List of Illustrations

Fig. 1	Line drawings of the ‘connecting tube’, large ‘head’, small ‘head’, and butt found at Vergina by Andronicos.
Fig. 2	The configuration of a sarissa with a uniform shaft.
Fig. 3	Calculation of the point of balance for a sarissa with the butt and large ‘head’ found at Vergina.
Fig. 4	The placement of the hands when wielding the sarissa by the last two cubits of its length.
Fig. 5	How a pike wielded by the last four cubits extends into the interval of the rank behind when deployed in an intermediate-order of two cubits (96cm) per man.
Fig. 6	How a sarissa held by the last two cubits does not extend into the interval of the rank behind when deployed in an intermediate-order of two cubits (96cm) per man.
Fig. 7	Calculation of the weight of the sarissa head based upon the weapon’s point of balance.
Fig. 8	How the location of the armband dictates the balance of the shield.
Fig. 9	How the aspis was redesigned to create the peltē.
Fig. 10	The position of the body and feet of a phalangite in a side-on position.
Fig. 11	The position of the body and feet of a phalangite in an oblique position.
Fig. 12	The width of the interval taken up by a phalangite wielding the sarissa in an oblique body posture.
Fig. 13	The minimum lateral spacing of two phalangites standing side-by-side.
Fig. 14	How the minimum interval for five phalangites deployed for battle is the intermediate-order of 96cm per man.
Fig. 15	The effective range and combat range of a phalangite armed with a sarissa.
Fig. 16	The range of vision and axis of the head of the side-on and oblique body postures.
Fig. 17	How much of an opposing phalanx a phalangite was able to see.
Fig. 18	The trajectories of attacks made with the sarissa from different starting positions.
Fig. 19	Calculation of the angle required to impale a horse and rider with a twelve cubit sarissa.
Fig. 20	Calculation of the point of balance of a broken sarissa.
Fig. 21	The rearward projection of the shattered shaft when a broken sarissa is held at its altered point of balance and the reduced effective range of a broken sarissa.
Fig. 22	The various forms of the sixteen-man file according to the military manuals.
Fig. 23	The process of ‘doubling’ a file of the phalanx.
Fig. 24	The repositioning of the officers of the file through the process of ‘doubling’ by moving the rear half-file forward if the file is configured as per some interpretations of Arrian (Anab. 7.23.3-4).
Fig. 25	The repositioning of the officers of the file through the process of ‘doubling’ by moving every second man forward if the file is configured as per some interpretations of Arrian (Anab. 7.23.3-4).
Fig. 26	The repositioning of the officers of the file through the process of ‘doubling’ when officers are positioned at the front and rear of each half-file.
Fig. 27	How ‘doubling’ the file by moving the rearward half-file forward correctly positions the officers and maintains ranks of men titled protostates and epistates.
Fig. 28	The position of the phalangarchs across the front of a quadruple-phalanx.
Fig. 29	The position of the merarchs across the front of a quadruple-phalanx.
Fig. 30	The position of the lochargoi across the front of a tetrarchia as per Aelian.
Fig. 31	The location of the officers within the sub-units of the phalanx (lochos to tetrarchia).
Fig. 32	The location of the officers within the units of the phalanx (tetrarchia to pentacosiarchia).
Fig. 33	The location of the officers within the units of the phalanx (pentacosiarchia to phalangarchia).
Fig. 34	The position of the merarchs across the front of Alexander’s pike-phalanx.
Fig. 35	The position and rank of Alexander’s senior officers at the Battle of the Granicus (334BC).
Fig. 36	The position and rank of Alexander’s senior officers at the Battle of the Issus (333BC).
Fig. 37	The position and rank of Alexander’s senior officers at the Battle of Gaugamela (331BC).
Fig. 38	The deployment of Alexander’s battleline at Issus based on the model of Burn.
Fig. 39	The deployment of the merarchiae of Alexander’s battleline at Issus based on the model of Burn.
Fig. 40	The deployment of Alexander’s battleline at Issus.
Fig. 41	First possible positioning of the merarchs in Alexander’s march to Issus.
Fig. 42	Second possible positioning of the merarchs in Alexander’s march to Issus.
Fig. 43	The Macedonian Counter-march.
Fig. 44	The Lacedaemonian Counter-march.
Fig. 45	The Choral/Cretan/Persian Counter-march.
Fig. 46	Machanidas’ deployment from column into line at Mantinea (207BC).
Fig. 47	The possible position of the officers in Machanidas’ formation at Mantinea (207BC).
Fig. 48	The possible counter-marching of Machanidas’ formation at Mantinea (207BC).
Fig. 49	The likely configuration of Machanidas’ formation at Mantinea (207BC).
Fig. 50	The first five members of two files with their pikes lowered parallel to each other.
Fig. 51	The first five members of two files with their pikes lowered and splayed.
Fig. 52	One chiliarchie arranged in a square with the location of the syntagmatarchs.
Fig. 53	The deployment of one chiliarchie from extended line into a square.
Fig. 54	The arrangement of one double-depth merarchia with square chiliarchiae.
Fig. 55	The arrangement of one double-depth merarchia with the chiliarchiae in extended line.
Fig. 56	The difference in effective reach between a phalangite and a hoplite.
Fig. 57	How Greek hoplites in intermediate-order face five sarissae of the phalanx.
Fig. 58	How two Greek hoplites in close-order face five sarissae of the phalanx.
Fig. 59	How Roman legionaries in open-order face ten sarissae of the phalanx.