Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Aisin Gioro Pujie.
See PujieArmy Military Academy (Manchukuo),
135–36The Beauty in Men’
s Clothing (Muramatsu Sh
ōf
ū; 1933),
14,
54–56,
59–65,
152–53; and evocation of Yoshiko’s youth,
60–62; publication in book form,
152; research for,
123; and tragedy of servant Shulian,
125–26; and Yoshiko’s dance hall appearances,
118–19; and Yoshiko’s trial,
55–56,
59,
60,
214
The Beauty in Men’
s Clothing (Muramatsu Tomomi; 2002),
65–67
Beijing: postwar conditions,
204; Prince Su’s family’s exile from,
14–15; Prince Su’s residence in,
18; Yoshiko’s final residence in,
202Chang Ching-hui (Zhang Jinghui),
206Changchun: as capital of Japanese puppet state,
10; royal family’s postwar flight from,
206; and rumors of Yoshiko’s survival,
3; Sago Hiro in,
132; Yoshiko in,
10,
157–58China: atrocities committed against Chinese in Manchukuo,
98,
134,
148–49,
172; battle of Rehe (1933),
138–39,
141–45,
154–55; Communists,
8,
92,
203–4,
207–8; Cultural Revolution,
78,
81,
89; Hulunbuir Incident (1932),
139–41; Japanese adventurers in (see
rōnin); Japanese contempt for Chinese,
16,
33,
134,
198; Manchurian Incident (1931),
97–98,
101,
119; Nationalists,
8,
92,
94,
121,
203–4,
207–11 (
see also Chiang Kai-shek); postwar conditions,
203–4; Republic of China established (1912),
14,
26; Shanghai Incident (1932),
57–59,
117–22; warlords (
see Su Bingwen;
Zhang Zuolin).
See also Manchukuo;
Manchuria;
Qing dynasty;
Sino-Japanese War;
specific citiesCultural Revolution,
78,
81,
89The Dawn of the Founding of Manchuria and Mongolia (1932 film),
214
espionage: and Shanghai Incident,
117–18,
120; Yamaga T
ōru and,
190; Yoshiko’s fabricated and unconfirmed exploits,
3,
55; Yoshiko’s lack of qualifications for,
219; and Yoshiko’s relationship with Tanaka,
117–18,
120–21,
125Fertile Land, Land of the Dead (Takarabe Toriko),
148–49
From Emperor to Citizen (Puyi),
101–2
Fuku (adoptive mother of Yoshiko),
35–37,
45Ganjurjab (husband of Yoshiko),
83–89,
84Hulunbuir Incident (1932),
139–41“I Love My Homeland” (personal essay of Yoshiko),
153–54I Was Born a Qing Princess (Jin Moyu),
8,
9
Japan: advance into Manchuria (1931),
96–99; atrocities committed in Manchukuo,
98,
134,
148–49,
172; contempt for Chinese,
16,
33,
134,
198; defeat of,
203–8; grain from Manchukuo,
173; “harmony of the five races” slogan,
98,
134,
173,
177; Japanese adventurers in China (
rōnin),
26–27,
155; Japanese settlers in Manchukuo,
98,
134,
146–51,
204–6; motivations for Manchuria policy,
27–28,
31,
58,
96–97,
173; opposition of Tokyo government to invasion of Manchuria,
97,
100–101; overlapping but divergent agendas of Prince Su and the Japanese in Manchuria,
20; perception of Russian threat,
31,
97,
147; plans for Manchuria and Mongolia,
20,
24–25,
31,
32,
86,
97; propaganda,
97–98,
140,
146–47,
177; puppet state of Manchukuo (
see Manchukuo); Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905),
15–16,
96; Shinto religion,
173; Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941),
198,
204,
205; views of the West,
27–28; Yoshiko’s criticisms and denunciations of Japanese policies,
154–55,
160,
162,
167–69,
187–88,
192.
See also Kwantung Army;
specific citiesJin Bidong (brother of Yoshiko),
217,
219Jin Moyu (younger sister of Yoshiko),
7–12; on conditions in China after Japanese defeat,
203–4; on death of father,
49; on house in Lushun,
16; on trial of Yoshiko,
219; on Yoshiko,
8–12,
85,
201Kawashima Naniwa (adoptive father of Yoshiko),
23–33,
75,
128,
156,
165; as agent of the Japanese government,
32,
37; aid for other children of Prince Su,
35; and birthday party of 1935,
165,
165–66; childhood and youth,
24–29; Chinese studies,
28–29; as continental adventurer (
tairiku rōnin),
26–27,
29–33; deafness,
37–38,
68,
80; dreams for Japan’s role in Northeast China,
24–25,
31–33,
37; dropped by Japanese officials,
37; early activities in China,
29–32; eventual contempt for Chinese,
33; family register of,
47,
80,
222,
223; finances,
35,
45; as friend and advisor to Prince Su,
20,
32,
33; Harada Tomohiko on,
37–38; illness and return to Tokyo,
30–32; influence on Yoshiko,
1–3,
25,
50–51; (mis)handling of estate of Prince Su,
49,
201; move to Dalian,
79; Muramatsu Tomomi on,
67–68; personal characteristics and temperament,
29–31,
35,
37–38,
50,
52,
67; and preservation of the Forbidden City,
32; and rape of Yoshiko,
52,
62–65,
68,
72,
126; Renko as substitute daughter of,
79–81; response to Yoshiko’s assumption of male identity,
73,
79–80; return to Matsumoto,
45–50; self-presentation,
34–35; and suitors of Yoshiko,
68,
69–71; unhappy marriage to Fuku,
35–36; unsuccessful business ventures,
45; varied views of,
23–24,
68–69; Wada Chish
ū on,
23–25; Yoshiko’s break with,
79–80,
83,
94; Yoshiko sent to live with Naniwa in Tokyo,
20–22,
34–35; Yoshiko’s return to home of,
187; and Yoshiko’s trial and conviction,
1–2,
220–23Kawashima Sh
ōko (grand-niece of Yoshiko),
77–78,
81,
153Kawashima Yoshiko,
44,
48,
128,
153,
156,
163,
181,
193,
212; alternate names for,
3,
5,
20; assassination plots against,
114,
130,
142,
156,
185–87,
192; assistants (
see Chizuko;
Ogata Hachirō); autobiography,
13–14,
107,
140–42; and battle of Rehe,
141–45; benefactors (
see Doihara Kenji;
Itō Hanni;
Sasakawa Ryōichi;
Tanaka Ryūkichi); biographers (
see Kamisaka Fuyuko;
Muramatsu Tomomi;
Terao Saho;
Woods, Willa Lou); break with Naniwa (1927),
79–80,
83,
94; celebrity of,
3 (
see also media attention to Kawashima Yoshiko); childhood and youth in Japan,
3,
34–38,
36,
43–53,
44,
60–62,
61,
67–68; childhood in China,
14–19,
21; contradictory actions and statements,
167–68; contrast to Saga Hiro,
39–42; criticisms and denunciations of Japanese policies,
154–55,
160,
162,
167–69,
187–88,
192; daily routine,
123–25,
127–28,
157,
180; dance hall appearances,
11,
92–94,
115,
118–19,
124,
158,
164,
180; death of parents (1922),
48–49; departure to Manchuria following Manchurian Incident (1931),
98–99; devotion to Manchu cause,
3,
51,
67–68,
109,
118; disavowal of exploits,
108–9,
154,
217; divided loyalties,
8,
109–10,
128–29,
180; drug addiction,
14,
167,
181–82,
188,
213; education,
43–44,
47–51; and Empress Wanrong,
101,
105–8; end of usefulness to Japanese army,
152,
156,
160; and espionage,
3,
117–18,
120–21,
125,
219; execution (1948),
1–2,
12,
45,
55,
129,
153,
220–24; fabricated, unconfirmed, and exaggerated exploits,
3–4,
14,
55,
127,
139–43,
154,
213; film depictions of,
5; finances,
83,
89–90,
94,
131,
141,
143–44,
157–59,
163,
165–67,
187–88,
202; friends and acquaintances, female (
see Chizuko;
Sonomoto Kotone;
Yamaguchi Yoshiko); grave of,
77–78; as host for Naniwa’s birthday party of 1935,
165,
165–66; houseguests (
see Muramatsu Shōfū;
Woods, Willa Lou); “I Love My Homeland” essay,
153–54; imprisonment,
212,
220–21; Jin Moyu’s recollections of,
8–12; lack of deep understanding of history or current events,
51,
130,
162; lack of qualifications for espionage and military command,
4,
121,
219; letters/appeals to Naniwa following trial,
1–2,
220,
222–23; letters to tutor,
51–52; lovers and suitors,
69–72 (
see also Abe, Thomas;
Ganjurjab;
Itō Hanni;
Iwata Ainosuke;
Moriyama Eiji;
Tada Hayao;
Tanaka Ryūkichi;
Yamaga Tōru); male persona,
3,
46,
72–75 (
see also male persona of Kawashima Yoshiko); in Manchukuo at the height of her celebrity,
156–59; as “Manchukuo Joan of Arc,” 7,
51,
72,
75,
94,
140,
169,
180; as Manchu princess,
8,
218; marriage to Ganjurab (1927),
83–89,
84; marriage to Ganjurab ended,
88–89; as “Mata Hari of the East,” 121,
180; military activities,
138–45,
154–55,
213; mistreatment by the Japanese,
109–10,
214; and Mongolian folk songs,
4; movements restricted,
185–86,
196–99; and murder of Mrs. Wang (sister of Su Bingwen),
182–83; Naniwa’s influence,
1–3,
25,
50–51; novel based on her life (see
The Beauty in Men’s Clothing); oblivious to Japanese atrocities,
130–31; as pawn of the Japanese,
116,
117,
125,
140; personal characteristics and temperament,
3,
10–11,
29–30,
39–40,
46,
129,
158,
162; pet monkeys,
181,
200,
201,
202,
215–16,
220,
221; physical beauty of,
46–47,
68; physical decline/slide into ruin,
13–14,
152,
167,
179–80,
188,
198; poor Chinese language skills,
83,
86,
121,
214; postwar arrest and trial,
4,
209–19 (
see also trial of Kawashima Yoshiko); psychological problems,
4,
166–67; rape in adolescence,
4,
52,
62–65,
68,
72,
126; reasons for helping the Japanese,
108–10; regrets for cooperation with the Japanese,
101; as restaurant manager in Tianjin,
13,
175–76,
179,
183; return to Japan following end of marriage,
89–90; return to Japan following publication of
The Beauty in Men’
s Clothing,
152–53; rumors of survival,
2–4; self-image of,
51,
72,
75–76,
94,
107–8,
110; self-presentation as a Chinese in Japan,
153–54,
160,
161,
168; sent to live with Naniwa in Tokyo,
20–22,
34–35,
61; sexual conduct,
4,
75,
94; and Shanghai Incident (1932),
117–18,
120–22; skill in telling lies,
9,
14,
89–90,
127; and Su Bingwen’s rebellion (1932),
139–41,
213,
219; suicide attempts,
14,
70,
79,
166; tensions with Naniwa,
165–66; and tragedy of servant Shulian,
125–26; varied views of among Chinese and Japanese,
4–6; view of chastity,
126; as woman of influence,
123–31Kwantung Army: advance into Manchuria (1931),
96–99; and “bandit” gangs in neighboring Chinese lands,
139; and battle of Rehe,
138–39,
141–45; confusion of authorities over Yoshiko’s loyalties,
158; end of Yoshiko’s usefulness to,
152,
156,
160,
185; goal of independent state in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia,
86; and Japanese settlers in Manchukuo,
147,
148,
204; and Manchurian Incident (1931),
97; marriage of Pujie to Saga Hiro arranged by,
41–42; and marriage of Yoshiko and Ganjurab,
85–86; money paid to Yoshiko,
144; plans for assassinating Yoshiko,
156,
185–87,
192; postwar attempt to rescue royal family,
207; and Puyi as puppet emperor,
100–102; and Shanghai Incident (1932),
119–22; treatment of Saga Hiro after marriage,
133–34; Yoshiko as pawn of,
116,
117,
125,
140; and Yoshiko’s help in transporting Empress Wanrong to Manchuria,
105–8The Last Emperor (1987 film),
5,
101–2
Lushun: Japanese control of,
96; Prince Su’s family’s exile to,
14–17; Puyi in,
103–4; Yoshiko in, following break with Tanaka,
100male persona of Kawashima Yoshiko,
72–82,
75,
153,
154–55,
156; Abe on,
158; assumption of male identity,
72–75; and dance halls of Shanghai,
118; and early preference for male Japanese language,
46,
76; haircut (1925),
72–73,
77–82; Muramatsu Sh
ōf
ū on,
118,
123; and Muramatsu Sh
ōf
ū’s encounters with Yoshiko,
58; Yamaguchi Yoshiko on,
179–80; and Yoshiko’s departure to Manchuria following Manchurian Incident (1931),
98–99; and Yoshiko’s military activities,
138–45,
154–55Manchukuo: Army Military Academy,
135–36; Chinese chased off lands,
98,
148; fate of Japanese settlers after the war,
147,
204–6; Japanese atrocities in,
98,
134,
148–49,
172; Japanese settlers in,
98,
134,
146–51; as name of Japanese-occupied territory,
119; Sago Hiro and Pujie’s growing awareness of conditions in,
132–37; Soviet invasion (1945),
204,
206; starvation in,
173–74; Su Bingwen’s rebellion (1932),
139–41,
213; Yoshiko in, at the height of her celebrity,
156–59; Yoshiko in, following break with Tanaka,
100; Yoshiko’s criticisms and denunciations of Japanese policies,
154–55,
160,
162,
167–69,
187–88,
192Manchuria: ignorance of Japanese expatriates in sequestered communities,
134; Japanese advance into (1931),
96–99; Japanese army in (
see Kwantung Army); Japanese plans for,
20,
24–25,
31,
32,
86,
97; and Japanese propaganda,
97–98; and Japan’s perceptions of Russian threat,
31,
97,
147; motivations for Japan’s Manchuria policy,
27–28,
31,
96–97; opposition of Tokyo government to invasion of Manchuria,
97,
100–101; Prince Su’s family’s exile to,
14–17.
See also ManchukuoManchuria Film Association,
177,
192Mariko (fictional counterpart to Yoshiko),
60–63Matsumoto: as Naniwa’s birthplace,
29; Naniwa’s return to,
45–50; Yoshiko’s adolescence in,
45–50; Yoshiko’s speeches in (1933, 1937),
160,
162,
168–69media attention to Kawashima Yoshiko,
72–80,
152–59,
153; and arrest and trial,
210–11,
215,
223–24; and dance halls of Shanghai,
94–95,
118; early media attention,
50,
51; and Hulunbuir Incident,
140–41; and male persona,
72–74,
79–80,
118,
153,
154; and novel based on Yoshiko’s life (see
The Beauty in Men’s Clothing); and Shanghai Incident,
121; and suitors,
71; and trial and execution,
152–53; and Yoshiko’s departure to Manchuria following Manchurian Incident,
98–99; and Yoshiko’s military activities,
141,
143,
154–55; and Yoshiko’s relationship with Tanaka,
129Mongolian independence army,
87–88Muramatsu Sh
ōf
ū,
54–69; connection with Yoshiko,
55–57,
123–24,
166–67; and dance halls,
93; death of son,
66; and grandson Tomomi,
66–67; as houseguest of Yoshiko,
59,
123–24; literary output,
56; possible poisoning attempt on,
166–67; rejection of Yoshiko’s sexual advances,
124,
167; and relationship of Yoshiko and Tanaka,
115–16; in Shanghai,
56–59; on Yoshiko’s daily routine,
123–25; and Yoshiko’s help in transporting empress to Manchuria,
107; and Yoshiko’s male persona,
118,
123; and Yoshiko’s military activities,
143. See also
The Beauty in Men’s Clothing“New Asianism,” 164
Princess Jin, the Joan of Arc of the Orient (Woods),
126–27
Pujie (younger brother of “Last Emperor” Puyi): autobiography,
135–37; film depictions of,
5; Kosei on,
171–74; later life,
170,
172–74; marriage to Saga Hiro,
39–42,
40,
171; positions in Manchukuo government,
135–36; postwar imprisonment,
172,
174,
206; pressure to produce an heir,
133; regrets for cooperation with the Japanese,
135–37; surviving daughter (
see Fukunaga Kosei)
Puyi (last emperor of Qing dynasty),
100–106,
108; autobiography,
101–2; dislike for Yoshiko,
100,
130; film depictions of,
5,
101–2; in Forbidden City,
100,
105; homosexuality of,
106,
133; Japanese aid for following 1912 abdication,
100–101; lack of understanding of current conditions,
135; in Manchuria,
102–3,
135; marriage to Wanrong,
105–6; postwar flight, capture, and imprisonment,
206; as puppet emperor,
100–102,
132; regrets for cooperation with the Japanese,
101–4; response to birth of niece,
133; and Saga Hiro,
110–11; and Shinto religion,
173; in Tianjin,
100–103; treatment by the Japanese,
173; wife of (
see Wanrong)
Qing dynasty: exile of Prince Su’s family to Manchuria,
14–17; fall of,
3,
14,
26; Prince Su’s plans for restoration of,
16–17,
19–20; Yoshiko’s devotion to Manchu cause,
3,
51,
67–68,
109,
118.
See also specific family membersRusso-Japanese War (1904–1905),
15–16,
96Saga Hiro,
39–42; autobiography,
40–41,
134–35; birth of first daughter,
133; death of first daughter,
172; on Empress Wanrong,
110–11; escape to Japan,
172,
174,
208; growing awareness of true conditions in Manchuria,
132–34,
173,
174; ignorance about true Japanese intentions in Manchuria,
132,
134; in Japan,
110; Japanese army’s contempt for,
133–34; in Manchuria,
110–11,
132–34; marriage to Pujie,
39–42,
40,
110,
132,
171; postwar flight and capture,
206–8; public impression of,
40–41; and Puyi,
110–11; surviving daughter (
see Fukunaga Kosei)
Shanghai: conditions in the 1930s,
91–92; jazz clubs,
92–94; Muramatsu Sh
ōf
ū in,
56–59; Naniwa in,
31; Yoshiko’s daily routine in,
123–25Sino-Japanese War: Japanese defeat,
203–8; and Japanese settlers in Manchuria,
147–49,
204; Shanghai Incident as precursor to,
57; Yoshiko’s criticisms and denunciations of Japanese policies,
154–55,
160,
162,
167–69,
187–88,
192.
See also ManchukuoSoviet Union: invasion of Manchukuo (1945),
204,
206; Japanese perception of Russian threat,
31,
97,
147; Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941),
198,
204,
205A Story of Manchurian Settler Communities (film),
147
Su, Prince (father of Yoshiko): daughter Yoshiko sent to live with Naniwa,
20–22; death of,
48–49; flight to Lushun (1912),
14–17; Naniwa as friend and advisor to,
20,
32,
33; Naniwa’s handling of family’s estate,
49,
201; overlapping but divergent agendas of Prince Su and the Japanese,
20; plans for restoration of Qing dynasty,
16–17,
19–20; residence in Beijing,
18; residence in Lushun,
16–17,
19; suffering of descendants,
19Takebe Rokuzo (Takebe Rokuz
ō),
206Tanaka Ry
ūkichi,
58–59,
112–20; assassination plot against Yoshiko,
114,
130; break with Yoshiko,
129–31; later life,
116–17; Muramatsu Sh
ōf
ū on,
124; personal characteristics and temperament,
114,
115–16,
129; relationship with Yoshiko,
114–17,
124,
125,
129–31; and Shanghai Incident,
119,
120–21; and war crimes trial,
112–14,
116–17; and Yoshiko as spy,
117–18,
120–21,
125Tianjin: Naniwa in,
30; Puyi in,
100–103; Yoshiko’s Chinese restaurant in,
175–76,
179,
183; and Yoshiko’s help in transporting empress to Manchuria,
107trial of Kawashima Yoshiko,
4,
209–19,
212; appeals following conviction,
220–23; and citizenship issue,
5,
216,
219,
221–23; conviction and death sentence,
219; defense arguments,
216–19; and “evidence” from
The Beauty in Men’
s Clothing,
55–56,
59,
60,
152–53,
214; media coverage,
215–16; prosecution’s rebuttals,
217–18; and Shanghai Incident,
121–22; and Yoshiko’s association with Japanese ultranationalists,
166; Yoshiko’s claims about her age,
7,
216; Yoshiko’s confession,
211–14; and Yoshiko’s obliviousness to Japanese atrocities,
131; and Yoshiko’s reasons for helping the Japanese,
108–10Vicissitudes of a Princess (Saga Hiro),
40–41
Wanrong (wife of Puyi),
105–11,
108; death of,
208; drug addiction,
105,
106,
111,
207; leaves Tianjin for Manchuria (1931),
105–8; marriage to Puyi,
105–6; postwar flight and capture,
207–8; Saga Hiro on,
110–11; unhappiness of,
101,
106West, Japan’s perception of,
27–28Xianli (older brother of Yoshiko): accusations of financial misdeeds,
64; on end of Yoshiko’s usefulness to Japanese army,
160; on family’s exile to Manchuria,
15; on Puyi and Wanrong,
106; on rape of Yoshiko,
63–64; on Shanghai Incident,
122; on Yoshiko’s marriage to Ganjurab,
85; on Yoshiko’s role in bringing Empress Wanrong to Manchuria,
105; Yoshiko’s visit to, following end of marriage,
89