Introduction
1 Barbara Kersley et al, Inside the Workplace: Findings from the 2004 WERS, London, Routledge, 2006, p 237; New Equals, Commission for Racial Equality, 11 April 1980
2 1.76 million Asians; 757,010 black Africans and Afro-Caribbeans; and 700,000 mixed-race and other non-white people. Office for National Statistics, ‘Ethnicity and the Labour Market’, 2011 Census, England and Wales, 13 November 2014
3 Jen Beaumont Population, Social Trends 41, London, Office for National Statistics, 2011, p 6
4 ‘Life in the United Kingdom’, Home Office, HMSO, 2002, p 42, 45
5 Derby Daily Telegraph, 25 November 1885
6 Coventry Standard, 14 June 1918
7 Yorkshire Post, 13 March 1943
8 Free to Choose, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1980, p 128
9 Ibid, p 133
10 Ibid, p 128
11 Western Mail, 31 January 1914
12 Walsall Observer, 24 March 1917
13 Western Daily Press, 1 July 1927
14 Hull Daily Mail, 31 December 1929
15 Western Morning News, 18 June 1936
16 Labour Party Manifesto, 1950
17 Conservative Manifesto, 1950, http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/con50.htm
18 Labour Manifesto, 1955
19 Nancy Seear, Veronica Roberts, John Brock, A Career for Women in Industry, London, LSE, 1964, p 2
20 Beatrix Campbell, Iron Ladies, London, Virago, 1987 gives a good account of the Conservative Party’s appeal to housewives
21 TUC Congress Report, 1965
22 Conservative Party Manifesto, 1970, http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/con70.htm
23 February 1974, http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/lab74feb.htm
24 Rebecca Solnit, Hope in the Dark, Nation Books, 2005, p 82
25 David Perfect, ‘Briefing paper 2, Gender pay gaps’, Equality and Human Rights Commission
26 Brynin and Güveli, ‘Understanding the ethnic pay gap in Britain’, Work, employment and society 26(4), p 574–87
Chapter One
1 Eric Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire, London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1969, p 93, 94; Richard Croucher, Engineers at War, London, Merlin Press, 1982, p 2
2 ‘Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales 2011’, Office for National Statistics, 11 December 2012; ‘A Vision of Britain through time’ University of Portsmouth, 2009-2014, http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/SRC_P/5/EW1911GEN
3 Minqi Li, Feng Xiao, and Andong Zhu, Long Waves, Institutional Changes, and Historical Trends: A Study of the Long-Term Movement of the Profit Rate in the Capitalist World-Economy, p 40 — they define: ‘Profit rate = profit / net stock of private non-residential fixed capital’; Eric Williams wrote in his account of slavery’s contribution to capitalist take-off, Capitalism and Slavery, that ‘it must not be inferred that the triangular trade was solely and entirely responsible for the economic development. The growth of the internal market in England, the ploughing-in of the profits from industry to generate still further capital and achieve a still greater expansion, played a large part. But this industrial development, stimulated by mercantilism, later outgrew mercantilism and destroyed it.’ New York, Capricorn Books, 1966, p 105–6
4 Karl Marx, Capital I, Chapter 16, Progress, Moscow, 1974, p 477
5 Maxine Berg, ‘Women’s Work, Mechanisation and the early phases of industrialisation in Britain’, in The Historical Meanings of Work, Patrick Joyce (ed), Cambridge University Press, 1987, p 73
6 Marx to Siegfried Mayer, 9 April 1870, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1870/letters/70_04_09.htm
7 30 August 1883, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/letters/83_08_30.htm
8 Christopher Kyriakides and Rodolfo Torres, Race Defaced: Paradigms of Pessimism, Politics of Possibility, Stanford University Press, 2012, p 55
9 Marx to Siegfried Mayer, 9 April 1870, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1870/letters/70_04_09.htm
10 ‘Gendered Discourses and the Making of Protective Labor Legislation in England, 1830–1914’, Journal of British Studies 37(2), April 1998, p 166; Harriet Martineau, Illustrations of Political Economy
11 Quoted in Marx, Capital I, p 267
12 House of Commons, 12 March 1869, Hansard, vol. 194 § 1209
13 Hugh Cunningham, The Invention of Childhood, London, BBC, 2006, p 166, 172
14 Jane Lewis, Labour and Love: Women’s Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940, Basil Blackwell, 1986, p 104
15 G. D. H. Cole and Raymond Postgate, The Common People, London, Methuen, 1961, p 426; Gareth Stedman Jones, Outcast London, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1976, p 318
16 HC Deb, 26 April 1876, vol 228, §1697; HC Deb, 16 March 1886, vol 303, §1016; HC Deb, 14 March 1884, vol 285, §1596
17 Hilary Land, ‘The Family Wage’, Feminist Review 6, 1980, p 72 (Beveridge quoted), 60 (Arthur Howley quoted); Sara Horrell and Jane Humphries, ‘The origins and expansion of the male breadwinner family’, International Review of Social History 42, 1997, supplement, p 31
18 Catherine Hakim, Work-Lifestyle Choices in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, University Press, 2000, p 59; Chiozza Money, Riches and Poverty, London, Methuen, 1905, p 169; Alison Wolf, ‘Working Girls’, Prospect, April 2006
19 Richard Price, Labour in British Society, London, Routledge, 1986, p 158, 145
20 J.T. Murphy, Modern Trade Unionism, London, Routledge, 1935, p 7
21 To the Daily Mail, in 1909, quoted in José Harris, Unemployment and Politics, Oxford, Clarendon, 1972, p 346
22 R. Michels, Political Parties, London, Simon and Schuster, 1966, p 282
23 Quoted in Bill Fishman, East End Jewish Radicals, London, Duckworth, 1995, p 77
24 Quoted in ibid, p 78
25 Joseph Buckman, Immigrants and the Class Struggle: The Jewish Immigrant in Leeds, 1880-1914, Manchester University Press, 1983, p 132
26 HL Deb, 3 August 1905, vol 151, §19
27 Christopher Addison, Four and A Half Years, vol I, London, Hutchinson, 1934, p 225, 163
28 Ibid, p 168; Charlotte Drake, 13 April 1915, in Sylvia Pankhurst: The Home Front, London, Cresset Library, 1987, p 160
29 J. T. Murphy, Modern Trade Unionism, London, Routledge, 1935, p 7
30 Quotes taken from Robert Clough, Labour: A Party Fit for Imperialism, London, Larkin, 1992, p 90, 92, 97
31 Ralph Darlington, Dave Lyddon, Glorious Summer, London, Bookmarks, 2001, p 6, 9
32 Huw Benyon, Working for Ford, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1973, p 66
33 ‘The Institutional Face at Ministerial Level’, in The Changing Institutional Face of British Employment Relations, Linda Dickens, Alan Neal (eds), Biggleswade, Kluwer, 2006, p 19
34 HC Deb, 8 November 1976, vol 919, §27
35 Keith Middlemas, Politics in Industrial Society, London, Andre Deutsch, 1979, p 422, 408; ‘Mr. Butskell’s Dilemma’, Economist, 13 February 1954, p 439
36 Sir William Beveridge, Social Insurance and Allied Services, London, HMSO, reprinted 1966, p 7
37 Ibid, p 10–11
38 Ibid, p 49
39 Ibid, p 50
40 Ibid, p 51–2
41 Peter Yuen, Compendium of Health Statistics-2005-2006, Office of Health Economics, Oxford, Radcliffe Publishing, 2005, p 142
42 Quoted in Irene Bruegel, ‘Anne Gray, The Future of Work and the Division of Childcare between Parents’, Social Science Research Papers 18, London South Bank University, March 2004
43 Keith Middlemas, Politics in Industrial Society, London, Andre Deutsch, 1979, p 391, 392
44 Kate Marshall, Real Freedom, London, Junius, 1982, p 79
45 Kathleen Paul, Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1997, p 115
46 Ibid, p 127; P. Hennessy, Prime Minister: the office and its holders since 1945, London, Penguin, 2001, p 205
47 House of Commons, 23 March 1964
48 Commission for Racial Equality Annual Report, 1986, p 18
49 Published in 1971 by New Beacon Books; see also Beverly Bryan et al, The Heart of the Race, London, Virago, 1985, p 70–71. My mother, who was a teacher in Effra Road Junior School at the time, knew the book and Coard’s argument well. For contemporary segregation in schools by choice, see Sean Coughlan, ‘Study reveals school segregation’, BBC, 6 July 2015, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-33409111
50 Robert Clough, Labour: A Party Fit for Imperialism, London, Larkin, 1992, p 158
51 Race Today Collective, “The Struggles of Asian Workers in Britain”, London, Race Today, 1983, p 8
52 Race Today, May/June 1982, p 96
53 Race Today, March 1983, p 210
54 Beverly Bryan et al, The Heart of the Race, London, Virago, 1985, p 45
55 Ann Kramer, Many Rivers to Cross, London, The Stationery Office, 2006; BBC: On This Day, ‘1966: Euston staff ‘colour bar ended’, http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/15/newsid_3043000/3043439.stm; Keith Thompson, Under Siege, London, Penguin, 1988, p 72
56 Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries 1964-70, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984, p 562
57 HL Deb, 18 March 1969, vol 300, §743
58 ‘The Institutional Face at Ministerial Level’, in The Changing Institutional Face of British Employment Relations, Linda Dickens, Alan Neal (eds), Biggleswade, Kluwer, 2006, p 19
59 Will Podmore, Reg Birch, London, Bellman Books, 2004, p 161–2
60 Guardian, 11 July 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/11/frances-ogrady-tuc-sexism-union
61 Race Today Collective, The Struggles of Asian Workers in Britain, London, Race Today, 1983, p 21–22
62 Sunday Times, 2 November 1975
63 Neil Millward, Alex Bryson, and John Forth, All Change at Work?, London, Routledge, p 224
64 Margaret Thatcher on ‘tripartism’, The Downing Street Years, London, Harper Collins, 1995, p 7, 141; Nigel Lawson, The View from Number 11, London, Corgi, 1993, p 432
65 Linda Dickens and Alan Neal, ‘Changing Times, Changing Needs’ in The Changing Institutional Face of British Employment Relations, Linda Dickens, Alan Neal (eds), Biggleswade, Kluwer, 2006, p 5
66 Neil Millward, Alex Bryson, and John Forth, All Change at Work?, London, Routledge, p 225
67 Richard Cracknell and Rob Clements, ‘Acts and Statutory Instruments: the volume of UK legislation 1950 to 2014’, House of Commons library, 19 March 2014, http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN02911/SN02911.pdf
68 Kathleen Paul, Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1997, p 182, 183
69 Keith Thompson, Under Siege, London Penguin, 1988, p 77–9
70 Ibid, p 80
71 Ibid, p 21
72 ‘Ethnic unemployment in Britain (1972-2012)’, 15 January 2014, http://www.racecard.org.uk/finance/ethnic-unemployment-in-britain/
73 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, London, Harper Collins, 1995, p 628, 627
74 Guardian, 9 September 1979
Chapter Two
1 H. Hodson, ‘Race Relation in the Commonwealth’, International Affairs 26(3), July 1950, p 305
2 HC Deb, 3 May 1965, vol 711, §926
3 Guardian, 28 November 1963; Robin G. D. Kelley and Stephen Tuck, The Other Special Relationship, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p 48
4 Speech to the Lord Mayor’s Banquet, reported in the Guardian, 17 November 1964
5 Commonwealth Immigrants Bill, HL Deb, 29 February 1968, vol 289, cc917–1217
6 ‘Wilson Hits Out on Housing’, Observer, 20 Sept 1964
7 ‘Mr Wilson Blamed on Colour’, Guardian, 9 October 1964
8 Robin G. D. Kelley and Stephen Tuck, The Other Special Relationship, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p 51
9 See Gavin Schaffer, The Vision of a Nation: Making Multiculturalism on British Television, 1960-80, Palgrave, 2014, footnote 226, p 142
10 Race Relations Bill, HC Deb, 23 April 1968, vol 763, §53
11 Race Relations Bill, HC Deb, 4 March 1976, vol 906
12 See John Williams’ biography, Michael X, London, 2008; and Robin Bunce and Paul Field, Darcus Howe, London, Bloomsbury, London, 2014
13 Robin Bunce and Paul Field, Darcus Howe, London, Bloomsbury, London, 2014, p 157
14 The Moonshot Club had been the target of many attempts to burn it down, and was set on fire in 1978. New Equals 2, February 1978
15 Race Today, February/March 1982, p 68
16 This preamble is taken from ‘Draft Code of Practice’, Commission for Racial Equality, November 1982, and is reproduced in many of their documents around that time
17 New Equals 1(1), November 1977, p 1
18 Ibid, p 4
19 ‘Draft Code of Practice’, Commission for Racial Equality, November 1982, p 3
20 ‘1.1 The Responsibility of Employers, Draft Code of Practice’, Commission for Racial Equality, November 1982, p 4
21 See Norman Tebbit, Upwardly Mobile, London, Futura, 1989, for a defence of management’s right to manage
22 HC Deb, 15 July 1981, vol 8, cc407-8W 407W
23 In M. Anwar, P. Roach, R. Sondhi, From Legislation to Integration? Race Relations in Britain, Basingstoke, Macmillan in association with Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, 2000, p. 84
24 Margaret Thatcher saved James Anderton from moves to sack him in 1986, state documents revealed. Manchester Evening News, 17 January 2013, http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/revealed-secret-documents-show-how-678786
25 John Torode, ‘Interview: Herman Ouseley’, Independent, 24 April 1993, http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/interview-a-victim-takes-control-herman-ouseley-the-commission-for-racial-equality-is-riven-by-1457330.html
Chapter Three
1 Anne Perkins, Red Queen, London, Macmillan, 2003, p 327
2 26 January 1941, in Sheila Lahr, Yealm, London, Unkant, 2015, p 374
3 Mary Davis, ‘An Historical Introduction to the Campaign for Equal Pay’, http://unionhistory.info/equalpay/roaddisplay.php?irn=820
4 Anne Perkins, Red Queen, p 327
5 Industrial Charter for Women and Report of the 33rd Annual Conference of Representatives of Trade Unions Catering for Women Workers, TUC, 1963
6 Anne Perkins, Red Queen, p 328
7 J. Hunt and S. Adams, Women, Work and Trade Union Organisation, London, 1980, p 15
8 Nancy Seear, Veronica Roberts, John Brock, A Career for Women in Industry, LSE, 1964, p 2
9 Tony Cliff, Class Struggle and Women’s Liberation, Chapter 11, https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1984/women/11-wmvmtb.htm
10 Anne Perkins, Red Queen, p 328
11 Barbara Castle, Diaries, 1964-70, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984, p 465–6, entry for 22 June 1968
12 Anne Perkins, Red Queen, p 328
13 Diaries, 1964-70, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984, p 475, entry for 27 June 1968
14 Ibid, p 476
15 Ibid, p 532–5, entries for 18 October 1968
16 Ibid, p 711, 713, entries for 25 September and 29 September 1969; p 756, entry for 27 January 1970
17 Ibid, p 707, 9 December 1969
18 EOC News, December 1978, p 3
19 EOC News, October/November 1980, p 2
20 EOC Annual Report, 1977, p 53
21 EOC Annual Report, 1977, p 4
22 EOC News, June 1979, p 4–5; Alan Marsh, Women and Shiftwork: The Protective Legislation, survey by HMSO, 1979
23 EOC Annual Report, 1977, p 11
24 EOC News, March 1978, p 8; May 1978, p 7; July 1978, p 4
25 EOC News, July 1978, p 7
26 Quoted in EOC News, May 1978, p 8
27 EOC Annual Report, 1977, p 10; EOC News, December 1978, p 1
28 ‘Equality between the sexes in industry: how far have we come?’, EOC, 1978, p 13, 14
29 Ibid, p 15
30 EOC News, December 1978, p 1
31 EOC Annual Report, 1977, p 10
32 EOC Annual Report, 1985, p 1, 2
33 EOC Annual Report, 1985, p 5
34 ‘Putting Gender on the Agenda — EOC — Annual Report and Accounts 2000/2001’, p 15
35 Irene Bruegel and Diane Perrons, ‘Deregulation and Woman’s Employment: the diverse experience of women in Britain’, LSE Gender Institute, Discussion Paper Series, October 1996, p 12
36 EOC Annual Report, 1985, p 1
37 EOC News, 2 May 1978, p 5
38 EOC Annual Report, 1982, p 2
39 J. Earle and J. Phillips, ‘Equal Pay: Why the Acts Don’t Work’, Spare Rib 86, September 1979, p 22
40 EOC Annual Report, 1985, p 10–11
41 ‘Equality in the 21st Century, Annual Report and Accounts, 1999-2000’, Equal Opportunities Commission, 7 December 2000, p 4
42 According to Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Women in Twentieth-Century Britain: Social, Cultural and Political Change, London, Routledge 2014, p 286
43 Beatrix Campbell, Iron Ladies, London, Virago, 1987, p 213
44 See reports in the Independent, 31 January 1995, by Barrie Clement; and 21 January 1996, by Nick Cohen
45 Listen to the discussion with Dr Steve Davies, Women’s Hour, 9 June 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b011pldp; and see Sue Jackson, Networking Women… Women’s Studies International Forum 23(1), 2000, p 1–11
Chapter Four
1 Commission for Racial Equality, ‘Annual Report’, 1986, p 26, 24
2 Martin Boddy and Colin Fudge, Local Socialism, London, Macmillan, 1985, p 5, 7; see also David Regan, The Local Left, Centre for Policy Studies, London, 1987
3 In Martin Boddy and Colin Fudge, Local Socialism, London, Macmillan, 1985, p 270
4 John Carvel, Turn Again Livingstone, London, Profile, 1999, p 4
5 ‘Policy Invitation’, New Equals 18, Summer 1982, p 2
6 ‘Living and Working Together’, Islington Council, produced by Islington Council’s Press, Campaign and Publicity Unit and the Race Equality Unit [n.d.]
7 ‘Racial Disadvantage in Lambeth — A Council for Community Relations in Lambeth’, Report to Lambeth Council, May 1978, p 1. Today black people make up one quarter of 310,000 residents, the major difference is that there are as many black Africans as Afro-Caribbeans today, whereas most in 1977 were Afro-Caribbean, Lambeth State of the Borough, 2014.
8 Herman Ouseley with Daniel Silverstone and Usha Prashar, The System, London, Runnymede Trust, and South London Equal Rights Consultancy, 1983, p 101
9 ‘The Spitalfields Survey: Housing and Social Conditions in 1980’, CHAS, reported in New Equals 17, Spring 1982, p 11
10 ‘Racial Disadvantage in Lambeth — A Council for Community Relations in Lambeth’, Report to Lambeth Council, May 1978, p 3
11 New Equals, August 1978, p 6
12 New Equals 2, February 1978, p 8; ‘EOC News’, March 1978, p 2
13 ‘Racial Disadvantage in Lambeth – A Council for Community Relations in Lambeth’, Report to Lambeth Council, May 1978, p 3
14 Herman Ouseley with Daniel Silverstone and Usha Prashar, The System, London, Runnymede Trust, and South London Equal Rights Consultancy, 1983, p 22
15 Ted Knight, Marxism Today, January 1981, p 12
16 Equals 1, July 1983, p 1
17 Livingstone Interview, Martin Boddy and Colin Fudge, Local Socialism, London, Macmillan, 1985, p 270
18 Sue Goss, ‘Women’s Initiatives in Local Government’, in Boddy and Fudge, Local Socialism, London Macmillan, 1985, p 111
19 ‘Women and training’, Equals 1, July 1983, p 2
20 Equals 2, October 1983, p 2
21 ‘Women and training’, Equals 1, July 1983, p 2
22 Quoted in Sheila Rowbotham, The Past is Before Us, London, Pandora, 1989, p 140
23 Sue Goss, ‘Women’s Initiatives in Local Government’, in Boddy and Fudge, Local Socialism, London, Macmillan, 1985, p 110
24 Equals 1, July 1983, p 3
25 ‘On the Road to Equality’, First Annual Equal Opportunities Monitoring Report 1983-4, GLC, p 1
26 Labour Research, May 1986
27 ‘Equality Moves Forward’, GLC Equal Opportunities Second Annual Monitoring Report, p 2
28 Keith Thompson, Under Siege, London, 1988, p 123
29 Richard Aldrich, Public or Private Education, London, Routledge, 2004, p 93
30 Commission for Race Equality, ‘From Words to Action: progress on the Code of Practice’, London, CRE, 1985, p 1, 2
31 CBI Conference on Equality at Work, 24 September 1985, held at Centre Point, Conference notes on ‘Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value’, p 1
32 EOC Annual Report, 1986, p 26; EOC Annual Report, 1987, p 26
33 EOC Annual Report, 1987, p 27
34 EOC Annual Report, 1987, p 7
35 CRE Annual Report, 1987, p 26; CRE Annual Report, 1986, p 28
36 Nick Jewson, David Mason, Chris Lambkin, and Frank Taylor, ‘Ethnic Monitoring Policy and Practice: A Study of Employers’ Experiences’, Ethnic Minority Employment Research Centre, University of Leicester, p 12
37 Ibid, p 3, 10
38 CBI, 1996, p 3
39 Cynthia Cockburn, In the Way of Women, London, Macmillan, 1991, p 91
40 Lesley Mackay and Derek Torrington, The Changing Nature of Personnel Management, London, Institute of Personnel Management, 1986, p 79–80
41 Commission for Race Equality, ‘From Words to Action: progress on the Code of Practice’, 1985, p 1
42 Nick Jewson, David Mason, Chris Lambkin, and Frank Taylor, ‘Ethnic Monitoring Policy and Practice: A Study of Employers’ Experiences’, Ethnic Minority Employment Research Centre, University of Leicester, p 11
43 Ibid, p 35
44 Ibid, p 34
45 Ibid, p 35
46 Ibid, p 150–151
Chapter Five
1 Interview on 27 Jan 1978
2 Walden Interview, Weekend World, ITV, 16 January 1983; Daily Express, 4 December 1980
3 Reported in the Guardian, ‘Thatcher team plot their future for the family’, Malcolm Dean, 17 February 1983
4 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, London, Harper Collins, 1995, p 144–6
5 Ibid, p 144
6 ‘Inner Cities’, HC Deb, 9 December 1981, vol 14
7 ‘Race and Sex Discrimination’, HL Deb, 10 June 1981, vol 421
8 New Equals 17, Spring 1982, p 1
9 ‘Commission for Racial Equality’, HC Deb, 23 December 1981, vol 15, cc423-4W
10 New Equals 17, Spring 1982, p 8
11 ‘So much to build on’, EOC Annual Report, 1985, p 10
12 Ibid, p 2
13 Martin Kettle, ‘The Drift to Law and Order’, Marxism Today, October 1980, p 21
14 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p 339, 563
15 David Regan, The Local Left and its National Pretensions, Centre for Policy Studies, 1987, p 46–7, 48
16 New Equals 2, February 1978, p 8
17 ‘Director attacks equal pay board’, Guardian, 4 July 1981
18 See James Curran, Julian Petley, and Ivor Gaber, Culture Wars: The Media and the British Left, Edinburgh University Press, 2005, especially Chapter Nine
19 Quoted in Keith Thompson, Under Siege, London, 1988, p 128
20 Anna Coote, ‘Labour: The Feminist Touch’, Marxism Today, November 1985, p 12
21 CRE Annual Report, 1986, p 18
22 CRE Annual Report, 1987, p 23
23 Ibid, p 9, 21
24 Ibid, p 28
25 HC Deb, 21 July 1987, vol 120, cc159–60, 159
26 HC Deb, 14 December 1987, vol 124, cc828–67
27 ‘Government’s Decision Deplored’, New Equals 16, April 1981, p 2
28 CRE Annual Report, 1986, p 25
29 King Edwards Hospital Fund for London Equal Opportunities Task Force, ‘The Work of the Equal Opportunities Task Force 1986-1990 — a final report’, p 2
30 CRE Annual Report, 1986, p 26
31 King Edwards Hospital Fund for London Equal Opportunities Task Force, ‘The Work of the Equal Opportunities Task Force 1986-1990 — a final report’, p 3
32 Later on the Institute for Race Relations became more radical, under the leadership of A. Sivanandan.
33 ‘Race Relations Industry’, Red Mole, 1 May 1972, p 5; the article drew on a pamphlet by Robin Jenkins (The Production of Knowledge at the Institute of Race Relations, London, Independent Labour Party, 1971) who had been a researcher at the organisation, but turned against it
34 Race Today, April/May 1977, p 67
35 Reproduced in Black Voice 12 (newspaper of the Black Unity and Freedom Party), c. 1981, p 2
36 ‘Without Malice’, February/March 1982, p 60
37 New Equals 18, Summer 1982, p 1
38 Race Today, May 1983, p 21. Dhondy’s sarcasm about the GLC meeting was only slightly tempered by the fact that C. L. R. James, grand old man of the Race Today Collective, was flattered enough to accept the invitation to speak there.
39 Leonora Brito, ‘Protest: Positive Discrimination: Who Needs It?’, Race Today, January 1984, p 43
40 ‘Rashid Mufti’, Race and Class 28, 1987, p 104–6 — Mufti makes his attack on municipal anti-racism in reply to a pamphlet attacking the militant-led Liverpool Council for its failure to implement an equal opportunities policy, among other things; Lee Bridges, ‘Keeping the Lid On: British urban social policy, 1975-81’, Race and Class 23, 1981, p 181
41 ‘Challenging Racism’, Race and Class, Autumn 1983, p 2, 9
42 ‘Black Workers in the North West’, Report of a conference held on 3 November 1984, Black Workers Planning Group in Conjunction with Tube (WEA NW District), p 8
43 Cynthia Cockburn, In the Way of Women, London, Macmillan, p 16
44 Linda Dickens, ‘Beyond the business case’, Human Resource Management Journal Vol 9, No. 1, January 1999
45 Linda Dickens, ‘Walking the Talk?’ in Managing Human Resources, Stephen Bach (ed), Blackwell (Fourth Edition), 2005, p 189
46 Irene Bruegel and Diane Perrons, ‘Deregulation and Woman’s Employment: the diverse experience of women in Britain’, LSE Gender Institute, Discussion Paper Series, October 1996, p 12; citing Clement, ‘How to Make Opportunity Knock’, Independent, 29 April 1992, p 28
47 Dickens, ‘Walking the Talk?’ in Managing Human Resources, Stephen Bach (ed), Blackwell (Fourth Edition), p 189
48 EOC Annual Report, 1992, p 2
49 Cynthia Cockburn, In the Way of Women, London, Macmillan, p 91
50 EOC Annual Report, 1980, p 1
51 Interview: Herman Ouseley, Open Democracy, 6 January 2014, https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/beatrix-campbell/neoliberal-neopatriarchy-case-for-gender-revolution
52 Interview: Herman Ouseley, Sociology Review, September 2003, p 26
Chapter Six
1 Tom Peters, Thriving on Chaos, Dorling Kindersley, 2000, p 52
2 Ronald Burke, Cary Cooper, The Human Resources Revolution: Why Putting People First Matters, London, Elsevier, p 13, 14
3 Master of Arts in Human Resource Management (M.A. HRM), Program Overview, http://metro.cua.edu/masters/mahrm.cfm
4 ‘The place and shape of HRD in a globalised and turbulent workplace’, 13 July 2009.
5 Tom Keenoy, ‘Human Resource Management’ in The Critical Management Studies Handbook, p 454, 456
6 Brigid van Wanrooy et al, ‘Employment Relations in the Shadow of the Recession — findings from the 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Survey’, p 57
7 Neil Millward et al, All Change at Work, Chapter Three; Brigid van Wanrooy et al, ‘Employment Relations in the Shadow of the Recession — findings from the 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Survey’, p 51
8 Millward et al, All Change at Work, London, Routledge, 2000, p 12, citing D. Guest and K. Sisson as representative of each view respectively
9 At the time of writing Standard Chartered is going through a severe downsizing, so these figures are changing
10 ‘Looking for HRM/union substitution: evidence from British workplaces’, LSE, 2004
11 Tom Keenoy, Human Resource Management, p 460, 461, 464; Mike Beer et al, Managing Human Assets, 1984; Mike Beer et al, HRM: A General Manager’s Perspective, 1985
12 Bogdan Costea, Norman Crump, and Kostas Amiridis, ‘Managerialism: the therapeutic habitus and the self’, Human Relations 61, 2008
13 Graham Hollinshead and Mike Leat, Human Resource Management, London, Pitman Publishing, 1995, p 24
14 Brigid van Wanrooy et al, ‘Employment Relations in the Shadow of the Recession — findings from the 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Survey’, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, p 53
15 Michael Porter and Christian H. M. Ketels, ‘UK competitiveness: moving to the next stage’, DTI Economics Paper 3, May 2003, p 12, 36; ‘UK Productivity and competitiveness indicators’, DTI Economics Paper 9, 2003, p 72
16 Quoted in James Heartfield, Creativity Gap, London, Blueprint, 2005, p 20
17 Sue Fernie and Helen Gray, ‘It’s a Family Affair — the effect of union recognition and Human Resource Management on the provision of equal opportunities in Britain’, LSE Centre for Economic Performance, April 2002, p 11
18 Baroness Seear, ‘Training: the fulcrum of change’, Seventh Willis Jackson Lecture, British Association for Commercial and Industrial Education, July 1976, p 2
19 Dennis J Kravetz, The Human Resources Revolution, London, Jossey-Bass, p 129–131, 127
20 Nick Jewson, David Mason, Chris Lambkin, and Frank Taylor, ‘Ethnic Monitoring Policy and Practice: A Study of Employers’ Experiences’, Ethnic Minority Employment Research Centre, University of Leicester, p 5
21 Ali Dizaei, Not One of Us, London, Serpents Tail, p 232 (Dizaei was eventually jailed on questionable charges of impropriety)
22 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/hundreds-of-police-officers-investigated-for-racist-or-threatening-social-media-posts-9677195.html
23 Chip Chapman, ‘An Independent Review of the Police Disciplinary System in England and Wales’, October 2014, p 26; Report on Metropolitan Police Service handling of complaints alleging race discrimination, Statistical Information, July 2013
24 House of Commons, 18 January 1999
25 Herman Ouseley with Daniel Silverstone and Usha Prashar, The System, 1983, p 22
26 Brigid van Wanrooy et al, ‘Employment Relations in the Shadow of the Recession — findings from the 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Survey’, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, p 59, 51; Barbara Kersley et al, Inside the Workplace: Findings from the 2004 WERS, London, Routledge, 2006, p 44; Women in management, says Cynthia Cockburn, ‘will become the personnel managers and public relations officers rather than production managers, staff the line’, In the Way of Women, p 64
27 Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism, London, Verso, 2007, p 73
28 Cynthia Cockburn, In the Way of Women, 1991, p 71, 98
29 Chuck Pettis, Technobrands: How to Create and Use Brand Identity to Market, Advertise and Sell Technology Products, American Management Association, 1995, p 121
30 Fiona Gilmore, Brand Warriors, London: Harper CollinsBusiness, 1999, p 31, 33
31 Simon Caulkin, ‘The Bosses We Love to Hate’, Observer, 6 July 2003
32 Herman Ouseley with Daniel Silverstone and Usha Prashar, The System, London, Runnymede Trust, and South London Equal Rights Consultancy, 1983, p 91–6
33 ‘Emotional Labor around the World: An Interview with Arlie Hochschild’, Global Dialogue, Newsletter of the International Sociological Association, http://isa-global-dialogue.net/emotional-labor-around-the-world-an-interview-with-arlie-hochschild/
34 Kerry McDermott, ‘Revealed: Pret a Manger’s bizarre ‘emotional labour’ rules for workers’,
Daily Mail, 2 February 2013, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2272400/Revealed-Pret-Mangers-bizarre-emotional-labour-rules-workers-told-happy-touch-NEVER-act-moody.html
35 ‘So much to build on’, EOC Annual Report, 1985, p 4; EOC Annual Report, 1987, p 27; CRE Annual Report, 1986, p 24–5;
36 Equals 1(1), Spring 1983, p 2
37 Lesley Mackay and Derek Torrington, The Changing Nature of Personnel Management, London, Institute of Personnel Management, 1986, p 80
38 Sheila Cohen, Notoriously Militant, London, Merlin, 2013, p 144–5
39 Training: The Implementation of Equal Opportunities at Work Vol 1: Planning and Policy, Commission for Racial Equality, December 1987, p 7–10
40 Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries 1964-70, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1984, p 704
41 M. W. Snell, P. Glucklich, and M. Povall, ‘Equal Pay and Opportunities — A Study of the Implementation and Effects of the Equal Pay and Sex Discrimination Acts in 26 Organisations’, Research Paper 20, Department of Employment, April 1981, p 1
42 EOC Annual Report 1982, p 4; and see also EOC Annual Report, 1978, p 2
43 Huw Benyon, Working for Ford, Penguin, 1973, p 31–3
44 Nick Jewson, David Mason, Chris Lambkin, and Frank Taylor, ‘Ethnic Monitoring Policy and Practice: A Study of Employers’ Experiences’, Ethnic Minority Employment Research Centre, University of Leicester, p 5
45 ‘Why Race Records are Important: Living and Working Together’, Islington Council, produced by Islington Council’s Press, Campaign and Publicity Unit and the Race Equality Unit [n.d.], p 4
46 Nick Jewson, David Mason, Chris Lambkin, Frank Taylor, ‘Ethnic Monitoring Policy and Practice: A Study of Employers’ Experiences’, Ethnic Minority Employment Research Centre, University of Leicester, p 36
47 Irene Bruegel and Diane Perrons, ‘Deregulation and Woman’s Employment: the diverse experience of women in Britain’, LSE Gender Institute, Discussion Paper Series, October 1996, p 14, ii, citing Bevan and Thompson, ‘Merit Pay, Performance Appraisal and Attitudes to Women’s Work’, IMS Report 234, IMS, 1992; on opposition to PRP see Lesley Mackay and Derek Torrington, The Changing Nature of Personnel Management, Institute of Personnel Management, 1986, p 131
48 Lesley Mackay and Derek Torrington, The Changing Nature of Personnel Management, Institute of Personnel Management, 1986, p 134
Chapter Seven
1 M. W. Snell, P. Glucklich, and M. Povall, ‘Equal Pay and Opportunities — A Study of the Implementation and Effects of the Equal Pay and Sex Discrimination Acts in 26 Organisations’, Research Paper 20, Department of Employment, April 1981, p 3
2 Financial Times, 16 August 1985
3 EOC News, October 1979, p 6
4 EOC News, October 1979, p 2
5 EOC Annual Report, 1978, p 2
6 EOC News, December 1978, p 1
7 EOC News, October 1979, p 4
8 EOC News, December 1978, p 6
9 Cynthia Cockburn, Brothers, London, Pluto Press, London, 1991 edition, p 248–9
10 ‘TUC plans “black equality charter”’, Guardian, 30 September 1980, p 2
11 CRE Annual Report 1986, p 28; New Equals, Summer 1984, Special insert, p iii
12 CRE Annual Report, 1986, p 15–16
13 EOC Annual Report, 1985, p 7
14 Marxism Today, London, December 1984; and in a more recent profile of TUC President Frances O’Grady, in the Guardian, 11 July 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/11/frances-ogrady-tuc-sexism-union
15 EOC Annual Report, 1989, p 15
16 Trade Union Reform and Employment Rights Bill, HL Deb, 1 March 1993, vol 543, cc420–508
17 EOC Annual Report, 1992, p 21–2
18 Paul Cheston, ‘Over half of tribunal cases involve sex discrimination, research finds’, Evening Standard, 24 July 2014, http://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/over-half-of-tribunal-cases-involve-sex-discrimination-research-finds-9626292.html
19 EOC Annual Report, 1986, p 26
20 Cynthia Cockburn, Brothers, London, Pluto Press, 1991 edition, p 75, 77; the EOC investigation is described on p 170
21 ‘Formal Investigation Report: The Society of Graphical and Allied Trades — The London Central Branch and the London Women’s Branch’, Equal Opportunities Commission, p 1, 4, 5
22 EOC Annual Report, 1986, p 16
23 Cynthia Cockburn, Brothers, London, Pluto Press, 1991 edition, p 93
24 Brenda Dean, Hot Mettle, London, Politico’s, 2007, p 58, 68
25 Ibid, p 38, 47, 92
26 Beatrix Campbell, Iron Ladies, London, Virago, 1987, p 237
27 John Lang and Graham Dodkins, Bad News: The Wapping Dispute, Spokesman, Nottingham, 2011, p 169–171
28 Spare Rib, August 1986, p 11
29 Brenda Dean, Hot Mettle, London, Politico’s, 2007, p 177
30 http://www.ford.co.uk/experience-ford/AboutFord/FordCareers
31 http://www.ford.co.uk/experience-ford/AboutFord/News/CompanyNews/2011/Anti-Racism
32 Sheila Cohen, Notoriously Militant, London, Merlin, 2013, p 140–1; and see Daniel Trilling, Bloody Nasty People: The Rise of Britain’s Far Right, London, Verso, p 201
33 Ibid, p 141
34 Ibid, p 150
35 Ibid, p 153, 154, 169
36 Ibid, p 174
37 Ibid, p 180–2
38 Ibid, p 182–3
39 CRE Annual Report, 1999–2000, p 24; ‘Ford: Driving Diversity Forward’, Michael Rubenstein Publishing, 2003, http://www.rubensteinpublishing.com/default.aspx?id=1057727
40 Sheila Cohen, Notoriously Militant, London, Merlin, 2013, p 183–4
41 Ibid, p 197
42 ‘Female Jobless Figure May Be Higher’, EOC News, October/ November 1980, p 1; Craig Lindsay and Paul Doyle, ‘Experimental consistent time series of historical Labour Force Survey data’, Labour Market Division, Office for National Statistics, in Labour Market Trends, 2003, p 467
43 EOC Annual Report, 1989, p 15
44 On the persistence of the theory of the economic cycle, see David Cannadine, ‘The Present and the Past in the English Industrial Revolution 1880-1980’, Past & Present 103, May 1984, p 131–172
45 Marian Ramelson, Petticoat Rebellion, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1976, p 178; and see also Irene Bruegel, ‘Women as a Reserve Army of Labour’, in The Changing Experience of Women, Elizabeth Whitelegg et al (eds), Open University/Basil Blackwell, 1985, p 105
46 Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, ‘Report on the Implementation of the 1999 Broad Economic Policy Guidelines’, European Economy: Reports and Studies 1, 2000, p 11, http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/european_economy/2000/eers0100en.pdf. See also ‘Rules-based Fiscal Policy and Job-rich Growth in France, Germany, Italy and Spain’, IMF Country Report 1(203), November 2001
47 EOC News, January 1981, p 2
48 EOC News, October/November 1980, p 2
49 Beatrix Campbell, quoted in Cynthia Cockburn, In the Way of Women, Macmillan, 1991, p 129
50 See Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Cornel West, The War Against Parents: What We Can Do for America’s Beleaguered Moms and Dads, New York, Mariner Books, 1999
51 D. H. Blackaby, D. G. Leslie, P. D. Murphy, and N. C. O’Leary, ‘The ethnic wage gap and employment differentials in the 1990s: evidence for Britain’, Economic Letters Vol, 58, No 1, 1998, p 97
52 Ibid, p 99–100
53 Kathleen Paul, Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1997
54 ‘Racially Motivated Incidents Reported to the Police’, Home Office Research and Planning Unit 54, London, Home Office, 1989
55 Charles Leadbeater, ‘In the Land of the Dispossessed’, Marxism Today, April 1987, p 21
56 Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism, London, Verso, 2007, p 229
57 Gill Kirton and Anne-Marie Greene, The Dynamics of Managing Diversity: A Critical Approach, Second Edition, Elsevier, 2007, p 58–9
58 Asma Bajawa and Jean Woodall, ‘Equal Opportunity and Diversity management meet downsizing’, Employee Relations 28(1), 2006, p 52
59 Ibid, p 54–5
60 Department of Employment and Pensions, Employment by Sector and Ethnic Group, ONS, 2013, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/269607/employment-by-sector-and-ethnic-group.xls
61 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2417031/Middle-class-Not-60-say-working-class--1983.html
Chapter Eight
1 Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract, Cambridge, Polity, 1988, p 11
2 Catharine Mackinnon, Towards a Feminist Theory of the State, London, Harvard University Press, 1989 p 165
3 The System, Runnymede Trust, and South London Equal Rights Consultancy, 1983, p 11
4 ‘So much to build on’, EOC Annual Report, 1985, p 8
5 EOC Annual Report, 1996, p 21
6 Dr Jennifer Somerville, Feminism and the Family: Politics and Society in the UK and USA, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, p 138
7 ‘So much to build on’, EOC Annual Report, 1985, p 10; Caroline Flint, later an MP, was chair of the Workplace Nurseries Campaign; Jill Insley, ‘Workplace nurseries feel the squeeze’, Guardian, 30 September 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/money/2011/sep/30/workplace-nurseries-squeeze
8 EOC Annual Report, 1989, p 13
9 Ibid, p 15
10 ‘The Equality Challenge’, EOC Annual Report, 1991, p 3
11 EOC Annual Report, 1992, p 12
12 EOC Annual Report, 1996, p 23–4
13 Jennifer Somerville, Feminism and the Family: Politics and Society in the UK and USA, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, p 138
14 Sally Holtermann, ‘Investing in Young Children’, London, National Children’s Bureau, 1995, p 5, 55
15 Jennifer Somerville, Feminism and the Family: Politics and Society in the UK and USA, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, p 138
16 EOC, ‘Women and Men in Britain: The Work-Life Balance’, 2000, p 5
17 Ibid, p 13
18 Ruth Smith et al, ‘Childcare and Early Years Survey of Parents’, Department for Education, Research Report DFE-RR054, 2009, p 9
19 Katy Morton, ‘Ofsted statistics show drop in childcare providers and places’, Nursery World, 25 October 2013; in fact the Department for Education committed itself to expand the free nursery hours for three to four year olds to 30 a week — see ‘Review of childcare costs: an executive summary of the analytical report’, DFE, DFE-00296-2015, 25 November 2015
20 Man Yee Kan, Oriel Sullivan, and Jonathan Gershuny, ‘Gender Convergence in Domestic Work: Discerning the Effects of Interactional and Institutional Barriers in Large-Scale Data’, Sociology Working Papers, 2010-03, University of Oxford, p 6, Table 1; ‘The Time Use Survey’, 2005, Office for National Statistics, July 2006, p 38; Louisa Peacock, ‘Women spend half as much time on housework today compared to 1960s’, Daily Telegraph, 5 December 2012, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/9721147/Women-spend-half-as-much-time-on-housework-today-compared-to-1960s.html
21 Catherine Hakim, ‘(How) can social policy and fiscal policy recognise unpaid family work?’, Renewal 18(1/2), 2010, http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2010/08/CatherineHakimRenewal.pdf; Nicholas Hellen, ‘Women Catch Up With Men on Playtime’, Sunday Times, 2 November 2014, p 8; also, amongst ethnic minorities, where women do more work, the men tend do to more housework — see ‘Black men “best in Britain” at sharing household chores’, Observer, 6 February 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/feb/06/black-men-best-britain-sharing-housework
22 Thanks to James Woudhuysen for explaining this point; and see Joanna Bourke, Working-Class Culture in Britain, 1890-1960, London, Routledge, 1994, p 69
23 Patricia Hewitt, About Time, London, Rivers Oram Press, 1993, Chapter Two
24 EOC Annual Report, 1992, p 2
25 EOC Annual Report, 1996, p 21
26 ‘Putting Gender on the Agenda’, EOC Annual Report and Accounts, 2000/2001, p 4; Hugh Cunningham, Time, Work and Leisure, Manchester University Press, 2016, p 194
27 Patricia Hewitt, About Time, London, Rivers Oram Press, 1993, p 79
28 EOC News, December 1978, p 1
29 EOC News, February 1979, p 4
30 EOC News, Feb 1979, p 4
31 ‘The Equality Challenge’, EOC Annual Report, 1991, p 6
32 EOC Annual Report, 1992, p 29
33 ‘The Equality Challenge’, EOC Annual Report, 1991, p 6
34 EOC Annual Report, 1992, p 29
35 EOC Annual Report, 1994, p 1
36 Catherine Hakim, Work-Lifestyle Choices in the Twenty-First Century: Preference Theory, Oxford, 2000
37 Rosalind Coward, Sacred Cows: Is Feminism Relevant to the New Millennium?, London, Harper Collins, 2000, p 163
38 Patricia Hewitt, About Time, Rivers Oram Press, 1993, p 48; ‘So much to build on’, EOC Annual Report, 1985, p 8
39 ‘The Equality Challenge’, EOC Annual Report, 1991, p 18
40 Ibid, p 6
41 EOC Annual Report, 1993, p 6, 17
42 ‘Putting Gender on the Agenda’, EOC Annual Report and Accounts, 2000/2001, p 9, 17
43 Around 1% according to a TUC survey, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22924708
44 Mike Brewer, Sarah Cattan, and Claire Crawford, ‘State support for early childhood education and care in England’, Institute of Fiscal Studies, 2014, p 176
45 Chartered Institute for Personnel and Development, Megatrends, London, CIPD, 2013, p 4, https://www.cipd.co.uk/binaries/megatrends_2013-trends-shaping-work.pdf
46 On Radio 4’s Analysis, in 1994, quoted in Ros Coward, Sacred Cows, London, Harper Collins, 2000, p 47
47 The Law Commission, ‘Criminal Law Rape Within Marriage’, Law Com 205, 13 January 1992, p 2
48 New Equals 17, Spring 1982, p 8
49 CRE, ‘Then and Now: Change for the Better?’, London, CRE, 2001, p 17
50 HC Deb, 8 February 1996, vol 271
51 ‘Asylum Applications’, HC Deb, 8 July 2004, vol 423
52 CRE Annual Report, 1993, p 3
53 Quoted in Mick Hume, ‘Keeping our wits about us’, LM issue 119, April 1999
54 Ridley Memorial Lecture, 22 November 1996, reproduced in the Sun, 7 February 1997
55 Published 6 October 1992
56 Jack Straw, Independent, 6 September 1995; Beatrix Campbell, ‘Lessons from the Riots’, in Families, Children and Crime, Anna Coote (ed), London, IPPR, 1994, p 45
57 Independent, 3 November 1993
58 CRE Annual Report, 1998, p 3
59 CRE Annual Report, 1999–2000, p 15
60 Sir William Macpherson of Cluny, ‘The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry’, February 1999, p 46, 34
61 CRE Annual Report, 2001, p 5
62 Ibid
63 Ibid, p 10
64 CRE Annual Report, 1999–2000, p 29
65 Sir Herman Ouseley, ‘Community Pride Not Prejudice — Making Diversity Work in Bradford’, presented to Bradford Vision, 2001, foreword
66 Christopher Kyriakides and Rodolfo Torres, Race Defaced: Paradigms of Pessimism, Politics of Possibility, Stanford University Press, 2012, p 131
67 See David Goodhart, The British Dream, Atlantic, London, p xxxv
Chapter Nine
1 See James Heartfield, The Aborigines’ Protection Society, London, Hurst, 2011; Suke Wolton, Lord Hailey, the Colonial Office and the Politics of Race and Empire in the Second World War: The Loss of White Prestige, Macmillan, 2000
2 See Rusiate Nayacakalou, Tradition and Change in the Fijian Village, Suva, 1978; Peter France, The Charter of the Land: Custom and colonization in Fiji, Oxford University Press, 1969; Terence Ranger, ‘The Tribalization of Africa and the Retribalization of Europe’, unpublished paper, c. 1994
3 Terence Ranger, ‘The Tribalization of Africa and the Retribalization of Europe’, unpublished paper, c. 1994, p 5
4 Fair Employment Agency Report, 1978, quoted in Irish Freedom Movement Handbook, Second Edition, London, Junius, 1987, p 82
5 See Janet Sugden, ‘The Sectarian State’, Irish Freedom, Spring 1992, p 10
6 See ‘Apartheid in all but name’, Oliver Kearney Interview, Irish Freedom, Autumn 1992, p 8
7 Bronagh Hinds and Ciaran O’Kelly, ‘Affirmative Action in Northern Ireland’, in Race and Inequality: World Perspectives on Affirmative Action, Elaine Kennedy-Dubourdieu (ed), Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006, p 115–6, 120, 121, 122; Northern Ireland Office, The Belfast Agreement, 1998, p 16
8 See James Heartfield and Kevin Rooney, Who’s Afraid of the Easter Rising, London, Zero, 2015
9 Kevin Yuill’s Richard Nixon and the Rise of Affirmative Action, Rowman and Littlefield, 2006 is very good on this, and I have leant on it here
10 Thomas Sugrue, ‘Affirmative Action from Below’, The Journal of American History 91(1), June 2004, p 145
11 Lyndon Baines Johnson, Commencement Address, Howard University, 4 June 1965, http://www.heritage.org/initiatives/first-principles/primary-sources/from-opportunity-to-outcomes-lbj-expands-the-meaning-of-equality
12 Kevin Yuill, Richard Nixon and the Rise of Affirmative Action, Rowman and Littlefield, 2006, p 93, 147
13 Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era, New York, Oxford UP, 1990, p 325
14 Kevin Yuill, Richard Nixon and the Rise of Affirmative Action, Rowman and Littlefield, 2006, p 149
15 J. Edward Kellough, Understanding Affirmative Action, Georgetown University Press, 2006, p 131–43; Harry Holzer and David Neumark, ‘Assessing Affirmative Action’, Journal of Economic Literature 38(3), September 2000; Harry Holzer and David Neumark, ‘Affirmative Action: What do we know?’, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, November 2005
16 Stephen Steinberg, ‘Occupational Apartheid in America’, in Without Justice for All, Adolph Reed Jr (ed), Westview Press, 1999, p 229
17 Rev. Jesse L. Jackson, ‘Reagan and Affirmative Action’, Chicago Tribune, 19 May 1985; Philip Klinker, ‘Bill Clinton and the New Liberalism’, in Without Justice for All, Adolph Reed Jr (ed), Westview Press, 1999
18 Drew DeSilver, ‘Black Unemployment Rate is Consistently Twice that of Whites’, Pew Research, 21 August 2013, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/08/21/through-good-times-and-bad-black-unemployment-is-consistently-double-that-of-whites/
19 Kevin Yuill, Richard Nixon and the Rise of Affirmative Action, Rowman and Littlefield, 2006, p 94–5
20 Jo Ann Ooiman Robinson, ‘Race in the Workplace: Is Affirmative Action working?’, in Race and Inequality: World Perspectives on Affirmative Action, Elaine Kennedy-Dubourdieu (ed), Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006, p 38; ‘Affirmative Action in the United States’, Business Week, 8 July 1991, p 53–6
21 CRE Annual Report, 1986, p 28
22 Claire Crawford and Ellen Greaves, ‘Ethnic minorities substantially more likely to go to university than their White British peers’, Institute for Fiscal Studies, 10 November 2015, https://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/8042
23 Barbara Bergmann, In Defence of Affirmative Action, New York, Basic Books, 1996, p 31
24 Johanna Kantola, Gender and the European Union, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, p 28
25 Ibid, p 29
26 Ibid, p 31
27 EOC Annual Report, 1977, p 4
28 ‘Maternity Rights Call — Britain’s Expectant Mothers Come Off Second Best in European Table’, EOC News, June 1979, p 8
29 EOC Annual Report, 1982, p 4
30 See Baroness Writtle’s speech in the House of Lords, 5 December 1983, vol 445, cc894-930, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1983/dec/05/equal-pay-amendment-regulations-1983-1
31 ‘So much to build on’, EOC Annual Report, 1985, p 2
32 Ibid, p 10
33 EOC Annual Report, 1993, p 4, 14–5
34 EOC Annual Report, 1994, introduction, p 1, 2
35 EOC Annual Report, 1994, p 6
36 See James Heartfield, The European Union and the End of Politics, London, Zero, 2013
37 Ann Wickham, ‘Engendering Social Policy in the EEC’, m/f — the feminist journal 4, 1980, p 9, 10
38 ‘Economic Independence and the Position of Women on the Labour Market of the European Union’, Directorate General for Internal Policies, 2014, p 6
Chapter Ten
1 ‘Putting Gender on the Agenda’, EOC Annual Report and Accounts, 2000/2001, p 15
2 Sara Ahmed ‘Equality Credentials’, 10 June 2016, https://feministkilljoys.com/2016/06/10/equality-credentials/ — Ahmed resigned from the college in frustration at the sidelining of her committee’s work on harassment
3 In Phil Cohen and Carl Gardner (eds), It Ain’t Half Racist, Mum: Fighting Racism in the Media, London, Comedia, 1982, p 32
4 ‘Ethnic minority group representation on popular television’, CRE/ Communications Research Group, London, 2001, p 203
5 360° Diversity Charter, Channel 4, 2015; Harry Yorke, ‘BBC Criticised…’, Telegraph, 3 June 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/03/bbc-criticised-by-mps-and-job-applicants-over-training-placement/
6 ‘Mainstreaming Gender into the Policies and the Programmes of the Institutions of European Union and EU Member States’, European Institute for Gender Equality, 28 November 2011, p 5, 10, 15
7 Davina Cooper, Sexing the City, London, Rivers Oram, 1994, p 22
8 Equals 1(1), Spring 1983, p 3
9 Polly Curtis, ‘Gay men earn £10k more than national average’, Guardian, 23 January 2006, http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jan/23/money.gayrights
10 Quoted in Beatrix Campbell, ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’, Marxism Today, February 1987, p 13
11 Sophie Gilliat-Ray, Muslims in Britain, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p 120
12 ‘Education For Life: Here And Hereafter’, New Equals, April 1978, p 7
13 Sophie Gilliat-Ray, Muslims in Britain, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p 237
14 Writing as Mala Dhondy, ‘Facing the Asian Youth’, Race Today, April 1977, p 67
15 Kenan Malik, From Fatwa to Jihad, Atlantic Books, 2009, p 126; Sophie Gilliat-Ray, Muslims in Britain, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p 108
16 Kenan Malik, From Fatwa to Jihad, Atlantic Books, 2009, p 129, 130; Sophie Gilliat-Ray, Muslims in Britain, 2010, p 109
17 Sophie Gilliat-Ray, Muslims in Britain, 2010, p 125–6
18 ‘Time to Tackle the Under-Representation of British Muslims in Top Professions’, press release, December 2015, http://www.demos.co.uk/press-release/rising-to-the-top/
19 Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, London, Runnymede Trust, 1997, p 33
20 CRE Annual Report, 2004, p 7
21 Bill Hunter, Forgotten Hero: The Life and Times of Edward Rushton, Liverpool, Living History Library, 2002, p 3 — latterly the Merseyside Trade Union and Unemployed Resource Centre has been housed in the school buildings
22 Welfare Reform and Work Bill, 27 January 2016, House of Lords, Hansard, vol 768
23 EOC News, June 1979, p 6
24 See James Heartfield, ‘There is no Masculinity Crisis’, Genders 35, 2002, for a commentary
25 Laurie Penny, ‘We Need to Talk About Masculinity,’ Guardian, 16 May 2013
26 Daniel Martin, ‘At Last!’, Daily Mail, 15 March 2015
27 Davina Cooper, Sexing the City, London, Rivers Oram Press, 1994, p 169
28 CRE Annual Report, 1999–2000, p 16
29 CRE Annual Report, 1998, p 6
30 Some years later, when the outgoing CRE Chief Trevor Phillips raised questions about the policy of multiculturalism in Britain, he was branded as the man who had ‘closed down the CRE’, by Lee Jasper, for example, https://twitter.com/LeeJasper/status/575880562356940800
Chapter Eleven
1 ‘Charge of the Light Brigade’, Marxism Today, February 1987, p 12; and see Michael Crabtree, ‘Strategies Against Racism’, Thesis submitted for Ph. D. Aston University, 1988, p 67
2 Ian Macdonald and Gus John, Murder in the Playground: The Burnage Report, Longsight Press, 1989, p 347–8
3 Sarah Boseley, ‘Social Workers Denounce Councils’, Guardian, 27 July 1985; ‘Whose Child? The Report of the Panel of Inquiry into the death of Tyra Henry’, London Borough of Lambeth, 1987 chaired by Mr Stephen Sedley QC, p 135–6
4 Ann Tobin, quoted in Davina Cooper, Sexing the City, London, Rivers Oram, 1994, p 37
5 Stuart Lansley, Sue Goss, and Christian Wolmar, Councils in Conflict, London, Macmillan, 1989, p 65
6 ‘PM Brand Racist for Attack on Labour’s Khan’, Sky News, 20 April 2016, http://news.sky.com/story/1682129/pm-branded-racist-for-attack-on-labours-khan; John McDonnell’s tweet, 22 April 2016, https://twitter.com/johnmcdonnellMP/status/723481596096090112; see Jeremy Corbyn: ‘I am completely against anti-Semitism’, in the Guardian, 29 April 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/29/jeremy-corbyn-i-am-totally-completely-and-absolutely-against-antisemitism
7 Kimberlé Crenshaw, ‘Mapping the Margins’, Stanford Law Review 43, July 1991, p 1242
8 Editorial, Spare Rib, London, September 1980
9 Sheila Rowbotham, Lynne Segal, and Hilary Wainwright, Beyond the Fragments, London, Merlin, 1979, p 5–6
10 On 29 November 1989, the Guardian newspaper carried an advertisement for a ‘women’s adviser’ that the NUS was seeking to appoint, to ‘maintain and develop the Union’s work on women and promote the participation of women students in their students union’; on 24 April 1991, the Guardian reported that ‘the Oxford University Students Union has a full-time women’s officer for the first time this year’ — Karen Mathieson — and on 8 March 1994, a Guardian article welcomed women’s officers at Warwick (Marisa Bailey), Northumbria (Kate Skipworth), the Organisation of Labour Students’ national women’s officer (Clair Wilcox); there were women’s officers at LSE (Tesher Fitzpatrick) and Essex (Françoise Humphrey) shortly afterwards and by the mid-Nineties it was the norm.
11 The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi: 1920-1933, Harvard University Press, 1993, p 422
12 David Roediger, Towards the Abolition of Whiteness, London, Verso, 1994; Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race, London, Verso, 1994; and see James Heartfield, review of White Mythologies by Robert Young, Living Marxism, May 1991
13 Ian Macdonald and Gus John, Murder in the Playground: The Burnage Report, Longsight Press, 1989, p 347–8
14 Javier Espinoza, ‘Ethnic minorities “more likely to go to university” than white working-class British children’, Telegraph, 10 November 2015
15 From the Winter 1990 issue of Independent School, and reproduced online at http://ted.coe.wayne.edu/ele3600/mcintosh.html
16 Talking to Hugh Muir, Guardian, 2 March 2011; and see BBC, ‘Call for rethink on immigration’, 12 September 2000, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/920182.stm
17 Will Hutton, ‘The unholy alliance against immigrants’, Guardian, 23 June 2002
18 Letters, Guardian, 24 June 2002
19 David Goodhart, The British Dream, London, Atlantic Books, 2014, p 41
20 ‘Immigration and the Amended Act’, CRE Annual Report 2001, p 6
21 Evening Standard, 23 October 2009
22 Guardian, 30 January 2009
23 Polly Toynbee, ‘Of course the wealthy want an immigration free-forall’, Guardian, 11 October 2005; and see Goodhart’s book The British Dream, London, Atlantic Books, 2014
24 CRE Annual Report, 2004, p 4
25 Guardian, 28 May 2004
26 Munira Mirza, Rethinking Race, Prospect, 22 September 2010
27 Robert Ford, ‘Is racial prejudice declining in Britain?’, The British Journal of Sociology 59(4), 2008; Vikram Dodd, ‘Poll pessimism on race relations’, Guardian, 13 May 2002
28 Hassan Mahmadallie, Defending Multiculturalism, London, Bookmarks, 2011, p 21; and Salma Yaqoob, in the same collection, p 167
Conclusion
1 Vivien Hunt et al, ‘Why Diversity Matters’, McKinsey, January 2015, http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/why-diversity-matters
2 Jamie Allinson, ‘Don’t Mourn, Accelerate’, Salvage 1, July 2015, p 15
3 Hugh Cunningham, Time, Work and Leisure, Manchester University Press, 2016, p 194