1. Troitskii, Otechestvennaia Voina, 3.
2. Orlando Figes, Natasha’s Dance, London 2002, 81.
3. Pokrovskii, III/181–93; Troitskii, Otechestvennaia Voina, 30–1.
4. Troitskii, Otechestvennaia Voina, 37–45; Tarle, Napoleon, 419–20; Tarle, Nashestvie, 3, 4, 292–3.
1. Chevalier, 144.
2. Castellane, I/83.
3. Savary, V/148.
4. Ségur, III/449.
5. Méneval, II/436; Hortense II/127. On the birth of the King of Rome, see also: Las Cases, I, Part 2, 350–2; O’Meara, II/368; Savary, V/146–9; Raza, 202–6; Castellane, I/83; Kemble, 182–4; Rambuteau, 55–6.
6. Dwyer, 129–30.
7. Ségur, III/74.
8. Driault, Grand Empire, 126, 127, 231.
9. Herold, 245, 243; Fouché, II/114.
10. Savary, V/149.
11. Comeau de Charry, 440; see also Ségur, IV/78–9.
12. Rambuteau, 70; also Napoleon, Mémoires, VIII/150; Las Cases, IV, Part 1, 8–14.
13. Fain, Mémoires, 286–7; Kemble, 165, 170. Ségur (III/476) claims that Napoleon was aware of this and was therefore in a hurry to deal with Russia while he could.
1. Deutsch, 17.
2. Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine, 231.
3. Hosking, Russia and the Russians, 109.
4. Voenskii, Bonapart i Russkie Plennie; see also Ragsdale.
5. Kartsov & Voenskii, 7.
6. Alexander I, Uchebnia Knigi, 382–3.
7. Hartley, Alexander, 1. See also Ratchinski, 55; Deutsch, 43.
8. Ratchinski, 121; Dzhivelegov et al., I/200–1; Fonvizin, 94.
9. Hartley, Alexander, 74.
10. Ley, 42; Bazylow, in Senkowska-Gluck; see also Kveta Mejdricka, Les Paysans Tchèqes et la Révolution Française in Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française, no. 154, Nancy 1958.
11. Hartley, Alexander, 76.
12. For Tilsit, see Tatistchev, 379–459, and Vandal, I/224ff.
13. Alexander I, Corr. avec sa soeur, 18–19.
14. Many, like Grech, 260, and Davidov, 59, claim that Alexander was not taken in, but Alexander admitted to Mme de Staël that he had fallen under the spell: Staël, 215. See also Palmer, Napoleon in Russia, 136–7 & 147–9.
15. Palmer, Alexander, 149, 150; Ratchinski, 124; Edling, 60–2; Ley, 32.
16. Vandal, I/217.
17. Caulaincourt, I/242.
18. Vandal, I/195.
19. Roberts, 16; Herold, 48; Pradt, 19.
20. Sokolov, Nov – Dec, 44; Las Cases, III/165; Vandal I/224ff; Talleyrand, 313, 356; Driault, Tilsit, 291.
21. Vandal I/242; Tatistchev, 312–13.
22. Vandal I/441, 456–7.
23. Golovin, 391; Shilder, Nakanunie, 4–20; Alexander I, Corr. avec sa soeur, 20.
24. Caulaincourt, I/273.
25. Ibid., 270; see also Tatistchev, 379–459.
26. Vandal, I/421; Grunwald, Alexandre Ier, 176.
1. Senkowska-Gluck, 274; Ernouf, 105.
2. Ramm, 69.
3. Driault, Tilsit, 241; see also Ramm, Servières, Cavaignac, Ernouf, etc.
4. Driault, Grand Empire, 188–9.
5. Comeau de Charry, 318–19; Bruun, 174.
6. Bruun, 174; Grunwald, Baron Stein, 94.
7. Driault, Tilsit, 348.
8. Vandal, II/447.
9. Langsam, 32, 103, 44, 64.
10. Kraehe, I/74; Langsam, 43.
11. Palmer, Alexander, 195.
12. Roberts, 83.
13. Bruun, 64; Bismarck, 13.
14. Chernyshev, 205; Vandal, III/201ff; Herold, 182.
1. For the planned Russian marriage and the Austrian marriage, see: Vandal; Driault, Grand Empire; Caulaincourt, I/293–316.
2. Nicholas Mikhailovich, IV/50–7.
3. Napoleon, Correspondance, XX/149–54.
4. Ibid., 157.
5. Ibid., 159.
6. Ratchinski, 21–2, 33.
7. Volkonskii, 4.
8. Ibid., 55; Davidov, 56.
9. Dzhivelegov et al., II/205.
10. Ibid., 194–220; Ratchinski, 284.
11. Scott, 5–6.
12. Kartsov & Voenskii, 50–1.
13. Czartoryski, II/221, 227, 231; Askenazy, 218–20; Dzivelegov et al., III/138.
14. Czartoryski, II/231, 323–4, 225.
15. Fain, Manuscrit, I/3.
16. Palmer, Alexander, 199.
17. Czartoryski, II/248–53; Josselson, 77; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov, 78; Fabry, Campagne de Russie, I/iff; Czartoryski, II/271–8.
18. Bestuzhev-Riumin, Zapiski, 341; Palmer, Alexander, 200.
19. Bignon, Souvenirs, 46ff; Bonnal, 3, 4–12; Las Cases, II, Part 1, 99; Brandys, II/25.
20. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXI/407; XXII/29; Shuvalov, 416; Chernyshev, 21, 72.
21. Chernyshev, 84; Kukiel, Vues, 77.
22. Caulaincourt, I/281–96.
23. Ibid., 293.
24. Ibid., 302, 307, 316.
25. Alexander, Corr. avec sa soeur, 51.
26. Savary, V/140–1.
27. Vandal, III/209–17; Tatistchev, 572–3.
28. Napoleon, Correspondance XXII/266.
29. Ibid., 40–1; Las Cases, II, Part 1, 101.
1. Gary W. Kronk, Cometography, vol. 2, 1996, www.Cometography.com
2. Déchy, 364; Butkevicius, 898; Chamski, 61; Butenev, 58; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov, 172; F. Glinka, Pisma russkavo ofitsera, IV/8; S. N. Glinka, Zapiski, 261; Palmer, Alexander, 206–7; Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii, III/41.
3. Metternich, II/422.
4. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIII/191.
5. Thévenin, 292.
6. Nafziger, 27.
7. Ibid., 85ff; Creveld, 62–3; Dedem, 210; Bonnal, 21; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIII/432.
8. Chernyshev, 116–20; La Guerre Nationale, III/97–9.
9. Jerome, V/247; Dedem, 194; Compans, 126; Rapp, 139; Driault, Grand Empire, 300–2; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXXIII/14–16, 44–6, etc.
10. Chambray, I/162; Funck, 99.
11. Holzhausen, 27.
12. Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii, III/141; Holzhausen, 27.
13. Kukiel, Wojna, II/500. Pradt (84) gives a figure of 85,700, but he was probably not counting the Legion of the Vistula.
14. Laugier, Récits, 15–16.
15. Combe, 58, etc.
16. Borcke, 161, 171; Jerome, V/188.
17. Comeau de Charry, 428; Soltyk, 207; see also Sauzey, Les Allemands; Wesemann, 25ff.
18. Begos, 175; Boppe La Légion Portugaise, 215–27; Castellane, I/178; Boppe La Croatie Militaire, 95–120.
19. Calosso, 51; Zelle, 69.
20. Saint-Chamans, 211–12; Fredro, 82.
21. Thirion, 147; Pion des Loches, 27.
22. Lejeune, Mémoires, II/170.
23. Funck, 99–100; Berthézène, I/329.
24. Beyle, Vie de Napoléon, 227; Fain, Manuscrit, I/46.
25. Berthézène, I/328.
26. Funck, 103; see also Baudus, I/336; Ségur, IV/124.
27. Girard, 169–70.
28. Voltaire, 8; Comeau de Charry, 436; Jerome, V/165.
29. Caulaincourt, II/378.
30. Brandys, II/42; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIII/95, 398; Tulard, Le Dépôt de la Guerre, 104–9.
31. Blaze de Bury, I/154–5.
32. Brett-James, 57–8.
33. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIII/432.
34. Ibid., 143.
35. Dumonceau, II/5.
36. Blaze de Bury, I/54–5.
37. Elting, 458–73.
38. Bigarré, 297–8.
39. Laugier, Récits, 9; Holzhausen, 30–1; Wesemann, 25.
40. Herold, 218.
41. Caulaincourt, II/77–8; Denniée, 15; Castellane, I/102. Some observers thought Napoleon was thinking of founding colonies in distant lands, and there are accounts of bricklayers, carpenters and artisans being drafted into the army or despatched in separate units, but this is probably no more than gossip, based on the fact that prescient commanders such as Davout identified those soldiers who could, for instance, build ovens and bake bread, and made sure that every company had a complement. At the same time, it is certainly true that the army was followed by hordes of people whose purpose was not always clear. See: Begos, 171–2; Bourgeois, 1–2; Chambray, I/164; Puibusque, 9.
42. Saint-Chamans, 213; Paixhans, 33.
43. Compans, 129.
44. Berthézène, 328; Lejeune, Mémoires, II/169; according to Bertolini, many of the Italians had their wives with them.
45. Boulart, 239; Walter, 34; Pouget, 184; Fairon & Heuse, 271; Laugier, Récits, 10; Pion des Loches, 273; Bourgeois, 2; Denniée, 11; Ganniers, 166; Hausmann, 141.
46. Duverger, 1; Vandal, III/454; Ricome, 47; Meerheimb, 7.
47. Nesselrode, IV/204–5.
1. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIII/379; Fain, Manuscrit, I/43.
2. Villemain, I/155, 162, 163, 167.
3. Ibid., 175.
4. Jerome, V/169.
5. Fouché, II/114; Ségur, IV/74.
6. Kurakin, 360–1.
7. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIII/388.
8. Pasquier, 525.
9. Fain, Manuscrit, I/61.
10. Castellane, I/93.
11. Vandal, III/413–16; Baudus, I/338; Garros, 370–1.
12. Beauharnais, VII/340; Méneval, III/25; Savary, V/226; Comeau de Charry, 439; Lejeune, Mémoires, II/174.
13. Volkonskii, 147, 148, 149.
14. Voronovskii, 4.
15. Palmer, Alexander, 211; Kartsov & Voenskii, 107.
16. Palmer, Alexander, 213; Kartsov & Voenskii, 103–4, 107; Dzhivelegov et al., II/221–46; Bulgakov, 2.
17. Dzhivelegov et al., III/64–8; Bogdanov, 78.
18. Volkonskii, 56; La Guerre Nationale, VII/333–5.
19. Kharkievich, Nastavlenie, 239, 242, 243; Shvedov, Komplektovanie, 125.
20. Dzhivelegov et al., III/81; Bogdanov, 61, 65, 72.
21. Shvedov, Komplektovanie, 125; Troitskii, O chislennosti, 172–3 and O dislokatsii. See also: Zhilin, Otechestvennaia voina, 95–6; Sokolov, Dec., 36; Bogdanov, 72; Dzhivelegov et al., III/139; also Clausewitz, 12; Shishov, 235; Wolzogen, 87–8.
22. On Barclay, see: Josselson; Wolzogen, 55–6; Toll, I/268.
23. Grunwald, Baron Stein, 188.
24. Dubrovin, 9.
25. Ermolov, June/4; Josselson, 77; Muravev, 175.
26. Josselson, 41–2; Dumas, III/416.
27. Caulaincourt, I/291–3; Bignon, Souvenirs, 129.
28. Fabry, Campagne de Russie, I/iff, x–xxiii, xxviiiff; La Guerre Nationale, II/131–44, IV/17–107, V/232–5, VI/264–8, VII/17–27, 37–40; Ermolov, June, 5; Clausewitz, 14; 1812 God v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov, 79–80; Buturlin, Byl li u nas plan, 220; Shvedov, in Tezisy Nauchnoi Konferentsii, 32; Marchenko (502, 504–5) was of the opinion that there was a plan to retreat some distance, in order not to fight in Lithuania, where partisan activity was to be expected, but even he is adamant that nobody ever entertained the possibility of giving up Russian territory.
29. On Alexander’s various schemes, see: Alexander I, Corr. avec Bernadotte, 6–7, 21; Czartoryski, II/281; Askenazy, 231; Volkonskii, 154; Ratchinski, 224; La Guerre Nationale, IV/38–55, 413–25, V/359–69.
30. Alexander I, Corr. avec sa soeur, 76.
31. 1812 god. Voennie dnievniki, 77, 81.
32. Benckendorff, 32; Shiskov, 126; Radozhitskii, 21; Simanskii, 1912, No. 2.
33. Bakunina, 396–7.
34. Josselson, 93; Barclay de Tolly i Otechestvennaia Voina, August 1912, 197–8.
35. Toll, I/270; see also Vaudoncourt, Quinze Années, I/167.
36. Wolzogen, 63.
37. Ley, 45–6; 47, 48.
38. Nesselrode, IV/5–10.
39. Rambuteau, 86; see also Villemain, I/187.
40. Skallon, 450; Nesselrode, IV/35; Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 19.
1. Denniée, 12–13.
2. Hazlitt, III/398.
3. Fain, Manuscrit, I/68.
4. Vandal, III/479; Villemain, I/174.
5. Metternich, I/122.
6. Fain, Manuscrit, I/75; Pradt, 56–7; Savary, V/226.
7. Villemain, I/165–6, 163.
8. Fain, Manuscrit, I/50.
9. Jomini, Précis, I/48; Niemcewicz, I/380; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIII/441.
10. Beauharnais, VII/261, 330, 374; Caulaincourt, I/342; Falkowski, IV/6–7; Lejeune, Mémoires, II/180; Potocka, 319–20; Krasinski, 68; Kozmian, II/302; Niemcewicz, 379; Villemain, I/167–70; Las Cases, IV/181–2; O’Meara, I/191; also Kukiel, Vues, 77.
11. Chevalier, 175.
12. Brandt, 228; Paixhans, 24–6.
13. Brandt, 228, 230; Dumas, III/417, 419.
14. Dumas, III/418; Castellane, I/101.
15. Everts, 117.
16. Combe, 57.
17. Oginski, III/114; Falkowski, IV/3; Bignon, Souvenirs, 195.
18. Chernyshev, 72, relates that Napoleon himself told him that the Grand Duchy could not support an army of more than 40,000 men; Falkowski, IV/3.
19. Venturini, 218; Dziewanowski, 6.
20. Fredro, 35; see also Blaze de Bury, I/44–5; Brandt, 232.
21. Roy, 130; Hausman, 94.
22. Holzhausen, 31–2; Abbeel, 96.
23. Boulart, 240–1.
24. Walter, 40–1; Le Roy, 130.
25. O’Meara, II/95; Caulaincourt, I/330, 340; Fain, Manuscrit, I/87.
26. Fabry, Campagne de Russie, IV, Annexe 14–16, 262–348; Vilatte de Prugnes, 249–74, for the official figures from the Dépôt de la Guerre.
27. Beauharnais, VII/276.
28. Berthézène, I/323–6; Dedem, 226–7.
29. Hausman, 94; Fairon & Heuse, 274.
30. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIII/499–50; Garros, 377; Napoleon, Lettres Inédites (1935), 41.
31. Napoleon, Correspondance (1925), V/435, 396.
32. Garros, 378.
33. Ibid., 378–9; Soltyk, 9–10; Zaluski, 119; Caulaincourt, I/344.
34. Boulart, 241.
35. Napoleon, Correspondance (1925), V/435.
36. Dumonceau, II/48; Saint-Chamans, 213; Labaume, 25; Boulart, 242; Ganniers, 181.
37. Lejeune, Mémoires, II/175.
38. Planat de la Faye, 71.
39. Lejeune, Mémoires, II/175–6; see also Jomini, Précis, I/57
40. Fantin des Odoards, 303.
1. Choiseul-Gouffier, 45–8, 58–9; Nesselrode, 45; 1812 god. Voennie Dnevniki, 76–7.
2. Ley, 49.
3. Shishkov, 127.
4. Buturlin, I/155; Barclay de Tolly i Otechestvennaia Voina, Sept. 1912, 327.
5. Altshuller & Tartakovskii, 21; Mitarevskii, 12; Radozhitskii, 35–6.
6. Altshuller & Tartakovskii, 23; Laugier, Gli Italiani, 26–7.
7. Prikaz nashim armiam, 445.
8. Dubrovin, 13–15.
9. Bloqueville, III/155.
10. Boulart, 243.
11. Bertin, 27; Lecoq, 162.
12. Griois, II/14; Berthézène, I/343; Dumas, III/422.
13. Laugier, Récits, 18; Montesquiou-Fezensac, 208; Dumas, III/422; Labaume, 33.
14. Fain, Manuscrit, I/200–1; Denniée, 19–21; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/33.
15. Castellane, I/110.
16. Caulaincourt, I/354.
17. Dubrovin, 25.
18. Dubrovin, 20–5; Caulaincourt, I/354; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/1.
19. Tatistchev, 606; Las Cases, II, Part 1, 103.
20. Soltyk, 36; Dupuy, 166.
21. Brandt, 240; see also Gajewski, 214; Bourgeois, 12; Caulaincourt, I/351.
22. Choiseul-Gouffier, 64; Dokumenty i Materialy, CXXVIII, 416; see also Dziewanowski, 6.
23. Falkowski, IV/127, 129; Kukiel, Wojna, I/376–88; Zaluski, 232.
24. Brandt, 251; Gardier, 32.
25. Chamski, 67; Brandt, 245; Turno, 104; Kolaczkowski, 98; Soltyk, 59, 65.
26. Choiseul-Gouffier, 65; Placzkowski, 171–2; see also Faber du Faur, 10.
27. Falkowski, IV/128; Brandt, 241, 243; Fezensac, Journal, 13.
28. Dziewanowski, 8; Jackowski, 297.
29. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/61; Pradt, 131.
30. Dokumenty i Materialy, CXXVIII, 397; Falkowski, IV/135–6; Dokumenty i Materialy, CXXVIII, 393.
31. Kukiel, Wojna, I/389–390; Falkowski, IV/146, 149–150.
32. Brandys, II/76; Choiseul-Gouffier, 102.
33. Fantin des Odoards, 308.
34. Napoleon, Lettres Inédites (1897), II/199; Correspondance, XXIV/19.
35. Napoleon, Lettres Inédites (1897), II/200; Beauharnais, VII/382; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/37.
36. Askenazy, 232; Fain, Manuscrit, I/208; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/80–1.
37. Josselson, 99; Dubrovin, 36; Voronov.
38. Muravev, 174; Josselson, 93.
39. Grabbe, 827; Ermolov, 11.
40. Shchukin, VIII/165.
41. Chambray, I/210; Kallash, 17–18; Bagration (in Shchukin, VIII/169) gives a figure of 15,000 for all losses; Napoleon’s figure of 20,000 deserters, in Corr. Inédite (1925), V/492, can be discounted as propaganda.
42. Nesselrode, I/58; Clausewitz, 43; Alexander, Corr. avec Bernadotte, 19.
43. Clausewitz, 26–8, 31–4; Grech, 261.
44. Butenev, 69.
45. Shilder, Zapiska; Shishkov, 137–8; W.H. Löwenstern, I/209; Palmer, Alexander, 232–3.
1. Espinchal, I/320; Dumonceau, II/123.
2. Bertin, 25–6.
3. Sanguszko, 65; Caulaincourt, I/372.
4. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/99.
5. Radozhitskii, 77–8.
6. Bertin, 50–1.
7. Grabbe, 437.
8. Rossetti, 100.
9. Ducor, I/307.
10. Barclay, Tableau, 20; Buturlin, Byl li u nas plan, 220; Josselson, 109; Kharkievich, Barclay de Tolly v Otechestvennoi voinie, 4.
11. Barclay, Tableau, 20; Kharkievich, Barclay de Tolly v Otechestvennoi voine, 7; Clausewitz (104) thought it would have been madness to fight at Vitebsk.
12. Kharkievich, Barclay de Tolly v Otechestvennoi Voinie, 14; Clausewitz, 26–8.
13. Fezensac, Journal, 18; Vlijmen, 57; Gruber, 136.
14. Adam, Aus dem Leben, 156.
15. Lyautey, 489; Uxküll, 72.
16. Radozhitskii, 106.
17. Mailly, 12.
18. Venturini, 221.
19. Duverger, 4–5.
20. Everts, 123; François, II/765; Brett-James, 53.
21. Brett-James, 54.
22. Walter, 41.
23. Dumonceau, II/96; Brett-James, 67.
24. Laugier, Récits, 45; Lagneau, 200; Labaume, 97; Venturini, 220; Brett-James, 52; Radozhitskii, 19; Lejeune, Mémoires, II/182–3; Walter, 41; Ducor, I/305–6; Girod de l’Ain, 253.
25. Marbot, 159–60; Suckow, 158; Saint-Cyr, 62; Hausmann (99) says they had 15,000 left; Giesse, 67–8.
26. Dutheillet de la Mothe, 38.
27. Roeder, 95.
28. Holzhausen, 45.
29. Adam, Aus dem Leben, 156.
30. Dembinski, I/111; Suckow, 157.
31. Adam, Aus dem Leben, 50.
32. Fantin des Odoards, 307; Compans, 160.
33. Walter, 50.
34. Bourgoing, Souvenirs, 88–9; Suckow, 156; Ducor, I/310; Everts, 127; C.S. von Martens, 71.
35. Bellot de Kergorre, 57; Brandt, 244; Laugier, Gli Italiani, 40; Vaudoncourt, Quinze Années, 132.
36. Brett-James, 56.
37. Dedem, 226–7.
38. Ségur, III/205; Villemain, I/198–9; Caulaincourt, I/381.
39. Meneval, III/43; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/128, 133; Fain, Manuscrit, I/289,306; Dumas, III/429; Castellane, I/126–7; La Flise, LXXI/465; Bourgoing, Souvenirs, 98–100.
40. Dedem, 295.
41. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/89.
42. Askenazy, 226; Sanguszko, 75; Jomini, Précis, I/85.
43. Sanguszko, 70–1; Caulaincourt, I/407.
44. Fain, Manuscrit, I/318–20; Soltyk, 69; Boulart, 245; Caulaincourt, I/384–5; Bourgoing, Souvenirs, 100; Fezensac, Journal, 35; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/137; Caulaincourt, I/382; Villemain, I/203–4, 208; Fain, Manuscrit, I/323.
1. Dallas, 23.
2. Hartley, Russia in 1812, 178, 185–6; Dubrovin, 49; Akty, Dokumenty i Materialy, CXXXIX/135ff, 163, 209–68; Simanskii, 1912, No. 4, 176–7; Radozhitskii, 48–9.
3. Akty, Dokumenty i Materialy, CXXXIX/17, CXXXIII/173; Hartley, Russia in 1812, 196; Butenev, 71.
4. Hartley, Russia in 1812; Akty, Dokumenty i Materialy, CXXXIX/16–17; Iudin, 27; Shugurov, 253; Benckendorff, 47; Pouget, who was French governor of Vitebsk, was convinced (228) that the Jews spied for the Russians throughout.
5. Akty, Dokumenty i Materialy, CXXXIX/269–459; Iudin; Hartley, Russia in 1812, 406.
6. Pushkin, 205; Vigel, 43; Golitsuin, 7; Khomutova, 313.
7. Dzhivelegov et al., V/75–81; Troitskii, 1812 Velikii God, 217; Hosking, Russia. People and Empire, 134.
8. Sverbeev, I/62–3; Hartley, Russia in 1812, 405; Berthézène, II/38; Dedem, 232.
9. Prikaz Nashim Armiam, 446–7; Palitsyn, Manifesty.
10. Voenskii, Russkoe Dukhovenstvo, 12; Dubrovin, 52.
11. Dolgov, 137.
12. Bakunina, 399, 400, 402; Oginski, III/179; Tarle, Nashestvie, 68.
13. 1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiske i raskazakh, 41–2; Kallash, Chastnia Pisma.
14. Voronovskii, 246.
15. Khomutova, 315.
16. Priezd Imperatora Aleksandra v Moskvu; Waliszewski, II/72.
17. Kallash, 7–8; Naryshkina, 136; Hartley, Alexander, 111; for other accounts of Alexander’s visit, see: S. Glinka, Zapiski; Grunwald, Baron Stein, 195.
18. Viazemskii, 191–2.
19. Edling, 64; Alexander, Corr. avec sa soeur, 80–1.
20. Altshuller & Tartakovskii, 32; Ermolov, 29.
21. Mitarevskii, 30;Ermolov, 32.
22. F. Glinka, Pisma Russkavo Ofitsera, 18, 22–8.
23. Clausewitz, 111, 113.
24. Shchukin, VIII/167.
25. Simanskii, 1913, No. 1, 155, 156–7.
26. Aglaimov, 41; Altshuller & Tartakovskii, 33; Kharkievich, Barclay de Tolly v Otechestvennoi voinie, 14; Josselson 12; Simanskii, 1913 No. 1, 151; Radozhitskii, 98.
27. Fain, Manuscrit, I/359.
28. Fantin des Odoards, 317.
29. Askenazy, 235; Jackowski, 297, La Flise, LXXI/461.
30. Voronovskii, 31–3.
31. Clausewitz, 130.
32. Rossetti, 103; Ségur, IV/257.
33. Ermolov, 44; also Raevsky in Fabry, Campagne de Russie, IV/69–74.
34. Lyautey, 493.
35. Neverovskii, 79.
36. Thirion, 172–3; see also Faber du Faur 102 & Fanneau de la Horie.
37. Faré, 263; Labaume, 106; Denniée, 49–50.
38. Sukhanin, 277.
39. 1812 god v Vospominaniakh Sovremennikov, 113; see also F. Glinka, Pisma Russkavo Ofitsiera, 35.
40. Uxküll, 74; also Radozhitskii, 111.
41. Bourgoing, Souvenirs, 101; Fantin des Odoards, 318; Boulart, 248; Caulaincourt, I/394.
42. Wilson, Diary, I/148–9; Barclay de Tolly i Otechestvennaia Voina, Oct. 1912, 125; Josselson, 119; Bennigsen, Zapiski, July, 102, 114; Barclay de Tolly i Otechestvennaia Voina, Oct. 1912, 129, 128.
43. Chevalier, 187–8; Combe, 73–4; Faure, 34.
44. Holzhausen, 62.
45. Ségur, IV/265–6.
46. La Flise, LXXI/472–3.
47. Laugier, Récits, 63; Berthézène, II/23; La Flise, LXXI/474; Larrey, IV, 24, 31; Napoleon, Lettres Inédites (1935), 62–3.
48. Fantin des Odoards, 321; Dedem, 232.
49. Wilson, Invasion, 178–9.
50. Holzhausen, 65.
51. W.H. Löwenstern, I/228–9; Grabbe, 45.
52. W.H. Löwenstern, I/226, 231.
53. Brandt, 258.
54. According to Shvedov, Komplektovanie, total Russian losses at Smolensk and Lubino/Valutina Gora were 20,000; see also Josselson, 127; Troitskii, 1812 Velikii God, 117.
55. Zaluski 241.
56. Brandt, 261; Chevalier, 189; Brandt, 262.
57. Ségur, IV/291; Baudus, II/28.
1. Fain, Manuscrit, I/394; Chambray, I/332; Caulaincourt, I/393; his intention to halt at Smolensk is confirmed in many other sources.
2. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/167, 175, 180–1; Fezensac, Journal, 38; Kallash, 32; Caulaincourt, I/406.
3. Berthézène, II/32.
4. Boulart, 250; Fain, Manuscrit, I/402. There is some controversy over the stand taken by Davout, as Rambuteau (91) states he was against further advance, while Rossetti (106) and others maintain he was for it. Rapp, 167; Deniée, 62; Lejeune, Mémoires, II/199.
5. Fain, Manuscrit, I/407–8; Brandt, 252–3; see also Bourgoing, Souvenirs, 100.
6. Boulart, 248; see also Labaume, 103; Chevalier, 193.
7. Blaze de Bury, II/324.
8. Clausewitz, 113; Griois, II/9.
9. Abbeel, 110.
10. Combe, 74–5; Brandt, 268; C.S. von Martens, 109.
11. Faré, 261.
12. Pion des Loches, 287.
13. Ségur, IV/320; Bourgeois, 40.
14. Abbeel, 111.
15. Pelleport, II/23; Laugier, Récits, 49, 65; Lejeune, Mémoires, II/199; Chevalier, 190.
16. Caulaincourt, I/411; Chambray, II/26.
17. Soltyk, 198–9.
18. Bloqueville, III/167; Roguet, III/474.
19. Muravev, 189; Uxküll, 74.
20. Tarle, Nashestvie, 127; Radozhitskii, 129.
21. Koliubakhin, 1812 God. Poslednie dni komandovania …, 470; Radozhitskii, 128; Konshin, 283; Uxküll, 75.
22. Radozhitskii, 130.
23. Ermolov, 48; Simanskii, 159; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov, 113.
24. Grabbe, 440; Mitarevskii, 41; Dubrovin, 73.
25. Wolzogen, 132–3; Ermolov, 56.
26. Josselson, 115; W.H. Löwenstern, I/240, 244; E. Löwenstern, 113.
27. Clausewitz, 133; Grabbe, 454–5, 455, records this story at Dorogobuzh, but it seems he is confusing the argument between Bagration and Toll with that between Bagration and Barclay at Dorogobuzh – see Bennigsen, Zapiski, July 1909, 115; Koliubakhin, 1812 god. Poslednie dni komandovania …, 468.
28. Gosudarstvenno Istoricheskii Muzei, 176, 188; Dubrovin, 95–6; Josselson, 124.
29. Grabbe, 46; Sukhanin, 279; Mitarevskii, 42; Muravev, 180; Konshin, 283; Grabbe, 47, 455.
30. Grabbe, 47.
31. Koliubakhin, 1812 god. Poslednie dni komandovania …, 470; Clausewitz, 139; Gosudarstvenno Istoricheskii Muzei, 168; Radozhitskii, 128; Koliubakhin, ibid., 471; Barclay, Tableau, 38; Ermolov, 61; Beskrovny, Borodino, 44.
32. 1812 god v Vospominaniakh, Perepiske i Raskazakh, 22, 24, 28.
33. Ibid., 77.
34. 1812 god Voennie Dnevniki, 139; Dubrovin, 64–5.
35. Khomutova, 321; Naryshkina, 141–2.
36. Kologrivova, 340–1; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov, 96.
37. Naryshkina, 151.
38. 1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiske i raskazakh, 48; Kologrivova, 341; Gosudarstvenno Istoricheskii Muzei, 181; Dubrovin, 102.
39. Khomutova, 319; Beskrovny, Narodnoe Opolchenie, 48, 64.
40. Bestuzhev-Riumin, Zapiski, 353–7.
1. Alexander, Corr. avec sa soeur, 82; Palmer, Alexander, 237; Bakunina, 409; Wilson, Diary, I/155; Butenev, 6.
2. Adams, II/398.
3. Kharkievich, Barclay de Tolly v Otechestvennoi Voinie, 49.
4. Bakunina, 403.
5. Palmer, Alexander, 239; Chichagov, Mémoires, 43; Marchenko, 502–3; Wolzogen, 131–2; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 161–3; Alexander, Corr. avec sa soeur, 81, 87; Kharkievich, Barclay de Tolly v Otechestvennoi Voinie, 50; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 163–4, 357.
6. Alexander, Corr. avec Bernadotte, 55–6; Scott, Bernadotte.
7. Wilson, Invasion, 111–12.
8. Koliubakhin, 1812 god, Izbranie Kutuzova, 8–9; Bennigsen, Zapiski, Sept. 1909, 492–3; Kharkievich, Barclay de Tolly v Otechestvennoi Voinie, 24, 26.
9. Radozhitskii, 120–2; Koliubakhin, 1812 god. Izbranie Kutuzova, 12; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 360; See also Clausewitz, 136; F. Glinka, Zapiski Russkavo Ofitsera, IV/51.
10. Maevskii, 153; Dubrovin, 101; Clausewitz, 138, 139; Toll, II/5–8.
11. Clausewitz, 139; Barclay, Tableau, 40.
12. Barclay, Tableau, 42.
13. Koliubakhin, 1812 god. Izbranie Kutuzova, 12; Beskrovny, Borodino, 25–6, 45–6.
14. Beskrovny, Borodino, 45–6, 55, 59.
15. Toll, II/29, 43.
16. Beskrovny, Borodino, 64.
17. Bennigsen, Zapiski, Sept. 1909, 495; Beskrovny, Borodino, 86.
18. Fezensac, Journal, 41.
19. Barclay, Tableau, 44–6; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 363, 367–8; Beskrovny, Kutuzov, IV/129; Koliubakhin, 1812 god. Izbranie Kutuzova, 31.
20. Kemble, 188–9; Ségur, V/16–17; Constant, V/61–2; Denniée (74) affirms that Napoleon ‘souffrait d’une terrible migraine’ at Borodino; Rossetti, aide-de-camp to Murat, noted (16) that ‘il avait l’air souffrant’ on the morning of the battle; Baudus (II/83), who was aide-de-camp to Bessières, records that the latter told him Napoleon was ‘très souffrant’ during the battle; Wincenty Placzkowski, of the Chevau-Légers of the Guard, claims (191) that at one stage Napoleon even ‘lay down on a coat on the ground and gave his orders from there, and then got up, and, leaning heavily on a cannon, observed the battle from there’. Gourgaud (228) is the only one who maintains that Napoleon was in rude health and active throughout the battle.
21. Nafziger, 213; Castellane, I/146; Dumonceau, 129, Dupuy, 176; Otechestvennaia voina 1812 goda. Istochniki, etc., 1998, 75.
22. Troitskii, Den Borodina, 195 and Shvedov, Komplektovanie, 134; also Beskrovny, Borodino, 320; Garting, 76–8; Beskrovny, Polkovodets, 204; Tarle, Nashestvie, 134; Shishov, 250; the most interesting discussion of the problem can be found in A.A. Abalikhin, K voprosu chislennosti, in Tezisy Nauchnoi Konferentsii and Troitskii, 1812 Velikii God, 141.
23. W.H. Löwenstern, I/273.
24. Vionnet de Maringoné, 10.
25. Bausset, II/84.
26. Brandt, 272.
27. Napoleon, Lettres Inédites (1935), 69.
28. Combe, 79; Boulart, 252; Holzhausen, 97; Fezensac, Journal, 41; see also Labaume, 151.
29. Laugier, Récits, 76; Vossler, 60.
30. Mitarevskii, 51, 53–4, 55–6.
31. Sukhanin, 281; see also: Muravev, 193; Golitsuin, 14; F. Glinka, Pisma Russkavo Ofitsera, IV/64–5.
32. Rapp, 173.
33. Ibid., 174–5.
1. Rapp, 176; Seruzier, 198.
2. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV, 207; Radozhitskii, 171.
3. Thirion, 180; Vossler, 60–1; Holzhausen, 105.
4. Mitarevskii, 55; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiskie i raskazakh, 114.
5. Bourgogne, 7.
6. Laugier, Récits, 81, Mitarevskii, 62; Beulay, 56.
7. Kharkievich, 1812 God v dnevnikakh, 202–3.
8. Rapp, 177.
9. Muravev, 194: Josselson, 141.
10. Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 373; Lubenkov, 49–50.
11. Lejeune, Souvenirs, II/345.
12. Chambray, II/77, 248; Lejeune, Mémoires, II/217; Also: Baudus, II/84; Ségur (IV/382) noted that Napoleon displayed ‘un calme lourd, une douceur molle, sans activité; Pion des Loches, 290.
13. François, II/791.
14. Beskrovny, Borodino, 380; Griois, 40.
15. Toll, II/81–2; Clausewitz, 141; Württemberg, 15–16.
16. Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 372–3; Wolzogen, 145; Maevskii, 138.
17. François, II/792, 794.
18. Bennigsen, Zapiski, Sept. 1909, 498.
19. Rossetti, Murat’s aide-de-camp, relates (119) that when he came up to Napoleon asking for reinforcements, Napoleon ordered General Mouton forward with the Young Guard, but then countermanded the order; Denniée (78–9) agrees that Napoleon had already ordered the Young Guard forward, but then gave way to the counsel of his marshals; Lejeune (Mémoires, II/213) records that Napoleon wanted to use the Guard, but ‘un conseiller timide’ reminded him that he was a long way from Paris; when Murat sent Bélliard to ask for the Guard, Napoleon answered, ‘Je ne vois pas encore assez clair, s’il y a demain une seconde lutte, avec quoi la livrerai-je?’ (Roguet, III/480). Napoleon explained to Dumas (III/440) that he did not use the Guard because he was preserving it for another battle before Moscow. To Rapp (180) Napoleon said: ‘Je m’en garderai bien; je ne veux pas la faire démolir. Je suis sûr de gagner la bataille sans qu’elle y prenne part.’
20. Duffy, 123; Bréaut des Marlots, 17–18.
21. Thirion, 185, 190.
22. Planat de la Faye, 82–3.
23. Meerheimb, 81.
24. Griois, II/38.
25. Holzhausen, 113.
26. Josselson, 139; Grabbe 463.
27. Clausewitz, 166.
28. Dedem, 240; Dumonceau, II/142–3.
29. Brandt, 277; Laugier, Récits, 88.
30. Kurz, 90; Faure, 46.
31. Ségur, IV/401; Lejeune, Mémoires, II/219; Kolaczkowski, I/126.
32. Bausset, II/99; Bloqueville, III/168; Fain, Manuscrit, II/71; Constant, V/83, 64–5.
33. Aubry, 165; Borcke, 187; Vionnet de Maringoné, 10.
34. La Flise, LXXII/45–6; Larrey, IV/49; Roos, 68.
35. Larrey, IV/58; Bourgeois, 51; François, II/793.
36. Larrey, IV/60; Soltyk, 254.
37. Kallash, 235; Muravev, 199.
38. Muravev, 196.
39. Wolzogen, 145–6.
40. Beskrovny, Borodino, 95; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 376; 191; Beskrovny, Borodino, 96.
41. Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 137.
42. Beskrovny, Borodino, 101–7, 111–12. On the Russian side, Kutuzov, Saint-Priest (Kharkievich, 1812 god v Dnevnikakh, 159) and many others affirmed that the French fell back. Bennigsen (Zapiski, Sept. 1909, 500), states that the Russians withdrew, and this is upheld by Shishov (268). On the French side, Berthézène, Labaume and Venturini (Beskrovny, Polkovodets, 240) implied that they returned to their morning positions, but Lejeune (Souvenirs, II/352) makes it clear that Napoleon’s tents were actually pitched at the foot of the battlefield, while Vossen (472), Castellane (I/151), Brandt (279) and many others state that they bivouacked on the battlefield. Either way, Clausewitz (167–8) states quite categorically that the Russians were truly defeated; see also Beskrovny, Borodino, 121.
43. Clausewitz, 142. Bennigsen (Mémoires, III/87) writes: ‘That evening, we were still not aware of the huge losses we had suffered during the day; we therefore considered, for a while, retaking our central battery during the night and continuing the battle on the morrow.’ W.H. Löwenstern (I/278) believed Kutuzov really did want to fight the next day, as did Ermolov (74). Clausewitz (167–8) agreed with Golitsuin that Kutuzov was merely bluffing.
44. Fain, Manuscrit, II/47; Denniée, 81.
45. Württemberg, 13.
46. Biot, 34; Holzhausen, 115.
47. Shvedov, Komplektovanie, 135. See also: Buturlin, 349; Garting, 78; Josselson, 145; Shishov, 271; Duffy, 139; Troitskii, 1812 Velikii God, 175–6. Thiry (153) gives the official figures of the Dépôt de la Guerre.
48. Grabbe, 466; Liprandi, 7; Andreev, 192; Shchukin, VIII/110; Simanskii, 1913 No. 2, 165, writes that every company had lost ‘much more than half’ of its men.
49. Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 137, 138; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 387; Ermolov, 77.
50. Martos, 489; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 379; Kutuzov, Pisma, 339.
51. Beskrovny, Borodino, 85; Khomutova, 322.
52. Kallash, 10.
53. Rostopchin, La Vérité, 214–16; Naryshkina, 162–4; S. Glinka, Zapiski o 1812 g, 54.
54. Ermolov, 78–82; Bartenev, 857; Grabbe, 470; Bennigsen, Voenny soviet, 235–8; Barclay, Tableau, 56–60; Kharkievich, 1812 god v dnevnikakh, 173–5 (Saint-Priest); Buturlin, I/357–9; Bennigsen, Zapiski, Sept. 1909, 501–3; Bennigsen, Mémoires, III/89–93; Beskrovny, Borodino, 187–8; Dokhturov, 1098–9; Kharkievich, 1812 god v Dnevnikakh, 128 (Konovnitsin); Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 385 (Raevsky). No official record was made at the time, no doubt because Kutuzov wished to protect his reputation against all eventualities. There are many discrepancies in the various accounts left by the participants, dictated principally by the private agendas of the writers. Ultimately, the details are not that significant, other than for the personal reputations of those involved. On this question, see Josselson, 154.
55. Dokhturov, 1098–9.
56. Kutuzov, Pisma, 340; Naryshkina, 164–6.
57. Kharkievich, 1812 god v Dnevnikakh, 23; Popov, Dvizhenie, 518.
58. Buturlin, I/363.
59. Safanovich, 126–8; Kozlovskii, 106; Naryshkina, 146–7; Kutuzov, Pisma, 340; Naryshkina, 164–6; Aglaimov, 55; Garin, 18–20; 1812 god. Voennie Dnevniki, 143, 147; Evreinov, 103; Bennigsen, Zapiski, Sept. 1909, 504; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov, 51; Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 139; Shchukin, II/212, V/165.
60. Sukhanin, 482.
61. Ibid.; 1812 god. Voennie Dnevniki, 144, 147–8.
62. Shchukin, VIII/44–76. Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 139; Rostopchin, La Vérité, 220.
63. Garin, 24.
64. Sukhanin, 483; also Bennigsen, Zapiski, Sept. 1909, 504; Kallash, 92; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov, 59; Bennigsen, Mémoires, III/95; Rossetti, 127–8; Kharkievich, 1812 god v Dnevnikakh, 205–12;
65. Perovskii, 1033; Roos, 88–90.
66. Uxküll, 87; Chicherin, 14–16; Clausewitz, 192; Aglaimov, 56; Radozhitskii, 165, 172.
1. Bourgogne, 13.
2. Fantin des Odoards, 331–2; Soltyk, 261; Shchukin, IV/229–464; Laugier, 94; Combe, 96.
3. A.H. Damas, I/118.
4. Montesquiou-Fezensac, 226–7; Sanguszko, 93; Thirion, 201.
5. The question of how deserted Moscow really was is difficult to answer with any precision. Naryshkina (163) writes that there were still 100,000 inhabitants left on 13 September, and although there was a final exodus on the 14th, this would have left a large number still in the city. Prince Eugène, who was quartered in the city, states (VIII/48) that there were between 80,000 and 100,000. Soltyk (270) claims that more than half of the inhabitants had remained in the city, but were invisible as they cowered in cellars, at the backs of houses or in out-of-the way areas. Postmaster Karfachevsky (Shchukin, V/165) claimed 20,000 people stayed behind; Ysarn, 41, maintains that many left only on account of the fire, and returned once it had died down. There were also, according to Ségur (V/57), as many as 10,000 Russian soldiers wandering the city. See also Bourgogne, 16.
6. Bourgogne, 16; Fantin des Odoards, 332; Lejeune, Memoires, II/222.
7. Soltyk, 274.
8. Holzhausen, 128.
9. The question of who started the fire has been studied to pieces, mainly because Rostopchin himself (La Vérité, 183) decided to deny it at one point, and because a number of Russians wanted to pin responsibility on the French. See also Pravda o pozhare Moskvy, in Rostopchin, Sochinienia, 201–54. The French contributed to the confusion by overegging the conspiracy: many of them claimed they saw incendiary rockets being fired (Seruzier, 219; Berthézène, II/65), others to have found fuses, explosive devices and other incendiary aids (Bourgoing, Souvenirs, 116–17; Berthézène, II/68–9; Caulaincourt, II/16; Laugier, Récits, 99; Lejeune, Souvenirs, II/365; Castellane, I/162), and others to have seen incendiaries at work (Caulaincourt, II/12–13; Constant, V/93–4; Laugier, Récits, 99; Ségur, V/45–6; Rapp, 182), while the commission set up by Napoleon to investigate the fire (Shchukin, I/129–43) conjured a huge conspiracy, involving even Rostopchin’s famous balloon. There can be little doubt that Rostopchin did initiate the firing of the city, and in various utterances he revealed how proud he was of it (La Vérité, 181). For the facts, see the short version in S.P. Melgunov, Kto zzheg Moskvu, in Dzhivelegov et al., IV/162. For a full discussion, see Olivier Daria’s exhaustive work. For Rostopchin’s order to remove the pumps, see Garin, 21.
10. O’Meara, I/196; Dedem, 255; Larrey, IV/73–4; see also: Lecointe de Laveau, 114; Fantin des Odoards, 335; Boulart, 261.
11. Chambray, II/124.
12. Adam, Aus dem Leben, 208; Holzhausen, 129; Boulart, 262.
13. On the looting: Bourgogne, 20ff: Duverger, 10; Brandt 288; Kallash, 37ff, 57, 185ff; Kurz, 95; Surruges, 43; La Flise, LXXII/56; Ysarn; Timofeev; Bozhanov; Pion des Loches, 300–2; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiske i raskazakh, 7–10; Barrau, 80, 84–5; Laugier, Récits, 103; Garin, 66; Chambray, II/122–4; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov, 51, 61; Shchukin, I/126.
14. Labaume, 226.
15. Duverger, 9; Fantin des Odoards, 337.
16. Dolgova, in Otechestvennaia Voina 1812. Istochniki etc. (1999), 30–73.
17. Lecointe de Laveau, 122; Ysarn, 41; Henckens, 134.
18. O’Meara, I/193; Surrugues (39) states that four-fifths of the city was destroyed, but more recent studies have reached a lower estimate. Berthézène (II/74) claims the fire did not deprive the army of anything it needed. Dedem (256) supports this. See also note 29 below.
19. Caulaincourt, II/41.
20. Fain, Manuscrit, II/94–7; Rapp, 184.
21. Caulaincourt, II/25–9.
22. S. Glinka, Podvigi, 69–71; Fain, Manuscrit, II/99–103.
23. Stchoupak, 46; Fain, Manuscrit, II/104.
24. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/221–2.
25. K Istorii Otechestvennoi Voiny, 59–61.
26. Ségur, V/75.
27. Caulaincourt, II/49.
28. Ibid., 22, 24, 57–8, 64–7.
29. According to Dumas (III/446) there were enough stores for a short stay, but not for the whole winter; Davout (Boqueville, III/176–8) claims there were three months’ supplies; according to Daru (Segur, V/92) there were enough for the whole winter; Villemain (I/230) reports the same; Bellot de Kergorre (65–6) states that the only area where supplies were short was in fodder for horses; see also Larrey, IV/77; Chambray, II/132ff; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/222.
30. Hogendorp, 324.
31. Rapp, 185.
32. Pouget, 204–5.
33. Coignet, 196.
34. Ségur, IV/277, 280; Bellot de Kergorre, 64; Chambray, I/250–1; Hochberg, 69.
35. Roeder, 152; Hochberg, 68, 78; Napoleon, Dernières Lettres Inédites (1903), 282; Bignon, Souvenirs, 232, 239–40; Beyle, Corr. Gen., II/362ff, 376; Chambray, I/249; Ségur, IV/280.
36. Bellot de Kergorre, 61–4; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/225, 226; Napoleon, Lettres Inédites (1935), 86–7. Fain, Manuscrit, II/134.
37. Dolgov, 171, 290; Zotov, 584.
38. Alexander, Corr. avec sa soeur, 83; Adams, II/404–5.
39. Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 168, 171; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 199–200.
40. Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 172.
41. Alexander, Corr. avec sa soeur, 83.
42. Ibid., 84, 90; Grech, 279; Adams, II/414, 404–5.
43. Edling, 75, 79–80.
44. Shishkov, 157; Alexander, Corr. avec Bernadotte, 37–8.
1. Kallash, 212.
2. Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 204–5, 209; Dokhturov, 1099; 1812 god. Voennie Dnevniki, 144; Garin, 18; Radozhitskii, 165, 172
3. A.N. Popov, Dvizhenie, Sept 1897, 623–4; Marchenko, 503; Kharkievich, Barclay de Tolly v Otechestvennoi voinie, 34–5; Clausewitz, 195; Simanskii, 1913 No. 2, 168–9.
4. Maistre, I/194–5.
5. Shishov, Nieizvestny, 241.
6. See Lazhechnikov, I/181ff; Beskrovny, Narodnoe Opolchenie, 459; Hartley, Russia in 1812, 401; Butenev, 1883, 6; F. Glinka, Pisma Russkavo Ofitsera, IV/74.
7. Dzhivelegov et al., V/43–74, esp. 50, 51, 53; Hartley, Russia in 1812, 400; Beskrovny, Narodnoe Opolchenie, 132, 345, 60, 62, 65, 132; Sverbeev, 74; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiskie i raskazakh, 87.
8. Tarle, Nashestvie, 199; Chicherin, 46; Rosselet, 166–7.
9. Kallash, 212; Bakunina, 408–9; Tarle, Nashestvie, 71–2; Muravev, 202; Kallash, 212; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 224–5; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiske i raskazakh, 104.
10. Bestuzhev-Riumin, Zapiski, 349.
11. Uxküll, 75; Compans, 157.
12. Jackowski, 298–9; Gajewski, 239; Chlapowski, 125; Seruzier, 223–4; Roos, 99–100; Berthézène, II/76- 7; Vionnet de Maringoné, 21–2; Dedem, 254; Roos, 99–100.
13. Holzhausen, 135; Bertolini, 319.
14. S. Glinka, Zapiski, 255.
15. Shchukin, IV/347; Leontiev, 408–9.
16. Voronovskii, 248–9.
17. Benckendorff, 49–51.
18. Dzhivelegov et al., V/81.
19. Vigel, IV/49; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiske i raskazach, 36, 102, 104.
20. Chicherin, 47.
21. 1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiske i raskazakh, 62.
22. Uxküll, 75.
23. Dzhivelegov et al., IV/230.
24. Ibid.; Sukhanin, 483; Wilson, Diary, I/174, 200, 209; Uxküll, 88; Dolgov, 327; Muravev, 203.
25. Déchy, 369; Dzhivelegov et al., IV/230.
26. 1812 god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov, 162.
27. Labaume, 174–5; repeated by Ségur, IV/411; Shchukin, II/202; Andreev, 193.
28. F. Glinka, Zapiski Russkavo Ofitsera, IV/32.
29. Volkonskii, 211–12; Beskrovny, Polkovodets, 349; Grabbe, 472–3; Langeron, 105; Tarle, Nashestvie, 190–1, 247–8, 250; Garin, 94–100, 100–2, 105–6, 109; Tezisy Nauchnoi Konferentsii, 66; Tarle, Napoleon, 419–20.
30. Bogdanov, 88, 96; Troitskii, 1812, Velikii God, 223–4.
31. Grunwald, Baron Stein, 195–213; Palitsyn, 479.
32. Edling, 75; Grech, 285–6; Ley, 52–4, 55–9.
33. A.N. Popov, Dvizhenie, Sept. 1897, 626.
34. 1812 god. Voennie dnevniki, 144; A.N. Popov, Dvizhenie, Sept. 1897, 623, 626; Uxküll, 88; Hartley, Russia in 1812; Ermolov, 27.
35. Radozhitskii, 172.
36. Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 140–1.
37. Popov, Dvizhenie, 519, 525; Bennigsen, Zapiski, 507; Clausewitz, 185–6.
38. 1812 god, Voennie Dnevniki, 95; Mitarevskii, 101.
39. Mitarevskii, 100.
40. Viazemskii, 202, 206.
41. 1812 god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov, 117.
1. Beauharnais, VIII/50; Beyle, Vie de Napoléon, 219.
2. Bausset, II/113, 183; Saint-Denis, 42; Castellane, I/161; Caulaincourt, II/23.
3. Fain, Manuscrit, I/129, 131, 140, 142; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/232, 233
4. Lettres Interceptées, 310.
5. Ibid., 25, 34, 84, 106, 59.
6. Barrau, 89.
7. Vionnet de Maringoné, 43.
8. Dolgova in Otechestvennaia Voina 1812 g. Istochniki, etc. (1999).
9. Kallash, 189; Shchukin, IX/78–82.
10. Kozlovskii, 113; Chevalier, 208; Adam, Aus dem Leben, 213; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiskie i raskazakh, 18; Lecointe de Laveau, 125–6; Beyle, Journal, IV/209.
11. Shchukin, VII/214.
12. Larrey, IV/65; Lettres Interceptées, 80; Gardier, 58.
13. Chlapowski, 127.
14. Lettres Interceptées, 67.
15. Bourgoing, Souvenirs, 134.
16. Duverger, 11–12.
17. Fantin des Odoards, 339–40.
18. Griois, II/55; La Flise, LXXII/55.
19. Compans, 196–8; Lettres Interceptées, 97.
20. Lettres Interceptées, 22, 61.
21. Peyrusse, Lettres Inédites, 96ff; 103; Lettres Interceptées, 80; Bloqueville, III/174; Sanguszko, 107.
22. Placzkowski, 201; Vionnet de Maringoné, 53; Lecointe de Laveau, 125–7; Soltyk, 318–19.
23. Lettres Interceptées, 80; Combe, 121.
24. Bourgogne, 49–51.
25. Surrugues, 10–11.
26. Labaume, 240; see also Le Roy, 164.
27. Dedem, 250; Dupuy, 185; Ségur, V/79; Simanskii, 1913 No.4, 127; Radozhitskii, 178; Kolaczkowski, 146; Dupuy, 176–7.
28. Castellane, I/168–9; Thirion, 219.
29. Dembinski, I/167.
30. Ibid., 169.
31. Fantin des Odoards, 340; Lettres Interceptées, 157–9.
32. Castellane, I/165; Thirion, 215–16; Fantin des Odoards, 321–2.
33. Chambray, II/205; Belliard, I/112.
34. Bourienne, IX/120; see also Caulaincourt, I/315.
35. Caulaincourt, II/26, 42, 56, 65; Bloqueville, III/181.
36. Fain, Manuscrit, II/151–2; Napoleon, Corr. Inédite (1925), V/595.
37. Beyle, Corr. Gen., II/383; Dumas, III/447, 455, 456; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/264; Denniée, 105; Larrey, IV/79; La Flise, LXXII/58.
38. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/261, 235–8; Caulaincourt, II/73.
39. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/275; Planat de la Faye, 92; Fain, Manuscrit, II/162; Ségur, V/90, maintains that Napoleon was afraid the Russians would treat abandoned guns, even if spiked, as trophies.
40. Castellane, I/169.
41. Marbot, III/162–3.
42. Ibid., 161–2; Chlapowski, 128.
43. Henckens, 140; Lettres Interceptées, 61.
44. Bro, 119.
45. Lagneau, 219; Pion des Loches, 306.
46. Grabowski, 7; Henckens, 152; Fain, Manuscrit, II/157.
1. Shishov, 288–9; Beskrovny, Polkovodets, 274–5; Shvedov, Komplektovanie, 127–9, 136.
2. Otechestvennaia Voina 1812g. Istochniki, etc. (1998), 20.
3. Toll, II/190–1.
4. Maevskii, 154; Ermolov, 92.
5. Toll, II/204; A.N. Popov, Dvizhenie, July 1897, 114–18; Kharkievich, Barclay de Tolly v Otechestvennoi Voinie, 34; Dubrovin, 129.
6. Chicherin, 32.
7. Wilson, Diary, I/194; Chicherin, 28; Kutuzov, Pisma, 359; Wilson, Invasion, 182–90; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 231–2.
8. Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 226–7.
9. Shishov, 291; Bennigsen, Zapiski, 508–22; Maevskii, 156; Tarle, Nashestvie, 225–7; A.N. Popov, Dvizhenie, August 1897, 366; W.H. Löwenstern, I/303–4; Mitarevskii, 122–3; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 407–10.
10. Radozhitskii, 224.
11. Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 228–9, 230; Beskrovny, Polkovodets, 295; Altshuller & Tartakovskii, 52–4; Dolgov, 13.
12. Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 411; Ermolov, 122; 1812 god. Voiennie Dnevniki, 98; Württemberg, 21.
13. Fezensac, Journal, 64; Bausset, II/126.
14. Fezensac, Journal, 68; see also Paixhans, 20.
15. Laugier, Récits, 118–19.
16. Bourgogne, 56–7.
17. Barrau, 91; Ségur, V/102–3; Mailly, 72.
18. Pion des Loches, 308; Lecointe de Laveau, 137; Mailly, 71.
19. Griois, II/82.
20. Denniée (107) gives the number of vehicles accompanying the army as 40,000, Bellot de Kergorre (70) as 25,000, Castellane (I/173) as 15,000.
21. Reliable figures are not available. Nafziger (263) says there were 95,000 men; Jomini (239) says there were 80,000 men and 15,000 malingerers; and most are agreed that there were just under 100,000. On the condition of the troops, see: Baudus, II/247; Bourgeois, 85; Mailly, 66.
22. Dumonceau, II/175; Beauharnais, VIII/59; Labaume, 237.
23. Rapp, 192–3.
24. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/278, 281.
25. Ibid., 289.
26. Aubry, 167–70.
27. Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 415.
28. Wilson, Invasion, 229.
29. Berthézène, II/132; Wilson, Invasion, 230; Bertolini, I/369.
30. Beauharnais, VIII/22; Labaume, 279.
31. Caulaincourt, II/98–9; Fain, Manuscrit, II/248, 251–2, 253, 255; Lejeune, Mémoires, II/240; Ségur, V/ 116, 123–8.
32. Griois, II/89; Fain, Manuscrit, II/253.
33. Kharkievich, 1812 god v Dnevnikakh, 45; Mitarevskii, 125.
34. Toll, II/269; Bennigsen, Zapiski, 360; Nesselrode, IV/108; Toll, II/270; Dubrovin, 235.
1. Denniée, 118; Volkonskii, 199–203.
2. Denniée, 114–5; Caulaincourt, II/104–5.
3. Dedem, 271–2.
4. Mailly, 78.
5. Labaume, 288; Roos, 115, Ségur, V/152; Dumas, III/127; Bellot de Kergorre, 72; Barrau, 94. François (II/795) claims to have met the man when he was on his way to Moscow, three weeks after the battle. Pelet (11) refutes the whole story as nonsense.
6. Fezensac, Journal, 75.
7. Caulaincourt, II/109–10, 111–12.
8. Ibid., 112–14.
9. Palmer, Alexander, 251.
10. Dumonceau, II/120.
11. Lettres Interceptées, 251; Blaze de Bury, I/393.
12. Bellot de Kergorre, 73–4.
13. Paixhans, 39.
14. Chambray, II/367; Nesselrode, IV/116; Pion des Loches, 309.
15. Castellane, I/175; Bourgogne, 63; Kurz, 136; Labaume, 288.
16. Dumonceau, II/190–1.
17. Beyle, Vie de Napoléon, 239.
18. Laugier, Récits, 133; Kolaczkowski, I/156; Shishov, 298; Prince Eugène of Württemberg, 30, claims his division alone lost 1,000, but Shvedov, Komplektovanie, puts Russian losses at no higher than 1200; Askenazy, 237; Castellane, I/181; Pelet, 21; Fezensac, Journal, 79; Voronovskii, 190.
19. Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 414; Bennigsen, Zapiski, 366; Tarle, Nashestvie, 260; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 241, 243.
20. Mailly, 80, 83.
21. Griois, II/96; Bertin, 30; Laugier, Récits, 131.
22. Caulaincourt, II/117; Lettres Interceptées, 184.
23. Castellane, I/180; Pelet, 16; Voronovskii, 185; Pelet, 18.
24. Bourgogne, 66–7.
25. Dumonceau, II/197.
26. Laugier, Récits, 137.
27. Pelet, 19–21.
28. Faber du Faur, 244; Holzhausen, 187. Kerner gives a different date to Faber du Faur, but as the latter’s account is based on a journal, I give him the benefit of the doubt; Lignières, 118–19.
29. Paixhans, 27.
30. Pelet, 11.
31. Dedem, 279; Labaume, 308.
32. Lignières, 118.
33. Caulaincourt, II/139; Walter, 68; Bellot de Kergorre, 74.
34. Zaluski, 251.
35. Laugier, Recits, 137; Muralt, 86; Dedem, 276; Griois, II/108; Fredro, 82; Coignet, 213; Vionnet de Maringoné, 64.
36. Bourgogne, 61; Askenazy, 237.
37. Vionnet de Maringoné, 65; Le Roy 205.
38. Labaume, 281; Lignières, 137.
39. La Flise, LXXII/567, 570–1, 574.
40. Griois, II/99.
41. Boulart, 268; Pelet, 76; Muralt, 90.
42. Dedem, 280.
43. Pretet; Placzkowski, 37.
44. Dupuy, 197; see also Chevalier, 239.
45. Lejeune, Mémoires, II/250; Kurz, 144.
46. Roguet, III/508.
47. Lettres Interceptées, 227; Holzhausen, 178.
48. Walter, 53; François, II/827; Duverger, 14.
49. Labaume, 294–5; Fusil, Souvenirs, 257.
50. Clemenso, 38.
51. Davidov, 119, 134–5; W.H. Löwenstern, I/294–5; Simanskii, 1913, No.3, 142.
52. Dubrovin, 325; Wilson, Invasion, 257–8.
53. Bertolini, I/188.
54. Faure, 74.
55. Wilson, Diary, I/215; Kurz, 145; W.H. Löwenstern, I/228.
56. Wachsmuth, 206; Combe, 145–9.
57. Radozhitskii, 253.
1. Beaulieu, 33; Shvedov, Komplektovanie, 137; see also Zotov, 605.
2. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/298–300, 300–2.
3. Rapp, 201; Caulaincourt, II/126.
4. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/302.
5. Ibid, 303–6; Jomini, Précis, I/173.
6. Beyle, Corr. Gen., II/369.
7. Clausewitz (98) says Napoleon lost 61,000; Berthézène (II/145) maintained that Napoleon had no more than 20,000 fighting men left, but he always gives low figures; Lejeune (Mémoires, II/256) states that the Guard consisted of no more than 3–4,000 men under arms; Rossetti (157) that there were only 36,000 under arms in total. See also Nafziger, 305.
8. Alexander, Corr. avec Bernadotte, 63.
9. Griois, II/116.
10. Laugier, Récits, 141. See also ibid., 138–47; Chambray, II/388; Labaume, 327–31; Zanoli, 202.
11. Lettres Interceptées, 318; Shishov, 299, claims that Prince Eugène lost 62 guns; Voronovskii (200) puts the figure at 64.
12. Pastoret, 470–1
13. Zaluski, 252; Dedem, 277; Griois, II/124.
14. Bellot de Kergorre, 76; Caulaincourt, II/131; Griois, II/129.
15. Puibusque, Lettres sur la guerre, 109; François, II/815; Lignières, 121; La Flise, LXXII/579; Lecoq, 168; Kurz, 150; Laugier, Récits, 150, 153.
16. Pastoret, 472.
17. Labaume, 338.
18. Larrey, IV/91; Voronovskii, 209; see also Angervo; Fezensac, Journal, 96; Bourgogne, 81.
19. Bertrand, 147; Bourgogne, 76–7. He may or may not be describing the same incident, but it seems to fit in time and place with Bertrand’s account.
20. Faber du Faur, 253–4.
21. Lejeune, Mémoires, II/253–4; Lettres Interceptées, 251.
22. Laugier, Récits, 150; Bertolini, II/10.
23. Labaume, 349–50.
24. Sauzey, III/173; La Flise, LXXII/579.
25. Pelet, 29–30.
26. Ibid., 25; Fezensac, Journal, 96; Henckens, 153–4; Dumonceau, II/202–3. Faber du Faur (251) writes that ‘the last bonds of order and discipline were broken’ in Smolensk. Peyrusse (Mémorial, 118) claims that discipline was cracking and ‘our divisions resemble armed mobs’.
27. Caulaincourt, II/137, 386–7.
28. Boulart, 270–1.
29. Caulaincourt, II/141; Saint-Denis, 54. Méneval (II/93–4) writes that Napoleon only acquired the poison at Orsha.
30. Griois, II/133; Labaume, 357; Laugier, Récits, 155.
31. Bourgogne, 116; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 424–5, 427; Toll, II/321; Wilson, Invasion, 272–3.
32. Boulart, 273.
33. Vlijmen, 319; Roguet, III/520.
34. Maevskii, 161; Dumonceau, II/210; Caulaincourt, II/154.
35. Chambray, II/455; see also Fantin des Odoards, 346; Bourgogne, 132; Rumigny, 64.
36. Napoleon, Lettres Inédites (1897), II/202; Napoleon, Corr. Inédite (1925), V/611.
37. Caulaincourt, II/158, 160, 162; Rapp. 210; Bausset, II/159.
38. Breton, 112–13.
39. Wilson, Invasion, 279; Castellane, I/189; Buturlin, II/227–8; Breton, 114; W.H. Löwenstern, I/345–7.
40. Fezensac, Journal, 106.
41. Freytag, 169. His description of the events has to be taken with caution, as he mixes up the sequence of events and spreads the action over too many days.
42. Fezensac, Journal, 112; Planat de la Faye, 103.
43. Pelleport, II/45, 48; Bonnet, 106; Pelet, 39, 44 (where he claims that he was the one to come up with the idea to cross the Dnieper), 47–52; Podczaski, 110; Chuquet, Lettres de 1812, 185ff; Fezensac, Journal, 104–18; Chlapowski, 134. There is some doubt about how many made it: Pelet (50) says some 8–10,000 set off, of whom most made it; Materre, who was on Ney’s staff, claims (77) that 6,000 crossed the Dnieper; Berthézène (II/157) writes that only 4–500, mostly officers and NCOs, got through; Fezensac (Journal, 118) puts the figure at 8–900; Pelleport (II/52), probably the most reliable, says that 1500 reached Orsha.
1. Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 256, 252.
2. Voronovskii, 228–9.
3. Marchenko, 500.
4. Maistre, I/220.
5. Ibid., 230.
6. Dubrovin, 303; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 249.
7. Marchenko, 503; Palmer, Alexander, 254.
8. Radozhitskii, 238; Muravev-Apostol, 36–7.
9. Mitarevskii, 141, 142, 148–9, 153, 154.
10. Bennigsen, Zapiski, 369.
11. Uxküll, 100; Radozhitskii, 259.
12. Shvedov, Komplektovanie, 136; Mitarevskii, 154; Radozhitskii, 258, 272.
13. Aglaimov, 77.
14. Mitarevskii, 146, 157; Württemberg, 33, 35–6; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 250; Wilson, Invasion, 234.
15. Shcherbinin (Zapiski), W.H. Löwenstern (I/317), Ermolov (128–9) and Maevskii (161) are among those who believed Kutuzov was afraid of confronting Napoleon. See also Garin (130) and Pokrovskii (III/188).
16. Ermolov, 118; Beskrovny, Polkovodets, 311.
17. Davidov, 142–3; W.H. Löwenstern, I/338, 343; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 250.
18. Rapp, 210; Caulaincourt, II/163.
19. Denniée, 141; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/310, 311; Caulaincourt, II/166; Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 192.
20. Caulaincourt, II/163.
21. Fabry, Campagne de 1812,191; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/312; Caulaincourt, II/166; Fain, Manuscrit, II/325.
22. Planat de la Faye, 107.
23. Shishov (302) gives the number of prisoners as 422 officers and 21, 170 other ranks, along with 213 guns; Bezkrovny (Polkovodets, 320) lists 26,000 prisoners and 116 guns, effectively repeating the figures given by Buturlin (II/231); see also Troitskii, 1812 Velikii god, 279. In a letter to Maret (Lettres Inédites (1897), II/202) Napoleon himself writes that he had lost 30,000 men and been obliged to leave 300 guns behind.
24. Griois, II/131–2.
25. Laugier, Récits, 154.
26. Mailly, 86–7; Duverger, 15.
27. Roos, 180.
28. Bourgoing, Souvenirs, 161.
29. Roguet, III/539; La Flise, LXXIII/55; see also Thirion, 229–31.
30. Holzhausen, 209,
31. Bourgogne, 137–45.
32. Mayer, 342–3; Olenin, 1996.
33. Auvray, 82.
34. Everts, 151, 157–8; Mayer, 347; Wilson, Invasion, 256; Placzkowski, 225.
35. Breton, 114, 126; Chevalier, 249; Holzhausen, 347–8; Kochechouart, 198, 200; Puybusque, 324–5; Pouget, 220; Comeau de Charry, 465.
36. Le Roy, 265.
37. Beauharnais, VIII/112.
38. François, II/813.
39. Thirion, 238–9; Dembinski, I/199–200; Bonneval, 76; Sanguszko, 104; Bourgogne, 68.
40. Roos, 186; Castellane, I/192.
41. Griois, II/129.
42. Krasinski, 98.
43. Combe, 152; Chevalier, 248.
44. Griois, II/174–6.
45. Planat de la Faye, 111.
46. Boulart, 269.
47. Suckow, 206; Griois, II/173.
48. Lejeune, Mémoires, II/255.
49. Ricome, 48; Boulart, 267.
50. Labaume, 394; François, II/826; Lejeune, Mémoires, II/266–7.
51. Lejeune, Mémoires, II/271–2.
52. François, II/826; Lagneau, 237.
53. Constant, V/147–8, 154; Rapp, 210.
54. Caulaincourt, II/189; Bourgeois, 139; Radozhitskii, 263; Bourgogne, 213; Denniée, 143.
55. Caulaincourt, II/189; Roos, 149; Dedem, 275; Labaume, 376; Bourgeois, 139; Duverger, 16; François, II/827; Caulaincourt, II/172; Chambray (II/385) states that there was much grumbling, and Pion des Loches (310) that soldiers openly heckled Napoleon.
56. Faber du Faur, 249.
57. Ségur, V/309; Wilson, Invasion, 254; Maistre, I/247.
58. Falkowski, V/85; Hochberg, 106–7; Brandt, 314; Beulay, 67; Oudinot, 214.
1. Jomini (Précis, I/184) writes that Napoleon heard the news on the evening of 19 November, but this is clearly wrong: see Caulaincourt, II/168; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/311 (’rien de nouveau’), 312, 313.
2. Kutuzov, Pisma, 411; Langeron, 55; Czaplic, 515; Chichagov, Pisma, 61; Martos, 498; Rochechouart, 182.
3. Chambray, III/15, 25–6; Caulaincourt, II/168–70.
4. Rochechouart, 182; Chichagov, Mémoires, 59; Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 111ff, 121ff; Chichagov, Mémoires, 53; Rochechouart, 188–9; Marbot, III/185–6.
5. Caulaincourt, II/173, Napoleon (Lettres Inédites (1935), 102–3) bears this out.
6. Jomini, Précis, I/186–8, says that he discussed this plan in Tolochin on 22 November, but at that stage Napoleon still believed he held the crossing at Borisov, so he must have been mistaken; Caulaincourt, II/173, mentions the plan as having been discussed after he had heard of the fall of Borisov. See also Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 191–9.
7. Constant, V/121; Bourgoing (Souvenirs, 154) paints a somewhat different picutre.
8. Brandys, II/136.
9. Jomini, Précis, I/188–90; Fabry, Campagne de 1812, 206–7, 208–9, 210, 219, 220, 221, 222, 233–4; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/316, 317, 318; see also the (unreliable) account by Korkozevich, 114–17.
10. Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 191–9; Langeron, 60; Rochechouart, 192; Volkonskii, 215; Clausewitz, 208–9, 211.
11. Corbineau (48–9) claims that he built the first bridge with the help of some of Oudinot’s artillerymen, on 24 November, and Gourgaud (434) also maintains that there was a bridge built by Oudinot’s gunners on the 24th, which was swept away by the current. But in their authoritative account, Colonel A. Chapelle, chief of staff to the bridging train, and Chef de Bataillon Chapuis, who commanded one of the battalions of pontoneers, explain that Oudinot’s artillerymen and sappers had begun making trestles, but these were inexpertly made, and proved of no use. See Fabry, Campagne de 1812, 288.
12. Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 103–4; Czaplic, 508–9.
13. Pils, 141.
14. Rapp, 213; Constant, V/127.
15. Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 104; Czaplic, 509.
16. Vlijmen, 322; Pils, 143.
17. Baudus, II/274; Boulart, 276; Fusil, 277; Rossetti, 168; Gourgaud, 429; Rosselet, 178; Constant (V/122) maintains there was an eagle-burning; Castellane (I/192) reports that the eagles of most of the cavalry regiments were burned at Bobr.
18. Suckow, 250.
19. Fabry, Campagne de 1812, 227–9;Chapelle, 3; Vlijmen, 322; Brandt, 319.
20. Pils, 144.
21. For the bridges and the first day’s crossing, Fabry, Campagne de 1812, 227–31; Pils, 143–5; Vlijmen, 322–4; Chapelle, 3–6; Fain, Manuscrit, II/378–9.
22. Bertand, 152.
23. Bussy, 290; Begos, 191.
24. Napoleon, Lettres Inédites (1935), 103.
25. Beulay, 57, 63; Castellane, I/198.
26. Czaplic, 510–12; Rochechouart, 193–4; Chichagov, Mémoires, 77.
27. Pils, 146–7. The question of numbers at the Berezina is a vexed one. Most French sources put the total at Napoleon’s disposal at 25–27,000, while Russians consistently inflated his strength – according to Clausewitz (208–9) Wittgenstein thought he had as many as 100,000 men. Russian strengths are not easy to determine either. Chichagov’s whole army numbered up to 60,000, but much of this had been left behind to garrison Minsk, to patrol south of Borisov and to keep an eye on potential threats from Schwarzenberg. According to Chichagov (Pisma, 54), he only had 18–19,000 infantry at his disposal in the Borisov – Studzienka area; Czaplic (514) affirms that Chichagov had 15,000 infantry and 9,000 cavalry, but my reading of the sources suggests that he had at least 10,000 more than that. See also Tarle, Nashestvie, 271; Berthézène, II/160; Faber du Faur, 273.
28. Bourgoing, Souvenirs, 160.
29. Bussy, 291; Begos, 192; Chapuisat, 87; Braquehay, 184; Vlijmen, 325–6; Legler, 194.
30. Legler, 198; Bussy, 292; Vlijmen, 325, 326.
31. Hochberg, 113–14, 139.
32. Kurz, 184; Holzhausen, 259; Brandys, II/141.
33. Thirion, 250.
34. Suckow, 256–7.
35. Holzhausen, 180.
36. Griois, II/156; Pontier, 15. On the question of the bridges being free at night: Planat de la Faye, 105 (he was one of those trying to persuade stragglers to cross); Chambray, II/70; Bourgogne, 210, 214; Seruzier, 255; Rossetti, 175 (he did cross with his fourgon on the night of the 27th); Turno, 114; Gourgaud, 459; Chevalier, 233; Soltyk, 452; Marbot, III/199 (he actually went back to look for a lost wagon); Larrey, IV/101 (he went back to pick up some surgical instruments that had been left behind), and many others; only Auvray, 79–80, a less than reliable witness in other respects, claims that there was a terrible jam on the bridges on the night of 27 November.
37. Bourgogne, 215. For the subsequent day’s crossings and the burning of the bridges: Fabry, Campagne de 1812,230–2; Chapelle, 7–13; Vlijmen, 326–7; Hochberg, 141–4; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov, 139–44; Kurz, 177–85; Corbineau, 43–51; Curely, 311–24; Rapp, 213–14; Castellane, I/196–8. Ségur and others who did not witness the worst moments have overpainted the picture of horror, which led others, such as Gourgaud, to belittle it and dismiss much of the writing on the subject as melodramatic.
38. Martos, 502.
39. Rochechouart, 195.
40. Gourgaud, 461; Fabry, Campagne de 1812, 234–5; Chapelle, 9; Labaume, 405; Bennigsen, Mémoires, III/165; Buturlin, II/386; Langeron, 75; Shishov, 306.
41. Clausewitz, 211.
1. Griois, II/164.
2. Caulaincourt, II/192; Bourgogne, 216.
3. Constant, V/133.
4. Lagneau, 234; Vionnet de Maringoné (77) claims that the mercury in his thermometer froze; Lejeune, Mémoires, II/286; Gardier, 91.
5. Gardier, 91; Fezensac, Journal, 145; Paixhans, 43; Kurz, 194; Bourgeois, 167.
6. Holzhausen, 266; Vossler, 92.
7. Fredro, 44.
8. Suckow, 269; Griois, II/192.
9. For reported cannibalism, see: Maistre, I/246; Olenin, 1986–9; Dubrovin, 301; Nesselrode, IV/120. For evidence of prisoners eating their dead comrades: Roederer, 40; Holzhausen, 271; Cheron, 33; Roguet, III/526. For examples quoted: Golitsuin, 30; Wilson, Diary, I/215; Gosudarsvenno-Istoricheskii Muzei, 252; Shchukin, VIII/113.
10. Soltyk, 415.
11. Pastoret, 497.
12. Uxküll, 105;; Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 107; Langeron, 93.
13. Ségur, V/448; Marbot, III/215; Gourgaud, 480. For confirmation from the French side, see: Ségur, V/382; Kurz, 199, etc. For quotations: Bourgogne, 78; Vossler, 92; Pontier, 16.
14. Mailly, 101; Fezensac, Journal, 139.
15. Planat de la Faye, 108; Lejeune, Mémoires, II/272.
16. Fezensac, Journal, 146–7; Vionnet de Maringoné, 83.
17. Lyautey, 248.
18. Wybranowski, II/17–21; Lejeune, Memoires, II/293.
19. Planat de la Faye, 107; Castellane, I/206; Ségur, V/348–9.
20. Tascher, 317,
21. Bourgogne, 208; Larrey, IV/125; Planat de la Faye, 108; Muralt, 89, 97.
22. Lejeune, Mémoires, II/294; Other examples of officers looking after their servants include: Mailly, 120–1; Chéron, 28.
23. Chevalier, 238; Laugier, Récits, 181; Holzhausen, 284.
24. Holzhausen, 201; Bourgoing, Souvenirs, 162–3.
25. Fezensac, Journal, 146; La Flise, LXXIII/52.
26. Bourgogne, 246; Wilson, Invasion, 260.
27. Rumigny, 68; Chlapowski, 135.
28. Bourgogne, 123; Holzhausen, 46.
29. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/322, 323.
30. Ibid., 324; Montesquiou-Fezensac, 247 (he mistakenly dates his mission from Smolensk); Maistre, I/266.
31. Zaluski, 254, 255.
32. Chicherin, 54–6; Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 88ff, 144–6; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 258, 262, 263–4.
33. Chicherin, 63; Kallash, 222; A.H. Damas, I/127; Aglaimov, 78; Tarle, Nashestvie, 268; Dziewanowski, 10; W.H. Löwenstern, I/352; Radozhitskii, 284; Dokhturov, 1107; W.H. Löwenstern, I/356; Chicherin, 63; Aglaimov, 79; Langeron, 91–2, paints a more optimistic picture.
34. Langeron, 104–5; Davidov, 155.
35. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/323, 325–7, 331–2.
36. Ibid., 338–9; Beauharnais, VIII/104; Castellane, I/202.
37. Lejeune, Mémoires, II/289. Griois (II/177) and Castellane (I/202) are among those who thought it a good thing. Those who thought it discouraged the men, who had seen in him a rallying point (whatever they may have thought of him) and now felt betrayed include: Deniée (168), Labaume (424), Lejeune (Mémoires, II/289), Laugier (Récits, 181), Bourgeois (171), Mailly (105–6), Francois (II/835), Dumonceau (II/231), Vionnet de Maringoné (76). Those who felt it made scant impression include: Griois (II/177), Muralt (108), Pelleport (II/58), Bourgoing (Souvenirs, 172), Castellane (I/202).
38. Lagneau, 235. Larrey (IV/124) and Soltyk (454) recorded only minus 28 (Réaumur) at Miedniki. See also Paixhans, 57; Dumonceau, II/231.
39. Griois, II/166; Soltyk, 454; Ségur, V/377.
40. Lejeune, Mémoires, II/285; Planat de la Faye, 109–10; Bourgogne, 228.
41. Brandt, 334.
42. Roos, 178; Bourgeois, 190; Holzhausen, 213; Auvray, 80.
43. Henckens, 167; Lagneau, 238; François, II/825; Griois, II/179; Bourgogne, 252–3; Lejeune, Mémoires, II/286; Minod, 56–7; Roeder, 173; Castellane, I/203, 205.
44. Hochberg, 181–2.
45. Kurz, 203; Larrey, IV/128; Chevalier, 221.
46. Brandt, 234–5.
47. Larrey, IV/107; Bourgeois, 165; Soltyk, 440; Fezensac, Journal, 145; Vossler, 93.
48. Langeron, 90; Chicherin, 67.
49. Ducor, II/20.
50. Caulaincourt, II/192.
1. Jaquemont du Donjon, 106, 107; Hogendorp, 330–1; Bignon, Souvenirs, 246–7; Butkevicius, 907.
2. Hogendorp, 332, 338. The military governor of Vilna, Baron Roch Godart (183), writes that there was enough to feed 120,000 for 36 days; see also; Berthézène, II/180; Gourgaud, 484; Fain, Manuscrit, II/415; Ségur, V/386; Dedem, 290. Yermolov, who was put in charge of the French stores when the Russians entered Vilna, confirms (131–5) that there were generous amounts of everything an army could wish for. See also Rochechouart; Czaplic, 521.
3. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/330.
4. Hogendorp (336) states that he was acting on Napoleon’s orders.
5. Suckow, 286.
6. Hogendorp, 336; von Kurz (202) was struck by the youth of the soldiers; Hogendorp, 327; Choiseul-Gouffier, 129.
7. Raza, 217–19.
8. Bourgeois, 173–4.
9. Lejeune, Mémoires, II/291; Hogendorp, 336.
10. Pelet, 70; Chevalier, 242–3; Fezensac, Journal, 147; Griois, II/183.
11. Laugier, Récits, 182.
12. Hogendorp, 338; Chambray, II/124–5, 126.
13. Labaume, 415; see also Fezensac, Journal, 142–3.
14. Hogendorp, 335; Hochberg, 187; Hogendorp himself claims not to have left until instructed to on the following afternoon.
15. Ségur, V/372; Berthézène, II/176.
16. Jacquemont du Donjon, 109; Griois, II/182.
17. Holzhausen, 285; Roeder, 190.
18. Thirion, 267.
19. Brandt, 336; Vionnet de Maringoné, 81; Lagneau, 240; Le Roy, 265; Griois, II/184; Lignières, 130.
20. Chlapowski, 137–8; Berthézène, II/179; Rapp, 218.
21. Bertrand, 165; see also Laugier, Récits, 183.
22. Hochberg, 190; Fredro, 45; Lignières, 130; Laugier, Récits, 183; Mailly, 123–4.
23. Planat de la Faye, 112; Choiseul-Gouffier, 140; Paixhans, 59.
24. Mailly, 137.
25. Noel, 174–6.
26. Holzhausen, 307.
27. Boulart, 278; Peyrusse, Lettres, Inédites, 116–18; Peyrusse, Mémorial, 118, 136; Duverger, 25; Chuquet, Lettres de 1812, 305; Noel, 177; Denniée, 172.
28. Bellot de Kergorre, 103; Jacquemont du Donjon (112) claims to have seen the great cross of St Ivan lying on the ground; Planat de la Faye, 115; Combe, 168–9; Lyautey, 251.
29. Fredro, 45.
30. Bourgeois (180), François (II/837), Vaudoncourt (Quinze Années, 155), Kurz (216, 220), Roeder (194), a number of sources in Holzhausen (291–2, 298, 347), Lagneau (240), Chevalier (249), Grabowski (9), Choiseul-Gouffier (138) and many others blame the (admittedly very considerable) Jewish population of the city. On conditions in the city and the hospitals see: Holzhausen, 300, 302;Rochechouart, 202; Pontier, 17. Bourgeois (190) states that typhus had already broken out in the last stages of the retreat.
31. Bourgoing, Souvenirs, 228; Vionnet de Maringoné, 79.
32. Bertrand, 169; Lignières, 131.
33. Bourgogne, 262, 246.
34. Beaulieu, 45; Ginisty, 113–14; Brandt (339–41) tells an almost identical story concerning himself and a soldier he had had flogged for looting in Moscow.
35. Planat de la Faye, 116–17.
36. Bertin, 309.
37. Holzhausen, 319–20; Rumingy, 67; Noel, 180.
38. Dumas, III/485.
1. Caulaincourt, II/212.
2. Ibid., 230ff.
3. Ibid., 263.
4. Pradt, 207–18; Caulaincourt, II/263–73 (he claims Napoleon said he had 150,000 men in Vilna); Potocka, 331–4; Niemcewicz, 383; Kozmian, II/311.
5. Caulaincourt, II/ 315.
6. Davidov, 172; Marchenko, 503; Alexander, Corr. avec Bernadotte, xxxii.
7. Bloqueville, III/193; Compans, 239; Bausset, II/192.
8. Caulaincourt, II/319.
9. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/341.
10. Clausewitz, 214; Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 146.
11. Wilson, Invasion, 356.
12. Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 143; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 263–4; Gosudarstvenno-Istoricheskii Muzei, 236.
13. Beskrovny, Polkovodets, 272–3.
14. Altshuller & Tartakovskii, 97, 98, 121, 124.
15. Vitberg, 611; Shchukin, I/120; Alexander, Corr avec sa soeur, 103.
16. Ley, 54.
17. Garin, 133–4; Kutuzov, Dokumenty, 268–70; Shishkov, 168.
18. Kraehe, I/152; W.H. Löwenstern, I/359; Choiseul-Gouffier, 166.
19. Fredro, 46.
20. Choiseul-Gouffier, 147.
21. Ermolov, 134–5; Marchenko, 498; von Kurz, 220–1, 222–3; Minod, 50–2; recent excavations of mass graves in Vilnius have confirmed the cannibalism; Kurz, 223.
22. Maillard, 66–8; Venturini, 227.
23. Ducor, II/57–60; Chéron, 33.
24. Roy, 87; Holzhausen, 83–90.
25. Seruzier, 270ff,
26. La Flise, LXXIII/57; Roos, 197–200; Mitarevskii, 172–3; Holzhausen, 348.
27. Camp, 59.
28. Benard, 145, 146.
29. Holzhausen, 351.
30. Bellot de Kergorre, 112; Lignières, 138; Holzhausen, 323; Bréaut des Marlots, 33–4; Jackowski, I/312; Faré, 269; Noel, 180.
31. Bellot de Kergorre, 110; Bro, 126; Gardier, 96; Holzhausen, 323; Dumonceau, II/248; Bertrand, 179.
32. Seydlitz, 129, 167; Akty Dokumenty i Materialy, CXXXIII/329ff; Macdonald, 182; Akty, Dokumenty i Materialy, CXXXIII/410.
33. Seydlitz, 197ff; Macdonald, 184–8; Akty, Dokumenty i Materialy, CXXXIII/424.
34. Kozmian, II/315.
35. The figures given by early historians of the campaign and even those issued by official military sources on both sides are estimates based on the haziest of data. Meynier, for instance, reveals that most historians have been exaggerating wildly when talking about millions of dead during the Napoleonic wars. Labaume’s estimate (437) of 20,000 recrossing the Niemen at Kovno were repeated by Buturlin (II/413) and largely stand, although Buturlin (II/446) maintains that another 60,000, mainly Austrians and Prussians, got out; Gourgaud’s (494) fuller estimate errs on the high side, particularly in the case of the 36,000 who allegedly recrossed at Kovno, but his total of 127,000 is not far from present-day estimates. Original Russian figures for the number of prisoners taken varied from Buturlin’s 193,000 to Chuikievich’s 210,000, even though official Russian figures were only 136,000, and all recent studies have revealed this to be too high (see Sirotkin, in Otechestvennaia Voina 1812 goda. Istochniki, etc. (2000), 246ff). The only reliable figures on the deaths during this campaign are those of corpses buried by the Russian authorities on the one hand, and French census figures (Meynier, 21) on the other. Balashov reported that 430,707 human bodies were buried along the road in the spring of 1813. In December 1812 the Russian authorities counted 172,566 corpses and 128,739 animal carcases in the gubernia of Smolensk, 50,185 corpses and 17,050 carcases in the gubernia of Mogilev, 2,230 corpses and 7,355 carcases in the gubernia of Kaluga, a total of 224,981 corpses and 153,144 carcases (Hartley, Russia in 1812,197, 413). But these figures can tell us little, as they do not specify whether the dead were military or civilians, let alone of what nationality. There are also detailed figures for some units, but to extrapolate from these would be a meaningless exercise, since they vary so wildly. My own estimate is based on the figures given by Vilatte de Prugnes (285–7) and Meynier, those computed by Kukiel, who seems to me the most conscientious of historians of this campaign, on the one hand, and the estimates put forward by more recent Russian historians such as Zhilin, Sirotkin, Shvedov and Sokolov on the other.
36. Kukiel, Wojna, II/500; Hausman, 112; Zanoli, 205; Boppe, Croatie Militaire, 95, 120, 129.
37. Lignières, 139; Dumonceau, II/257–8; Chlapowski, 137.
38. Bertrand, 4–5; Combe, 178; Boppe, Les Espagnols, 157; Vlijmen, 327; Holzhausen, 340; see also: Fezensac, Journal, 188; Dupuy, 213; Kolaczkowski, I/167; Pion des Loches, 341; Vossen, 477.
39. Lettres Interceptées, 377; Holzhausen, 8.
40. Krasinski, 103.
41. Minod, Roederer; Otechestvennaia Voina 1812g. Istochniki, etc. (2001), 20.
42. Voenskii, Sviashchennoi Pamiati, 3.
43. Holzhausen, 356–8.
1. Maria Feodorovna, 136.
2. Kügelgen, 136; Bruun, 173.
3. Golitsuin, 5, 22, 23; Davidov, 56.
4. 1812 god v Vospominaniakh sovremennikov, 3; Kallash, 209; F. Glinka, Pisma Russkovo Ofitsera, 154.
5. 1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiske i raskazakh, 84, 86; Otechestvennaia voina 1812 goda, Istochniki, etc. (2001), 30ff; Hartley, Russia in 1812,188; Iudin, III.
6. Adams, II/426.
7. Nesselrode, IV/118; Benckendorff, 70–1.
8. 1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiske i raskazakh, 84, 85.
9. Beskrovny, Narodnoe Opolchenie, 377–86; Shishkin, 112–51; see also; Dzhivelegov et al., V/98–101; 1812 god v Vospominaniakh, perepiske i raskazakh, 85; Shchukin, IV/156ff, IX/82–4.
10. Dzhivelegov et al., V/104.
11. Kallash, 224.
12. Davidov, 138.
13. Beyle, Vie de Napoléon, 233.
14. Louis Geoffroy, Napoléon Apocryphe. Histoire de la Conquête du Monde et de la Monarchie Universelle, Paris 1841.
15. O’Meara, II/107, 156, etc.
16. Dostoevskii, 250.
17. Raza, 220. Such relics are still to be found in collections in Poland.
18. Bourgogne, 281–2.