CONTENTS

Foreword by the Donor, The Santa Aguila Foundation

Preface

PART I: THE GLOBAL CHARACTER OF BEACHES

1 A World of Beaches

Crossroads of History

Avenues of Commerce

Nature’s Most Dynamic Environment

Varied Materials

Obstacle Courses

To Be or Not to Be

Comber’s Delight or Nature’s Trash Collector?

Sidebar: Beach Stuff

A Natural Laboratory

2 Beaches of the World

What Is a Beach?

Recipe for Making a Beach

Classification of Coasts and Beaches

Classifications and a Global Model

Beach Sediments and the Plate Tectonic Setting

Beaches as Landforms

Climate and Types of Coasts

Sidebar: The World’s Longest Beach

We Stand on Their Shoulders

Sidebar: Societal Classification of Beaches

3 Of What Are Beaches Made? Sediments

Beach Sediments

Terrigenous Sediments

Heavy Minerals

Carbonate Sediments

Other Beach Materials

Sidebar: Terrigenous Beach Minerals

Sidebar: Beach Mining

Sidebar: Beach Rock

4 How Beaches Work: Waves, Currents, Tides, and Wind

The Most Dynamic Place on Earth

Waves

Currents (Longshore, Onshore, Offshore)

Tides

Other Water-Level Changes

Wind

Sidebar: Sea-Level Rise

The Global Picture

5 The Form of the Beach: Crab’s-Eye and Bird’s-Eye Views

Beach Profiles: The Crab’s-Eye View

Beach Plans: The Bird’s-Eye View

PART II: HOW TO READ A BEACH

6 The Beach Surface Up Close: Imprints of Tides, Currents, and Waves

Nearshore, Beach, and Tidal-Flat Features

Swash and Backwash Features

Sidebar: Foam

Other Surface Features

7 Escape from Within: Air and Water in the Beach

Knee-Deep in Sand: Airy Beaches

Air Escape Structures

Watery Beaches and Water Escape Structures

8 Whichever Way the Wind Blows: Reworking the Beach Surface

Wind on Wet Sand and Mud

Wet-to-Dry Transition Structures

Wind on Dry Sediment

Dunes and Dune Structures

Sidebar: Sounds of the Sand

Dune Plants: Surviving in a Desert

Sidebar: Fulgurites

9 Beach Creatures: Tracks, Trails, and Traces

Beach Animals from Micro to Macro

Macrofaunal Clues

Evidence of the Habitat Role of Animals

10 Carbonate Beaches: Seashells and the Stories They Tell

Carbonate Shells, Skeletons, and Secretions

Other Carbonate-Producing Organisms

Other Carbonate Sediments

Noncalcareous Plant and Animal Remains

Shell Abundance

Where Do Seashells Come From?

The Significance of Broken Seashells

Shell Rounding

Orientation of Shells on the Beach

Secondary Shell Color

Shell Collecting: An Environmental Afterthought

11 Digging the Beach: Into the Third Dimension

Bedding

Black Sands and Cross Bedding

Burrows and Bioturbation

Sidebar: Evidence of a Retreating Beach

PART III: THE GLOBAL THREAT TO BEACHES

12 Beaches at Risk: Sea-Level Rise and the Human Response

Coastal Engineering

Other Damaging Activities

Water Pollution

Oil Spills

Sidebar: A Toxic Green Wave on the Beach

The Environmental Truths About Beaches

13 The Urbanized Beach: From Middens to the Maelstrom of Development

Glossary

Selected References for Further Reading

Index