systems, revolutionary approaches to, 216–19
Entrepreneurship, 18
Environmental problems. See Ecosphere problems
Environmentalism, 13
Ergonomics, 67
Essentialism, 135
Esteem needs, 145–46
EV1, 212
Expectations, population, 209
Farm equipment
effect of, on farming, 63
performance, cost, and price of, 61–62
Farming, effect of farm equipment on, 63
Faste, Rolf, 149
Fayol, Henry, 71
Feature creep, 54–55
Federal regulatory agencies, 225–26
Fiorina, Carly, 176
Fit
cognitive, 81–86
human, 67–70
physical, 70–75
sensory, 75–81
Fluorescent lighting, 217–18
Food and Drug Act (1906), 92
Forbes, Fahrad, 102
Forbes, Naushad, 102–3
Forbes Marshall, 102–3
Free workmanship, 109, 110, 113, 114
Fresh water, global use of, 222
Freud, Sigmund, 127–28
Future creep, 54–55
Garvin, David, 26
Gates, Bill, 10
Gehry, Frank, 175
General Motors, 40
German Modernism, 160
Global competition, 19–21
Global constraints
design and, 210
problems and tactics table, 231
Global Positioning System (GPS), 41–42
Global warming, 223–24
Globalism, cultures and, 195–200
Good Product, Bad Product Matrix, 236
Gough, Ian, 138–39
Gropius, Walter, 160
Gulick, Luther, 71
Haile, Sossina, 219
Hampden-Turner, Charles, 84
Harley-Davidson motorcycles, 131, 199
Hasso Plattner Institute of Design, 48
Head, Howard, 147
Hierarchy of needs (Maslow), 137
Holocene, 204
Home energy costs, reducing, 218
Home ownership, in U.S., 188
Honesty, 59
Human emotions. See Emotions
Human factors engineering, 67
Human fit
bathrooms and, 69–70
complexity and, 87–91
designers and, 68–69
problems and tactics table, 95
problems with, 67–68
safety and, 91–94
thought problem, 95
Human interface, 67
Human needs. See Needs, human
Hunter Engineering, 39, 40, 42
Industrial design, background, 159–64. See also Design
Industrial products, 9. See also Products
aesthetics and, 155–59
design of, 37–38
future trends in, 9–11
role of, 207–9
Industrial safety, 92
Information revolution, 81–82
Innovation, 18
Insight, Honda, 214
Intel Corp, 63
Intellectual needs, 148–49
International Commission on Stratigraphy, 204
International Data Corporation (IDC), 11
International style, 160
Introduction to design, 39–41
iPhone, 11
Irrigation, 222–23
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 11–17, 40, 42–43
Joint Regulatory Agency, 225
Joy, 126
Jump Associates, 149
Kandinsky, Wassily, 160
Kelley, David, 48
Kennedy, John F., 60
Klee, Paul, 160
Kyoto Protocol, 204
Lauren, Ralph, 175
Laws, 224–29
LEDs (light-emitting diodes), 218
Levi Strauss, 34
Lewis, Nathan, 223
Lifestyle changes, physical fit and, 74–75
Lighting, 217–18
Living National Treasures program (Japan), 113–14
Lovins, Amory, 212
Lutz, Bob, 175
Luxury products, 146
Lyman, Peter, 81
MacLean, Paul, 83–84
Magazines, 35
Maslow, Abraham, 137–38, 150–51
Manufacturing quality
beyond, 17–19
changes in organizational structures and procedures for improving, 16
focus on, 15–16
improvement in, 28
responsibility for, 16
Maps of the Mind (Hampden-Turner), 84
Marketing. See also Advertising
intent of, 28
product design and, 175
product quality and, 26–28
unprecedented products and, 27
values of people in business and, 27
McCartney, Stella, 175
McKim, Bob, 149
Mechatronics, 46
Microsoft Word, 172–73
Midbrain, 84
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 160
Millionaire Next Door, The (Stanely and Danko), 108
Mind, the, 82–84
Mockups, 73
Moholy-Nagy, László, 160
Mondrian, Piet, 185
Moore, Gordon, 63
Moore curve, 63
Movement sense, 76
Myerson, Bess, 93
Nader, Ralph, 93
Nature and Art of Workmanship (Pye), 109
Needs, human, 136–40
emotions and, 140
esteem, 145–46
finding, 149–52
hierarchy of, 137–38
intellectual, 148–49
safety, 143–44
social, 144–47
survival, 140–44
thought problem, 152
“New feature” solution, 150
New Science of Why We Like What We Like, The (Bloom), 135–36
Nikon camera, 173–74
Normal Accidents (Perrow), 87
Norman, Donald, 140
Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970), 92
O’Reilly, Charles, 13–14
Organic sense, 76
Organizational change, creativity and, 44
Pacific Electric Railways “Red Line,” 214
Packard, David, 147
Panasonic, 34
Parkinson, Brad, 41–42
Patnaik, Dev, 149–51
Perfect products, 7
Performance
balancing act between cost and, 59–63
introduction, 51–52
problems and tactics table, 66
quantifying, 52–56
thought problem, 65–66
Performance/cost ratios
of airplanes, 64
of products, 64
Perrow, Charles, 87
Petersen, Donald, 15, 115, 176
Petroleum-based transportation system, 213–14
Physical fit, 70–75. See also Fit
addressing aging population and, 74
data for, 73
design process for better, 73
lifestyle changes and, 74–75
mockups for, 73
prototyping and, 74
testing time for, 74
World War II and understanding, 72–73
Piano, Renzo, 185
Pickup trucks, as example of quality problem, 31–34
Pininfarina, Battista, 175
Plattner, Hasso, 48
Plutchik, Robert, 126, 132, 135
Price. See also Cost
complexity of, 56–59
introduction, 51–52
problems and tactics table, 66
Problem solving
computers and, 85–86
quality and, 24–29
Problems
quality, example of, 31–34
reasons for, 63–65
Problems and tactics tables
for aesthetics, 179
for cost, performance, and price, 66
for craftsmanship, 120
for cultural values, 201
for elegance, 179
for emotions, 152
for global constraints, 231
for human fit, 95
for sophistication, 179
for symbolism, 201
Product design. See Design
Product form/function, aesthetics and, 170–74
Product liability litigation, 226–27
Product quality. See also Quality
business success and, 10
design group attributes for, 38
marketing and, 26–28
thought problem, 22
Product simplification, 162
Product standardization, 162
Product uniformity, international, 196–97
Products. See also Industrial products
advertising and, 11
aluminum, 208
compromise, 34
cultures and, 186–90
design and, 28
effects of improved quality of, 11
emotions and, 121–22
improvement and, 8
luxury, 146
perfect, 7
performance/cost ratios of, 64
subcultures and, 190–95
Prototyping, 74
Pye, David, 109–13
Quality, 1. See also Product quality
as abstract concept, 2
aspects of, 26
criteria for, 2–3
marketing and, 26–28
problem solving and, 24–29
product, business success and, 10
thinking and, 24–29
thought problem, 22
Quality improvement, example of, 11–17
Quality problems, example of, 31–34
Quantity, tradition of producing, 31
Rauschenberg, Robert, 185
Recognition, for worker empowerment, 113–14
“Red Line” (Pacific Electric Railways), 214
Refrigerators, 215–16
Regulated workmanship, 109, 110
Regulations, 224–29
Rewards, for worker empowerment, 113–14
Rick, John, 99
Rogovin, Mitchell, 87
Rough workmanship, 109–10, 112–13
Rutan, Burtan, 175
Safety
consumer, 92–93
designing products for, 93–94
human fit and, 91–94
industrial, 92
Safety needs, 143–44
Schiaparelli, Elsa, 175
Schimandle, Bill, 60
Scientific management, 71–72
Senses, 75–76
Sensory fit, 75–81. See also Fit
Shell Oil Company, 40
“Shop Class as Soul Craft” (Crawford), 108
Silent Spring (Carson), 13
Silicon Snake Oil (Stoll), 55–56
Skin sense, 76
Smith, David, 185
Social needs, 144–47
Solar energy, 219–20
Sophistication, 164–70, 176–77
problems and tactics table, 179
Sputnik, 12
Standardization, global, 196–97
Stanley, Thomas, 108
Starck, Philippe, 175
Stella, Frank, 185
Stoermer, Eugene, 204
Stoll, Clifford, 55–56
Subcultures, 198–99
products and, 190–95
thought problem about, 200
Success, business, product quality and, 10
Survival needs, 140–44
Symbolism
introduction, 182–83
problems and tactics table, 201
products and, 183–85
Symbols, defined, 181
Systemic solutions, 151
Taste, change and, 10
Taylor, Frederick W., 71
Teague, Walter Dorwin, 161
Technical balance, 42
Technology
depictions of, 185
importance of, 188–90
United States and, 186
Theory of Human Need, A (Doyal and Gough), 138–39
Thinking, quality and, 24–29
Thought problems
about aesthetics, 178
about craftsmanship, 119–20
about emotions and needs, 152
about environment problems, 230–31
about human fit, 95
about narrow-mindedness or tradition, 48–49
about performance and cost, 65–66
about product quality, 22
about subcultures, 200
Three Mile Island nuclear plant failure, 60, 186
complexity of, 87–89
Thresholds, 77–78
Time sense, 76
Tinguely, Jean, 185
Toilets, 222
Total Quality Management (TQM), 16
Toxic waste, 210
Tradition
car companies and, 29–35
of producing quantity vs. quality, 31
Triple bottom line, 203–4
Triune Brain theory, 83–84
“True” cost, debate about, 57
Trust, 126
Tushman, Michael, 13–14
United States
cars in, 187–88
focus on manufacturing quality in, 15
house ownership in, 188
importance of technology to, 186
kitchen appliances in, 188
tradition of producing quantity vs. quality in, 31
weapons and, 188
worry about product quality in, 13–15
Urwick, Lyndall, 71
U.S. Pharmacopeia, 92
Varian, Hal, 81
Vision sense, 76
Volt, Chevrolet, 212
War, 128
Warhol, Andy, 185
Warner and Swasey Company, 105–6
Water, global use of, 222
Weapons, in U.S., 188
Werkbund, 160
Winning the Oil Endgame (Lovins), 212
Winning Through Innovation:
A Practical Guide to Leading Organizational Change and Renewal (O’Reilly and Tushman), 13
Worker empowerment, 16
recognition/rewards needed for, 113–14
Workmanship. See also Craftsmanship
of certainty, 110
of risk, 110
World War II, understanding physical fit and, 72–73
Wozniak, Steve, 147
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 175