Abbey, Edward, 159-60
access to PFNM, early, 57,58,63
Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities (1906), 4, 47,54-56 ,59
Adamana, Ariz., 38,41 -42,62, 71
Adamana brown pottery, 146, 148,150
Adamana Hotel and Auto Livery, 85,108
Adams, William, Jr., 43-44
administrative history of PFNP, 6
aetosaurs, 155
air quality at PFNP, 142
Agassiz, Louis, 34
Agate house (Pueblo III site), 27,117-18 ,147
air quality at PFNP, 142
Alexander, Annie, 79
Alton, Robert R., 79
amphibians: fossils of, 20-21: of Permian Period, 37: of Triassic Period, 37
Anasazi peoples, 25-27, 148-49: cul-tural development of, 25: migration of, 25: pottery of, 148-49
antiquities in the Southwest: Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities, 4, 47, 54-56,59: federal protectionof, 52-54, 55-56
Araucarioxylon arizonicum, 18, 37
Araucarites mollhausianus, 36
archaeological expeditions, 69-71
archaeological sites outside PFNP boundaries, 163-64
Archaic sites, 149-50
Arizona, Northeastern: Cretaceous pe-riod and, 17; descriptions by nine-teenth century explorers, 35- 36; reptiles in, 22- 23; road conditions in early twentieth century, 83; Triassic period and, 16-17
Arizona and New Mexico Land Com-pany, 99, 102, 141
Ashurst, Henry Fountain,123-24, 125
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Company. See Santa Fe Railroad
Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company, 36
Aubrey, Francois X., 36
automobile tourism, 87, 89, 106
badlands terrain of the Painted Desert, 15, 111, 161
Bandelier National Monument, 124
Barnes, Will c., 45
Basin and Range (McPhee), 9
Beale, Edward F., 36
Blake, WP., 34
Blue Mesa: appearance of, 15; Blue Forest ofJohn Muir, 75, 78; dinosaur footprint at, 154; petrified stumps at, 18, 152; Triassic leaffossils at, 151-52
boundaries: expansion plans for PFNP, 8, 162- 65; of original reserve, reduction in, 58 - 59
Branch, William E., 131
Brown, Barnum, 68
Bryant, Harold, 146
budget for PFNM, 55-56, 63,98,99
Butcher, Devereux, 136, 137- 38
Cameron, Ariz., 68
Cammerer, Arno B., 112, 113; resistance to park status for PFNM by, 123-24; support for PFNM , 89, 91, 92,98-99; William Nelson and, 95-96
campaigns for national park status for PFNM, 123-24, 134
Campbell, Chester B., 63-64, 85
cattle ranching in Northeastern Arizona, 141
Ceratodus, 20
chalcedony, 11
Chalcedony Manufacturing Company, 43
Chalcedony Park, 39,49; location of, 38; petrified wood at, 67; transition to PFNM, 55; USGS survey of, 11
Chinlea (fish), 20
Chinle escarpment, 163
Chinle Formation: compared to Triassic Keuper Formation, 34; composition of, 14, 16-17; dating of, 34; ero-sion's role in creation of, 15-16, 24; fossil yields within, 69; naming of, 14; plant groups within, 19; rock color of. 14- 15; scientific investigationof, 78-79, 162-163
Civilian Conservation Corps, 115, 118-22
Civil Works Administration, 116- 17, 118
Civil Works Projects, 117-18
coelacanth fishes, 155
Coelophysis, 23
Colter, Mary Elizabeth, 130
Colton, Harold Sellers, 113-14
concessionaires, 101 -2,107; as custo-dians of national monuments, 85; Fred Harvey Company, 107 -8, 130, 139
Cotton, Alice, 71
Cretaceous period, 17
custodial care system for national monuments, 85, 86, 92, 96
custodial care, volunteer, of PFNM, 57 58,63,85,86
Cutter, Paul F., 113
cycad fossils, 19
Dana, James Dwight, 34
development within PFNP, 143
Devil's Playground, 153
De Voto, Bernard, 134- 35
dicynodonts, 68
dinosaur evidence in PFNP, 154, 155
dinosaur fossils, findings in northeastern Arizona of, 12, 13, 23
Dinosaur Hill Quarry, 155
Domenach, Emmanual Henri Dieubonne, 36
earthquakes and petrification process, 40
ecosystems of Northeastern Arizona, short-grass prairie, 165
educational function ofpFNP, 161 -62
environmental threats: to national parks, 135-36; to Petrified Forest National Monument area, 133-34, 140, 141, 164-65
erosion in creation of Chinle Formation, 15-17,24
expansion of PFNM, 68-69, 107, 110-11
facilities at PFNM: condition of, 102; tourist facilities at, 101 - 3; upgrading offacilities at, 126
facilities at PFNP: lack of tourist amenities at, 154; lack of visitor over-night accommodations, 143
faunal succession, law of, 66
federal reserves, categories of, 54
fish fossils, 20
fossils: compression type, 18, 19; creation of, 16-18, 24. See also petrification
fossils, Triassic: amphibians, 20- 21 ; animal remains, 20; fish, 20; insect, 19; plant, 19, 20; relationship between findings in Arizona and other countries, 22-23; reptile, 22-23
Fred Harvey Company, 107-8, 130, 139
future proposed changes at PFNP, 162
Gastellum, Edward, 156
geologie formations, Bidahochi, 17, 24. See also Chinle Formation
geologic systems, 66
geologic time, 9
Gerti (dinosaur), discovery of, 12, 13
Great Depression, impact on tourism of, 111-12, 125-26
Gregory, H.E., 14
Grigsby, H.F. (Dick), 101, 107, 129
Grinnell, Joseph, 95
Hall, James, 34
Hammack, Nancy, 149
Hanna, Anna, 41
Harveycar coaches, 108
Hatch, Carl, 123
Hesperosuchus, 23
highway construction, impact on tourist population at PFNM, 89
Holbrook, Ariz., 36, 38, 94, 95, 123
Hopkins, Harry, 116-17
horsetail fossils, 19
housing developments outside of PFNP, 141
Hovey, H.C., 38-39
Humberger, Charles E., 138, 139
Hyde, Anne Farrar, 35
Ickes, Harold,112, 113, 115, 124
insect fossils, 19
interpretive programs: educational value of, 5, 95,153-54; at PFNMI PFNP, 93, 94-95, 96, 111
Ives, Joseph c., 36
Jack Rabbit Trading Post, 132
Jacobs, Charles, 132-33
Jasper Forest, 155
Jasperized Wood and Mineral Company, 43-44, 45
Jennings, Calvin, 149
Johnson, Robert Underwood, 73, 77
Kabotie, Fred, 130- 31
Kellogg, Louise, 79
Kern, Richard, 30
Kunz, George Frederick, 39,42,45
Laboratory of Anthropology (Santa Fe, New Mex.), 12, 117
Lacey, John F., 48, 50- 5 1,52- 53,76
land exchanges to consolidate federal holdings, 106-7, 109
leafimpressions, Triassic, 152
legislation, Congressional: bills to establish Petrified Forest National Park, 50- 52; for protection of natural sites, 47; protection of Southwestern antiquities, 52-54, 55-56, 59
Lithodendron Creek, 31
Lithodendron Wash, 32, 33, 37, 38
Little Colorado River Valley: American settlement of, 36; fossil findings in, 68
living conditions for custodians of PFNM, 100, 106
local economies and PFNM, 94, 112-113, 114, 138
Lore, Herbert D., 108-9
Lummis, Charles F., 40, 41,48,62
MacCannell, Dean, 91
Mather, Stephen, 3, 84, 99-100
McEvoy, E.V., 123
McPhee, John, 9
Mehl, Maurice G., 79
Merrill, George P., 57- 58
Mesa Southwest Museum, 153
Metoposaurus, 20- 22
Mexia, Ynez, 79
mineral value of petrified wood, 43-44
Mission 66 (National Parks improvement plan), 122; accomplishments at PFNM, 136-40; criticism of, 135-36; objectives of, 128, 135; recommendation for park status of PFNM, 13 6
Mogollon peoples, 26, 27,148-49
Möllhausen, Heinrich Baldwin, 31, 32-36 ,67
Mountains without Handrails: Reflections on the Notional Parks (Sax), 160
museums: facilities at PFNM, 111; for educational purposes at PFNP, 153-54
Museum-Gates Expedition (1901 ), 69-71
Museum of Northern Arizona (Flag-staff,Ariz.), 12, 148, 149, 154
Museum of Paleontology (University of California), 12
national monuments: criteria for sites as, 55; custodial care system for, 85, 86,92,96; definition of, 55; lack of funding for, 55-56, 93; legislative creation of, 54-55; management policy vacuum in, 97; National Park Service and, 64, 90; New Deal programs and improvements at, 6, 116; as roadside attractions for auto tourists, 90,102-3,125; scientific interest of, 102-3; scientific versus scenic attractions in, 124; second class status of, 92-93, 94, 116
national park status and PFNM, 98-99, 139
National Parks and Conservation Association, 128,131,137
national parks and monuments: administration by U.S. Army of, 57; budget for, 134; concessionaires in, 85-86, 114- 15; criteria for status as, 49- 50; early site designations of, 51-52; environmental threats to, 128, 140; exploitation of natural resources in Western, 42; impact of automobiles on, 84; impetus for development of, 3-4; improvement of tourist facilities at, 135-36; Mission 66 improvement plan, 122; negative impact of World War II on, 127-28; relationship with railroad companies, 60-61 ,84-85; road building and maintenance at, 84; scenic requirements for status, 3-4, 124-25; tourism at. See tourism in national parks and monuments; useless scenery argument, 51
National Park Service: budget in early days of, 64; budget reductions during World War II, 127; definition of parks within, 8-9, 136-137; deterioration of reserves within, 134-35; establishment of, 64; funding of monuments by, 88-89; growth of, 134; interpretive programs and, 95. See Mission 66 (National Parks improvement plan); neglect of monuments by, 88; New Deal programs for, 115-22; promotion of automobile tourism by, 84-85, 90; responsibilities of, 64
National Park Service Act (1916), 64
Notional Parks in Crisis (National Parks and Conservation Association), 128
national park status: attainment by monuments of, 5; initial efforts for Petrified Forest area, 50-51 ; legislation needed to attain, 50- 51 ; opposition to PFNM for, 123-24, 137-38; scenic requirements for, 3-4, 124- 25
National Register of Historic Places, 150
Native American groups in the Petrified Forest area, 25-26, 70-71, 146-47
natural resources within national parks, exploitation of, 42
natural wonders, 41
New Deal programs for national parks and monuments, 6, 115-22
noise pollution at national parks, 142
Pacific railroad surveys, 35; thirty-fifth parallel (Whipple), 30-32, 34
Painted Desert: badlands terrain of, 14,111, 161; Black Forest of, 110; colors and composition of, 14- 15; incorporation into PFNM, 109-10; location from Route 66, 108; Mission 66 plans for, 136; scenic value of, 110,142
Painted Desert Inn, 108-9, 110; deterioration of, 131-32; Fred Harvey Company and, 130, 139; Fred Kabotie murals at, 130- 31 ; HerbertLore and, 108- 10; proposed rehabilitation of, 162; renovation of, 119-22; success of, 108, 110, 128- 29
Painted Desert Oasis, 139, 140
Painted Desert Park, 128, 132-33
paleontological survey of PFNP, 154
park status established for PFNP, 139
Pecos classification periods,150
petrification, 17-18. See also fossils
Petrified Forest area: early American expeditions of, 29- 31; early federal protection of, 45-46, 49; initial efforts for national park status, 50-51 ; popular nineteenth century images of, 38-40; prehistoric settlement of, 25-28, 69-70; scientific value of, 49; Spanish exploration of, 28; threat of industrial developments in, 45-46; tourism in nineteenth century of, 38- 39, 42; United States ownership of, 28. See also Chalcedony Park
Petrified Forest National Wilderness Area, 140
petrified wood: creation of, 40; curiosity value of, 7,41, 44, 45; decorative uses of, 39-40,42,44; destruction of, 42,90, 91; discovery recorded of, 29, 30; early descriptions of, 30, 31-34; legal description of, 44; logs, 16, 17-18 ; marketing of, 44; as mineral commodity, 43, 45, 48; as national treasure, 48-49; nineteenth century theories about, 40; reasons to protect, 68; scientific determination of source of, 66-67, 69; theft by tourists of, 56- 57, 90, 131; tree species of, 152; vandalism by tourists of, 45
Phillips, Henry, 97
Phillips, Paul, 78-79
phytosaurs, 21-22, 68,78-79, 80-81 ,152-53
Pinkley, Frank, 6, 87-93, 111, 118
plate tectonics, theory of, 16,23-24
popularity of PFNM, 56, 62, 64,81-82, 83,93, 134
pottery finds, 148-49
Powell, John Wesley, 66
prehistoric habitation sites in Petrified Forest area, 25-27, 147, 150-51
preservation of antiquities in America, legislation for, 4, 47, 54- 57, 59
private land holdings in federal reserves, 106
private lands within PFNM, 99, 102,106-7, 138, 139
protection of PFNP, 143
Public Works Administration, 115, 116
Pueblo era sites, 150
Puerco Indian Ruin, 27, 70, 117-18, 140 ,147,149
radiation pollution of water sources, 142 -43
railroad companies, relationship with national parks, 61,84-85
railroad surveys. See Pacific railroad surveys
Rainbow Forest Lodge, 129
rainfall patterns in Petrified Forest area, 15
Reames, A.E., 123
Rector, Robert, 156
reptile fossils, 21-23
research center for PFNP, 162
Richards, W.A., 57
roads within Petrified Forest area, 63- 64,87,101,106,143
Rose, R.W., 111
Route 66,86-87, 110,112, 129, 132
Runte, Alfred, 4
Russell, C.P., 111
Santa Fe Railroad, 36, 60-61; Fred Harvey Indian Detours program and, 107-8, 112; promotion of Petrified Forest National Monument by, 60-63, 71-72, 75,107
Sax, Joseph, 160
scenery versus science in national parks and monuments, 124-25
scenic vistas of the West, early descriptions of, 35
Schroeder, Albert, 149
Schwarz, G.M., 79
scientific inquiry, 156 - 57
scientific research within PFNM, 7, 80-81,83
scientific value of Petrified Forest area, 49
Seven Years' Residence in the Great Deserts of North America (Domenach, 1860)
shark fossils, 20
Shepherd, Anna O., 149
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 37
silicified wood. See petrified wood
Simpson, James H., 29
Sinagua peoples, 26
Sitgreaves, Lorenzo L., 29- 30
Smith, Charles G. "White Mountain," 103,105- 26
Smithsonian Institution, 31 , 37, 48
Some Strange Corners of Our Country (Lummis), 40, 41
Southwestern National Monuments, 88-89
St. Johns-Holbrook highway, 89
stratigraphy in early geology, 66
Swaine, P.T., 37
Taft, William Howard, 59
Tanner's Crossing, Ariz., 68
thecodont reptiles, 22 - 23, 37, 66. See also phytosaurs
theft of fossil specimens from PFNM, 56 - 57,58- 50, 130
thirty-fifth parallel railroad survey. See Pacific railroad surveys
Tilden, Paul, 5
Tillotson, M. R., 100- 102
Tiponi Point Visitor Center, 161, 162
tourism in national parks and monuments, 56, 85; criticism of, 159-60; impact of automobiles on, 83-84,87; impact of Great Depression on, 125-26; promotion by National Park Service of, 84- 85, 90; railroad promotion of, 61 -62,84-85; routes through Petrified Forest National Monument, 89
tourism in Petrified Forest area, 160-61; in nineteenth century, 38 - 39, 42
tourists: behavior at national monuments, 90, 91; perception of Petrified Forest National Monument, 135
tree growth within PFNP, 18
trees, types of petrified, 18- 19
Triassic Keuper Formation (Germany) compared with Chinle Formation, 34
Triassic Period, 14, 66; amphibians in, 37; Chinle escarpment ecosystem, 8, 163; leafimpressions of, 152; location of land masses in, 16; North-eastern Arizona during, 16- 17 ; plant life during, 19; reptiles in Northeastern Arizona, 22- 23; significance in earth's history of, 37-38
Twin Buttes site, 27, 70, 148-49
Typothorax, 22- 23
Udall, Stewart, 137
United Nuclear Corporation, 142-43
United States Geological Survey, 11
uranium mining, 133- 34
Van Cleve, Philip E, 154
vandalism by tourists at PFNM, 91-92, 93,98, 130
visitor center at PFNM, 138- 39, 143
visitor centers in national parks and monuments, 138-39
vistas from PFNP, 141 -42
volcanoes and petrification process, 18, 40
Vroman, Adam Clark, 42
Wagon Road from Fort Defiance to the Colorado River (Beale), 36
Walker, MyrIV., 119, 146, 151-53
Walton, Matt, 15
Ward, Lester Frank, 48-49, 50, 66-69
Welles, Samuel, 80
Wendorf, Fred, 148-49
Western Archeological and Conservation Center (Tucson, Ariz.), 162
Western territories of the United States, monumental scenery of, 25
Whipple, Arnie! Weeks, 31-32
Whitcraft, Thomas E., 128, 131
Williston, S.w., 78-79
Woodhouse, Samuel Washington, 30
Woodworthia arizonica, 18-19
Works Progress Administration, 115
World War II, impact on national parks and monuments of, 127-28, 129-30