1. Charles Steedman to Sally Steedman, September 30, 1864, in Steedman, Memoir and Correspondence, 385.
2. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 1:574.
3. Lincoln, Collected Works of Lincoln, 6:409–10.
1. Du Pont to Foote, January 25, 1861, in Hoppin, Life of Foote, 148. For the orders, correspondence, and testimony concerning Armstrong, see ORN, I, 4:3–55.
2. Farragut, Life . . . and Letters, 203.
3. Martin, Damn the Torpedoes, 153–54; Duffy, Lincoln’s Admiral, 40–41; Farragut to Richard P. Ashe, April 22, 1861, DFP.
4. Drayton to Lydig Hoyt, May 19 and November 30, 1861, in Drayton, Naval Letters, 3, 10.
5. Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 1:45n; Hoppin, Life of Foote, 148.
6. Symonds, Confederate Admiral, 1–3.
7. Welles, Diary, 1:16–19; Niven, Welles, 329–31; Symonds, Lincoln and His Admirals, 20–22.
8. ORN, I, 4:63, 66, 71, 74, 77, 90, 101–11, 115.
9. Fox had first suggested this plan a month before Lincoln was inaugurated. Fox to Virginia Fox, February 7, 1861, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:6; Fox to Winfield Scott, February 8, 1861, and Fox to Montgomery Blair, February 23, 1861, ORN, I, 4:223–25.
10. ORN, I, 4:109.
11. Ibid., 234.
12. Ibid., 111–12, 236–41; Welles, Diary, 1:22–26.
13. Lincoln, Collected Works of Lincoln, 4:323.
14. Fox’s official report to Secretary of War Simon Cameron, April 19, 1861, is in ORN, I, 4:244–45; Lincoln to Fox, May 1, 1861, ORN, I, 4:251; also in Lincoln, Collected Works of Lincoln, 4:350–51.
15. Lincoln to Welles, May 8, 1861, in Lincoln, Collected Works of Lincoln, 4:363.
16. Farragut quoted in Welles, Diary, 2:233, entry of January 30, 1865; Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, June 30, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:139. See also Hoogenboom, Gustavus Vasa Fox.
17. ORN, II, 3:97; Lincoln, Collected Works of Lincoln, 4:338–39.
18. Lord Lyons to Lord Russell, May 23 and August 12, 1861, in Barnes and Barnes, American Civil War through British Eyes, 1:94, 155. See also Stuart Anderson, “Blockade versus Closing Confederate Ports.”
19. ORN, I, 1:818–19.
20. McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War, 153–54; Quarles, The Negro in the Civil War, 32–34 (quotation on 33–34).
21. ORN, II, 3:104.
22. Randall, Constitutional Problems, 92–94; Civil War Naval Chronology, 6:256, 281–82.
23. Semmes’s daily journal in the CSS Sumter, ORN, I, 1:708, 719, entries of September 10 and November 10, 1861.
24. Ibid., 695, entry of July 3, 1861.
25. Ibid., 621–23, 639, 663–64, 676, 680, 683–86, 715–16; Summersell, Cruise of the Sumter.
26. For examples, see ORN, I, 1:8–19, 21–31.
27. Welles to Palmer, December 13, 1861, ibid., 240.
28. Edward W. Bacon to George Bacon, October 31, 1861, in Edward W. Bacon, Double Duty in the Civil War, 23; Porter to Welles, August 13 and 24, 1861, ORN, I, 1:65, 91–92.
29. Lincoln, Collected Works of Lincoln, 4:346–47.
30. ORN, I, 1:xv–xvi; “Report of the Secretary of the Navy to a Special Session of Congress, July 4, 1861,” in Moore, Rebellion Record, 2:235.
31. Symonds, Lincoln and His Admirals, 57–59; “Report of the Secretary of the Navy,” December 3, 1861, 13; Lord Lyons to Lord Russell, May 2, 1861, in Barnes and Barnes, American Civil War through British Eyes, 1:69.
32. “Report of the Secretary of the Navy to a Special Session of Congress, July 4, 1861,” in Moore, Rebellion Record, 2:238; Welles to Commodore Samuel L. Breese, April 17, 1861, ORN, I, 4:342; Lincoln, Collected Works of Lincoln, 4:354; “Report of the Secretary of the Navy,” December 1, 1862, 43; “Report of the Secretary of the Navy,” December 4, 1865, xiii; Miller, Photographic History of the Civil War, 10:146; Current, Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, 3:1123, 1131; Still, Confederate Navy, 135.
33. Bennett, Union Jacks, 1–12; Still, Confederate Navy, 135.
34. ORN, I, 4:391; Basoco, “British View of the Union Navy,” 40.
35. Luraghi, History of the Confederate Navy, chaps. 1–4; Underwood, Mallory.
36. ORN, I, 4:274.
37. Ibid., 275–76.
38. Ibid., 277–78, 281, 288–91, 293–96, 300–302, 306; “Report of the Secretary of the Navy to a Special Session of Congress, July 4, 1861,” in Moore, Rebellion Record, 2:236; Welles, Diary, 1:43–47; Mallory’s Report to Jefferson Davis, July 18, 1861, ORN, II, 2:77.
39. Brooke to Elizabeth Brooke, August 29, 1861, in Brooke, Ironclads and Big Guns, 34.
1. Lyons to Lord John Russell, May 2, 1861, in Barnes and Barnes, American Civil War through British Eyes, 1:72.
2. ORN, I, 6:5.
3. “Report of the Secretary of the Navy,” December 3, 1861, 6; Boyer, Naval Surgeon, xix. For different figures, see Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority, 4–5.
4. John Sanford Barnes, “The Early Blockade and the Capture of the Hatteras Ports,” 66.
5. Officer quoted in an undated letter in August 1861 in William Sewell to Gideon Welles, October 19, 1861, ORN, I, 12:222.
6. Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy, 27.
7. W. Beversham Thompson to Warren Winslow, July 25, 1861, ORN, I, 6:713.
8. Lamson to Flora Lamson, August 27–29, 1861, in Lamson, Lamson of the Gettysburg, 32–36 (quotation on 35). For official reports of this action, see ORN, I, 6:119-45.
9. Brigadier General William E. Nelson to Gustavus Fox, September 25, 1861, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:380. For the seizure of blockade-runners, see Commander Stephen C. Rowan to Welles, September 10, 11, 13, 1861, ORN, I, 6:195–97, 205.
10. The best summary of the board’s activities and reports is Weddle, “The Blockade Board of 1861,” 123–42. See also Weddle, Lincoln’s Tragic Admiral, 106–24. The board’s “Memoirs” are in various places in the ORN; see especially the first report, July 5, 1861, in ORN, I, 12:195–98. See also Charles H. Davis to his wife, May 22, 30 and June 12, 1861, in Charles H. Davis, Life of Charles Henry Davis, 121, 122, 124; Gustavus Fox to Du Pont, May 22, 1861, and Du Pont to Alexander Bache, May 30, 1861, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 1:71, 73.
11. Welles, Diary, 1:76, entry of August 10, 1862. For the removal of Mervine from command, see Fox to Mervine, September 6, 1861, ORN, I, 16:660.
12. Welles to Stringham, September 14, 1861; Stringham to Welles, September 16, 1861; and Welles to Stringham, September 18, 1861, in ORN, I, 6:210–11, 216, 231–32.
13. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, September 18, 1861, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 1:150–51 and 156n. See also Du Pont to Henry Winter Davis, September 4, 1861, in ibid., 143. For the order dividing the Atlantic Squadron, see ORN, I, 6:193.
14. Memoir of Blockade Board, August 19, 1861, ORN, I, 16:629; Welles to Mervine, August 23, 1861, ibid., 644.
15. Melancton Smith to William McKean, September 22, 1861, David W. Twiggs to Leroy P. Walker, September 17, 1861, ORN, I, 16:677, 679.
16. Welles to Farragut, January 9, 1862, ORN, I, 18:5; Welles, Diary, 2:134–35, entry of September 22, 1864.
17. ORN, I, 12:195–98, 214, 259–61; Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, October 17, 21, 24, 1861, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 1:170–71, 179, 183.
18. Lincoln, Collected Works of Lincoln, 4:548; ORN, I, 12:215.
19. ORN, I, 12:220.
20. John Sanford Barnes, “The Battle of Port Royal,” 375, journal entry of October 8, 1861; Drayton to Lydig M. Hoyt, October 25, 1861, in Drayton, Naval Letters, 7–8.
21. Davis to his wife, October 28 [29] and 31, 1861, in Charles H. Davis, Life of Charles Henry Davis, 172, 174–75; John Sanford Barnes, “The Battle of Port Royal,” 378–79, journal entry of October 30, 1861.
22. Roswell H. Lamson to Flora Lamson, November 4, 1861, in Lamson, Lamson of the Gettysburg, 39.
23. See the reports in ORN, I, 12:232–53, and Charles H. Davis to his wife, journal letter written over several days in early November 1861, in Charles H. Davis, Life of Charles Henry Davis, 175–78.
24. John Sanford Barnes, “The Battle of Port Royal,” 384, journal entry of November 5, 1861; Lamson to Flora Lamson, November 6, 1861, in Lamson, Lamson of the Gettysburg, 41.
25. Roswell Lamson to Flora Lamson, November 8, 1861, in Lamson, Lamson of the Gettysburg, 42–43; John Sanford Barnes, “The Battle of Port Royal,” 388–91, diary entry of November 9, 1861.
26. Du Pont to Dahlgren, November ?, 1861, in Dahlgren, Memoir of John A. Dahlgren, 29. For official reports and communications concerning the Port Royal operation, see ORN, I, 12:269–95. See also Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, November 7, 1861, and May 5, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 1:222–25, 2:33.
27. Drayton to Lydig Hoyt, November 30, 1861, in Drayton, Naval Letters, 8–9.
28. Lee to Mildred Lee, November 15, 1861, in Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee, 55; Merrill, The Rebel Shore, 44.
29. Du Pont to Morgan, December 24, 1861, Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, December 12, 1861, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 1:285, 275.
30. Du Pont to Welles, December 24, 1861, ORN, I, 12:427.
31. First quotation in John Sanford Barnes, “Battle of Port Royal Ferry,” 134–35; Lee to General James M. Trapier, February 19, 24, in Marchand, Charleston Blockade, 120–21.
32. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, March 4, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 1:351–55; Roswell Lamson to Flora Lamson, March 4, 1862, in Lamson, Lamson of the Gettysburg, 53–57.
33. ORN, I, 12:571–620.
34. Lamson, Lamson of the Gettysburg, 58–59; Lieutenant Thomas H. Stevens to Du Pont, March 28, 1862, ORN, I, 12:638; Silverstone, Warships of Civil War Navies, 144.
35. Wilkes to Welles, November 15, 16, 1861, ORN, I, 1:124–31; Symonds, Lincoln and His Admirals, 75–78.
36. Welles to Wilkes, November 30, 1861, ORN, I, 1:148; Symonds, Lincoln and His Admirals, 80–82.
37. Quoted in Symonds, Lincoln and His Admirals, 82.
38. Russell quoted in Symonds, Lincoln and His Admirals, 86. For the most recent accounts of the much-studied “Trent Affair,” see Howard Jones, Blue and Gray Diplomacy, 83–111, and Foreman, A World on Fire, 172–98.
39. Symonds, Lincoln and His Admirals, 92–94; Donald, Lincoln, 323; Seward to Lord Lyons, December 26, 1861, ORN, I, 1:177–87.
40. Adams to Charles Francis Adams Jr., January 10, 1862, in Adams, Adams, and Adams, A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1:99.
41. Ephraim Douglass Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 1:140.
42. ORN, II, 3:271, 299, 331; Jefferson Davis, Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, 5:401, 403.
43. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, January 4, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 1:308.
44. Du Pont to Welles, December 4, 1861, ORN, I, 12:380–81; Du Pont to Senator James W. Grimes, December 2, 1861, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 1:268.
45. Du Pont to Gustavus Fox, November 11, December 16, 1861, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:69, 81; Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, May 1, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:23. See also Louis Goldsborough to Welles, October 3 and 4, 1861, ORN, I, 6:281–82, 286.
46. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, December 5, 1861, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 1:272 and 273n; Davis to his wife, December 2, 1861, in Charles H. Davis, Life of Charles Henry Davis, 193.
47. Lee to Judah P. Benjamin, December 20, 1861, ORN, I, 12:423.
48. Du Pont to Charles Irenée Du Pont, February 20, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 1:335–36; Du Pont to Fox, December 16, 1861, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:79.
49. Du Pont to Commander Enoch Parrott, February 3, 1862, ORN, I, 12:534.
50. Lyons to Russell, November 29, 1861, in Ephraim Douglass Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 1:254; ORN, II, 3:340.
51. Parliamentary Papers, 1862, vol. 62, North America, no. 8, “Papers Relating to the Blockade of the Ports of the Confederate States,” 119–20, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 1:326n. Italics added.
1. Goldsborough to Welles, November 11, 1861, January 3, 1862, and Burnside to Goldsborough, December 12, 1861, in ORN, I, 6:421–22, 472–73, 496.
2. Goldsborough to Welles, January 23, 29, 1862, ORN, I, 6:526–28, 536–37; Goldsborough to Gustavus Fox, January 23, 30, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:231–33, 234–36.
3. Goldsborough to Gustavus Fox, February 9, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:236–40.
4. ORN, I, 6:605–24. For a succinct account of this campaign, see Browning, From Cape Charles to Cape Fear, 17–30.
5. Rowan to Goldsborough, March 20, 1862, ORN, I, 7:110–12.
6. Commander Samuel Lockwood to Goldsborough, April 27, 1862, ibid., 278–80.
7. Acting Rear Admiral Samuel Phillips Lee to Major General John G. Foster, April 17, 1863, ORN, I, 9:688–89.
8. ORN, I, 16:596, 598, 648, 689–90.
9. Ibid., 627.
10. ORN, II, 2:41–43.
11. ORN, I, 16:703, 705–12, 721–22, 748; Acting Master Edward F. Devens to Fox, October 28, 1861, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:391–96.
12. Welles to Farragut, January 9, 20, 1862, and Welles to Commander David Dixon Porter, November 18, 1861, in ORN, I, 18:1, 5, 8. Welles to Farragut, February 10, 1862, marked “confidential,” DFP.
13. Porter to Fox, March 28, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:89–91. For Porter’s career and personality, see Hearn, Admiral David Dixon Porter.
14. Farragut to Virginia Farragut, March 7 and April 11, 1862, in Farragut, Life of Farragut, 217–18.
15. ORN, I, 18:39, 57, 64–65, 67–68, 88, 109, 361.
16. Lee to Elizabeth Blair Lee, March 28, April 5, 1862, BLP.
17. ORN, I, 18:8.
18. Grimes to Fox, February 3, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:414–15.
19. Judah P. Benjamin to Lovell, January 19, 1862, ORN, I, 17:160–61; Lovell to George W. Randolph, April 15, 1862, ORN, II, 1:695–96.
20. ORN, II, 1:525, 687–88, 691.
21. Holton, Cruise of the Hartford, 10, diary entry of April 20, 1862.
22. Duncan’s report in ORN, I, 18:266; Lee to Elizabeth Blair Lee, April 29, 1862, BLP.
23. Dufour, The Night the War Was Lost, 248–50; abstract of the log of USS Itasca, ORN, I, 18:812–13; Lieutenant George Bacon to Lavinia Bacon, May 1, 1862, in George B. Bacon, “Civil War Letters of George Bacon,” 272–73.
24. Foltz, Surgeon of the Seas, 219–20, undated diary entry patched together from notes written at the time, probably April 21 or 22, 1862.
25. S. P. Lee to E. B. Lee, April 17, 1862, BLP. See also Lee to Lee, April 9, 1862, BLP.
26. Lieutenant Jonathan M. Wainwright to David D. Porter, June 1, 1862, ORN, I, 18:143–44.
27. Francis A. Roe diary, quoted in Dufour, The Night the War Was Lost, 262.
28. Bailey to Farragut, April 25, 1862, ORN, I, 18:171; Bailey to Montgomery Blair, May 8, 1862, BLP.
29. Log of USS Oneida, BLP; Theodorus Bailey to Montgomery Blair, May 8, 1862, BLP; Porter to Fox, June 2, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:114.
30. Lieutenant George H. Perkins to his family, April 27, 1862, Letters of Perkins, 119; Dufour, The Night the War Was Lost, 283.
31. Francis Roe, Diary, ORN, I, 18:768, entry of April 28, 1862.
32. Dufour, The Night the War Was Lost, 269–70.
33. Foltz, Surgeon of the Seas, 224, diary notes made on April 24.
34. Farragut to Porter, April 24, 1862, ORN, I, 18:142; Dufour, The Night the War Was Lost, 271–73.
35. Foltz, Surgeon of the Seas, 224.
36. Lieutenant George Bacon to Lavinia Bacon, April 25, 1862, in George B. Bacon, “Civil War Letters of George Bacon,” 273–74.
37. Farragut to Virginia Farragut, April 30, 1862, in Farragut, Life of Farragut, 262; Dufour, The Night the War Was Lost, 274–75.
38. Edward Bacon to Leonard Bacon, May 5, 1862, in Edward W. Bacon, Double Duty in the Civil War, 39; Thomas Craven to his wife, May 16, 1862, ORN, II, 1:198.
39. Lovell to Adjutant General Samuel Cooper, May 22, 1862, ORN, I, 18:255.
40. Farragut to Welles, May 6, 1862, ORN, I, 18:770; Log of USS Oneida for April 25, 1862, BLP; Foltz, Surgeon of the Seas, 231, diary entry of April 26, 1862.
41. Dufour, The Night the War Was Lost, 290.
42. Morgan, Civil War Diary of Sarah Morgan, 48–49, entry of April 26, 1862.
43. ORN, I, 18:740–41.
44. Farragut to Virginia Farragut, April 25, 1862, DFP; Foltz, Surgeon of the Seas, 232, diary entry of April 25, 1862.
45. ORN, I, 18:741.
46. George Washington Cable, “New Orleans Before the Capture,” in Battles and Leaders, 2:20.
47. Foltz, Surgeon of the Seas, 234.
48. Porter to Fox, May 24, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:107; Dufour, The Night the War Was Lost.
49. New Orleans Delta, April 26, 1862; Norfolk Day Book, April 29, 1862; Raleigh State Journal, May 3, 1862; Richmond Enquirer, April 29, 1862, quoted in McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom, 26; Ruffin, Diary of Edmund Ruffin, 3:291, entry of April 30, 1862.
50. E. B. Lee to S. P. Lee, May 7, 1862, BLP.
51. Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams Jr., May 16, 1862, in Adams, Adams, and Adams, A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1:145; James Mason to Jefferson Davis, May 16, 1862, in Mason, Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence, 276.
52. William M. Dayton to William H. Seward, April 17, 1862, in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1862, 1:333.
53. Welles to Farragut, January 20, 1862, ORN, I, 18:8.
54. Farragut to Welles, April 29, 1862, and Farragut to Fox, April 25 [29], 1862, in ibid., 148, 155.
55. Farragut to Welles, May 6, 1862, ibid., 159; Stone, Brokenburn, 100–101, diary entry of May 9, 1862.
56. James L. Autrey to S. P. Lee, May 18, 1862, ORN, I, 18:492. See also Lee to Farragut, May 18, 1862, and Lee to Elizabeth Blair Lee, June 10, 1862, BLP.
57. Fox to Farragut, May 12, 16, 1862, ORN, I, 18:245, 498; Fox to Farragut, May 17, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:314–15.
58. Farragut to Virginia Farragut, June 2, June ?, 1862, in Farragut, Life of Farragut, 269–71; Farragut to Welles, May 30, 1862, ORN, I, 18:519–21.
59. Farragut to Bailey, June 11, 1862, ORN, I, 18:551.
1. Welles to Simon Cameron, May 14, 1861, ORN, I, 22:277. The best study of the war on the western rivers is still Milligan, Gunboats down the Mississippi.
2. Welles to Joseph J. Davis, August 12, 1861, ORN, I, 22:299.
3. Welles to Rodgers, June 12, 1861, ibid., 284–85.
4. Foote to his wife, December 17, 1861, in Hoppin, Life of Foote, 189. For a modern biography, see Tucker, Foote.
5. Foote to Fox, January 27, 1862, Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:33.
6. Foote to Fox, March 5, 1862, ibid., 39.
7. Polk to Judah Benjamin, January 17, 1862, ORN, I, 22:815.
8. Fox to Foote, December 26, 1861, Henry A. Wise to Foote (quoting Lincoln), January 31, 1862, ibid., 472, 527.
9. Phelps to Foote, October 18 and 28, November 19, December 10, 1861, January 7, 1862; Halleck to Foote, January 17, 1862; Lieutenant James Shirk to Foote, January 24, 1862; and Foote to Halleck, January 28, 1862, in ORN, I, 22:371, 379–80, 435, 457–58, 486, 505, 521, 524.
10. For official correspondence and reports of both Union and Confederate officers, see ibid., 528–69.
11. Phelps’s report to Foote, February 10, 1862, in Hoppin, Life of Foote, 213–14.
12. Henry A. Wise to Foote, February 10, 1862, ORN, I, 22:549.
13. OR, I, 7:325.
14. “A Confederate Private at Fort Donelson,” 477–78.
15. Foote to his wife, February 16, 1862, in Hoppin, Life of Foote, 228.
16. Official reports and related documentation in ORN, I, 22:570–616.
17. Polk to Jefferson Davis, March 11, 1862, and Lieutenant Samuel Averett to Flag Officer George N. Hollins, March 26, 1862, in ibid., 654–55, 746.
18. Captain Joseph Smith to Foote, March 1, 1862, in Hoppin, Life of Foote, 239.
19. Foote to his wife, March 12, 19, 1862, and Foote to Welles, March 12, 1862, in Hoppin, Life of Foote, 262, 266, 269.
20. Foote to Welles, March 20, 1862, ORN, I, 22:697.
21. Pope to Henry W. Halleck, March 27, 1862, ibid., 703.
22. Foote to Halleck, April 6, 1862, ibid., 712.
23. Pope to Halleck, April 9, 1862, ibid., 724–25.
24. Grant to Nathaniel H. McLean, April 9, 1862, ibid., 766; Beauregard quoted in Civil War Naval Chronology, 2:45. See also ORN, I, 22:643–44, 647, 666–67, 762.
25. Milligan, Gunboats down the Mississippi, 65; Browne and Browne, From the Fresh-Water Navy, 71n.
26. Hiram T. Holt to Carrie Holt, April 22, 29, 1862, in Holt, “A Confederate Sergeant’s Report to His Wife,” 247–48, 250.
27. Foote to Welles, April 27, 1862, marked “unofficial,” in Hoppin, Life of Foote, 306.
28. Davis to his wife, May 9, 1862, in Charles H. Davis, Life of Charles Henry Davis, 222–23.
29. Hoppin, Life of Foote, 393.
30. Symmes Browne to Fannie Bassett, May 12, 1862, in Browne and Browne, From the Fresh-Water Navy, 76–77.
31. Davis to Welles, May 10 and 11, 1862, ORN, I, 22:13, 14.
32. Montgomery to General Pierre G. T. Beauregard, May 12, 1862, ORN, I, 23:55–57.
33. Davis to his wife, May 24, 1862, in Charles H. Davis, Life of Charles Henry Davis, 232.
34. Quoted in Hearn, Ellet’s Brigade, 9.
35. Ellet to Welles, June 21, 1861; Lorenzo Thomas to Ellet, March 14, 1862; Stanton to Ellet, March 27, 1862; and Ellet to Stanton, March 29 and 31 and April 19, 1862, in ORN, I, 22:288, 665, 672, 680–82, 685–86, and ORN, I, 23:65.
36. Charles Ellet Jr. to Lieutenant Wilson McGunnegle, April 27, 1862, ORN, I, 23:79. See also Currie, Warfare along the Mississippi, 39–40.
37. Ellet to Stanton, May 26, 1862, ORN, I, 23:29.
38. Davis to Ellet, May 28, 1862, ibid., 35.
39. Ellet to Davis, June 1, 1862, and Davis to Ellet, June 2, 1862, in ibid., 37, 39.
40. Ellet to Stanton, June 3, 4, 11, ibid., 42, 43–44, 132.
41. Quoted in Hearn, Ellet’s Brigade, 31.
42. Thompson to Beauregard, June 7, 1862, ORN, I, 23:140.
43. Davis to Welles, June 6 (two reports), ibid., 118–20. For all of the official reports on the battle of Memphis, see ibid., 118–40.
44. Alfred Ellet to Davis, July 2, 1862, ibid., 234.
45. Farragut to his family, June 26, 1862, in Farragut, Life of Farragut, 273.
46. Holton, Cruise of the Hartford, 20, diary entry of June ?, 1862.
47. Farragut to Virginia Farragut, June 29, 1862, in Farragut, Life of Farragut, 276.
48. Farragut to Welles, June 28, 1862, ORN, I, 18:588.
49. Farragut to Halleck, June 28, 1862, and Halleck to Farragut, July 3, 1862, in ibid., 590, 593.
50. Brown to Major General Daniel Ruggles, June 4, 1862, ibid., 647.
51. Ibid., 590–91; ORN, I, 23:242–43.
52. S. P. Lee to Elizabeth Blair Lee, July 10, 12, 22, 1862, BLP.
53. Commander Henry H. Bell, diary, ORN, I, 18:714, entry of July 1, 1862; Symmes Brown to Fannie Bassett, July 27, 1862, in Browne and Browne, From the Fresh-Water Navy, 111.
54. Isaac N. Brown, “The Confederate Gun-Boat ‘Arkansas,’” in Battles and Leaders, 3:576.
55. Extract from the papers of John A. Wilson, printed in ORN, I, 19:132–36. For all of the official reports and other documentation of this affair, see ibid., 3–75.
56. Van Dorn quoted in Milligan, Gunboats down the Mississippi, 85; Foltz, Surgeon of the Seas, 248, diary entry of July 15, 1862.
57. Farragut to Welles, July 17, 1862, and Farragut to Davis, July 16, 18, 1862, in ORN, I, 19:4, 8, 14.
58. Farragut to Davis, July 16, 1862, ORN, I, 23:236; Davis to his wife, August 18, 1862, quoted in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 3:28n.
59. Davis to Farragut, July 17, 1862, ORN, I, 23:237; Farragut to Davis, July 19, 1862, ORN, I, 19:14.
60. ORN, I, 19:115–20; Hearn, Ellet’s Brigade, 54–60.
61. Farragut to Virginia Farragut, July 22, 1862, DFP.
62. ORN, I, 19:19, 49–50, 80.
63. Campaign Diary, entry of August 1, 1862, ORN, I, 23:271–72; Davis to Welles, August 1, 1862, ibid., 63–64.
64. Porter to Fox, July 26, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:125; Welles to Davis, August 1, 1862, ORN, I, 23:278.
1. Mallory to Charles M. Conrad, May 10, 1861, ORN, II, 2:67–69.
2. Mallory to North, May 17, 1861, and North to Mallory, August 16, 1861, in ibid., 70–72, 87.
3. Brooke, Ironclads and Big Guns, 22, journal entry of June 23, 1861; ORN, II, 1:783–84. For the origins of the Confederate ironclad program and the building of the CSS Virginia, see Still, Iron Afloat, 5–40.
4. ORN, I, 6:333–34, 393, 482–83, 535.
5. Quoted in Bushnell to Welles, March 9, 1877, in Battles and Leaders, 1:748. For modern accounts of the building of the Monitor, see De Kay, Monitor, and Fuller, Clad in Iron.
6. Quoted in William C. Davis, Duel between First Ironclads, 21.
7. Smith to Worden, January 11, 1862, ORN, I, 6:515; William F. Keeler to Anna Keeler, March ?, 1862, in Keeler, Aboard the USS Monitor, 40–51.
8. Mallory to Buchanan, February 24, 1862, ORN, I, 6:776–77.
9. Quoted in William C. Davis, Duel between First Ironclads, 89.
10. John V. Quarstein, “Sink before Surrender: The Story of the CSS Virginia,” in Holzer and Mulligan, The Battle of Hampton Roads, 72.
11. Charles H. Davis to Samuel F. Du Pont, April 9, 1862, in Charles H. Davis, Life of Charles Henry Davis, 212.
12. Foote, The Civil War, 1:260.
13. Keeler to Anna Keeler, March 6–8, 1862, in Keeler, Aboard the USS Monitor, 28–30.
14. Keeler to Anna Keeler, journal letter started on March 6 and continued for several days, in ibid., 40.
15. Greene to his parents, March 14, in “I Fired the First Shot,” 102–3; Keeler to Anna Keeler, Journal letter begun on March 6, in Keeler, Aboard the USS Monitor, 35.
16. Stimers to Ericsson, March 9, 1862, ORN, I, 7:27. For reports, correspondence, telegrams, and other documentation of this historic battle, see ibid., 3–96.
17. Sinclair to John M. Brooke, March 11, 1862, in Brooke, Ironclads and Big Guns, 74–75.
18. Captain Gershom J. Van Brunt’s report, March 10, 1862, ORN, I, 7:11–12.
19. Sinclair to John M. Brooke, March 11, 1863, and Maury to Captain De la Marcha, March 15, 1862, in Brooke, Ironclads and Big Guns, 75, 232n.
20. Welles to Goldsborough, March 10, 1862, in Keeler, Aboard the USS Monitor, 75n.
21. William F. Keeler to Anna Keeler, March 30, 1862, in ibid., 63.
22. “The Monitor Boys to Lieutenant John L. Worden,” April 24, 1862, ORN, I, 7:40.
23. Fox to Goldsborough, March 24, 1862, ibid., 167–68.
24. Missroon to McClellan, April 6 and 8, 1862, ibid., 206–7, 208–10.
25. McClellan to Fox, April 14, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:288.
26. Welles to Goldsborough, April 17, 1862, and Goldsborough to McClellan, April 6, 1862, in ORN, I, 7:244, 206. See also Goldsborough to Fox, April 21, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:259–61.
27. Fox to Goldsborough, May 7, 1862, ORN, I, 7:327–28.
28. Lincoln to Goldsborough, May 7, 10, 1862, in Lincoln, Collected Works of Lincoln, 5:207, 209; William F. Keeler to Anna Keeler, May 9, 1862, in Keeler, Aboard the USS Monitor, 113, 115.
29. ORN, I, 7:357–60, 362, 369–70; Keeler to Anna Keeler, journal letter dated May 12–19, 1862, in Keeler, Aboard the USS Monitor, 126–32.
30. Mallory to his wife, May 27 and July 21, 1862, in Brooke, Ironclads and Big Guns, 240n, 104.
31. Fox to Goldsborough, May 17, 1862, and Goldsborough to Fox, May 21, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:269–71.
32. Welles to Andrew H. Foote, July 24, 1862, marked “personal,” in Hoppin, Life of Foote, 344–45.
33. William F. Keeler to Anna Keeler, June 14, 1862, in Keeler, Aboard the USS Monitor, 154–55.
34. Welles to Wilkes, July 6, 1862; Goldsborough to Welles, July 10, 11, 15, 1862; and Welles to Goldsborough, July 21, 1862, in ORN, I, 7:548, 563–64, 566, 573–74.
35. Welles, Diary, 1:73, 87, entries of August 10 and 18, 1862.
36. ORN, I, 7:629–31, 655–56, 674.
37. Welles, Diary, 1:109, entry of September 4, 1862; Welles to Wilkes, September 8, 1862, ORN, I, 1:470–71.
38. Welles to Wilkes, December 15, 1862, ORN, I, 1:587–88.
39. Mallory to Bulloch, May 9, 1861, ORN, II, 1:364–65.
40. Bulloch, Secret Service.
41. Moran, Journal, 2:984, entry of April 25, 1862.
42. ORN, I, 1:363, 364, 397–98, 399–400. See also Milton, Lincoln’s Spymaster, 34–37.
43. Maffitt’s journal in Maffitt, Life and Services, 252–53.
44. Ibid., 254; Preble to Farragut, September 4, 1862, ORN, I, 1:432.
45. Farragut to Preble, September 5, 1862, and Preble to Farragut, September 6, 1862, in ibid., 433–34.
46. Welles, Diary, 1:140–42, entries of September 19 and 20, 1862; Welles to Preble, September 20, 1862, ORN, I, 1:434.
47. ORN, I, 1:434–68 (quotation on 455).
48. Bulloch to Mallory, August 3, 1862, ibid., 775. See also Milton, Lincoln’s Spymaster, 39–46.
49. Bulloch to Mallory, August 3 and September 10, 1862, and Semmes to Mallory, January 24, 1863, in ORN, I, 1:775–80. See also Howard Jones, Blue and Gray Diplomacy, 192–99.
50. Edward Maffitt Anderson to his father, November 18, 1862, in Edward Maffitt Anderson, “Letters from a Georgia Midshipman,” 418.
51. Welles, Diary, 1:109, entry of September 4, 1862.
52. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, November 10–11, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:283. The David D. Porter Papers at the Huntington Library contain many telegrams from Welles to commanders of navy yards to send out ships to find the Alabama.
53. Edward M. Anderson to his father, November 18, 1862, in Edward Maffitt Anderson, “Letters from a Georgia Midshipman,” 420–21.
54. ORN, I, 1:416–17, 480, 490, 517–33, 549–50; Fox to George W. Blunt, December 30, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:486.
55. Dalzell, Flight from the Flag. A substantial portion of ORN, I, volume 1 details the cruises of the Alabama and Semmes’s judgments on the ownership of ships and cargoes. There are many books about the Alabama; one of the best is Stephen Fox, Wolf of the Deep.
1. Welles’s endorsement on a communication from Louis Goldsborough, July 12, 1862, ORN, I, 7:568.
2. Febiger to Farragut, April 11, 1862, ORN, I, 18:116–17.
3. Carse, Blockade, 41.
4. Quoted in Josiah Gorgas to James A. Seddon, December 5, 1862, OR, IV, 2:227–28.
5. Captain A. Ludlow Case to Samuel Phillips Lee, March 12, 26, 1863, ORN, I, 8:599, 631; Case to Lee, March 23, 1863, BLP, Letterbook 6, 146–47; Lee to Welles, March 15, 1863, ORN, I, 8:592.
6. William Keeler to Anna Keeler, April 11, 1863, in Keeler, Aboard the USS Florida, 20.
7. Walker, Private Journal, 39–40, undated entry, Spring 1863.
8. Du Pont to Welles, April 23, 1862, ORN, I, 12:771–73.
9. Marchand, Charleston Blockade, 139–40; Du Pont to Welles, May 9, 1862, ORN, I, 12:804.
10. Marchand, Charleston Blockade, 152, journal entry of April 28, 1862.
11. New York Times, May 26, 1862; Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, June 4, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:103.
12. General William H. C. Whiting to Secretary of War George Randolph, November 14, 1862, ORN, I, 8:846.
13. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, August 29, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:206–7; Commander Charles Steedman to Du Pont, August 25, 1862, ORN, I, 13:288–89.
14. Captain Charles S. Boggs to S. P. Lee, May 28, 1863, and Captain Benjamin F. Sands to Lee, December 23, 1862, in ORN, I, 9:51, and ORN, I, 8:313–14.
15. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, May 1, July 8, and August 24, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:23, 155, 197–98; Du Pont to Gustavus Fox, August 21, 1862, ORN, I, 13:269; Charles Steedman to Sally Steedman, August 18, 1862, in Steedman, Memoir and Correspondence, 322.
16. Farragut to Welles, August 3, 1862, and Fox to Farragut, September 9, 1862, in ORN, I, 19:110, 184.
17. Boyer, Naval Surgeon, 28, 49, 107, 112, 113–14.
18. Du Pont to Welles, January 31, 1863, ORN, I, 13:551–52; Du Pont to Benjamin Gerhard, January 31, 1863, and Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, February 2, 1863, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:396–97, 409.
19. For reports and other documentation of this affair, see ORN, I, 13:577–623.
20. Caleb Huse to Josiah Gorgas, August 4, 1862, in Vandiver, Confederate Blockade Running through Bermuda, xxi. For reports of numerous captures of runners near the Bahamas in 1862, see ORN, I, 17:221, 230–31, 289, 296, 309–10, 312.
21. Farragut to Welles, July 29, August 11 and 15, 1862; Welles to Farragut, August 19, 1862; Fox to Farragut, September 9, 1862; Farragut to Welles, September 30, 1862; and Farragut to Benjamin Butler, October 23, 1862, in ORN, I, 19:96–98, 146–47, 161–63, 185, 242, 313.
22. Farragut to Fox, December 23, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:322.
23. Acting Master Frederick Crocker to Farragut, October 2, 1862, and Farragut to Welles, October 9, 1862, in ORN, I, 19:217–18, 289.
24. Farragut to Commander William B. Renshaw, October 14, 1862, ibid., 260.
25. French to Farragut, September 8 and 18, 1862, ibid., 180, 291–92; Daddysman, The Matamoros Trade, 160–61.
26. Farragut to French, August 25, 1862, ORN, I, 19:169.
27. Welles to William W. McKean, November 25, 1862, and Welles to James L. Lardner, August 29, 1862, in ORN, I, 16:789, and ORN, I, 17:303–4.
28. Bernath, Squall across the Atlantic, 63–84.
29. Farragut to George F. Denison, December 10, 1862, ORN, I, 19:400.
30. George Cupples to his wife, January 1–2, 1863, in Cupples, “Two Battles of Galveston,” 253.
31. ORN, I, 19:437–77.
32. Farragut to Welles, January 21, 1863, and Fox to David D. Porter, February 6, 1863, in ORN, I, 19:553, and ORN, I, 24:242–43.
33. Farragut to Captain James Alden, January 5, 1863, ORN, I, 19:489; Farragut to Bell, January 6, 1863, DFP.
34. Farragut to Welles, January 15, 1863, ORN, I, 19:506. See also ibid., 507, 737. For Semmes’s report to Confederate naval secretary Stephen Mallory, see ORN, I, 2:683–84. Two other Confederate accounts are Low, Logs of the Alabama, 33–34, and Fullam, Journal of Fullam, 71–72.
35. Commodore Robert B. Hitchcock to Farragut, January 16, 1863; Captain John Maffitt to Mallory, January 27 and May 11, 1863; and Farragut to Welles, January 19, 1863, in ORN, I, 2:27–28, 639–40, and ORN, I, 19:528.
36. Reports and other documentation in ORN, I, 19:553–73, 586.
37. Farragut to James Alden, January 27, 1863, ibid., 584; Farragut to Virginia Farragut, January 18, 1863, DFP.
38. ORN, I, 24:9–10; 25:559; 23:348–52, 388.
39. Welles, Diary, 1:157–58, 167, entries of October 1, 10, 1862.
40. Porter to Welles, December 17, 1862, ORN, I, 23:545. See also ibid., 397–98, 544–46.
41. Porter to Andrew H. Foote, January 3, 1863, in Hoppin, Life of Foote, 359–60.
42. Fox to Lee, December 15, 1862, BLP.
43. ORN, I, 8:237, 243, 298–99, 310–12, 318–19, 320–21, 323, 324, 327, 362, 388–89, 399–400, 414, 418, 855, 857; Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:217, 230, 232–34, 236, 245–46, 248; Welles, Diary, 1:216, entry of January 5, 1863. See also Lee’s correspondence with Fox and Welles in the BLP, Box 67, Letterbook 7, 14–17, 19, 33–36, 37.
44. William Keeler to Anna Keeler, January 4 and 6, 1863, in Keeler, Aboard the USS Monitor, 252–56; George Geer to Gilbert Geer, January 13, 1863, in Geer, Monitor Chronicles, 235–36. See also ORN, I, 8:339–59.
1. Drayton to Lydig Hoyt, November 30, 1861, in Drayton, Naval Letters, 8–9.
2. Welles to Flag Officer William Mervine, July 22, 1861, ORN, I, 16:593. See also Welles to Flag Officer Silas Stringham, July 22, 1861, ORN, I, 6:10.
3. Welles to Captain Thomas T. Craven, September 25, 1861, and Welles to Davis, April 30, 1862, in ORN, I, 4:692, and ORN, I, 23:81. For full-scale studies of these policies, see Tomblin, Bluejackets and Contrabands, and Ramold, Slaves, Sailors, Citizens.
4. Porter to Andrew H. Foote, January 3, 1863, ORN, I, 23:603; Porter to Gustavus V. Fox, January 16, 1863, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:155.
5. Reigand V. Lowry to Welles, May 19, 1863, ORN, I, 27:499.
6. Du Pont to James Stokes Biddle, December 17, 1861, and Du Pont to Titus Coan, February 8, 1863, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 1:181, 2:422–23.
7. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, April 10, 1862, in ibid., 1:413.
8. Du Pont to Benjamin Gerhard, May 27, 1862, in ibid., 2:75–76.
9. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, May 1, 1862, in ibid., 2:23; Marchand, Charleston Blockade, 152–53, journal entry of April 28, 1862.
10. ORN, I, 12:820–26; McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War, 154–57; Roswell H. Lamson to Flora Lamson, May 18, 1862, in Lamson, Lamson of the Gettysburg, 62–63.
11. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, May 1, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:23; Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, July 14, 1862, quoted in John Sanford Barnes, “The Battle of Port Royal Ferry,” 120n.
12. Marchand, Charleston Blockade, 176–83, journal entries of May 21, 22, 24, 1862.
13. Percival Drayton to Du Pont, July 2, 1863, enclosed in a letter from Du Pont to Gustavus Fox, July 9, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:136.
14. Bankhead to Fox, June 29, 1862, and Du Pont to Fox, August 13, 1862, in ibid., 2:317–19, 1:149; Charles Steedman to Sally Steedman, July 4, 1862, in Steedman, Memoir and Correspondence, 308.
15. Fox to Du Pont, April 3, May 12, June 3, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:114–15; Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:91n, 96–97.
16. Du Pont to Fox, September 20, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:156. Du Pont to Fox, May 31, 1862, and Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, June 13 and 22, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:91–92, 113, 129.
17. Du Pont to Commodore Theodorus Bailey, October 30, 1862, and Du Pont to Captain Henry A. Wise, January 16, 1863, in ORN, I, 13:423, 513; Du Pont to Henry Winter Davis, October 25, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:259n.
18. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, December 17, 1862, and Du Pont to Charles H. Davis, January 4, 1863, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:324, 340.
19. Fox to Du Pont, February 16, 1862, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:443–44.
20. Fox to Du Pont, February 26, March 3, 1863, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:184, 188; Welles to Du Pont, January 6 and 31, 1863, ORN, I, 13:503, 571.
21. Welles to Du Pont, January 6, 1863, ORN, I, 13:503; Fox to Du Pont, February 20, 1863, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:450.
22. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, March 2, 1863, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:461.
23. Du Pont to Fox, March 2, 1863; Du Pont to Davis, April 1, 1863 in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:464, 534.
24. Du Pont to Welles, January 28, 1863, ORN, I, 13:543; Du Pont to Benjamin Gerhard, January 30, 1863, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:394. See also John Worden to Du Pont, January 31 and February 2, 1863, ORN, I, 13:576, 626–28.
25. Worden to Du Pont, February 28, 1863, and Du Pont to Welles, March 2, 1863, in ORN, I, 13:696–98; Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, March 1, 1863, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:458–59.
26. Du Pont to Welles, March 6, 1863, and Percival Drayton to Du Pont, March 4, 1863, in ORN, I, 13:716, 717.
27. Major D. B. Harris to Brigadier General Thomas Jordan, March 9, 1863, ORN, I, 13:730.
28. Du Pont to James Biddle, March 26, 1863, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:510.
29. Charles Steedman to Sally Steedman, April 3, 1863, in Steedman, Memoir and Correspondence, 366–67; Drayton to Alexander Hamilton Jr., February 11, 1863, in Drayton, Naval Letters, 26–27.
30. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, April 4, 1863, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:544.
31. Welles, Diary, 1:237, 247, entries of February 16 and March 12, 1863.
32. Du Pont to Welles, April 8, 1863, ORN, I, 14:3–4. The reports and other documentation of the battle are in ibid., 3–112.
33. Cornelius L. Burkmyer to C. Rebecca Burkmyer, April 17, 1863, in Burkmyer, Burkmyer Letters, 49.
34. Du Pont to Senator James W. Grimes, August 8, 1863, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 3:220.
35. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, April 8 and May 2, 1863, in ibid., 3:3, 74.
36. Reprinted in ORN, I, 14:57–59.
37. Du Pont to David Hunter, April 8, 1863, ORN, I, 14:31. For the aftermath of the battle and the criticisms of Du Pont, see Weddle, Lincoln’s Tragic Admiral, 195–207.
38. Drayton to Alexander Hamilton Jr., April 15, 1863, in Drayton, Naval Letters, 34–35; Rodgers to Welles, May 2, 1863, in Du Pont, Naval Letters, 1:lxxxviii. The captains’ official reports to Welles, April 24, 1863, are in ORN, I, 14:45–48.
39. Welles, Diary, 1:295–96, 302, entries of May 8 and 14, 1863.
40. Ibid., 228, 309, entries of April 30 and May 23, 1863.
41. Dahlgren’s requests and Welles’s responses can be followed in ORN, I, 13:353–54, 376–78, 390, 416, 426; in Dahlgren’s diary, Memoir of John A. Dahlgren, 360, 374, 376, 381; and in Welles, Diary, 1:158, 160, 163–64.
42. Welles, Diary, 1:238–39, entries of February 19 and 22, 1863.
43. Farragut to Du Pont, April 20, 1863, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 3:49.
44. ORN, I, 14:230, 240–41, 295; Dahlgren, Memoir of John A. Dahlgren, 391–93, 395, entries of May 28, June 3 and 21, 1863; Welles, Diary, 1:337–38, entry of June 21, 1863.
45. Webb to Mallory, June 10, 1863, ORN, I, 14:710–11.
46. Du Pont to Welles, June 17, 1863; John Rodgers to Du Pont, June 17, 1863; Welles to Du Pont, June 26, 1863; and Welles to Rodgers, June 25, 1863, in ORN, I, 14:263, 265–66, 282–84.
47. Boston Herald, June 25, 1863, quoted in Weddle, Lincoln’s Tragic Admiral, 204.
48. Welles, Diary, 1:110, entry of September 5, 1862.
49. Welles, Diary, 1:304, 316, entries of May 16 and 29, 1863; Welles to Commodore James Lardner, June 1, 1863, ORN, I, 2:250–53; Symonds, Lincoln and His Admirals, 223–26, 254–55.
50. Roswell H. Lamson to Flora Lamson, June 30, 1863, in Lamson, Lamson of the Gettysburg, 114. For Read and his exploits, consult Shaw, Sea Wolf of the Confederacy.
51. ORN, I, 2:273–332, 380, 614, 645; Welles, Diary, 1:327, entry of June 13, 1863. The originals of many Navy Department telegrams to commanders of navy yards are in the DPP.
1. J. Wainwright to Gustavus Fox, July 29, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:338–39.
2. ORN, I, 23:394, 444, 466, 477, 500; Porter to Fox, October 17, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:141; Silverstone, Warships of Civil War Navies, 164–80.
3. ORN, I, 23:396, 418, 428–31, 469; Lincoln to Alfred Ellet, November 7, 1862, in Lincoln, Collected Works of Lincoln, 5:490; Hearn, Ellet’s Brigade, 69–79.
4. ORN, I, 23:240–41.
5. Symmes Brown to Fannie Bassett, December 20, 1862, in Browne and Browne, From the Fresh-Water Navy, 123–24.
6. Porter to Fox, November 10, 1862, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:149.
7. Undated order, mid-February 1863, ORN, I, 24:365.
8. Porter to Major General Carter L. Stevenson, March 2, 1863, ibid., 366–67.
9. Lieutenant Commander George M. Ransom to Farragut, October 7, 1862, ORN, I, 19:247–49.
10. Grant to Henry W. Halleck, January 11, 1863, ORN, I, 24:106.
11. Samuel Bartlett to Mary Bartlett, January 16, 1863, in Bartlett, “A Union Volunteer with the Mississippi Ram Fleet,” 189–90. For official reports of this action, see ORN, I, 24:98–115.
12. Porter to Welles, January 12, 1863, ORN, I, 24:116, which Welles forwarded to other fleet commanders in a circular dated January 28, 1863, ORN, I, 8:483–84; Samuel Francis Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, March 10, 1863, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:479; Lieutenant Commander Charles C. Carpenter to his wife, April ?, 1863, in Carpenter, “‘Such a Fire I Never Saw,’” 13.
13. Halleck to Banks, November 9, 1862, OR, I, 15:590–91; Lincoln quoted by William M. Strong to Samuel R. Curtis, December 23, 1862, in Lincoln, Recollected Words of Lincoln, 431.
14. Halleck to Grant, March 25, 1863, OR, I, 24, part 1, 22.
15. Porter to Welles, February 2, 1863, ORN, I, 24:217–18.
16. Ibid., 222–23, 321, 424, 382–87.
17. Ibid., 375–419, for reports and other documentation.
18. Porter to Welles, February 27, 1863, ibid., 390–91.
19. Colonel Wirt Alexander to Major J. J. Reeve, March 1, 1863, ibid., 411.
20. Foote, The Civil War, vol. 2, Fredericksburg to Meridian, 201; Vicksburg Whig quoted in ORN, I, 24:397. See also Civil War Naval Chronology, 3:34–35.
21. Farragut to Commodore Henry H. Bell, March 5, 1863, DFP.
22. Foltz, Surgeon of the Seas, 262, diary entry of March 16, 1863.
23. Extract from the Journal of the USS Richmond, ORN, I, 19:769, entry of March 14, 1863.
24. For reports and other documentation, see ibid., 665–704.
25. Farragut to Welles, March 16, 1863, ibid., 665.
26. Fox to Farragut, April 2, 1863, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:331.
27. Extract from the diary of Acting Third Assistant Engineer George W. Baird of the Calhoun, ORN, I, 20:137, entry of April 14, 1863.
28. Farragut to Virginia Farragut, July 15, 1863, in Farragut, Life of Farragut, 381.
29. Porter to Fox, April 16, 1863, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:166–67. For official reports and dispatches concerning this expedition, see ORN, I, 24:243–304. See also Grant to Porter, February 14, 1863, DPP.
30. Carter, Final Fortress, 147.
31. ORN, I, 24:478–79. For all of the reports and dispatches concerning this operation, see ibid., 474–501.
32. Grant to William T. Sherman, March 22, 1863, ORN, I, 24:489; Fox to Farragut, April 2, 1863, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 1:331; Dahlgren, Memoir of Dahlgren, 389, diary entry of March 29, 1863.
33. Porter to Welles, March 26, 1863, ORN, I, 24:479.
34. Porter to Grant, March 29, 1863, and Welles to Porter, April 2, 1863, in ORN, I, 24:518, 522; Porter to Fox, April 25, 1863, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:172.
35. ORN, I, 24:552–68, 604–5; Charles H. Gulick to editor of the Peoria Mail, printed in the issue of April 30, 1863, in Gulick, “War on the River,” 26; Porter to Fox, April 17, 1863, in Fox, Confidential Correspondence, 2:169–70.
36. Porter to Welles, April 29, 1863, ORN, I, 24:611.
37. ORN, I, 23:413–14, 24:610–34.
38. Grant, Personal Memoirs, 1:480–81.
39. ORN, I, 20:212, 214, 221, 234, 367; 24:645–47.
40. Charles H. Gulick to editor of the Peoria Mail, May 24, 1863, in Gulick, “War on the River,” 29–31.
41. ORN, I, 25:38.
42. Porter to Welles, June 9, 1863, ibid., 162.
43. Ibid., 25:133, 282–85.
44. Porter to Welles, July 4, 1863, ibid., 103–4. For all reports and dispatches relating to the siege, see ibid., 21–124.
45. Welles, Diary, 1:364, entry of July 7, 1863.
46. Welles to Porter, July 13, 1863, and Farragut to Porter, July 15, August 1, 1863, in ORN, I, 25:11, 393, 432.
1. Lincoln to Grant, August 9, 1863, in Lincoln, Collected Works of Lincoln, 6:374; Welles, Diary, 1:389–91, entry of July 30, 1863. For the tangled story of French intervention in Mexico and Franco-Confederate and Franco-American relations, see Case and Spencer, The United States and France, especially chaps. 15–16, and Howard Jones, Blue and Gray Diplomacy, especially chap. 9.
2. Farragut to Welles, July 30, 1863, ORN, I, 20:428–29.
3. Banks to Halleck, September 13, 1863, ibid., 532.
4. Welles, Diary, 1:441–42, entry of September 23, 1863.
5. ORN, I, 20:515–63.
6. Ibid., 643–45, 648, 679–80, 694, 702–3, 741–42; ORN I, 21:183.
7. ORN, I, 14:355–73; Charles C. Carpenter to Mrs. Carpenter, July 12, 1863, in Carpenter, “‘Such a Fire I Never Saw,’” 17.
8. Beauregard to Tucker, July 12, 18, 1863, ORN, I, 14:725, 728.
9. Dahlgren, Memoir of Dahlgren, 402–3, diary entry of July 18, 1863.
10. Welles to Dahlgren, July 24, 28, 1863, ORN, I, 14:395, 401.
11. Welles, Diary, 1:382–84, entry of July 26, 1863; Wise, Gate of Hell, 137–38.
12. Dahlgren, Memoir of Dahlgren, 411.
13. ORN, I, 14:596.
14. Colonel Lawrence M. Keitt to “Captain Nance,” September 5, 1863, and Beauregard to General Samuel Cooper, September 6, 1863, in ibid., 572–73.
15. Dahlgren to Welles, January 28, 1864, ibid., 600.
16. Cornelius L. Burkmyer to his wife, August 31, 1863, in Burkmyer, Burkmyer Letters, 165.
17. Official reports and communications regarding this affair are in ORN, I, 14:606–40.
18. Dahlgren, Memoir of Dahlgren, 416, diary entry of September 27, 1863.
19. Welles, Diary, 1:464, 474–75, entries of October 3, 24, 1863; Dahlgren, Memoir of Dahlgren, 433–34, entries of December 31, 1863, and January 1, 1864.
20. ORN, I, 15:10–11, 16–17, 431, 439.
21. Ibid., 226, 229, 238–39.
22. Perry, Infernal Machines, 94–108; Luraghi, History of the Confederate Navy, 250–64; Ragan, Union and Confederate Submarine Warfare, 105–206; Hoyt, Voyage of the Hunley; Chaffin, The H. L. Hunley.
23. ORN, I, 15:327–28.
24. Dahlgren to Fox, October 18, 1863, ORN, I, 15:50; Dahlgren, Memoir of Dahlgren, 419, diary entry of October 22, 1863.
25. Welles to Dahlgren, October 9, 1863, ORN, I, 15:26–27.
26. Dahlgren, Memoir of Dahlgren, 443, diary entry of March 4, 1864.
27. Du Pont to Sophie Du Pont, February 17, 1863, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 2:349.
28. Perry, Infernal Machines, 84, 117.
29. Dahlgren, Memoir of Dahlgren, 418, diary entry of unknown date, probably in October 1863; Perry, Infernal Machines, 122.
30. Cornish and Laas, Lincoln’s Lee, 122.
31. Post, “A Diary on the Blockade in 1863,” 2580, entry of June 11, 1863.
32. John T. Bourne to Charles Williams and Wentworth Gray, October 12, 1863, and Bourne to Osley and Company, November 19, 1863, in Vandiver, Blockade Running through Bermuda, 48, 50.
33. Walker, Private Journal, 47, 54, entries of November ? and December 15, 1863.
34. Hotze to Benjamin, January 10, 1864, ORN, II, 3:1001.
35. Welles to Lee, July 2, 1864, ORN, I, 10:224.
36. Acting Master W. R. Browne to Flag Officer Theodorus Bailey, December 20, 1863, and Bailey to Welles, March 6, 1864, in ORN, 17:600, 648–49. The ORN contains many similar reports of the destruction of saltworks.
37. Lonn, “The Extent and Importance of Federal Raids on Salt Making,” 167–84. See also Lonn, Salt as a Factor in the Confederacy.
38. Stephen R. Mallory to Commander James W. Cooke, January 15, 1864, and J. Taylor Wood to Commander Catesby ap R. Jones, February 26, 1864, in ORN, I, 9:799–801.
39. Ibid., 552, 556, 569, 586–87, 592–604, 638–58.
40. Sayres Ogden Nichols to his mother, April 19, 1864, in Nichols, “Fighting in North Carolina Waters,” 79.
41. General Pierre G. T. Beauregard to General Richard F. Hoke, May 1, 1864, ORN, I, 9:810.
42. Reports in ibid., 732–70, and ORN, I, 10:627. See also Sayres Ogden Nichols to his father, May 6, 1864, in Nichols, “Fighting in North Carolina Waters,” 83–84, and Josselyn, “A Gunboat Captain’s Diary,” 121.
43. Brigadier General Lawrence S. Baker to Maffitt, July 6, 1864, and Baker to Captain John M. Otey, July 8, 1864, in ORN, 10:718, 719.
44. Lee to Welles, July 9, 1864, ORN, 10:247–48.
45. Cushing to Lee, August 25, 1863, March 5 and July 2, 1864; General William H. C. Whiting to W. F. Lynch, March 2, 1864; Whiting to General Samuel Cooper, July 4, 1864; and Gideon Welles to Cushing, July 14, 1864, in ORN, I, 9:177–78, 511, 513, and ORN, I, 10:202–4, 205, 714. For these and other exploits by Cushing, see Roske and Van Doren, Lincoln’s Commando.
46. Cushing to Rear Admiral David D. Porter, October 30, 1864, ORN, I, 10:611–12. For all of the reports and other documentation, see ibid., 610–24.
1. Porter to Welles, December 26, 1863, ORN, I, 25:660–61. See also Porter to Welles, October 1, 1863, ibid., 441; Acting Volunteer Lieutenant A. Frank O’Neill to Porter, December 19, 1863, DPP; and Lieutenant Commander James M. Pritchett to Porter, February 28, 1864, DPP.
2. De Witt C. Morse to Archibald Beal, May 30, 1864, in Morse, “A Fighting Sailor on the Western Rivers,” 270–71.
3. John Swift to Sophie Swift, June 6, 1864, and John Swift to unspecified recipient, July 2, 1864, in Swift, “Letters from a Sailor on a Tinclad,” 56, 59.
4. Lieutenant-Colonel George E. Currie to “Dear Sir,” September 10, 1863, in Currie, Warfare along the Mississippi, 97–100.
5. ORN, I, 25:293–301, 524, 642, 693–94, 723; ORN, I, 26:481; Lieutenant Commander James A. Greer to David D. Porter, December 21, 1863, DPP; Hearn, Ellet’s Brigade, 231–69; Currie, Warfare along the Mississippi, passim, quotation from 101.
6. ORN, I, 24:1–78, passim, quotations from ibid., 443, and ORN, I, 23:312.
7. Lieutenant Commander Le Roy Fitch to Fleet Captain Alexander M. Pennock, February 4, 1863, ORN, I, 24:25–37; quotation from Fitch to Porter, November 5, 1863, ORN, I, 23:313–14.
8. ORN, I, 25:474, 476, 480, 546–47, 608–9; quotation from 474.
9. Ibid., 387, 671, 783–85.
10. ORN, I, 25:238–59; quotations from Le Roy Fitch’s report, ibid., 243, and from Major General Jacob D. Cox to David D. Porter, July 31, 1863, ibid., 257.
11. Herbert Saunders to his mother, March 28, April 3, 1864, in Saunders, “Civil War Letters,” 22–24. See also ORN, I, 26:196–204.
12. ORN, I, 26:19–26. Of the large literature on the Fort Pillow massacre, see especially Cimprich, Fort Pillow, and Ward, River Run Red.
13. Porter to Thomas H. Yeatman, December 3, 1862, ORN, I, 23:528–29; and Le Roy Fitch to Porter, February 17, 1864, DPP.
14. Porter to Grant, February 14, 1863, ORN, I, 24:341. See also ibid., 334–54, 428, 435–36, 443.
15. Porter to Welles, May 18, 31, 1864, and Porter to Charles Eames, June 24, 1864, in ORN, I, 26:308, 342, 412; Elias K. Owen to Porter, February 21, 1864, DPP.
16. Halleck to Grant, January 18, 1864, OR, I, 32, part 2, 40–42.
17. Sherman to Porter, January 26, 1864, and Porter to Lieutenant Commander James A. Greer, February 13, 1864, in ORN, I, 25:716, 748.
18. Porter to Welles, March 16, 1864, ORN, I, 26:29. See also S. Ledyard Phelps to Porter, March 16 and 30, April 2, 1864, DPP.
19. Porter to Sherman, April 14, 1864, ORN, I, 26:56.
20. Selfridge to Porter, April 16, 1864, ibid., 49.
21. Porter to Welles, April 23, 1864, ibid., 68–70.
22. Porter to Welles, May 16, 1864, ibid., 130–35.
23. Symmes Browne to Fannie Bassett Browne, May 6, 1864, in Browne and Browne, From the Fresh-Water Navy, 272–74.
24. Joiner, One Damn Blunder from Beginning to End, xix. See also Joiner, Through the Howling Wilderness, and Johnson, Red River Campaign.
25. Lee to Welles, April 14, 1863, Box 69, Letterbook 8, 146, BLP.
26. Longstreet to Secretary of War James A. Seddon, April 22, 1863, ORN, I, 8:870.
27. For reports, dispatches, orders, and other documentation of these events, see ibid., 712–69. Lamson’s letters to his fiancée are in Lamson of the Gettysburg, 91–109, and Lee’s reports and dispatches are in Box 69, Letterbooks 8, 9, and 10, BLP.
28. ORN, I, 10:9, 15, 27–28.
29. Ibid., 49; Lamson to Kate Buckingham, May 12, 1864, in Lamson, Lamson of the Gettysburg, 160.
30. Lamson to Kate Buckingham, May 14, 1864, in Lamson, Lamson of the Gettysburg, 162.
31. Lamson to Flora Lamson, June 12, 1864, and Lamson to Kate Buckingham, June 12, 1864, in Lamson, Lamson of the Gettysburg, 173, 177.
32. Lee to Welles, June 1, 1864, ORN, I, 10:113.
33. Ibid., 634–94.
34. Lee to Welles, June 7, 1864; Lee to Butler, June 2, 1864; Butler to Lee, June 2, 1864; and Lee to Butler, June 7, 1864, in ibid., 129, 131, 133.
35. Lee to Welles, June 15, 1864, and Lee to Gustavus Fox, June 25, 1864, in ibid., 149, 207–8; Roswell Lamson to Kate Buckingham, June 14, 1864, in Lamson, Lamson of the Gettysburg, 178; New York Herald, June 23 and 25, 1864; Elizabeth Blair Lee to S. P. Lee, June 25, 1864, BLP.
36. ORN, I, 3:137–84.
37. ORN, I, 10:414–15, 420, 432–33, 441–44, 454–55, 502–3.
38. Whiting to Stephen Mallory, September 27, October 6, 1864, ibid., 751–52, 755; Foreman, A World on Fire, 649.
39. Mallory to Bulloch, April 30, 1862, and Bulloch to Mallory, July 4, 1862, in ORN, II, 2:186–87, 212, 222–26.
40. Foreman, A World on Fire, 409–10.
41. John R. Hamilton to James North, April 23, 1863, ORN, II, 2:409; Merli, Great Britain and the Confederate Navy, 160–77.
42. Merli, Great Britain and the Confederate Navy, 178–217; Bulloch to Stephen Mallory, December 2, 1862, and June 30, September 1, and October 20, 1863, ORN, II, 2:307, 445–46, 488, 507–11.
43. ORN, II, 2:185, 330, 361, 413, 439, 566, 581; quotation from Bulloch to Mallory, November 25, 1863, ibid., 524.
44. Bulloch to Mallory, June 10, 1864, ibid., 665–68, quotation from 666.
45. Slidell to Benjamin, June 2 and August 8, 1864, ibid., 1139, 1187. See also ibid., 423, 468, 526, 655, 692, 1148.
46. Bulloch to Mallory, February 17, 1864, ibid., 585.
47. Ibid., 477, 502, 574, 578, 625, 658, 662, 684, 703, 718, 720.
48. Semmes to Barron, June 14, 1864, and Semmes’s daily journal, June 15, 1864, ibid., I, 3:651, 677.
49. Winslow to Thomas A. Dudley, June 24, 1864, in Dillon, “Documents,” 127.
50. ORN, I, 3:665. For reports of the battle, see ibid., 50, 61, 651, 663.
51. ORN, I, 3:252–69, 631–42.
52. Hoogenboom, Gustavus Vasa Fox, 161–62, 190–91; Welles, Diary, 2:52–53, 81–82, 108, 241–42, entries of June 10, July 19, and August 17, 1864, February 21, 1865; Silverstone, Warships of Civil War Navies, 12–14.
1. Farragut to Loyall Farragut, February 21, 1864, DFP.
2. Quotation from Farragut to Virginia Farragut, June 21, 1864, in Farragut, Life of Farragut, 402. See also Farragut to Welles, May 8, 1864; Welles to Farragut, June 25, 1864; and David D. Porter to Edward R. S. Canby, July 1, 1864, in ORN, I, 21:267–68, 344, 368.
3. Ely, “This Filthy Ironpot,” 47–48.
4. Hults, “Aboard the Galena at Mobile,” 21, diary entry of August 4, 1864.
5. Brother, “Journal of Charles Brother,” Civil War Naval Chronology, 6:51.
6. Drayton to Samuel Francis Du Pont, September 18, 1864, in Du Pont, Civil War Letters, 3:383.
7. Brother, “Journal of Charles Brother,” Civil War Naval Chronology, 6:51, John O’Connell statement.
8. For all of the reports, dispatches, and other documentation of the battle, see ORN, I, 21:397–600. See also Farragut to General Benjamin Butler, August ?, 1864, DFP.
9. Purnell F. Harrington to his father, August 7, 1864, in Harrington, “Storming of Mobile Bay,” 16.
10. Ely, “This Filthy Ironpot,” 100, diary entry of August 5, 1864.
11. Brother, “Journal of Charles Brother,” Civil War Naval Chronology, 6:81–83, entry of August 5, 1864.
12. John William Draper to Farragut, August 29, 1864, DFP. For Lincoln’s blind memorandum, see Lincoln, Collected Works of Lincoln, 7:514–15.
13. Farragut to Welles, August 27, 1864, ORN, I, 21:612.
14. Welles, Diary, 2:127, entry of August 30, 1864.
15. Welles to Farragut, September 5 and 22 and October 1, 1864; Welles to Lee, September 17, 1864; and Welles to Porter, September 22, 1864, in ORN, I, 10:430–31, 467, 473–74, and ORN, I, 21:655–56, 668–69. Quotation from Welles, Diary, 2:146–47, entry of September 15, 1864.
16. ORN, I, 11:215–17. See also ibid., 68, 78–79, 90, 119, 207–15.
17. Porter to Rhind, December 17, 1864, ibid., 222–23.
18. Rhind to Porter, December 26, 1864, ibid., 226–27; Gragg, Confederate Goliath, 50–52.
19. Porter to Welles, December 24, 27, 29, ORN, I, 11:253, 261–62, 264.
20. Lamb to Major James H. Hill, December 27, 1864, ibid., 366–69; extract of Whiting’s report, February 19, 1865, ibid., 593.
21. “Special Orders No. 8,” January 3, 1865, ibid., 427.
22. Porter to Fox, January 7, 1865, in Porter, “Fort Fisher and Wilmington Campaign,” 467; “General Orders No. 81,” January 4, 1865, ORN, I, 11:427.
23. Porter to Welles, January 15, 1865, ORN, I, 11:434–35.
24. Two good modern accounts are Fonvielle, The Wilmington Campaign, and Gragg, Confederate Goliath.
25. Porter to Fox, January 20, 1865, in Porter, “Fort Fisher and Wilmington Campaign,” 470.
26. Stephens, Constitutional View of the War between the States, 2:619.
27. Mallory to Mitchell, January 16 and 21, 1865, ORN, I, 11:797–98, 803.
28. Ibid., 635–41, 644–45, 650–51, 655–56, 658.
29. Ibid., 662–63.
30. ORN, I, 12:184–85.
31. ORN, I, 26:598–630, 683.
32. Ibid., 670, 678–79; ORN, I, 27:10–12, 153.
33. ORN, I, 27:154 and passim.
34. Mallory to Bulloch, November 17 and December 16, 1864, ORN, II, 2:767, 779.
35. ORN, I, 3:749–55; ORN, II, 2:701, 708, 713, 717, 731–32; Chaffin, Sea of Gray.
36. Barron to Captain Thomas J. Page, December 17, 1864, ORN, I, 3:719–20.
37. Craven to Welles, March 29, 1865, ibid., 461–62.
38. Page to Bulloch, March 25, 1865, ibid., 742.
39. Ibid., 467–70.
1. Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority, 206.
2. “Report of the Secretary of the Navy,” December 5, 1864, xxiii; “Report of the Secretary of the Navy,” December 5, 1865, xiii.
3. Silverstone, Warships of Civil War Navies, 200–249.
4. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 250–90; Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy, 221 and passim.
5. Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority, 162.
6. Ibid., 6.
7. Scharf, History of the Confederate States Navy, v.