LIST OF MAPS

  0.1. Mid-continent North America

  1.1. Early plains migrations

  1.2. The South Cannonball, Shermer, and Huff village sites

  1.3. Pre-contact trade

  1.4. Six traditional Mandan towns

  2.1. Possible route of the baron Lahontan, 1688–89

  2.2. Possible route of Henry Kelsey, 1690–92

  4.1. Travel from the upper-Missouri villages to York Factory, ca. 1715

  4.2. The Vérendrye explorations, 1738–43

  6.1. The expansion of the horse

  6.2. François and Louis-Joseph de la Vérendrye explore the western plains, 1742–43

  8.1. Trading centers, 1795–1805

  9.1. Lewis and Clark approach the Mandans, October 1804

10.1. Plains trade ca. 1800

12.1. The Knife River villages, 1823