After a page number, 'f' indicates a figure away from its main text.
aberrant behavior: analysis of 170-1, 176-80
adaptive behavior
see also increasing adaptive behavior in applied settings
and evolutionary theory 8-10, 20-1
aggression, extinction-induced 54-5, 71, 273-4
alternating treatment designs 206-10
Antecedent — Behavior — Consequence (ABC) assessment 173-4
applied behavior analysis 16-19, 21, 303-12, 328-33
applied settings see assessing behavior in applied settings; decreasing maladaptive behavior in applied settings; increasing adaptive behavior in applied settings; single-case experimental designs
arbitrary stimulus classes 131-2, 149
assessing behavior in applied settings 151, 179-81
conducting observations 167, 180
defining the target behavior 155-9
functional assessment and analysis of aberrant behavior 170-1
measuring and recording behaviors 159-67
reliability of assessment 168-9
selecting target behaviors 154-5
understanding and guiding behavioral assessment 151-4
aversive contingencies 67, 101-2, 123-4
aversive classical conditioning 117-20
contingent presentation of aversive events 283-7
escape from aversive stimuli 102-6
avoidance behavior 101, 107-12, 123
basic behavior analysis 18, 328-33
behavioral deficits 142
behavioral medicine 309-12, 332
bidirectional training 147
changing criterion designs 203-4, 205f, 210
choice 318
classical conditioning 7-8, 20
aversive classical conditioning 101, 117-20, 124
community behavior analysis 312-28, 332
arbitrary stimulus classes 131-2
concept acquisition 125-9, 130f
conceptual behavior and discriminations 130-1
polymorphous concepts and natural concepts 132-4
reinforcement of modeling 142-4
rules as solutions to problems 134-6
concept acquisition 125-9, 130f, 149
concept identification 135-6, 150
conceptual behavior and discriminations 130-1, 149
concurrent schedules of reinforcement 86, 88-9, 99, 318
conditioned reinforcement 41-2, 48, 141-2, 150
conditioned suppression 118-20, 124
conditioning see classical conditioning; operant behavior and operant conditioning
contingent activity 294-7, 302
contingent presentation of aversive events 283-7
continuous reinforcement 63
current status and future directions 303, 332-3
applications of behavior analysis to issues in health and medicine 303-12
applications of further principles of behavior analysis 318-25
community behavior analysis 312-18
ethical guidelines for the use of behavioral treatment 325-8
relationship between basic and applied behavior analysis 328-32
decreasing maladaptive behavior in applied settings 265-6, 281, 301-2
advantages and disadvantages of using punishment 298-301
contingent removal of positive events 287-94
matching extinction protocol to maintaining contingencies 278-81
using reinforcement 225-35, 262-3
delay of reinforcement 217-18, 224
differential reinforcement schedules 66-7, 72, 225-32, 262-3
direct observation procedures 173-5
discrimination 59, 77, 78f, 84-6, 98, 99 conceptual behavior and 130-1, 149 learning sets 125-9
discrimination training 87-90, 99
discriminative stimulus 79-80, 138, 145
emitted responses 26
escape from aversive stimuli 101-6, 123
establishing operations 218-19, 225
ethics
of aversive contingencies 106, 120-3, 124
guidelines for the use of behavioral treatment 325-8, 333
evolutionary theory: and adaptive behavior 8-10, 20-1
experimental analysis of behavior 14-16, 21
changes in response rate during 49-51, 52f
of classically conditioned responses 60-2
decreasing behavior using 266-76, 277f, 281, 301
differential reinforcement schedules 66-7
extinction-induced aggression 54-5, 71, 273-4
following intermittent reinforcement 67-9
human behavior under schedules of reinforcement 69-71
intermittent reinforcement 62-6
matching extinction protocol to maintaining contingencies 278-81, 301-2
operant extinction paradigm 59-60
outside the laboratory 60
successive conditioning and 58-9
topographical changes in responding
fixed-time schedule of reinforcement 269
forward chaining 251
functional analysis 19-21, 170-1, 176-81, 227-8, 229f, 262-3
functional assessment 170-5, 180-1
functionally-defined operants 43-4
future directions see current status and future directions
generalization of newly acquired skills 255-9, 260f, 263
gradual reduction in behavior 271
graphic displays 185-90, 191f, 209
healthy life-styles: promoting 304-9, 332
human behavior
see also complex behavior; modeling; verbal behavior
early attempts to explain 1-3, 20
simple operant conditioning 39-41
under reinforcement schedules 69-72
increasing adaptive behavior in applied
establishing new behavioral repertoires 235-8
fading response and stimulus prompts 238-47
optimizing reinforcer effectiveness 217-21
programming generalization of newly acquired skills 255-9, 260f
topographical changes in responding during extinction 254-5
using positive reinforcement 211-12
using reinforcement to decrease maladaptive behavior 225-35, 262-3
inhibitory stimulus control 91, 92f, 99, 114
instructional prompting strategies 235-8, 263
instrumental behavior 10
interdimensional training 90
intermittent reinforcement 62-6, 72
inter-nodal distance effect 324
intradimensional training 90
language 146
see also verbal behavior
law of least effort 32
learning sets 125-31, 130f, 149
least effort, law of 32
least-to-most prompt sequences 239-40
maladaptive behavior see decreasing maladaptive behavior in applied settings
matching-to-sample training 93-6
measuring behaviors 151, 159-67, 180
medicine, behavioral 309-12, 332
momentary time sampling 166
most-to-least prompt sequences 240-1
Motivation Assessment Scale 172
multiple baseline designs 197-203, 210
multiple schedules of reinforcement 86-8, 99
negative reinforcement/reinforcers 101-2, 105-7, 260-3
new behavioral repertoires: establishing 235-8, 263
newly acquired skills: programming generalization 255-9, 260f, 263
noncontingent reinforcement 233-5, 269-70, 301
operant behavior and operant conditioning 47-8
analysis of purposive behavior 23-5
changes in behavior that characterize operant conditioning 28-32
conditioned reinforcement 41-2
definition of response classes 42-4
operants and reinforcing stimuli 33-6
outcomes of operant conditioning 32-3
response differentiation and response shaping 44-7
simple operant conditioning of complex or "unobserved" human behavior 39-41
simple operant conditioning paradigm 36-7
three-term relationship of operant conditioning 79-80, 98-9
operant extinction paradigm 59-60
outcomes of operant conditioning 32-3
partial-interval recording 164-6
partial reinforcement extinction effect 67, 69
Pavlov, Ivan P. 5-8, 20, 60, 62, 76-7, 79, 83
perceptual stimulus classes 74-6, 98
physical response prompts 237-8
picture response prompts 236, 238-9
polymorphous concepts 132-4, 150
positive events: contingent removal of 287-94, 302
positive reinforcement/reinforcers 37, 101, 105-6, 211-12, 224, 262
promoting healthy life-styles 304-9, 332
prompts see instructional prompting strategies
punishment 101, 112-16, 123, 281-97, 301-2
advantages and disadvantages 298-301
purposive behavior: analysis of 23-5, 47
recording behaviors 151, 159-67, 180
reflexivity 95
reinforcement/reinforcers
see also schedules of reinforcement; token economies
conditioned 41-2, 48, 141-2, 150
decreasing maladaptive behavior 225-35, 262-3
increasing adaptive behavior 211-12, 224
noncontingent 233-5, 269-70, 301
operants and reinforcers 33-6, 47
optimizing reinforcer effectiveness 217-21, 224-5
positive 37, 101, 105-6, 211-12, 224, 262
selecting reinforcers 212-17, 224, 262
reliability of assessment 168-9, 180
removal of positive events 287-94, 302
resistance to extinction 55-6, 57f, 71
response acquisition effect 138-9
response classes: definition of 42-4, 48
response facilitation effect 138
response modulation effect 138, 140
response rate: changes during operant extinction 49-51, 52f, 71
response shaping see shaping
rights of the individual 325-8, 333
rule-governed behavior 134-6, 147-50
schedules of reinforcement 218, 224-5, 262
differential 66-7, 72, 225-32, 262-3
fixed-time 269
scientific approach to behavior 1, 20-1
acquired or conditioned reflexes 5-7
applied and basic behavior analysis 18-19
development of applied behavioral analysis 16-18
early attempts to explain human behavior 1-3
evolutionary theory and adaptive behavior 8-10
experimental analysis of behavior 14-16, 21
scientific analysis of "voluntary" behavior 10-12
shaping 44, 46-8, 204, 247-9, 263
Sherrington, Sir Charles 4
simple operant conditioning 36-7, 39-41
simultaneous discrimination procedures 88
single-case experimental designs 183, 209-10
alternating treatment designs 206-9
changing criterion designs 203-4, 205f
internal and external validity 183-5
multiple baseline designs 197-203
withdrawal or ABAB designs 190-7
Skinner, B.F. 14-16, 21, 32, 47, 62, 145 cumulative recorder 28, 29f
Skinner box experiments 14, 15f, 25-8, 47
species-typical aversive behaviors 111-12, 117-18
Spencer, Herbert 24
spontaneous recovery 57-8, 62, 71-2, 271-3, 301
stereotyped behavior 32
in classical conditioning 76-9, 98
effects of discrimination training 89-90
inhibitory stimulus control 91, 92f
multiple and concurrent schedules of reinforcement 86-9
perceptual stimulus classes 74-6
stimulus discrimination paradigm 84-6
three-term relationship of operant conditioning 79-80
stimulus equivalence class formation 93-100, 126, 132, 147, 149, 322-5, 333
stimulus prompts 235, 237-8, 244-7, 263
stimulus-response laws 4
structural changes of responding in extinction 51, 53-4
successive conditioning and extinction 58-9, 72
successive discrimination procedures 87-8
symmetry 95
target behaviors 151
measuring and recording 159-67, 180
Thorndike, Edward L. 10-12, 16, 21, 32, 33
three-term relationship of operant conditioning 79-80, 98-9
time delay instructional protocol 241-4
time out 120, 287-92, 293-4, 302
token economies 221-5, 314, 316-18
topographical changes in responding during extinction 51, 53-4, 254-5, 263
topographically-defined operants 43
transitivity 95
validity: internal and external 183-5
verbal behavior 40-1, 70-2, 89-90, 135, 145-50
verbal response prompts 235-6, 239
"voluntary" behavior: scientific analysis of 10-12, 21
Watson, John B. 12-14, 21, 118
WGTA see Wisconsin General Test Apparatus
whole-interval recording 165-6