NOTES

 

 

 

[1] BLANNING, Tim. The Pursuit of Glory (Nova York: Penguin Books, 2008), 52.

[2] Ibíd., 53. Vegeu també: NEUMANN, J., i LINDGRÉN, S. «Great Historical Events That Were Significantly Affected by the Weather: 4, The Great Famines in Finland and Estonia, 1695-97», Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 60 (1979), 775-787; APPLEBY, Andrew B. «Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age», Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 10:4 (1980), 643-663; GRÁDA, Cormac Ó., i CHEVET, Jean-Michel. «Famine and Market in Ancien Régime France», Journal of Economic History, 62:3 (2002), 706-773.

[3] DARMON, Nicole, et al. «L’insécurité alimentaire pour raisons financières en France», Observatoire National de la Pauvreté et de l’Exclusion Sociale, https://www.onpes.gouv.fr/IMG/ pdf/ Darmon.pdf, últim accés el 3 de març de 2015; Rapport Annuel 2013, Banques Alimentaires, http://en.calameo.com/read/ 001358178ec47d2018425, últim accés el 4 de març de 2015.

[4] DOBBS, Richard, et al. «How the World Could Better Fight Obesity», McKinseys & Company, novembre de 2014, últim accés l’11 de desembre de 2014, http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/economic_studies/how_the_world_could_better_fight_obesity.

[5] «Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2013», Lancet, 18 de desembre de 2014, últim accés el 18 de desembre de 2014, http://www.thelancet.com/themed/global-burden-of-disease; ADAMS, Stephen. «Obesity Killing Three Times As Many As Malnutrition», Telegraph, 13 de desembre de 2012, últim accés el 18 de desembre de 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9742960/Obesity-killing-three-times-as-many-as-malnutrition.html.

[6] LOPEZ, Robert S. The Birth of Europe [en hebreu] (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1990), 427.

[7] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Yersinia_pestis.jpg.

[8] CROSBY, W., i ALFRED W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1972); MCNEILL, William H. Plagues and Peoples (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1977).

[9] THOMAS, Hugh. Conquest: Cortes, Montezuma and the Fall of Old Mexico (Nova York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 443-446; ACUNA-SOTO, Rodolfo, et al. «Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico», Historical Review, 8:4 (2002), 360-362; COOK, Sherburne F., i SIMPSON, Lesley Byrd. The Population of Central Mexico in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948).

[10] DIAMOND, Jared. Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies [en hebreu] (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 2002), 167.

[11] TAUBENBERGER, Jeffery K., i MORENS, David M. «1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics», Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12:1 (2006), 15-22; JOHNSON, Niall P. A. S., i MUELLER, Juergen. «Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918-1920 “Spanish” Influenza Pandemic», Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 76:1 (2002), 105-115; KNOBLER, Stacey L.; MACK, Alison; MAHMOUD, Adel, et al. (ed.). The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (Washington DC: National Academies Press, 2005), 57-110; REYBROUCK, David van. Congo: The Epic History of a People (Nova York: Harper Collins, 2014), 164; CHANDRA, Siddharta; KULJANIN, Gorani, i WRAY, Jennifer. «Mortality from the Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919: The Case of India», Demography, 49:3 (2012), 857-865; KOHN, George C. Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present, 3a ed. (Nova York: Facts on File, 2008), 363.

[12] Les mitjanes entre el 2005 i el 2010 van ser del 4,6 % globalment, del 7,9 % a l’Àfrica i del 0,7 % a Europa i l’Amèrica del Nord. Vegeu: «Infant Mortality Rate (Both Sexes Combined) by Major Area, Region and Country, 1950-2010 (Infant Deaths for 1000 Live Births), estimates», World Population Prospects: the 2010 Revision, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, abril de 2011, últim accés el 26 de maig de 2012, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm. Vegeu també: BIDEAU, Alain; DESJARDINS, Bertrand, i PÉREZ-BRIGNOLI, Héctor (ed.). Infant and Child Mortality in the Past (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); WRIGLEY, Edward Anthony, et al. English Population History from Family Reconstitution, 1580-1837 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 295-296, 303.

[13] KOPLOW, David A. Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004); OMRAN, Abdel R. «The Epidemiological Transition: A Theory of Population Change», Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 83:4 (2005), 731-757; MCKEOWN, Thomas. The Modern Rise of Populations (Nova York: Academic Press, 1976); SZRETER, Simon. Health and Wealth: Studies in History and Policy (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2005); FLOUD, Roderick; FOGEL, Robert W.; HARRIS, Bernard, i CHUL HONG, Sok. The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition and Human Development in the Western World since 1700 (Nova York: Cambridge University Press, 2011); RILEY, James C. Rising Life Expectancy: A Global History (Nova York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

[14] «Cholera», Organització Mundial de la Salut, febrer de 2014, últim accés el 18 de desembre de 2014, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html.

[15] «Experimental Therapies: Growing Interest in the Use of Whole Blood or Plasma from Recovered Ebola Patients», Organització Mundial de la Salut, 26 de setembre de 2014, últim accés el 23 d’abril de 2015, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/26-september-2014/en/.

[16] FAN, Hung Y.; CONNER, Ross F., i VILLARREAL, Luis P. AIDS: Science and Society, 6a ed. (Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011).

[17] PIOT, Peter, i QUINN, Thomas C. «Response to the AIDS Pandemic – A Global Health Model», The New England Journal of Medicine, 368:23 (2013), 2210-2218.

[18] La «vellesa» no consta mai com a causa de mort en les estadístiques oficials. En comptes d’això, quan una anciana fràgil sucumbeix a una infecció o altra, és aquesta infecció la que consta com a causa de la mort. Per això, oficialment, les malalties infeccioses continuen sent responsables de més del 20 % de morts. Tanmateix, és una situació fonamentalment diferent de la de segles passats, quan grans quantitats d’infants morien per malalties infeccioses.

[19] LIVERMORE, David M. «Bacterial Resistance: Origins, Epidemiology, and Impact», Clinical Infectious Diseases, 36:s1 (2005), s11-23; WAX, Richards G., et al. (ed.). Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobials, 2a ed. (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008); BABIC, Maja, i BONOMO, Robert A. «Mutations as a Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance», a Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance, Douglas Mayers (ed.), vol. 1 (Nova York: Humana Press, 2009), 65-74; DAVIES, Julian, i DAVIES, Dorothy. «Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance», Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 74:3 (2010), 417-433; FAIR, Richard J., i TOR, Yitzhak. «Antibiotics and Bacterial Resistance in the 21st Century», Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry, 6 (2014), 25-64.

[20] ALANIS, Alfonso J. «Resistance to Antibiotics: Are We in the Post-Antibiotic Era?», Archives of Medical Research, 36:6 (2005), 697-705; HARBARTH, Stephan, i SAMORE, Matthew H. «Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants and Future Control», Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11:6 (2005), 794-801; YONEYAMA, Hiroshi, i KATSUMATA, Ryoichi. «Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria and Its Future for Novel Antibiotic Development», Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 70:5 (2006), 1060-1075; ARIAS, Cesar A., i MURRAY, Barbara E. «Antibiotic-Resistant Bugs in the 21st Century – A Clinical Super-Challenge», New England Journal of Medicine, 360 (2009), 439-443; SPELLBERG, Brad; BARTLETT, John G., i GILBERT, David N. «The Future of Antibiotics and Resistance», New England Journal of Medicine, 368 (2013), 299-302.

[21] LING, Losee L., et al. «A New Antibiotic Kills Pathogens without Detectable Resistance», Nature, 517 (2015), 455-459; WRIGHT, Gerard. «Antibiotics: An Irresistible Newcomer», Nature, 517 (2015), 442-444.

[22] TZEZANA, Roey. The Guide to the Future [en hebreu] (Haifa: Roey Tzezana, 2013), 209-233.

[23] GAT, Azar. War in Human Civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 130-131; PINKER, Steven. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (Nova York: Viking, 2011); GOLDSTEIN, Joshua S. Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide (Nova York: Dutton, 2011); WALKER, Robert S., i BAILEY, Drew H. «Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence», Evolution and Human Behavior, 34:1 (2013), 29-34; THORPE, I. J. N. «Anthropology, Archaeology, and the Origin of Warfare», World Archaeology, 35:1 (2003), 145-165; KELLY, Raymond C. Warless Societies and the Origin of War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000); KEELEY, Lawrence H. War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); VENCL, Slavomil. «Stone Age Warfare», a Ancient Warfare: Archaeological Perspectives, CARMAN, John, i HARDING, Anthony (ed.) (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999), 57-73.

[24] «Global Health Observatory Data Repository, 2012», Organització Mundial de la Salut, últim accés el 16 d’agost de 2015, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.RCODWO RLD?lang=en; «Global Study on Homicide, 2013», UNODC, últim accés el 16 d’agost de 2015, http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf; http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html.

[25] REYBROUCK, David van. Congo, 456-457.

[26] Morts per obesitat: «Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2013», Lancet, 18 de desembre de 2014, últim accés el 18 de desembre de 2014, http://www.thelancet.com/themed/global-burden-of-disease; ADAMS, Stephen. «Obesity Killing Three Times As Many As Malnutrition», Telegraph, 13 de desembre de 2012, últim accés el 18 de desembre de 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9742960/Obesity-killing-three-times-as-many-as-malnutrition.html. Morts per terrorisme: Global Terrorism Database, http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/, últim accés el 16 de gener de 2016.

[27] MCNICOLL, Arion. «How Google’s Calico Aims to Fight Aging and “Solve Death”», CNN, 3 d’octubre de 2013, últim accés el 19 de desembre de 2014, http://edition.cnn.com /2013/10/03/tech/innovation/google-calico-aging-death/.

[28] BROOKER, Katrina. «Google Ventures and the Search for Immortality», Bloomberg, 9 de març de 2015, últim accés el 15 d’abril de 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-09/google-ventures-bill-maris-investing-in-idea-of-living-to-500.

[29] Brown, Mick. «Peter Thiel: The Billionaire Tech Entrepreneur on a Mission to Cheat Death», Telegraph, 19 de setembre de 2014, últim accés el 19 de desembre de 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/11098971/Peter-Thiel-the-billionaire-tech-entrepreneur-on-a-mission-to-cheat-death.html.

[30] HILL, Kim, et al. «Mortality Rates among Wild Chimpanzees», Journal of Human Evolution, 40:5 (2001), 437-450; HERNDON, James G. «Brain Weight Throughout the Life Span of the Chimpanzee», Journal of Comparative Neurology, 409 (1999), 567-572.

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[32] «Mental Health: Age Standardized Suicide Rates (per 100,000 Population), 2012», Organització Mundial de la Salut, últim accés el 28 de desembre de 2014, http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/mental_health/suicide_rates/atlas.html.

[33] MORRIS, Ian. Why the West Rules – For Now (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2010), 626-629.

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[37] TURNBULL, Oliver, i SOLMS, Mark. The Brain and the Inner World [en hebreu] (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2005), 92-96; BERRIDGE, Kent. C., i KRINGELBACH, Morten L. «Affective Neuroscience of Pleasure: Reward in Humans and Animals», Psychopharmacology, 199 (2008), 457-480; KRINGELBACH, Morten L. The Pleasure Center: Trust Your Animal Instincts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

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[39] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html, últim accés el 4 de gener de 2016; HARRIS, Sarah. «Number of Children Given Drugs for ADHD Up Ninefold with Patients As Young As Three Being Prescribed Ritalin», Daily Mail, 28 de juny de 2013, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2351427/Number-children-given-drugs-ADHD-ninefold-patients-young-THREE-prescribed-Ritalin.html, últim accés el 4 de gener de 2016; International Narcotics Control Board (UN), Psychotropics Substances, Statistics for 2013, Assessments of Annual Medical and Scientific Requirements 2014, 39-40.

[40] No hi ha prou proves referents al consum d’aquests estimulants en nens, però un estudi del 2013 ha descobert que entre el 5 % i el 15 % d’estudiants universitaris dels Estats Units han consumit il·legalment alguna mena d’estimulant almenys una vegada: RAGAN, C. Ian; BARD, Imre, i SINGH, Illina. «What Should We Do about Student Use of Cognitive Enhancers? An Analysis of Current Evidence», Neuropharmacology, 64 (2013), 589.

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[45] PAYNE, Samantha. «Stockholm: Members of Epicenter Workspace Are Using Microchip Implants to Open Doors», International Business Times, 31 de gener de 2015, últim accés el 9 d’agost de 2015, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/stockholm-office-workers-epicenter-implanted-microchips-pay-their-lunch-1486045.

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[48] SANTONI-RUGIO, Paolo. A History of Plastic Surgery (Berlín, Heidelberg: Springer, 2007); BROER, P. Niclas; LEVINE, Steven M., i JURAN, Sabrina. «Plastic Surgery: Quo Vadis? Current Trends and Future Projections of Aesthetic Plastic Surgical Procedures in the United States», Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 133:3 (2014), 293e-302e.

[49] FIRFER, Holly. «How Far Will Couples Go to Conceive?», CNN, 17 de juny de 2004, últim accés el 3 de maig de 2015, http://edition.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/03/12/infertility.treatment/index.html?iref=allsearch.

[50] MASON, Rowena, i DEVLIN, Hannah. «MPs Vote in Favour of “Three-Person Embryo” Law», Guardian, 3 de febrer de 2015, últim accés el 3 de maig de 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/03/mps-vote-favour-three-person-embryo-law.

[51] SMITH, Lionel S., i FELLOWES, Mark D. E. «Towards a Lawn without Grass: The Journey of the Imperfect Lawn and Its Analogues», Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscape, 33:3 (2013), 158-159; HUNT, John Dixon, i WILLIS, Peter (ed.). The Genius of the Place: The English Landscape Garden 1620-1820, 5a ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), 1-45; HELMRIECH, Anne. The English Garden and National Identity: The Competing Styles of Garden Design 1870-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 1-6.

[52] LAKE, Robert J. «Social Class, Etiquette and Behavioral Restraint in British Lawn Tennis», International Journal of the History of Sport, 28:6 (2011), 876-894; COLOMINA, Beatriz. «The Lawn at War: 1941-1961», a The American Lawn, TEYSSOT, Georges (ed.) (Nova York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999), 135-153; SCOTT JENKINS, Virginia. The Lawn: History of an American Obsession (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1994).

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[5] LEWIS, Simon L., i MASLIN, Mark A. «Defining the Anthropocene», Nature, 519 (2015), 171-180.

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[14] HELFT, M. «Pig video arcades critique life in the pen», Wired, 6 de juny de 1997, http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/1997/06/4302, últim accés el 27 de gener de 2016.

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[16] TURNBULL i SOLMS, Brain and the Inner World, 90-92.

[17] HAREL, David. Algorithmics: The Spirit of Computers, 3a ed. [en hebreu] (Tel Aviv: Open University of Israel, 2001), 4-6; BERLINSKI, David. The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer (San Diego: Harcourt, 2000); ROGERS Jr., Hartley. Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability, 3a ed. (Cambridge, MA, i Londres: MIT Press, 1992), 1-5; BLASS, Andreas, i GUREVICH, Yuri. «Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Definitions», Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science, 81 (2003), 195-225; KNUTH, Donald E. The Art of Computer Programming, 2a ed. (Nova Jersey: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1973).

[18] KAHNEMAN, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow (Nova York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011); ARIELY, Dan. Predictably Irrational (Nova York: Harper, 2009).

[19] GREGG, Justin. Are Dolphins Really Smart? The Mammal Behind the Myth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 81-87; PANKSEPP, Jaak. «Affective Consciousness: Core Emotional Feelings in Animals and Humans», Consciousness and Cognition, 14:1 (2005), 30-80.

[20] FLEMING, A. S.; O’DAY, D. H., i KRAEMER, G. W. «Neurobiology of Mother-Infant Interactions: Experience and Central Nervous System Plasticity Across Development and Generations», Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 23:5 (1999), 673-685; BROAD, K. D.; CURLEY, J. P., i KEVERNE, E. B. «Mother-Infant Bonding and the Evolution of Mammalian Relationship», Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 361:1476 (2006), 2199-2214; MOGI, Kazutaka; NAGASAWA, Miho, i KIKUSUI, Takefumi. «Developmental Consequences and Biological Significance of Mother-Infant Bonding», Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 35:5 (2011), 1232-1241; OKABE, Shota, et al. «The Importance of Mother-Infant Communication for Social Bond Formation in Mammals», Animal Science Journal, 83:6 (2012), 446-452.

[21] O’MALLEY HALLEY, Jean. Boundaries of Touch: Parenting and Adult-Child Intimacy (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 50-51; TAYLOR ALLEN, Ann. Feminism and Motherhood in Western Europe, 1890-1970: The Maternal Dilemma (Nova York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 190.

[22] BIRNBAUM, Lucille C. «Behaviorism in the 1920s», American Quarterly, 7:1 (1955), 18.

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[25] CAUVIN, Jacques. The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); INGORD, Tim. «From Trust to Domination: An Alternative History of Human-Animals Relations», a Animals and Human Society: Changing Perspectives, MANNING, Aubrey, i SERPELL, James (ed.) (Nova York: Routledge, 2002), 1-22; KALECHOFSKY, Roberta. «Hierarchy, Kinship and Responsibility», a A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science and Ethics, PATTON, Kimberley, i WALDAU, Paul (ed.) (Nova York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 91-102; RUSSELL, Nerissa. Social Zooarchaeology: Humans and Animals in Prehistory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 207-258; DEMELLO, Margo. Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human-Animal Studies (Nova York: University of Columbia Press, 2012).

[26] LANG, Olivia. «Hindu Sacrifice of 250,000 Animals Begins», Guardian, 24 de novembre de 2009, últim accés el 21 de desembre de 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/ 2009/nov/24/hindu-sacrifice-gadhimai-festival-nepal.

[27] FOSTER, Benjamin R. (ed.). The Epic of Gilgamesh (Nova York, Londres: W. W. Norton, 2001), 90.

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[30] CHAPPLE, Christopher. Nonviolence to Animals, Earth and Self in Asian Traditions (Nova York: State University of New York Press, 1993); PRIME, Panchor. Hinduism and Ecology: Seeds of Truth (Londres: Cassell, 1992); KEY CHAPPLE, Christopher. «The Living Cosmos of Jainism: A Traditional Science Grounded in Environmental Ethics», Daedalus, 130:4 (2001), 207-224; PHELPS, Norm. The Great Compassion: Buddhism and Animal Rights (Nova York: Lantern Books, 2004); KEOWN, Damien. Buddhist Ethics: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), cap. 3; PATTON, Kimberley, i WALDAU, Paul (ed.). A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science and Ethics (Nova York: Columbia University Press, 2006), esp. 179-250; SAHNI, Pragati. Environmental Ethics in Buddhism: A Virtues Approach (Nova York: Routledge, 2008); KEMMERER, Lisa, i NOCELLA II, Anthony J. (ed.). Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World’s Religions (Nova York: Lantern, 2011), esp. 15-103; KEMMERER, Lisa. Animals and World Religions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), esp. 56-126; ARISTARKHOVA, Irina. «Thou Shall Not Harm All Living Beings: Feminism, Jainism and Animals», Hypatia, 27:3 (2012), 636-650; CLERCQ, Eva de. «Karman and Compassion: Animals in the Jain Universal History», Religions of South Asia, 7 (2013), 141-157.

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[1] Gallup. «Evolution, Creationism, Intelligent Design», últim accés el 20 de desembre de 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/21814/evolution-creationism-intelligent-design.aspx; Frank Newport, «In US, 46 per cent Hold Creationist View of Human Origins», Gallup, 1 de juny de 2012, últim accés el 21 de desembre de 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/155003/hold-creationist-view-human-origins.aspx.

[2] GREGG. Are Dolphins Really Smart?, 82-83.

[3] DEHAENE, Stanislas. Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts (Nova York: Viking, 2014); PINKER, Steven. How the Mind Works (Nova York: W. W. Norton, 1997).

[4] DEHAENE. Consciousness and the Brain.

[5] Els gurus poden assenyalar el teorema d’incompletesa de Gödel, segons el qual cap sistema d’axiomes matemàtics pot demostrar totes les veritats aritmètiques. Sempre hi haurà algunes afirmacions veritables que no es podran demostrar dins del sistema. En la literatura popular aquest teorema de vegades és apropiat per explicar l’existència de la ment. Presumptament, les ments són necessàries per tractar amb aquestes veritats no demostrades. Tanmateix, no és gens evident per què els éssers vius necessiten involucrar-se amb veritats matemàtiques tan arcanes. De fet, la immensa majoria de les nostres decisions conscients no impliquen res d’això.

[6] STEINER, Christopher. Automate This: How Algorithms Came to Rule Our World (Nova York: Penguin, 2012), 215; VANDERBILT, Tom. «Let the Robot Drive: The Autonomous Car of the Future is Here», Wired, 20 de gener de 2012, últim accés el 21 de desembre de 2014, http://www.wired.com/2012/ 01/ff_autonomouscars/all/; URMSON, Chris. «The Self-Driving Car Logs More Miles on New Wheels», Google Official Blog, 7 d’agost de 2012, últim accés el 23 de desembre de 2014, http://googleblog.blogspot.hu/2012/08/the-self-driving-car-logs-more-miles-on.html; RICHTEL, Matt, i DOUGHERTY, Conor. «Google’s Driverless Cars Run Into Problem: Cars With Drivers», New York Times, 1 de setembre de 2015, últim accés el 2 de setembre de 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/technology/personaltech/google-says-its-not-the-driverless-cars-fault-its-other-drivers.html?_r=1.

[7] DEHAENE. Consciousness and the Brain.

[8] Ibíd., cap. 7.

[9] «The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness», 7 de juliol de 2012, últim accés el 21 de desembre de 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20131109230457/http://fcmconference.org/img/CambridgeDeclarationOnConsciousness.pdf.

[10] CYRAN, John F.; VALENTINO, Rita J., i LUCKI, Irwin. «Assessing Substrates Underlying the Behavioral Effects of Antidepressants Using the Modified Rat Forced Swimming Test», Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 29:4-5 (2005), 569-574; PETIT-DEMOULIÈRE, Benoit; CHENU, Frank, i BOURIN, Michel. «Forced Swimming Test in Mice: A Review of Antidepressant Activity», Psychopharmacology, 177:3 (2005), 245-255; GARCIA, Leda S. B., et al. «Acute Administration of Ketamine Induces Antidepressant-like Effects in the Forced Swimming Test and Increases BDNF Levels in the Rat Hippocampus», Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32:1 (2008), 140-144; CRYAN, John F.; MOMBEREAU, Cedric, i VASSOUT, Annick. «The Tail Suspension Test as a Model for Assessing Antidepressant Activity: Review of Pharmacological and Genetic Studies in Mice», Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 29:4-5 (2005), 571-625; CROWLEY, James J.; BLENDY, Julie A., i LUCKI, Irwin. «Strain-dependent Antidepressant-like Effects of Citalopram in the Mouse Tail Suspension Test», Psychopharmacology, 183:2 (2005), 257-264; BRENES, Juan C.; PADILLA, Michael, i FORNAGUERA, Jaime. «A Detailed Analysis of Open-Field Habituation and Behavioral and Neurochemical Antidepressant-like Effects in Postweaning Enriched Rats», Behavioral Brain Research, 197:1 (2009), 125-137; BRENES SÁENZ, Juan Carlos; RODRÍGUEZ VILLAGRA, Odir, i FORNAGUERA TRÍAS, Jaime, «Factor Analysis of Forced Swimming Test, Sucrose Preference Test and Open Field Test on Enriched, Social and Isolated Reared Rats», Behavioral Brain Research, 169:1 (2006), 57-65.

[11] BEKOFF, Marc. «Observations of Scent-Marking and Discriminating Self from Others by a Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris): Tales of Displaced Yellow Snow», Behavioral Processes, 55:2 (2011), 75-79.

[12] Sobre els diferents nivells d’autoconsciència, vegeu: GREGG. Are Dolphins Really Smart?, 59-66.

[13] RABY, Carolyn R., et al. «Planning for the Future by Western Scrub Jays», Nature, 445:7130 (2007), 919-921.

[14] BALTER, Michael. «Stone-Throwing Chimp is Back – And This Time It’s Personal», Science, 9 de maig de 2012, últim accés el 21 de desembre de 2014, http://news.sciencemag.org/2012/05/stone-throwing-chimp-back-and-time-its-personal; SHETTLEWORTH, Sara J. «Clever Animals and Killjoy Explanations in Comparative Psychology», Trends in Coginitive Sciences, 14:11 (2010), 477-481.

[15] GREGG. Are Dolphins Really Smart?; CLAYTON, Nicola S.; BUSSEY, Timothy J., i DICKINSON, Anthony. «Can Animals Recall the Past and Plan for the Future?», Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4:8 (2003), 685-691; ROBERTS, William A. «Are Animals Stuck in Time?», Psychological Bulletin, 128:3 (2002), 473-489; TULVING, Endel. «Episodic Memory and Autonoesis: Uniquely Human?», a The Missing Link in Cognition: Evolution of Self-Knowing Consciousness, TERRACE, Herbert S., i METCALFE, Janet (ed.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 3-56; NAQSHBANDI, Mariam, i ROBERTS, William A. «Anticipation of Future Events in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and Rats (Rattus norvegicus): Tests of the Bischof-Kohler Hypothesis», Journal of Comparative Psychology, 120:4 (2006), 345-357.

[16] BARTAL, I. B. A.; DECETY, J., i MASON, P. «Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats», Science, 334:6061 (2011), 1427-1430; GREGG. Are Dolphins Really Smart?, 89.

[17] KRALL, Karl. Dekende Tiere: eigener Grund auf Tierseelemkunde zur Beiträge Versuche (Leipzig: F. Engelmann, 1912).

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[19] Vegeu també: WILSON, Edward O. The Social Conquest of the Earth (Nova York: Liveright, 2012).

[20] BLACK, Cyril Edwin (ed.). The Transformation of Russian Society: Aspects of Social Change since 1861 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), 279.

[21] NAEMI09, «Nicolae Ceauşescu LAST SPEECH (english subtitles) part 1 of 2», 22 d’abril de 2010, últim accés el 21 de desembre de 2014, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w WIbCtz_Xwk.

[22] GALLAGHER, Tom. Theft of a Nation: Romania since Communism (Londres: Hurst, 2005).

[23] DUNBAR, Robin. Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).

[24] TVP University. «Capuchin monkeys reject unequal pay», 15 de desembre de 2012, últim accés el 21 de desembre de 2014, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKhAd0Tyny0.

[25] Citat a DUFFY, Christopher. Military Experience in the Age of Reason (Londres: Routledge, 2005), 98-99.

[26] PLOGHY, Serhii. The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union (Londres: Oneworld, 2014), 309.

[27] «RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States», de l’arxiu RIA Novosti, imatge #848095 / U. Ivanov / CC-BY-SA 3.0. Llicència de CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RI AN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg#/media/File:RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg.

[1] HASSAN, Fekri A. «Holocene Lakes and Prehistoric Settlements of the Western Fayum, Egypt», Journal of Archaeological Science, 13:5 (1986), 393-504; GARBRECHT, Gunther. «Water Storage (Lake Moeris) in the Fayum Depression, Legend or Reality?», Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 1:3 (1987), 143-157; GARBRECHT, Gunther. «Historical Water Storage for Irrigation in the Fayum Depression (Egypt)», Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 10:1 (1996), 47-76.

[2] BAUER, Yehuda. A History of the Holocaust (Danbur: Franklin Watts, 2001), 249.

[3] OI, Jean C. State and Peasant in Contemporary China: The Political Economy of Village Government (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 91; BECKER, Jasper. Hungry Ghosts: China’s Secret Famine (Londres: John Murray, 1996); DIKKOTER, Frank. Mao’s Great Famine: The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62 (Londres: Bloomsbury, 2010).

[4] MEREDITH, Martin. The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair: A History of Fifty Years of Independence (Nova York: Public Affairs, 2006); RYDENFELT, Sven. «Lessons from Socialist Tanzania», The Freeman, 36:9 (1986); BLAIR, David. «Africa in a Nutshell», Telegraph, 10 de maig de 2006, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/davidblair/3631941/Africa_in_a_nutshell/.

[5] OLIVER, Roland Anthony. Africa since 1800, 5a ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 100-123; REYBROUCK, David van. Congo: The Epic History of a People (Nova York: Harper Collins, 2014), 58-59.

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[1] SCOTT DIXON, C. Protestants: A History from Wittenberg to Pennsylvania, 1517-1740 (Chichester, RU: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 15; WILLIAMS, Peter W. America’s Religions: From Their Origins to the Twenty-First Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 82.

[2] Anticrist 1, de Lucas Cranach el Vell. El primer de publicar-la a internet va ser Epiphyllumlover a en.wikipedia – transferit d’en.wikipedia (text original: Google Books). Llicència de domini públic via Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antichrist1.jpg#/media/File:Antichrist1.jpg.

[3] HAUSFATER, Glenn, i BLAFFER, Sarah (ed.). Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives (Nova York: Aldine, 1984), 449; ALIA, Valeria. Names and Nunavut: Culture and Identity in the Inuit Homeland (Nova York: Berghahn Books, 2007), 23; PETRINOVICH, Lewis. Human Evolution, Reproduction and Morality (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), 256; POSNER, Richard A. Sex and Reason (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 289.

[4] DELPH, Ronald K. «Valla Grammaticus, Agostino Steuco, and the Donation of Constantine», Journal of the History of Ideas, 57:1 (1996), 55-77; M. LEVINE, Joseph M. «Reginald Pecock and Lorenzo Valla on the Donation of Constantine», Studies in the Renaissance, 20 (1973), 118-143.

[5] BOCCACCINI, Gabriele. Roots of Rabbinic Judaism (Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2002); COHEN, Shaye J. D. From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, 2a ed. (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006), 153-157; MCDONALD, Lee M., i SANDERS, James A. (ed.), The Canon Debate (Peabody: Hendrickson, 2002), 4.

[6] HARRIS, Sam. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values (Nova York: Free Press, 2010).

[1] WILKINSON, Gerald S. «The Social Organization of the Common Vampire Bat II», Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 17:2 (1985), 123-134; WILKINSON, Gerald S. «Reciprocal Food Sharing in the Vampire Bat», Nature, 308:5955 (1984), 181-184; FLORES CRESPO, Raúl, et al. «Foraging Behavior of the Common Vampire Bat Related to Moonlight», Journal of Mammalogy, 53:2 (1972), 366-368.

[2] LIAN, Goh Chin. «Admin Service Pay: Pensions Removed, National Bonus to Replace GDP Bonus», Straits Times, 8 d’abril de 2013, últim accés el 9 de febrer de 2016, http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/admin-service-pay-pensions-removed-national-bonus-to-replace-gdp-bonus.

[3] WONG, Edward. «In China, Breathing Becomes a Childhood Risk», New York Times, 22 d’abril de 2013, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/23/world/asia/pollution-is-radically-changing-childhood-in-chinas-cities.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0; DEMICK, Barbara. «China Entrepreneurs Cash in on Air Pollution», Los Angeles Times, 2 de febrer de 2013, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/02/world/la-fg-china-pollution-20130203.

[4] IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change – Summery for Policymakers, EDENHOFER, Ottmar et al. (ed.) (Cambridge i Nova York: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 6.

[5] UNEP, The Emissions Gap Report 2012 (Nairobi: UNEP, 2012); IEA, Energy Policies of IEA Countries: The United States (París: IEA, 2008).

[6] Per a un debat detallat, vegeu: CHANG, Ha-Joon. 23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism (Nova York: Bloomsbury Press, 2010).

[1] ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques. Émile, ou de l’éducation (París, 1967), 348.

[2] «Journalists Syndicate Says Charlie Hebdo Cartoons “Hurt Feelings”, Washington Okays», Egypt Independent, 14 de gener de 2015, últim accés el 12 d’agost de 2015, http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/journalists-syndicate-says-charlie-hebdo-cartoons-per centE2per cent80per cent98hurt -feelings-washington-okays.

[3] DAROM, Naomi. «Evolution on Steroids», Haaretz, 13 de juny de 2014.

[*] La fórmula inclou un símbol de multiplicar perquè els elements treballen l’un sobre l’altre. Almenys segons els escolàstics medievals, no pots entendre la Bíblia sense lògica. Si el valor de la teva lògica és zero, encara que et llegeixis totes les pàgines de la Bíblia la suma del teu coneixement continuaria sent zero. A la inversa, si el valor de la teva escriptura és zero, cap quantitat de lògica et pot ajudar. Si la fórmula utilitzés el símbol de suma, la implicació seria que algú amb molta lògica i cap escriptura encara tindria molt de coneixement, cosa que nosaltres podem trobar raonable, però els escolàstics medievals no.

[4] BRUFORD, Walter Horace. The German Tradition of Self-Cultivation: «Bildung» from Humboldt to Thomas Mann (Londres, Nova York: Cambridge University Press, 1975), 24, 25.

[5] «All-Time 100 TV Shows: Survivor», Time, 6 de setembre de 2007, últim accés el 12 d’agost de 2015, http://time.com/3103831/survivor/.

[6] KLAY, Phil. Redeployment (Londres: Canongate, 2015), 170.

[7] HARARI, Yuval Noah. The Ultimate Experience: Battlefield Revelations and the Making of Modern War Culture, 1450-2000 (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); HARARI, Yuval Noah. «Armchairs, Coffee and Authority: Eye-witnesses and Flesh-witnesses Speak about War, 1100-2000», Journal of Military History, 74:1 (gener de 2010), 53-78.

[*] En la política nord-americana, el liberalisme s’interpreta sovint de manera més restringida i en oposició a conservadorisme. En el sentit ampli del terme, tanmateix, la majoria de nord-americans conservadors també són liberals.

[8] «Angela Merkel Attacked over Crying Refugee Girl», BBC, 17 de juliol de 2015, últim accés el 12 d’agost de 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33555619.

[9] HOUSMAN, Laurence. War Letters of Fallen Englishmen (Filadèlfia: University of Pennsylvania State, 2002), 159.

[10] BOWDEN, Mark. Black Hawk Down: The Story of Modern Warfare (Nova York: New American Library, 2001), 301-302.

[11] HITLER, Adolf. Mein Kampf, trad. Ralph Manheim (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943), 165.

[12] OSNOS, Evan. Age of Ambition: Chasing Fortune, Truth and Faith in the New China (Londres: Vintage, 2014), 95.

[13] HARRISON, Mark (ed.). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 3-10; ELLIS, John. World War II: A Statistical Survey (Nova York: Facts on File, 1993); DEAR, I. C. B. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to the Second World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).

[14] «Saigon-hubert-van-es», de Source. Ús raonable autoritzat via Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saigon-hubert-van-es.jpg#/media/File:Saigon-hubert-van-es.jpg.

[15] HARAWAY, Donna. «A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century», a Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, HARAWAY, Donna (ed.) (Nova York: Routledge, 1991), 149-181.

[1] Per a un debat detallat, vegeu: GAZZANIGA, Michael S. Who’s in Charge?: Free Will and the Science of the Brain (Nova York: Ecco, 2011).

[2] SOON, Chun Siong, et al. «Unconscious Determinants of Free Decisions in the Human Brain», Nature Neuroscience, 11:5 (2008), 543-545. Vegeu també: WEGNER, Daniel. The Illusion of Conscious Will (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002); LIBET, Benjamin. «Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action», Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8 (1985), 529-566.

[3] TALWAR, Sanjiv K., et al. «Rat Navigation Guided by Remote Control», Nature, 417:6884 (2002), 37-38; HARDER, Ben. «Scientists “Drive” Rats by Remote Control», National Geographic, 1 de maig de 2012, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/05/ 0501_020501_roborats.html; CLARKE, Tom. «Here Come the Ratbots: Desire Drives Remote-Controlled Rodents», Nature, 2 de maig de 2002, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.nature.com/news/1998/020429/full/news 020429-9.html; GRAHAM-ROWE, Duncan. «“Robo-rat” Controlled by Brain Electrodes», New Scientist, 1 de maig de 2002, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2237-roborat-controlled-by-brain-electrodes.html#.UwOPiNrNtkQ.

[4] http://fusion.net/story/204316/darpa-is-implanting-chips-in-soldiers-brains/; http://www.theverge.com/2014/5/28/5 758018/darpa-teams-begin-work-on-tiny-brain-implant-to-treat-ptsd.

[5] REISFELD, Smadar. «Outside of the Cuckoo’s Nest», Haaretz, 6 de març de 2015.

[6] HURLEY, Dan. «US Military Leads Quest for Futuristic Ways to Boost IQ», Newsweek, 5 de març de 2014, http://www.newsweek.com/2014/03/14/us-military-leads-quest-futuristic-ways-boost-iq-247945.html, últim accés el 9 de gener de 2015; Human Effectiveness Directorate, http://www.wpafb.af.mil/afrl/rh/index.asp; MCKINLEY, R. Andy, et al. «Acceleration of Image Analyst Training with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation», Behavioral Neuroscience, 127:6 (2013), 936-946; NELSON, Jeremy T., et al. «Enhancing Vigilance in Operators with Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS)», NeuroImage, 85 (2014), 909-917; SCHELDRUP, Melissa, et al. «Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Facilities Cognitive Multi-Task Performance Differentially Depending on Anode Location and Subtask», Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8 (2014); BURKEMAN, Oliver. «Can I Increase my Brain Power?», Guardian, 4 de gener de 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jan/04/can-i-increase-my-brain-power, últim accés el 9 de gener de 2016; KELLY, Heather. «Wearable Tech to Hack Your Brain», CNN, 23 d’octubre de 2014, http://www. cnn.com/2014/10/22/tech/innovation/brain-stimulation-tech/, últim accés el 9 de gener de 2016.

[7] ADEE, Sally. «Zap Your Brain into the Zone: Fast Track to Pure Focus», New Scientist, 6 de febrer de 2012, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328501.600-zap-your-brain-into-the-zone-fast-track-to-pure-focus.html. Vegeu també: FIELDS, R. Douglas. «Amping Up Brain Function: Transcranial Stimulation Shows Promise in Speeding Up Learning», Scientific American, 25 de novembre de 2011, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/amping-up-brain-function.

[8] ADEE, Sally. «How Electrical Brain Stimulation Can Change the Way We Think», The Week, 30 de març de 2012, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://theweek.com/article/index/226196/how-electrical-brain-stimulation-can-change-the-way-we-think/2.

[9] BIANCONI, E., et al. «An Estimation of the Number of Cells in the Human Body», Annals of Human Biology, 40:6 (2013), 463-471.

[10] SACKS, Oliver. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (Londres: Picador, 1985), 73-75.

[11] LEDOUX, Joseph E.; WILSON, Donald H.; GAZZANIGA, Michael S. «A Divided Mind: Observations on the Conscious Properties of the Separated Hemispheres», Annals of Neurology, 2:5 (1977), 417-421. Vegeu també: GALIN, D. «Implications for Psychiatry of Left and Right Cerebral Specialization: A Neurophysiological Context for Unconscious Processes», Archives of General Psychiatry, 31:4 (1974), 572-583; SPERRY, R. W.; GAZZANIGA, M. S., i BOGEN, J. E. «Interhemispheric relationships: The Neocortical Commisures: Syndromes of Hemisphere Disconnection», a Handbook of Clinical Neurology, VINKEN, P. J., i BRUYN, G. W. (ed.) (Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co., 1969), vol. 4.

[12] GAZZANIGA, Michael S. The Bisected Brain (Nova York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970); GAZZANIGA, Michael S. Who’s in Charge?: Free Will and the Science of the Brain (Nova York: Ecco, 2011); SENIOR, Carl; RUSSELL, Tamara, i GAZZANIGA, Michael S. Methods in Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006); WOLMAN, David. «The Split Brain: A Tale of Two Halves», Nature, 483 (14 de març de 2012), 260-263.

[13] GALIN. «Implications for Psychiatry of Left and Right Cerebral Specialization», 573-574.

[14] SPRINGER i DEUTSCH. Left Brain, Right Brain, 3a ed. (Nova York: W. H. Freeman, 1989), 32-36.

[15] KAHNEMAN. Thinking, Fast and Slow, 377-410. Vegeu també: GAZZANIGA. Who’s in Charge?, cap. 3.

[16] CHAJUT, Eran, et al. «In Pain Thou Shalt Bring Forth Children: The Peak-and-End Rule a Recall of Labor Pain», Psychological Science, 25:12 (2014), 2266-2271.

[17] WALDENSTRÖM, Ulla. «Women’s Memory of Childbirth at Two Months and One Year after the Birth», Birth, 30:4 (2003), 248-254; WALDENSTRÖM, Ulla. «Why Do Some Women Change Their Opinion about Childbirth over Time?», Birth, 31:2 (2004), 102-107.

[18] GAZZANIGA. Who’s in Charge?, cap. 3.

[19] BORGES, Jorge Luis. Collected Fictions, traduït per Andrew Hurley (Nova York: Penguin Books, 1999), 308-309. Per a la versió espanyola vegeu: BORGES, Jorge Luis, «Un problema», a Obras completas, vol. 3 (Buenos Aires: Emece Editores, 1968-9), 29-30.

[20] THOMPSON, Mark. The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915-1919 (Nova York: Basic Books, 2009).

[1] ANDERSON, F. M. (ed.). The Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illustrative of the History of France: 1789-1907, 2a ed. (Minneapolis: H. W. Wilson, 1908), 184-185; FORREST, Alan. «L’armée de l’an II: la levée en masse et la création d’un mythe républicain», Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 335 (2004), 111-130.

[2] SPEARS, Morris Edmund (ed.). World War Issues and Ideals: Readings in Contemporary History and Literature (Boston i Nova York: Ginn and Company, 1918), 242. L’estudi recent més significatiu, extensament citat tant per partidaris com per detractors, intenta demostrar que els soldats de la democràcia combaten millor: REITER, Dan, i STAM, Allan C. Democracies at War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002).

[3] STEVENS, Doris. Jailed for Freedom (Nova York: Boni and Liveright, 1920), 290. Vegeu també: GRAYZEL, Susan R. Women and the First World War (Harlow: Longman, 2002), 101-106; BOLT, Christine. The Women’s Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920s (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), 236-276; BADER-ZAAR, Birgitta. «Women’s Suffrage and War: World War I and Political Reform in a Comparative Perspective», a Suffrage, Gender and Citizenship: International Perspectives on Parliamentary Reforms, SULKUNEN, Irma; NEVALA-NURMI, Seija-Leena, i MARKKOLA, Pirjo (ed.) (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009), 193-218.

[4] RICHTEL, Matt, i DOUGHERTY, Conor. «Google’s Driverless Cars Run Into Problem: Cars With Drivers», New York Times, 1 de setembre de 2015, últim accés el 2 de setembre de 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/technology/personaltech/google-says-its-not-the-driverless-cars-fault-its-other-drivers.html?_r=1; DUBRAVAC, Shawn. Digital Destiny: How the New Age of Data Will Transform the Way We Work, Live and Communicate (Washington DC: Regnery Publishing, 2015), 127-156.

[5] HOPE, Bradley. «Lawsuit Against Exchanges Over “Unfair Advantage” for High-Frequency Traders Dismissed», Wall Street Journal, 29 d’abril de 2015, últim accés el 6 d’octubre de 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/lawsuit-against-exchanges-over-unfair-advantage-for-high-frequency-traders-dismissed-1430326045; LEVINE, David. «High-Frequency Trading Machines Favored Over Humans by CME Group, Lawsuit Claims», Huffington Post, 26 de juny de 2012, últim accés el 6 d’octubre de 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ 2012/06/26/high-frequency-trading-lawsuit_n_1625648.html; WANG, Lu; KISLING, Whitney, i LAM, Eric. «Fake Post Erasing $136 Billion Shows Markets Need Humans», Bloomberg, 23 d’abril de 2013, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-23/fake-report-erasing-136-billion-shows-market-s-fragility.html; PHILIPS, Matthew. «How the Robots Lost: High-Frequency Trading’s Rise and Fall», Bloomberg Businessweek, 6 de juny de 2013, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/123468-how-the-robots-lost-high-frequency-tradings-rise-and-fall; STEINER. Automate This, 2-5, 11-52; DORMEHL, Luke. The Formula: How Algorithms Solve All Our Problems – And Create More (Londres: Penguin, 2014), 223.

[6] WEISSMANN, Jordan. «iLawyer: What Happens when Computers Replace Attorneys?», Atlantic, 19 de juny de 2012, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/ilawyer-what-happens-when-computers-replace-attorneys/258688; MARKOFF, John. «Armies of Expensive Lawyers, Replaced by Cheaper Software», New York Times, 4 de març de 2011, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/05/science/05legal.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0; NARAYAN, Adi. «The fMRI Brain Scan: A Better Lie Detector?», Time, 20 de juliol de 2009, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1911546-2,00.html; RUSCONI, Elena, i MITCHENER-NISSEN, Timothy. «Prospects of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging as Lie Detector», Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7:54 (2013); STEINER. Automate This, 217; DORMEHL. The Formula, 229.

[7] WOOLF, B. P. Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors: Student-centered Strategies for Revolutionizing E-learning (Burlington: Morgan Kaufmann, 2010); MURPHY PAUL, Annie. «The Machines are Taking Over», New York Times, 14 de setembre de 2012, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/magazine/how-computerized-tutors-are-learning-to-teach-humans.html?_r=0; MUÑOZ MERINO, P. J.; KLOOS, C. D., i MUÑOZ ORGANERO, M. «Enhancement of Student Learning Through the Use of a Hinting Computer e-Learning System and Comparison With Human Teachers», IEEE Transactions on Education, 54:1 (2011), 164-167; Mindojo, últim accés el 14 de juliol de 2015, http://mindojo.com/.

[8] STEINER. Automate This, 146-162; STEADMAN, Ian. «IBM’s Watson Is Better at Diagnosing Cancer than Human Doctors», Wired, 11 de febrer de 2013, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013/02/11/ibm-watson-medical-doctor; «Watson Is Helping Doctors Fight Cancer», IBM, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/watson_in_healthcare.shtml; KHOSLA, Vinod. «Technology Will Replace 80 per cent of What Doctors Do», Fortune, 4 de desembre de 2012, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/12/04/technology-doctors-khosla; KLEIN, Ezra. «How Robots Will Replace Doctors», Washington Post, 10 de gener de 2011, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/post/how-robots-will-replace-doctors/2011/08/25/gIQASA17AL_blog.html.

[9] TZEZANA. The Guide to the Future, 62-64.

[10] STEINER. Automate This, 155.

[11] http://www.mattersight.com.

[12] STEINER. Automate This, 178-182; DORMEHL. The Formula, 21-24; LEBOWITZ, Shana. «Every Time You Dial into These Call Centers, Your Personality Is Being Silently Assessed», Business Insider, 3 de setembre de 2015, últim accés el 31 de gener de 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mattersight-uses-personality-science-2015-9.

[13] MORELLE, Rebecca. «Google Machine Learns to Master Video Games», BBC, 25 de febrer de 2015, últim accés el 12 d’agost de 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-31623427; LOPATTO, Elizabeth. «Google’s AI Can Learn to Play Video Games», The Verge, 25 de febrer de 2015, últim accés el 12 d’agost de 2015, http://www.theverge.com/2015/2/25/8108399/google-ai-deepmind-video-games; MNIH, Volodymyr, et al. «Human-Level Control through Deep Reinforcement Learning», Nature, 26 de febrer de 2015, últim accés el 12 d’agost de 2015, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v518/n7540/full/nature14236.html.

[14] LEWIS, Michael. Moneyball: The Art of Winning An Unfair Game (Nova York: W. W. Norton, 2003). Vegeu també la pel·lícula del 2011 Moneyball, dirigida per Bennett Miller, amb Brad Pitt com a Billy Beane.

[15] LEVY, Frank, i MURNANE, Richard. The New Division of Labor: How Computers are Creating the Next Job Market (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004); DORMEHL. The Formula, 225-226.

[16] SIMONITE, Tom. «When Your Boss is an Uber Algoritm», MIT Technology Review, 1 de desembre de 2015, últim accés el 4 de febrer de 2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/ s/543946/when-your-boss-is-an-uber-algorithm/.

[17] SHARWOOD, Simon. «Software “Appointed to Board” of Venture Capital Firm», The Register, 18 de maig de 2014, últim accés el 12 d’agost de 2015, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/05/18/software_appointed_to_board_of_venture_capital_firm/; BATES, John. «I’m the Chairman of the Board», Huffington Post, 6 d’abril de 2014, últim accés el 12 d’agost de 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-bates/im-the-chairman-of-the-bo_b_5440591.html; GOREY, Colm. «I’m Afraid I Can’t Invest in That, Dave: AI Appointed to VC Funding Board», Silicon Republic, 15 de maig de 2014, últim accés el 12 d’agost de 2015, https://www.siliconrepublic.com/discovery/2014/05/15/im-afraid-i-cant-invest-in-that-dave-ai-appointed-to-vc-funding-board.

[18] STEINER. Automate This, 89-101; COPE, D. H. Comes the Fiery Night: 2,000 Haiku by Man and Machine (Santa Cruz: Create Space, 2011). Vegeu també: DORMEHL. The Formula, 174-180, 195-198, 200-202, 216-220; STEINER. Automate This, 75-89.

[19] FREY, Carl Benedikt, i OSBORNE, Michael A. «The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?», 17 de setembre de 2013, últim accés el 12 d’agost de 2015, http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf.

[20] BRYNJOLFSSON, E., i MCAFFEE, A. M. Race Againt the Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy (Lexington: Digital Frontier Press, 2011).

[21] BOSTROM, Nick. Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).

[22] EFRATI, Ido. «Researchers Conducted a Successful Experiment with an “Artificial Pancreas” Connected to an iPhone» [en hebreu], Haaretz, 17 de juny de 2014, últim accés el 23 de desembre de 2014, http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/health/ 1.2350956; PHILLIP, Moshe, et al. «Nocturnal. Glucose Control with an Artificial Pancreas at a Diabetis Camp», New England Journal of Medicine, 368:9 (2013), 824-833; «Artificial Pancreas Controlled by iPhone Shows Promise in Diabetes Trial», Today, 17 de juny de 2014, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.todayonline.com/world/artificial-pancreas-controlled-iphone-shows-promise-diabetes-trial?singlepage=true.

[23] DORMEHL. The Formula, 7-16.

[24] MENDOZA, Martha. «Google Develops Contact Lens Glucose Monitor», Yahoo News, 17 de gener de 2014, últim accés el 12 d’agost de 2015, http://news.yahoo.com/google-develops-contact-lens-glucose-monitor-000147894.html; SCOTT, Mark. «Novartis Joins with Google to Develop Contact Lens That Monitors Blood Sugar», New York Times, 15 de juliol de 2014, últim accés el 12 d’agost de 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/16/business/international/novartis-joins-with-google-to-develop-contact-lens-to-monitor-blood-sugar.html?_r=0; BARCLAY, Rachel. «Google Scientists Create Contact Lens to Measure Blood Sugar Level in Tears», Healthline, 23 de gener de 2014, últim accés el 12 d’agost de 2015, http://www.healthline.com/health-news/diabetes-google-develops-glucose-monitoring-con tact-lens-012314.

[25] «Quantified Self», http://quantifiedself.com/; DORMEHL. The Formula, 11-16.

[26] DORMEHL. The Formula, 91-95; «Bedpost», http://bedposted.com.

[27] DORMEHL. The Formula, 53-59.

[28] JOLIE, Angelina. «My Medical Choice», New York Times, 14 de maig de 2013, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/my-medical-choice.html.

[29] «Google Flu Trends», http://www.google.org/flutrends/about/how.html; GINSBERG, JEREMY, et al. «Detecting Influenza Epidemics Using Search Engine Query Data», Nature, 457:7232 (2008), 1012-1014; BUTLER, Declan. «When Google Got Flu Wrong», Nature, 13 de feber de 2013, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.nature.com/news/when-google-got-flu-wrong-1.12413; HELFT, Miguel. «Google Uses Searches to Track Flu’s Spread», New York Times, 11 de novembre de 2008, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://msl1.mit.edu/furdlog/docs/nytimes/2008-11-11_nytimes_google_influenza.pdf; COOK, Samantha, et al. «Assessing Google Flu Trends Performance in the United States during the 2009 Influenza Virus A (H1N1) Pandemic», PLOS One, 19 d’agost de 2011, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0023610; SHAMAN, Jeffrey, et al. «Real-Time Inluenza Forecasts during the 2012-2013 Season», Nature, 23 d’abril de 2013, últim accés el 24 de desembre de 2014, http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/131203/ncomms3837/full/ncomms3837.html.

[30] BARR, Alistair. «Google’s New Moonshot Project: The Human Body», Wall Street Journal, 24 de juliol de 2014, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/google-to-collect-data-to-define-healthy-human-1406246214; SUMMERS, Nick. «Google Announces Google Fit Platform Preview for Developers», Next Web, 25 de juny de 2014, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://thenextweb.com/insider/2014/06/25/google-launches-google-fit-platform-preview-developers/.

[31] DORMEHL. The Formula, 72-80.

[32] YOUYOU, Wu; KOSINSKI, Michael, i STILLWELL, David. «Computer-Based Personality Judgements Are More Accurate Than Those Made by Humans», PNAS, 112:4 (2015), 1036-1040.

[33] Sobre oracles, agents i sobirans, vegeu: BOSTROM. Superintelligence.

[34] https://www.waze.com/.

[35] DORMEHL. The Formula, 206.

[36] World Bank, World Development Indicators 2012 (Washington DC: World Bank, 2012), 72, http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/wdi-2012-ebook.pdf.

[37] ELLIOTT, Larry. «Richest 62 People as Wealthy as Half of World’s Population, Says Oxfam», Guardian, 18 de gener de 2016, últim accés el 9 de febrer de 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jan/18/richest-62-billionai- res-wealthy-half-world-population-combined; LUHBY, Tami. «The 62 Richest People Have As Much Wealth As Half the World», CNN Money, 18 de gener de 2016, últim accés el 9 de febrer de 2016, http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/17/news/economy/oxfam-wealth/.

[1] HENRICH, Joseph; HEINE, Steven J., i NORENZAYAN, Ara. «The Weirdest People in the World», Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33 (2010), 61-135.

[2] SHANON, Benny. Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

[3] NAGEL, Thomas. «What Is It Like to Be a Bat?», Philosophical Review, 83:4 (1974), 435-450.

[4] NOAD, Michael J., et al. «Cultural Revolution in Whale Songs», Nature, 408:6812 (2000), 537; ERIKSEN, Nina, et al. «Cultural Change in the Songs of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) from Tonga», Behavior, 142:3 (2005), 305-328; PARSONS, E. C. M.; WRIGHT, A. J., i GORE, M. A. «The Nature of Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Song», Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology, 1:1 (2008), 22-31.

[5] BUSHDID, C., et al. «Human can Discriminate More than 1 Trillion Olfactory Stimuli», Science, 343:6177 (2014), 1370-1372; BRENNAN, Peter A., i ZUFALL, Frank. «Pheromonal Communication in Vertebrates», Nature, 444:7117 (2006), 308-315; ZHANG, Jianzhi, i WEBB, David M. «Evolutionary Deterioration of the Vomeronasal Pheromone Transduction Pathway in Catarrhine Primates», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100:14 (2003), 8337-8341; BEER, Bettina. «Smell, Person, Space and Memory», Experiencing New Worlds, WASSMANN, Jurg, i STOCKHAUS, Kathrina (ed.) (Nova York: Berghahn Books, 2007), 187-200; BURENHULT, Niclas, i ASIFA, Majid. «Olfaction in Aslian Ideology and Language», Sense and Society, 6:1 (2011), 19-29; CLASSEN, Constance; HOWES, David, i SYNNOTT, Anthony. Aroma: The Cultural History of Smell (Londres: Routledge, 1994); PEI-JUNG LEE, Amy. «Reduplication and Odor in Four Formosan Languages», Language and Linguistics, 11:1 (2010), 99-126; BEEK, Walter E. A. van. «The Dirty Smith: Smell as a Social Frontier among the Kapsiki/Higi of North Cameroon and North-Eastern Nigeria», Africa, 62:1 (1992), 38-58; WNUK, Ewelina, i MAJID, Asifa. «Revisiting the Limits of Language: The Odor Lexicon of Maniq», Cognition, 131 (2014), 125-138.

Tanmateix, alguns especialistes relacionen la decadència dels poders olfactius humans amb processos evolutius molt més antics. Vegeu: GILAD, Yoav, et al. «Human Specific Loss of Olfactory Receptor Genes», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:6 (2003), 3324-3327; MATSUI, Atushi; GO, Yasuhiro, i NIIMURA, Yoshihito. «Degeneration of Olfactory Receptor Gene Repertories in Primates: No Direct Link to Full Trichromatic Vision», Molecular Biology and Evolution, 27:5 (2010), 1192-1200.

[6] CRAWFORD, Matthew. The World Beyond Your Head: How to Flourish in an Age of Distraction (Londres: Viking, 2015).

[7] TURNBULL i SOLMS, The Brain and the Inner World, 136-159; BULKELEY, Kelly. Visions of the Night: Dreams, Religion and Psychology (Nova York: State University of New York Press, 1999); MAVREMATIS, Andreas. Hypnogogia: The Unique State of Consciousness Between Wakefulness and Sleep (Londres: Routledge, 1987); Holzinger, Brigitte; LaBerge, Stephen, i Levitan, Lynn. «Psychophysiological Correlates of Lucid Dreaming», American Psychological Association, 16:2 (2006), 88-95; TSUNEO, Watanabe. «Lucid Dreaming: Its Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions», Journal of International Society of Life Information Science, 21:1 (2003), 159-162; SPOORMAKER, Victor I., i BOUT, Jan van den. «Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Pilot Study», Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75:6 (2006), 389-394.

[1] Vegeu: per exemple, KELLY, Kevin. What Technology Wants (Nova York: Viking Press, 2010); HIDALGO, César. Why Information Grows: The Evolution of Order, From Atoms to Economies (Nova York: Basic Books, 2015); BLOOM, Howard. Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century (Hoboken: Wiley, 2001); DUBRAVAC. Digital Destiny.

[2] HAYEK, Friedrich. «The Use of Knowledge in Society», American Economic Review, 35:4 (1945), 519-530.

[3] NISHIMURA, Kiyohiko G. Imperfect Competition Differential Information and the Macro-foundations of Macro-economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992); MACHOVEC, Frank M. Perfect Competition and the Transformation of Economics (Londres: Routledge, 2002); MASTRIANNA, Frank V. Basic Economics, 16a ed. (Mason: South-Western, 2010), 78-89; CHEN, Zhiwu. «Freedom of Information and the Economic Future of Hong Kong», Hong Kong Centre for Economic Research, 74 (2003); MORCK, Randall; YEUNG, Bernard, i YU, Wayne. «The Information Content of Stock Markets: Why Do Emerging Markets Have Synchronous Stock Price Movements?», Journal of Financial Economics, 58:1 (2000), 215-260; EDERINGTON, LOUIS H., i LEE, Jae Ha. «How Markets Process Information: News Releases and Volatility», Journal of Finance, 48:4 (1993), 1161-1191; MITCHELL, Mark L., i MULHERIN, J. Harold. «The Impact of Public Information on the Stock Market», Journal of Finance, 49:3 (1994), 923-950; LAFFONT, Jean-Jacques, i MASKIN, Eric S. «The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Insider Trading on the Stock Market», Journal of Political Economy, 98:1 (1990), 70-93; SALBU, Steven R. «Differentiated Perspectives on Insider Trading: The Effect of Paradigm Selection on Policy», St John’s Law Review, 66:2 (1992), 373-405.

[4] SOYFER, Valery N. «New Light on the Lysenko Era», Nature, 339:6224 (1989), 415-420; ROLL-HANSEN, Nils. «Wishful Science: The Persistence of T. D. Lysenko’s Agrobiology in the Politics of Science», Osiris, 23:1 (2008), 166-188.

[5] MCNEILL, William H., i MCNEILL, J. R. The Human Web: A Bird’s-Eye View of World History (Nova York: W. W. Norton, 2003).

[6] SWARTZ, Aaron. «Guerilla Open Access Manifesto», juliol de 2008, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, https://ia700808.us.archive.org/17/items/GuerillaOpenAccessManifesto/Goamjuly2008.pdf; GUSTIN, Sam. «Aaron Swartz, Tech Prodigy and Internet Activist, Is Dead at 26», Time, 13 de gener de 2013, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://business.time.com/2013/01/13/tech-prodigy-and-internet-activist-aaron-swartz-commits-suicide; LEOPOLD, Todd. «How Aaron Swartz Helped Build the Internet», CNN, 15 de gener de 2013, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/15/tech/web/aaron-swartz-internet/; MCCULLAGH, Declan. «Swartz Didn’t Face Prison until Feds Took Over Case, Report Says», CNET, 25 de gener de 2013, últim accés el 22 de desembre de 2014, http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-57565927-38/swartz-didnt-face-prison-until-feds-took-over-case-report-says/.

[7] Sousanis, John. «World Vehicle Population Tops 1 Billion Units», Wardsauto, 15 d’agost de 2011, últim accés el 3 de desembre de 2015, http://wardsauto.com/news-analysis/world-vehicle-population-tops-1-billion-units.

[8] «No More Woof», https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/no-more-woof.