Endnotes
CHAPTER 1. HERE LIES KING ARTHUR
1. Gerald of Wales, On the Instruction of Princes.
2. Ibid.
3. Scott-Stokes, Glastonbury Abbey during the Crusades.
4. Radford, Arthurian Sites in the West.
5. Camden, Britannia.
6. Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain.
7. William of Malmesbury, Antiquities of Glastonbury.
8. William of Malmesbury, The History of the English Kings.
9. Robert de Boron, Joseph of Arimathea.
10. Adam of Damerham, Historia de Rebus Gestis Glastoniensibus.
11. Phillips and Keatman, King Arthur: The True Story.
CHAPTER 2. CAMELOT
1. Malory, Le Morte D’Arthur.
2. Harding, Chronicle of England.
3. Wace, Wace’s Roman de Brut.
4. Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne.
5. Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, 391.
6. Ibid.
7. Munby, Barber, and Brown, Edward III’s Round Table at Windsor.
8. Warnicke, Mary Queen of Scots, 133.
9. Biddle, King Arthur’s Round Table.
10. Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot or the Knight of the Cart, verses 31–32.
11. Ibid.
12. Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain.
13. Alcock, Cadbury/Camelot.
14. Leland, John Leland’s Itinerary: Travels in Tudor England.
CHAPTER 3. SWORDS OF POWER
1. Farmer, Oxford Dictionary of Saints.
2. Loomis, Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, chap. 19.
3. Malory, Le Morte D’Arthur, book 1, chap. 5.
4. Ibid., chaps. 2–3.
5. Ibid., chap. 5.
6. Ibid.
7. Schofield, St. Paul’s Cathedral Before Wren.
8. Translated from surviving fragment of Robert de Boron’s Merlin, in Nitze, Le Roman de l’Estoire dou Graal, 126–30.
9. Marsden, “The Excavation of a Roman Palace Site in London, 1961–1972,” 63–64.
10. Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain.
11. Topsfield, Chrétien de Troyes.
12. Gantz, The Mabinogion.
13. Russell and Cohn, Preiddeu Annwfn.
14. Lacy, Lancelot-Grail.
15. Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain.
16. Lacy, Lancelot-Grail.
17. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
18. Carew, The Survey of Cornwall.
19. Borlase, Observations on the Antiquities, Historical and Monumental, of the County of Cornwall.
CHAPTER 4. AVALON
1. Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain, book 9, chap. 4; book 11, chap. 2.
2. Geoffrey of Monmouth, Life of Merlin: Vita Merlini.
3. Ibid., verse 38.
4. Ibid.
5. Wace, Wace’s Roman de Brut: A History of the British.
6. Ibid., final verse, 34.
7. Topsfield, Chrétien de Troyes: A Study of the Arthurian Romances.
8. Chrétien de Troyes, Erec and Enide, verse 1919.
9. Everett, Layamon and the Earliest Middle English Alliterative Verse.
10. Robert de Boron, Joseph of Arimathea: A Romance of the Grail.
11. Lacy, Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation.
12. Malory, Le Morte D’Arthur.
13. Gantz, The Mabinogion.
14. Evans, Poems from the Book of Taliesin.
15. Gantz, “Branwen Daughter of Llyr” in The Mabinogion, 67–82.
16. Ibid.
17. Robert de Boron, Joseph of Arimathea: A Romance of the Grail.
18. Gantz, “Branwen Daughter of Llyr” in The Mabinogion, 67–82.
19. Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, 16.
20. Gantz, “Peredur” in The Mabinogion, 218–57.
21. Chrétien de Troyes, Perceval: The Story of the Grail.
22. Translated from Chrétien de Troye, Perceval, le Conte du Graal, in MS f. fr. 794.
23. Translated from Peredur, in The Red Book of Hergest.
24. Harleian MS 3859.
25. Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain, preface.
26. Wace, Wace’s Roman de Brut: A History of the British.
27. William of Malmesbury, The History of the English Kings.
28. William of Malmesbury, Antiquities of Glastonbury.
29. Translated from William of Malmesbury, De Antiquitate Glastoniensis Ecclesiae, in Gale, Historiae Anglicanae Scriptores.
30. Cunliffe, Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC.
31. Barnes, Tertullian: A Historical and Literary Study.
32. Hilary of Poitiers and John of Damascus, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, second series, vol. 9.
33. Osborne, “Hoards, Votives, Offerings,” 1–10.
34. Gilley, A History of Religion in Britain.
35. Steele, Llyn Cerrig Bach.
36. Tacitus, The Annals: The Reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero.
37. James and Rigby, Britain and the Celtic Iron Age.
38. Piggott, The Druids.
39. McNeill, The Celtic Churches.
40. Laing, The Archaeology of Celtic Britain and Ireland.
41. Thompson, Saint Germanus of Auxerre and the End of Roman Britain.
42. Mayr-Harting, The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England.
43. Laing, The Archaeology of Celtic Britain and Ireland.
44. Redknap and Lane, “The Early Medieval crannog at Llangorse, Powys: An interim statement on the 1989–1993 seasons,”189–205.
45. Dark, Britain and the End of the Roman Empire.
46. Strabo, Geography: Books 3–5, book 4, chap. 4, verse 6.
47. Berry, Geography/De Situ Orbis A.D. 43.
48. Mela, De Situ Orbis, book 3, verse 47.
CHAPTER 5. MORGAN AND HER SISTERS
1. Briggs, An Encyclopedia of Fairies.
2. Flower, The Seer in Ancient Greece.
3. Knott, Togail Bruidne dá Derga.
4. Macalister, Lebor Gabála Érenn.
5. Ellis, The Mammoth Book of Celtic Myths and Legends, 28.
6. Malory, Le Morte d’Arthur, book 21, chap. 5.
7. Nutt, The Voyage of Bran.
8. Lynn, Navan Fort: Archaeology and Myth.
9. Laing, The Archaeology of Celtic Britain and Ireland.
10. Ibid.
11. Bord and Bord, Sacred Waters.
12. Malory, Le Morte d’Arthur, book 21, chap. 6.
13. Wilhelm, The Romance of Arthur, 343.
14. Coyne, An Upland Archaeological Study on Mount Brandon and The Paps, 21–22.
15. Cronin, In the Shadow of the Paps, 38–50.
16. Edwards, Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West, 234.
17. See Brooks, The Early History of the Church in Canterbury, 17, 21; Maxfield, The Saxon Shore: A Handbook, 145; Esmonde-Cleary, The Ending of Roman Britain, 178–79.
18. Henig, Religion in Roman Britain.
19. Allason-Jones and McKay, Coventina’s Well.
20. Graves, The White Goddess.
21. Murray, The Witch-Cult in Western Europe.
22. Booth, A Magick Life.
23. Collingwood and Wright, The Roman Inscriptions of Britain.
24. Bird and Cunliffe, The Essential Roman Baths.
CHAPTER 6. THE WHITE LAND
1. Kightly, Castell Dinas Brân.
2. Wright, The History of Fulk Fitz Warine.
3. Gantz, The Mabinogion, 66–82.
4. Evans, Valle Crucis Abbey.
5. Gantz, The Mabinogion.
6. Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain.
7. Hughes, “Old Oswestry Hillfort: Excavations by WJ Varley 1939–40.”
8. Gantz, The Mabinogion.
9. Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, 18.
10. See, for example, “Culhwch and Olwen” in Gantz, The Mabinogion, 148.
11. Martin, The Historical Ecology of Old Oswestry.
12. Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain.
13. Toghill, Geology of Shropshire.
14. Wright, The History of Fulk Fitz Warine.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Skeels, Didot Perceval or The Romance of Perceval in Prose.
19. Phillips, The Chalice of Magdalene.
20. Wright, The History of Fulk Fitz Warine.
21. Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain, chaps. 17–19.
22. Mathew and Harrison, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
23. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
24. Ibid., chaps. 40–42.
25. Remfry, Castell Dinas Emrys.
26. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
27. Garmonsway, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
28. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae.
29. Lhuyd, Archaeologia Britannica: Texts and Translations.
CHAPTER 7. LAST OF THE ROMANS
1. Thompson, Saint Germanus of Auxerre and the End of Roman Britain.
2. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae.
3. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
4. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation.
5. Garmonsway, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
6. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
7. Kennett, Anglo-Saxon Pottery.
8. Jolliffe, Pre-Feudal England: The Jutes.
9. Owen-Crocker, Rites and Religions of the Anglo-Saxons.
10. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae, chaps. 23–24.
11. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, book 1, chap. 15.
12. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England.
13. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals, chap. 47.
14. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, book 1, chap. 16.
15. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae, chap. 25.
16. Ibid.
17. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, book 1, chap. 16.
18. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals, chap. 42.
19. Jones, Martindale, and Morris, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire.
20. Bland and Johns, The Hoxne Treasure: An Illustrated Handbook.
21. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals, chap. 47.
22. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae, chap. 25.
23. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, book 1, chap. 16.
24. Hamerow, Hinton, and Crawford, The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology.
25. See Kennett, Anglo-Saxon Pottery; Lucy, The Anglo-Saxon Way of Death: Burial Rites in Early England.
26. Jacobsen, A History of the Vandals.
27. Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization.
28. Jordanes, De Origine Actibusque Getarum: The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, chap. 45.
29. Chadwick Hawkes, Soldiers and Settlers in Britain: Fourth to Fifth Century.
CHAPTER 8. MERLIN THE BARD
1. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals, chap. 42.
2. Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain.
3. Pennar, The Black Book of Carmarthen.
4. Evans, The Poetry in the Red Book of Hergest.
5. Joceline and Ailred, Two Celtic Saints.
6. Evans, The Poetry in the Red Book of Hergest.
7. Stephenson, Political Power in Medieval Gwynedd.
8. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae, chap. 26.
9. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, book 1, chap. 16.
10. Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England.
11. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
12. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae in History, chap. 33.
13. Bury, A History of the Later Roman Empire.
14. Stewart, Williamson, and Down, Celtic Bards, Celtic Druids.
15. Edwards and Salter, The Bibliotheca Historica of Diodorus Siculus, book 5, chap. 31.
16. Strabo, Geography: Volume 5, book 5, chap. 4.
17. Caesar, Caesar: Gallic War Books VI and VII, book 6, chap. 13.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., book 6, chap. 14.
20. Wardle, Cicero on Divination: Book 1, chap. 40.
CHAPTER 9. A HISTORICAL FIGURE?
1. Watts, The Oxford Greek Dictionary.
2. Gantz, The Mabinogion, 128–13.
3. Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain.
4. Gantz, The Mabinogion, 184.
5. Caesar, Caesar: Gallic War Books VI and VII, book 6, chap. 17.
6. Taylor, “The Gundestrup Cauldron.”
7. Silvius, Notitia Dignitatum: Primary Source Edition, chap. 5.
8. Casey, Davies, and Evans, Excavations at Segontium (Caernarfon) Roman Fort, 1975–79.
9. Laycock, Warlords: The Struggle for Power in Post-Roman Britain.
10. Garmonsway, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
11. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae, chap. 26.
12. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, book 1, chap. 16.
13. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae in History, chap. 26.
14. Meaney, Gazetteer of Early Anglo-Saxon Burial Sites.
15. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals, chap. 50.
16. Ibid.
17. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals, chapter 6.
18. Blackburn and Holford-Strevens, The Oxford Companion to the Year: An Exploration of Calendar Customs and Time-Reckoning.
19. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals, chap. 3.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., chap. 50.
CHAPTER 10. CAPITAL CITY
1. Jarman, Aneirin-Y Gododdin.
2. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals, chap. 50.
3. Ibid.
4. Morris, The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650.
5. Casey, Davies, and Evans, Excavations at Segontium (Caernarfon) Roman Fort, 1975–79.
6. Alcock, “Excavations at Degannwy Castle, Caernarfonshire.”
7. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals, chap. 62.
8. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
9. Ibid.
10. Dark, Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300–800.
11. Webster, Viroconium, Wroxeter Roman City, Shropshire.
12. Barker, Wroxeter Roman City: Excavations 1966–80.
13. Ibid.
14. Barker, From Roman Viroconium to Medieval Wroxeter: Recent Work on the Site of the Roman City of Wroxeter.
CHAPTER 11. THE NAME OF THE KING
1. Higham, The Kingdom of Northumbria, A.D. 350–1100.
2. Williams, Canu Llywarch Hen.
3. Zaluckyj, Mercia: The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Central England.
4. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
5. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, book 3, chap. 9.
6. Garmonsway, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
7. Williams, Elegy of Cynddylan in Canu Llywarch Hen.
8. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
9. Garmonsway, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
10. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, book 3, chap. 24.
11. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
12. Morris, The Age of Arthur.
13. Williams, Elegy of Cynddylan in Canu Llywarch Hen.
14. Upward and Davidson, The History of English Spelling.
15. Davies, The Welsh Language: A History.
16. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals, chap. 47.
17. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
18. Barker, Wroxeter Roman City: Excavations 1966–80.
19. Garmonsway, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
20. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, book 1, chap. 22.
21. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae, chap. 28.
22. Ibid., chap. 31.
23. Ibid., chap. 33.
24. Ibid., chap. 30.
25. Ibid., chap. 32.
26. Ibid.
27. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
28. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae, chaps. 33–35.
29. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid., chap. 50.
32. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae, chap. 33.
33. Ibid., chap. 32.
34. King James Bible, Book of Revelation, chap. 13, verse 2.
35. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae, chap. 31.
36. Ibid., chaps. 28, 30.
37. Ibid., chaps. 32–33.
38. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, book 3, chap. 24.
39. Ibid., book 3, chap. 21.
40. Burnett, Ancient Kingdom of Wessex.
CHAPTER 12. CAMLANN
1. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae, chap. 33.
2. Malory, Le Morte D’Arthur.
3. Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain, book 11, chap. 2.
4. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
5. Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain.
6. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae in History, chap. 33.
7. Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain.
8. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
9. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, book 1, chap. 15.
10. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals, chap. 50.
11. Garmonsway, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
12. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae in History, chap. 33.
13. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals, chap. 50.
14. Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae in History, chaps. 33–35.
15. Gantz, “The Dream of Rhonabwy” in The Mabinogion, 180–81.
16. Ibid., 181.
CHAPTER 13. THE ONCE AND FUTURE KING
1. Heledd, Canu Heledd, lines 234, 237.
2. Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain.
3. Heledd, Canu Heledd.
4. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals.
5. Heledd, Canu Heledd, lines 133–53.
6. Ibid., line 145.
7. Ibid., line 133.
8. Ibid., line 134.
9. Ibid., line 141.
10. Ibid., lines 139–40.
11. Mills, Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names.
12. Garmonsway, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
13. Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, book 2, chap. 22.
14. Ekwall, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names.
15. Nennius, British History and the Welsh Annals, chap. 50.
16. Geake, The Use of Grave-Goods in Conversion-Period England, c. 600–c. 850.
17. Petts, Burial in Western Britain AD 400–800.
18. Williams, “Marwnad Cynddylan” in Canu Llywarch Hen, 50–52.
19. Ibid., 50, line 4.
20. Ibid., 52, line 62.
21. Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain, book 11, chap. 2.
22. Geoffrey of Monmouth, Life of Merlin: Vita Merlini, verse 39.
23. Wace, Wace’s Roman de Brut: A History of the British.
24. William of Malmesbury, The History of the English Kings.
25. Blake and Lloyd, The Stanzas of the Graves: In Search of the Graves of Arthur and the Warriors of Britain.
26. Lacy, Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation.
27. Malory, Le Morte D’Arthur, book 21, chap. 7.