abandonment, exempla of, 157–8
Absyrtus, 54–5, 220, 244–5, 246, 382
Acastus, 408
Achaei (pirates), 369
Achilles, 382; and Antilochus, 139, 321; and Chiron, 161, 340, 393; and Hector’s body, 58, 69, 248, 260; mercy, 50, 240; music, 64, 256; and Patroclus, 117, 137, 302, 413; portrayal as homosexual, 36, 231; and Priam, 85, 275; strength, 125; and Telephus, xxxix, 5, 86, 203, 276, 421
addressees of poems: naming of, xlv, 78–9, 168–70, 176, 293, 353; unnamed 48, 71–2, 261, 263 (see also under enemies)
Admetus, 36, 93, 106, 281, 383, 385; wife, see Alcestis
advocacy, see oratory, forensic
adynata, xliii, xlvii, 18, 76–7, 104, 120, 123, 139–40, 144, 163, 180, 182, 194, 216–17, 286, 291, 306–7, 309–10, 320, 324, 341, 358, 359, 371
Aegean Sea, 383
Aegisos (modern Tulcea), xxix, 126, 183–4, 311–12, 360
Aeneas, 383; and Anchises, 110, 295; and Achaemenides, 317; Augustus as descendant of, 110, 223, 228, 295; and Dido, 39, 233; Ovid adopts persona, 10, 208, 209, 235; son of Venus, 6, 162, 228, 340, 383, 386
aetiology, mythical, xxi, xxii; on name of Tomis, xlii, 54–5, 382
agonothetes (president of games), xxxi, 197, 376
agriculture: imagery, 75, 102, 118, 120, 131, 175, 265, 303, 306; see also ploughing; viticulture, and under Tomis
Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, 228, 251, 385, 404; gardens of, Rome, 312
Agrippa Postumus, 207, 296, 297, 339, 404
Agrippina I, 67, 135, 258, 318, 384–5, 404
Ajax, son of Telamon, 39, 183, 361, 385
Alba, Severus’ estate at, 127, 311
Albinovanus Pedo, li, 190–92, 199, 266, 291, 315, 366–9, 378
Alcestis, xliv, 93, 106, 155–6, 281, 383, 385
Alexander III of Macedon (the Great), 50, 240, 385, 387, 422
Alexandria, Egypt, 385, 391, 392, 411
amanuensis, Ovid’s, xxxi, 44, 197
ambiguity, linguistic: commerce between gods’, 89, 279, conficere, 62, 253, erotic, 34, 230; on justice, 3, 204; in praising Augustus, 8, 34, 206–7, 229; price/prize, 20, 218; quod nemo nescit, 6, 205; salus, 157, 335; sortita fuisses, 16, 214; tumor, 94, 283; see also under Livia
Amores, see under Ovid
Anchialus or Anchiale, 22, 386
Anchises, 33, 110, 228, 294–5, 383, 386
André, J. M., xvi, 239, 262, 277, 299, 304, 305, 307, 309, 312, 329, 335, 341, 345, 359
Andromache, xliv, 16, 69, 93, 106, 213, 260, 386
animal imagery: see ants; bees; birds; bullocks; bulls; cows; doe; elephants; fish; horses; hounds; lambs; lions; oxen; stag; swans; wolves
Antipater of Thessalonica, 327
Antiphates, 136, 149, 319, 405
Antonia (widow of elder Drusus), 135, 318
Antony, Mark (M. Antonius), xix, 109, 271, 294, 299, 413
Aphrodite, see Venus
Apollo, 385, 387, 392; archery and music, 186; Augustus’ veneration, 42, 235; city of, see Apollonia; and Daphne, 135, 319; and Niobe, 85, 411; patron of poets, 43, 236; Secular Games honour, 25; and Trojan War, 6; see also Delphi (oracle)
apologia, 269
apotheosis: Julius Ceasar’s, 224; see also catasterism and under Augustus
Appian Way, 127, 144, 180, 357, 387
arbitrator, Ovid as private, 27, 225
Arctophylax (constellation), 12, 210
Arctos, see Bear, Great
Arcturus (constellation), 12, 210
Ares, see Mars
Argonauts, 54–5, 245, 305, 387, 393, 396, 403, 405, 406, 423; see also Jason
Aricescu, A., xxviii
Aries (constellation), 59, 250
Aristarchus of Samothrace, 173, 349, 387
Aristeides, 36, 37, 117, 231, 302
Aristotle, 270
arrows, poisoned, xli, 57, 95, 111, 153, 168, 172, 182, 183, 188, 191, 284, 286, 297, 333, 344, 347, 361, 367
art: autonomy, xl–xli, 52–3, 222, 234, 241; verisimilitude in visual, 175, 351
Art of Love (Ars Amatoria), see under Ovid
Artemis, 387–8; and Arethusa, 330; and Cydippe, 382–3; of Dicte, Crete, 110, 295; and Iphigeneia, 113, 159, 298, 337, 384; and Niobe, 85, 411; Tauric cult, xliii–xlviii, 73, 113, 159–60, 262, 298, 388; see also Diana
Astyanassa, 231
Athena, 388; and Argonauts, 54, 119, 245, 305, 387; birth, 62, 253; and Erichthonius, 33, 228–9; and Odysseus, 7, 15; guards Ovid on journey to Tomis, 21; Pheidias’ statues, 174–5; 351, 414–15; and Trojan War, 6; see also Minerva
Athens, 117, 151, 174–5, 242–3, 329, 351, 388
Atia Minor (Augustus’ aunt), 115, 300
Atreus, 114, 245, 299, 360, 383, 384, 388–9, 402
Atticus (Ovid’s friend), xlvii, 90–91, 139–40, 143–5, 212, 241, 279–80, 320–21, 324–5
attrition, exempla of, 111, 118, 144, 190, 303, 366
audience, Ovid’s, in Tomis: lack of critical, xlv, 63, 66, 103, 165, 176, 252, 254, 255, 289, 290, 342, 352; for poems in local language, 195, 372
Augusta Justitia, cult of, 131–2, 169, 315, 316
Augustan poets, 18th cent., xlv
Augustus, Emperor (C. Octavius, Octavian): as Aeneas’ descendant, 110, 223, 228, 295; age at death, 326; and Agrippa Postumus, 339, 359, 389; Ovid’s ambiguity, xi–xii; and Apollo, 42, 235; apotheosis, liii–liv, 190, 364, (Ovid’s poem on) xxxii, xxxv, liv, 181, 185, 190, 195, 359, 363, 373; arbitrariness, xxxviii–xxxix, 5, 9, 25–6, 169, 203, 205, 207, 217–18, 221, 223, 345; charge for safety of citizens, 30, 227; chronic invalid, 26, 223–4; clemency, xxxix, xlv, xlix, 3, 4, 14, 26, 28, 31–2, 73, 78, 87–8, 90, 97, 112, 114, 124–5, 134–5, 136, 168, 169, 171, 180, 212, 223, 268, 275, 276, 280, 285, 316, 344, 346; comparisons, negative, xlv, 114, 136, 169, 245, 344–5; cruelty, xl, 34, 58–9, 248; cult of, 26, 87, 101, 119, 223–4, 276–7, 305; death, xxv, xxvi, xlvi, 113, 181, 259, 296, 339, 358–9; deserts station before battle, xl, 30, 227; dicing, xl, 37–8, 222, 232; direct invocation, xliv, 87–8, 190, 276–7, 364; and drama, xl, 38–9; ‘Father of his Country’ (pater patriae), 26, 29, 71, 110, 190, 223, 295, 366, 409; flattery of, 87–8, 101, 110, 113, 134–5, 221, 273, 275, 288, 296, 298, 316; house, 42, 156, 234, 334, 413; irony employed towards, xxi, xxxvi, xlv, xl, 72, 110, 169, 221, 262, 275, 293, 295, 299; as Jupiter, xxxviii–xxxix, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 32–3, 42, 49, 71, 72, 78, 98, 134, 156, 169, 187, 203, 204, 205, 206, 211, 217–18, 221, 224, 228, 235, 239, 260, 262, 267, 286, 287, 318, 334, 345, 365 (see also thunderbolts); and libraries, xl, 36, 38–9, 231, 294; and Livia, xxxix–xl, 29, 68, 135, 225–6, 258, 319, 389, 406; moral crusade, xxi–xxii, xxxvi, 162, 260–61, 340, 389; and Ovid (Ovid praises in earlier works) xxii, 9, 26, 40, 101, 109, 146–7, 207, 233, 294, (imposes relegation) xxiv, xxv–xxvi, 28, 145, 146, 326, (Ovid’s hopes of reprieve) xxxv, xxxvi, xlvi, 79, 181, 294, 317, 359, (similarity of experience) 269–70; Ovid’s shrine to deified, xxxv, xlviii, 146–8, 189, 325–7; as peace-maker, 110, 294; sexual reputation, xl, 32–3, 226, 228; spear as image of punishment, 192, 370; rebuilds temple of Great Mother, 223; values loyalty, 20, 26, 217, 223; and Virgil, 204, 215, 425
Aurelian gens, 338
auspices, 157
autobiography, Ovid’s, see under Ovid (POETRY)
Babylon, 140
Bacchus, 148, 175, 185, 328, 352, 363, 389–90, 413–14, 419; poem to, xliv, 88–90, 277–9
ballet-dancers (pantomimi), 95, 284–5
barbarian raids: on Aegisos, xxix, 126, 183–4; see also arrows, poisoned, and under Tomis
Batis, commander of Gaza, 240
Bato, chief of Daesitiatae, 132, 315–16
Bears, Greater and Lesser (constellations), 11, 55, 69, 79, 121, 151, 191, 209, 247, 260, 308
bees: Aristaeus and, 175, 352; of Attica, 91, 280; of Hybla, 94, 104, 144, 198, 282–3, 291, 377, 403
birds, xxvii, 123, 133–4, 153; see also hawk; doves; pigeons; swallows; swans
birthdays: Ovid’s, 79, 271; Ovid’s wife’s, xliv, 91–3, 280–81; poems on (genethliaka), xli, 61–2, 91–3; ritual, 61, 92, 252
Bittis of Cos, 15, 154, 213–14, 333
Black Sea: ‘Euxine’ euphemism, 62, 73, 99, 252; freezing, 30, 182, 189, 191, 361, 367, (scientific explanation) liv, 191–2, 367, 368; ‘left-hand’ (laevus, sinister) references, 8, 19, 30, 65, 78, 99, 133, 172, 189, 207, 226–7, 256, 287, 317; pirates, 191, 367, 369
blasphemer, sanctuary for, 87, 133, 317
Block, Elizabeth, 348–9
books: eaten by worms in storage, 111; papyrus roll, 3, 41, 203–4, 234; as poet’s children, 109, 293–4
Boötes (constellation), 12, 210
Boreas (North Wind), 121, 191, 308
boredom: Ovid’s, xlii, xlv, 99, 286; readers’, 84, 170, 173, 198, 247, 274, 288, 346, 349–50
Bosporus, 21, 22, 48, 218, 219, 229, 390, 393
Botrys, 231
Bouynot, Y., 238
Bridie, James, 319
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, 297
brother, Ovid’s, xxii, 79, 271
Brutus (Ovid’s literary agent), liv, 212; advocacy, 181–2, 293, 358; poems addressed to, xxxv, xxxviii, xlvii, l, 17–18, 109, 172–3, 181–2, 216, 238, 252, 347–9, 350, 358–60
Brutus, Bruttedius, 358
burial: in alien land, 114, 115, 237; funerary inscriptions, 269; normal rites denied to those struck by thunderbolts, 239; Ovid’s dirge for Messalla Corvinus, 124, 311; Ovid’s instructions on own, 45–6, 236
Burman, P., xv, 260, 304, 328, 335
Busiris, xlv, 58, 169, 248, 344, 390–91
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 382
Cadmus, 71, 117, 302, 391, 420
Caesars, see Imperial family; Julian gens
Calaïs, 304
calamus (reed), pun on, 172, 347
Cales, river, 191
Caligula, Gaius, Emperor, 318, 385, 406
Callimachus, 200, 274, 381, 391; influence, 35, 54–5, 92, 159–60, 230, 281, 335, 411; translation from, 104, 291
Calpurnian gens, 338
Calypso, 35, 190, 230, 367, 368
‘canker of anguish’, xlvi, 111
cannibalism, 114, 136, 191, 299, 319, 367, 369; see also Antiphates; Atreus
Capaneus, 70, 89, 154, 278, 281, 391–2; wife of, see Evadne
Carneades, 354
Carrhae, standards captured at, 31, 227–8, 231, 299
Carus, 199, 211, 212, 216, 282, 315; tutor to sons of Germanicus, 196, 372; poems addressed to, li, 194–6, 372–4, (possibly) 19–21, 49–50, 90–91, 217, 238–9, 239–40, 279–80, 286
Castor, 22, 74, 135, 152, 220, 264, 319, 330, 396, 410
catasterism, liii–liv, 29, 89, 195, 226, 250, 276, 279, 373
Cato, M. Porcius the elder, 357
Catullus, C. Valerius, 36, 392, 411, 425; echoes of, 203, 218, 219, 256
Catulus, Q., 230
Celsus (Ovid’s friend), xlvii–xlviii, 127–9, 212, 241, 313
Celsus, Albinovanus, 313
Centaurs, 76, 392, 393, 395; see also Chiron; Nessus
centumviral court, 27, 167, 225, 343, 344
Chaos, 185
Charybdis, 88, 191, 196, 277, 367, 369, 375, 393
chattel status (mancipium), li–lii, 174–5, 180, 198, 199, 358, 376
Chrysippus, 354
Cicero, M. Tullius, xxvi, xxiii, xxxviii, liii, 291, 294, 370, 413
Cinna, Cn. Cornelius, 223
Circe, 35, 156, 230, 245, 334, 393
Circus, 32
‘citizen body’ (Quirites), 180, 357
citizen of world (kosmopolites), liii
citizenship, Roman: exilium entails loss, 28, 225; see also under relegation
Claassen, J.-M., ix, xi, xvii, xxv, 297, 298, 331, 359–60
Clarke, W. M., 231
Clashing Rocks (Symplegades), 22, 393
Claudian gens, opposition to, xxiv, 359, 361; see also plot
Cleitonymus, 302
Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt, xlvi, 110, 295, 389
climate, see under Danube; Tomis
Clodian Way, 126–7
Clytemnestra, 35, 156, 245, 334, 383, 393
Colakis, M., 333
colonization, Green, xxvii; see also Megara; Miletus
comedy, social (trabeata), 380
‘commerce between gods’, 89, 279
common-sense as healer, 193, 370
comparisons, negative, xlv, 114, 136, 156, 169, 245, 344–5
composition, poetic, see Ovid (POETRY)
consolatio genre, 115, 300–301, 310, 341
Constanta, see Tomis
consulship, 282; curule chair, 180, 187, 357; dress, 94, 171, 187, 282, 347, 365; inaugural ceremonies, 179, 187, 355, 365; Flaccus’ election, 188, 363, 364; Graecinus’ suffect, l, lii, 186–90, 363–6; Sextus Pompeius’, 178–9, 354–6; year when both consuls fell in battle, 79, 270, 271
Corbulo, Domitius, 209
Corinth, 21, 117, 302; Gulf of, xxvi, 8; Isthmus, 23, 192, 221, 369, 392, 394
Corona Borealis (constellation), 89, 279
corona civica (civic crown), 42, 235
Corpus Tibullianum, 318
Cotta Maximus, L. Valerius (on adoption, Aurelius): character, 262–3, 264, 281–2; friendship with Ovid, 124, 125, 261, 311; genealogy, 160, 337–8; gives Ovid images of Imperial family, xlviii, 146–8, 263, 282; oratory, xlviii, 160, 167, 343; poems addressed to, xxxiv, xlvii–xlviii, 119–22, 127–9, 136–9, 146–8, 157–60, 167–8, 305–8, 313, 319–20, 325–7, 335–8, 343–4, (possibly) 74, 93–5, 98–9, 263–4, 281–2, 285–6, 291, (cessation) 321, 350; poetic pretensions, 121, 168, 200, 381; supports Ovid over relegation, xxvi, 136, 138–9, 306, 320; supports Tiberius, xlviii, 135, 281–2, 286, 319
Cottius, M. Julius, 360
Cotys IV, king of Thrace, xlviii, 148–50, 327–9, 372
courage, 145
cows, 123; Myron’s sculpture of, 175, 351
Cremera, river, 297
Creusa, 246
Crimea, see Tauric Chersonese
crivat (wind), xxviii
Croesus, king of Lydia, 177, 353
cursus honorum, xix, 269; see also consulship
curule chair (sella curulis), 180, 187, 357
Cybele, xlvi, 65, 110, 223, 256, 295, 300
Cyclops, Polyphemus, 191, 367, 369, 416
Cynapses, river, 191
Dalmatia, 29, 135, 226, 227, 251, 319
Damsté, P. H., 228
Danaïds, 42, 156, 235, 334, 395
‘dancing in the dark’, xxv, li, 176, 352
Danoff, C. M., 245
Danube (Ister, Hister), river, 84, 367, 395; freezing over, 55, 56–7, 113, 161, 182, 298, 340, 361; and icing of Black Sea, 191; names, 126, 246, 312
Darius III Codomannus, king of Persia, 50, 240
daughter, Ovid’s, xx, 10, 81, 126, 209
Davisson, M.T., 290, 291, 300, 301, 331, 367
De Jonge, T. J., 260, 261, 262, 265, 268
De Medicamine Faciei (Ovid), 38, 232
death: by drowning, 8, 13, 237; exile as living, xxxix, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17–18, 43–4, 45, 54, 58, 62, 124, 126, 129, 134, 136, 137, 165, 167, 194, 208, 212, 213, 215, 217, 234, 235–6, 237, 244, 248, 253, 269, 310, 312, 313, 316, 320, 338, 344, 378; fear of dying abroad, xxvi, 4, 95, 114, 115, 204, 237, 284, 299; Ovid’s, xxvi, l, 316; Ovid’s doubts on survival after, 45–6, 82, 114, 237, 272; Ovid’s duritia as triumphing over, 190, 366; Ovid’s obsession with, xxxix, xli, xlii, 23, 44–6, 54, 198, 220, 237, 238, 244, 376–7; Ovid’s wish for, xli, xlii, 43–4, 54, 61–2, 70, 75, 76, 95, 99, 101, 235–6, 244, 251–2, 254, 260, 264, 287; paraclausithuron applied to door of grave, 44, 236; see also burial; epitaphs; funeral dirge; funerary inscriptions
decemuiri stlitibus iudicandis, 27, 225
‘Delia’ (Tibullus’ mistress), 236, 422
Della Corte, F., xv, 214, 225, 226, 238, 239, 241, 242, 244, 245, 254, 262, 276, 293, 336
Delphi: oracle of Apollo, 78, 102, 276, 289, 302, 383, 391, 395, 412
Demetrius Poliorcetes, 242–3
Diana, 27, 395–6, temple, Heracleia Pontica, 159–60, 337; see also Artemis
dicing: Augustus’ addiction to, xl, 37–8, 222, 232; Ovid’s repudiation, li, 121, 307, 352
Dickinson, R. J., 222, 234, 269, 278
Dido, queen of Carthage, 39, 233, 396
Diomedes, king of Bistonians, 114, 245, 299, 396
Diomedes, son of Tydeus, 133, 317, 396
Dionysus II, tyrant of Syracuse, 177, 353
Dionysus, see Bacchus
Dioscuri, 396; see also Castor; Pollux
ditcher, shackled, 123
Dobruja, Romanian, xxvii, 57, 117, 153, 248; see also Tomis
dogs: hounds, 99; three-headed, see Cerberus
drama: Augustus endorses improper, xl, 38–9; satyr, 36, 231
dress, see toga praetexta; tunica
drowning, horror of, 8, 13, 237; imagery, 133, 137, 142, 317–8, 320
Drusus I (Nero Claudius Drusus, son of Ti. Claudius Nero and Livia), 68, 147, 227, 258, 326
Drusus II (Drusus Julius Caesar, son of Tiberius and Vipsania), xxiv, 29, 67, 134, 146, 195, 207, 226, 258, 318, 326, 374; image in Ovid’s shrine, 189, 366; Prince of the Youths, 141, 322; in Tiberius’ triumphal escort, 135, 319
Drusus III (Drusus Julius Caesar, son of Germanicus), 318, 374
Dryas, 279
Dryden, John, xlv
duritia (toughness), Ovid’s, 190, 366, 367
Dryápsus, river, 191
Ehwald, R., and Levy, F., xv, 277, 279, 284, 328, 343, 356, 365
Elba (Ilva), xxvi, 138–9, 263, 305, 320, 397
elegiac couplets, 161, 166, 179, 186–7, 340, 343, 364
elements, separation of, 185, 363
Elephantis (pornographic writer), 231
Eliot, T. S., 244
Elysium, 397
emergencies, military, 257
enemies, Ovid’s: and his relegation, xxiv–xxv, 16, 27, 58; unnamed, 101, 288, (poems to) xliii, xliv, 16, 18–19, 57–9, 78–9, 97–8, 199–200, 234, 248, 255, 285, 378–81, (in Tomis) xxxi, 197, 375
envy, see livor
epic poetry, xxxviii, 14–15, 211–12; Macer’s aim to continue Homeric, 150, 239; mock-, 10, 191–2, 206, 209, 367, 368; Ovid abrogates, 141, 161, 322, 340; Ovid plans Gigantomachia, 26–7, 34, 224
epistolary techniques, xxxviii, xliii, xliv, 104, 234, 290–91, 291–2, 293, 332
epitaphs, Aeschylus’, xlii, 238; Ovid writes own, xlii, 46, 236, 238; Tr. IV.10 as, 269
equestrian order, xix, 27, 224; in consul’s inaugural procession, 187, 365; dress, 80, 271; equitum transuectio, 27, 39, 224; Ovid’s background, xix, 27, 67, 79, 184, 270, 362; Prince of the Youths, 141, 322; public horse, 27, 224; trabeata, 380
Erichthonius, 33, 148, 228–9, 327
erotic imagery of military service, xxv, xliii, 66, 125, 311
erotic poetry, Ovid’s, see under Ovid (POETRY)
error, Ovid’s unspecified, 137, 184; consciousness of guilt, 3, 4, 5, 133, 203, 316; echo of Virgil, 28, 225; as folly, 122, 124, 133, 212, 270, 309, 316; Graecinus and, 142, 323; non-criminal, 9, 10, 42, 50, 51, 58, 64, 72, 87, 90, 97, 101, 122, 124, 133, 149–50, 207, 209, 212, 240, 256, 261, 262, 280, 285, 309, 316; possible knowledge of pro-Julian plot, xxiv, 14, 26, 27, 50, 208, 212, 223, 282; as reason for relegation, xxiv, 28, 150, 162, 338; Sextus Pompeius and, 198, 378; as witnessing of criminal act, 27, 50, 51, 225, 240, 241
Erskine, A., 326
estate, Ovid’s garden, xx–xxi, 24, 77–8, 126–7, 312
Eteocles, 33, 92, 229, 281, 387, 397–8
etiquette, manuals of, 38
etymology of ‘Tomis,’ xlii, 54–5, 382
Euboea, 398; Greek fleet wrecked off, 5, 96, 203, 205
Eumolpus, 148, 161, 327, 340, 398
Europa, 391
Eurytus, king of Oechalia, 363
Euxine (euphemism for Black Sea), 62, 73, 99, 252
Evadne, xliv, 70, 93, 106, 156, 281, 391–2, 398
Evans, H. B., xv, 234, 236, 238, 241, 245, 246, 253, 254, 257, 261, 262, 269, 270, 273, 288, 292, 293, 296, 309, 310–11, 316, 325, 343, 344, 347, 349, 350, 355
exile: Cotta Maximus’ support to Ovid, xxvi; 136, 138–9, 306, 320; effect on Ovid’s poetry, xxxv, xli, xlvii, 4, 16, 62–3, 76, 80, 102–3, 121, 140–41, 169, 175–6, 203, 204, 215, 252–3, 266, 273, 322, 342; legal conditions, 28, 225 (see also under relegation); literary clichés of, xxix, lii–liii; Ovid’s departure, xxvi, xxxviii, 9–12, 208–10 (see also journey); Ovid’s enemies instigate, xxiv–xxv, 16, 27, 58; Ovid’s poems as paradigms of, xiv–xv, xxxvi–xxxvii; psychological effect, xi, 53, 243, 296; reasons for Ovid’s, see error, Ovid’s; and under Ovid (POETRY, erotic); reprieve, Ovid’s hopes of, xxvi, xxxiii, 40, 44, 72, (hope abandoned) xlii, xliii, 79, 88, 101, 170–71, 273, 345–7; resignation, Ovid’s, xxxiv–xxxv, xliv–l, 170–71, 194, 371; theory that Ovid’s exile fictitious, x, xxiii, 332; transfer Ovid’s pleas for, xxiii, xxxiii, xli, xliv, 40, 50, 51, 53, 54, 61, 72–3, 87, 88, 111, 113, 130, 134, 135, 136, 146, 186, 243, 244, 247, 249, 273, 296, 298, 314, 316, 344, 345; see also death (exile as living); relegation
Fabius Maximus, Paullus, see under Maximus
Fairweather, J., 269–70
fame, 103, 154, 158, 185, 288–9, 362; see also immortality
fantasy, exilic, see imagination; Rome (mind’s eye visits); surrogates
fasces (rods and axes), 94, 186, 187, 282, 364
Fasti, see under Ovid
Fasti Praenestini, 315
Fate, Fates, 65, 89, 100, 127, 256, 287, 398–9
father, Ovid’s, xix, xvi, 80, 81–2, 271–2
‘Father of his Country,’ see under Augustus
Favorinus, liii
fear, descriptions of, 143–4, 157–8
Feeney, D. C., 305
feet (metric), 3, 41, 42, 204, 234
Fermor, Patrick Leigh, 382
festivals: Liberalia, 277; spring, 60, 79, 250
Fidus, Cornelius, 209
fish, 56, 143–4; sign of (Pisces), 76, 266
Fitton Brown, A. D., xxiii
Flaccus, L. Pomponius, xxix, xlviii, 129–30, 188, 309, 313–14, 363, 364, 365
Flaminian Way, 126–7
flattery, Ovid’s: of Augustus and Imperial family, 110, 113, 134–5, 146–8, 273, 275, 293, 295–6, 298, 316, 325–7; of Germanicus, 132, 316; irony, 293, 295, 298
Fecardi, G., 222
Fornara, C. W., 240
Fortune (Fortuna), 137, 144, 148, 157, 176, 399; virtue not dependent on, 105, 292; wheel of, 97, 138, 177, 285, 320
Fränkel, H., 267–8
Frazer, Sir James, xxii
friends, poems to, 234, 273; complains of ineffectiveness on his behalf, xlix–l, 145, 170–71, 275, 324; faithful, xxxviii, xliv, 13–15, 19–21, 46–51, 90–91, 98–9, 143, 157–60, 211, 217, 238–41, 254–5, 279–80, 285–6, 335–8; poem of resignation, xlix–l, 170–71, 345–7, not named, 48, 71–2, 74, 263; unfaithful, xxxviii, xliii, 18–19, 48, 76–7, 157–60, 168–70, 176–8, 216–17, 254–5, 335–8, 344–5, 353–4
Frontinus, 251
fruit, pleasure of plucking, 167
Fundi: Rufus native of, 152, 330
funeral dirge, Messalla Corvinus’, 124, 311
funerary inscriptions, echoes of, 269
Gaius (jurist), 377
Gaius, emperor (Caligula), 318, 385, 406
Gaius Caesar (son of Tiberius), 207, 341
Gallio, Junius, l, li, 192–3, 244, 370
Gallus, C. Cornelius, 37, 81, 84, 399
games: Secular, 25, 223; in Tomis, xxxi, 197, 376
gaming, see dicing
Ganges, river, 89
gardening, xxi, li, 126–7, 145, 176, 255, 352; see also villa, Ovid’s
Gaza, siege of, 240
genethliaka, see birthdays
Germanicus, Julius Caesar: age, 134, 318, 362; campaigns, 132, 195, 226, 316, 342, 374; Carus tutor to children of, 196, 240, 372; death, 361; Fasti rededicated to, viii, 233, 363; image in Ovid’s shrine, 189, 366; in Imperial family, 29, 67, 135, 146, 195, 226, 258, 319, 326, 374; literary works, 186, 321, 342, 363; Ovid’s approach to, xxiv, xxxiii, xxxv, 132, 142, 180, 186, 282, 285, 315, 316, 357, (direct) xlviii, 132, 184–6, 316, 321, (through supporters) xlvii, xlviii–l, lii, 190, 321, 346, 350, 361, (Tiberius alientated by) 315, 321, 342; Ovid’s earlier praise for, 207; as Prince of the Youths (q.v.), 141, 322
Germany, 31; Cimbri, 177, 354; Germanicus’ campaigns, 195, 316, 374; Tiberius’ campaigns, 67–9, 251, 257–8; see also Teutoburger Forest
Getae (Goths), 55, 85, 89, 95, 188, 246, 335, 399–400; Aegisos occupied by, xxix, 126, 183–4; language, xxvii, xxxii–xxxiii, 63, 158, 197, 254, 286, 336
Giants, 76, 133, 317, 400, 423; Battle of Gods (Gigantomachia) and, 26–7, 34, 185, 224, 363, 400
gladiators, 120, 147, 306, 327
Gorgon, see Medusa
Goths, see Getae
Graecinus, C. Pomponius: poems to, xlviii, 122–3, 130, 142–3, 308–10, 323–4, 330, 350; suffect consulship, l, lii, 186–90, 363–6
Grand Tour, xx, xxiii, xxvi, 8, 150–51, 207, 329
grass, blades of, 84
grave, paraclausithyron at, 44, 236
great, danger of contact with, 46, 118, 239, 303–4
Greece: culture in Tomis, xxvii, xxxi, xxxii, 54–5, 96, 100, 245; navigation, 69, 260; see also colonization; languages (Greek lingua franca); and individual places
Griffin, M., xlviii
hamartia, 270
Häsler, B., liii
heads, human, offered to gods, 188–9, 365
health, 104, 290, 291–2; see also under Ovid
Hebrus, river, 120, 306–7, 412
Hector, 58, 90, 152, 183, 330, 361, 382, 400–401; Achilles dishonours body, 58, 69, 248, 260; city of (Ophrynion), 22, 219; wife of, see Andromache
Heinsius, N., 238, 283, 328, 337, 365
Helen of Troy, 35
Helicon, Mount, 401, 410; see also Hippocrene
Helzle, M., viii, xv, xxiii, 303, 355, 356, 358
Heniochi (pirates), 369
Hephaestus, 6, 33, 228–9, 388, 401
Hera, see Juno
Heracleia Pontica, 159–60, 219, 337
Hercules, Heracles, 199, 379, 383, 385, 390–91, 395, 396, 399, 401, 403; birth, 35, 230–31, 385; and Iole, 185, 363; Juno’s hatred, 50, 240, 401
Herescu, N. I., xxviii, xxix, xxxi
Heroides, see under Ovid
Hinds, Stephen, 265
Hippocrene, spring of, 186, 363, 401, 413
Hippodameia, 35, 230, 402, 411–12
Hister, see Danube
Holzberg, Niklas, ix
Homer, 402, 424; echoes of, 26, 101, 183, 217, 223, 256, 288, 361; themes from, 35, 230
honey, see bees
Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus), 402–3; on Albinovanus Celsus, 313; Carmen Saeculare, 223; echoes of, 190, 249, 273, 327, 366–7; and Maecenas, 327; Ovid’s contact, xxi, 81; on Paullus Fabius Maximus, 298; on poetic frenzy, 307
horses, breaking in, 75, 264–5; Calamus’ sculptures, 175, 351; public, 27, 224; race-, 99, 102, 118, 143, 303
Hortensius Hortalus, Q., 37, 403, 413
hounds, 99
houses: falling, image of, 20, 27, 49, 128, 158, 224; Ovid’s, xx–xxi, 10, 208 (see also villa)
Housman, A. E., 232, 277, 299, 317–18, 381
human flesh, eating of, see cannibalism
hunting, 99, 132, 134, 200, 381
Hybla, 94, 104, 144, 198, 282–3, 291, 377, 403
Hyginus, C. Julius, 62–3, 252–4
Hymettus, Mt, 280
Hypanis, river, 191
Iasion, 33
Ibis, see under Ovid
Ilia/Rhea Silvea, 32, 69, 228, 403, 417–18
ill fortune as visible entity external to poet, 54, 243
Illyria, 29, 31, 135, 226, 227, 319
imagery, Ovid’s: see agriculture; animal imagery; attrition; cork; ‘dancing in the dark’; drowning; erotic imagery; fruit; houses; ivy; lightning; load; medical imagery; military imagery; multiplicity imagery; ploughing, rust; ships; shipwreck; skiff; snow; melting; stony-heartedness; storms; veterans; wounds
imagination, poetic: 68, 257; alienation from reality, xliv, 234; see also Rome (mind’s eye visits); surrogates
Imbros, 403
immortality: conferred by poetry, xxxv, xxxix, xlii, 16, 46, 71, 84, 185, 213, 259, 270, 274, 361, 362; of poetry, xxxix, xli, 46, 52–3, 213, 231, 237, 241; wife’s promised, xliv, 71, 93, 105–6, 213, 259, 281, 292
Imperial family, 8, 134–5, 207, 318–19; cult of, 119, 305, 325–6 (see also under Augustus); offences against, as crime, 122, 309; Ovid’s encomia, 26, 40, 67, 224, 233, 257–8; Ovid’s shrine to, xlix, 146–8, 189, 263, 282, 325–7, 366; principes iuuenum, 141, 322
impotence, 339
India, Bacchus’ progress through, 185, 363
insomnia, 54, 69, 130, 243, 259, 314
interdictio, aquae et ignis, 225
interlocutor, invisible, 85, 273
‘interpreter, malicious’, xxxi, 197, 375
‘inversion’ poems, 61–2, 75–6, 99–100, 286–7
Iphigeneia, xlviii, 73, 113, 159–60, 262, 298, 335, 388, 403–4
irony, xlv, 27, 130, 147, 209, 222, 273, 314, 327, 372–3; towards Augustus, xxi, xxxvi, xlv, 72, 169, 221, 262, 275, 293, 295, 299
Isis, cult of, xlvi, 110, 229, 295
Ister, see Danube
Isthmus of Corinth, 23, 192, 221, 369, 392, 394
Istros, 245
Janus, 178–9, 355; temple, Rome, l, 294
Jason (Argonaut), 117, 118–19, 153, 302, 303, 304, 332, 384, 387, 404, 406, 407–8
Jason of Pherae, 149
Jerome, St, l
journey to Tomis, Ovid’s, xxvi, xxxviii, 21–4, 118–19, 145, 304, 324; dangers, 23–4, 59, 64, 87, 220–21, 256; Sextus Pompeius’ help, li, 179–80, 351, 357, 358; storms at sea, xxvi, xxxviii, 6–9, 12–14, 21–4, 206–7, 210–11, 220
Jugurtha, king of Numidia, 177, 354
Julia (1) (Augustus’ daughter), xxi–xxii, 296, 384, 404
Julia (2) (Augustus’ grand-daughter), 135, 318, 404–5
Julian gens: Ovid’s sympathies, 141, 299, 323, 424; rivalry with Claudians, xxiv, 359, 361 (see also plot); see also Imperial family
Juno (Hera), 6, 32–3, 119, 229, 305, 387; and Hercules, 50, 240, 199, 379, 401; Livia compared with, 156, 157, 334
Jupiter (Jove, Zeus), 405, 426; affected by sacrifice, 148; and Alcmena, 35, 230–31; and birth of Bacchus, 89, 278; Capitolinus, 134, 156, 187, 318, 334, 365; clemency, 148; sexual activities, 32–3, 240; wrath, 59, 248; see also thunderbolts and under Augustus
Justitia, Augusta, cult of, 131–2, 169, 315, 316, 344
Juvenal (D. Iunius Iuvenalis), 263
Kenney, E. J., 204, 213, 222, 249
kosmopolites (citizen of world), liii
Krounoi (Dionysopolis), 22, 219
ladies, respectable (matrones honestae), 31, 162, 228, 338, 340
Laestrygonians, 190–91, 367, 369, 405; see also Antiphates
laevus, see under Black Sea
Lago di Niftia (‘pools of Palicus’), 151, 329–30
Laïs (pornographic writer), 231
languages of Tomis, xxxii–xxxiii, 88; Getic, xxvii, xxxii–xxxiii, 63, 158, 197, 254, 286, 336; Greek lingua franca, xxvii, xxxiii, 88, 96, 100, 158, 195, 286, 336, 372, 373; Latin (local knowledge of) xxvii, 96, 100, 197, 375, (Ovid’s claim to be forgetting) xxv, xxxii, 41, 63, 88, 95, 96, 103, 120, 158, 252, 254, 283, 290, 306, 336, 348; Ovid’s acquisition of local, xxv, xxxii–xxxiii, 88, 95, 96, 100, 103, 158, 195, 283, 286, 287, 336, 372, 373, (composes poem in) xxxii, xxxv, liv, 195, 365–6; ‘Sarmatian’, xxvii, xxxii, 96, 103, 158, 286, 336; Scythian, xxvii, 63
Laodameia, xliv, 16, 93, 106, 156, 213, 281, 405
Latin language, see under languages
laudatio, formal, 141, 322; consulis, 178–9, 354–5
laurel: tree, 135, 319; wreaths, 142, 323
law: Augustan, on morality, xxi, xxxvi, 162, 340, 389; closure of courts for spring festivals, 60, 250; substitution of force for, in Tomis, 96, 189, 365; see also chattel status, oratory, forensic
Leander, 56, 248, 382, 405, 420
left-hand (laevus, sinister), see under Black Sea
Lemnos, 405–6
Lenz, F. W., ix, 217, 320, 337
‘Lesbia’ (Catullus’ mistress), 36
Lethe, river, 65, 139, 174, 406
Leucothea (Ino, daughter of Cadmus), 169, 345
Liberalia, 277
libraries: Alexandrian, 385, 387, 391; Augustus and, xl, 36, 38–9, 231, 294; Ovid lacks in Tomis, 63, 103, 252, 254; Ovid’s works banned in Roman, xxvi, 4–5, 42–3, 62, 109, 205, 253, 294; Palatine, 43, 62–3, 235, 252–4; Portico of Octavia, 43, 234
Libya, 144
lictors, 364
lightning, 157–8
lions, 49–50, 75, 116, 240, 264–5
liquorice plant, 298
Livia Drusilla (Julia Augusta), 405; age at death, 326; ambiguous references to, 83, 115, 163, 195, 272, 300, 341, 373–4; apostrophe to, 166, 342; cult of, 119, 305; flattery of, 146, 326; hostility to Ovid, xxiv, xxxv, xxxvi, 296; image in Ovid’s shrine, xlviii, 146–8, 325–7; Juno compared, 156, 157, 334; marriages (Tib. Claudius Nero) 68, 226, 258, 406, (Augustus) xxxix–xl, 29, 68, 135, 225–6, 258, 319, 389, 406; negative comparisons, xlv, 156, 245, 334; Ovid’s wife to approach, xxiii, xxxiv, 16, 156–7, 163, 213, 214, 331, 334; and Paullus Fabius Maximus, 296, 339, 341; sexuality in age, 134, 318; Vesta compared with, 195, 373–4
Livilla (Claudia Livia Julia), 67, 135, 258, 318, 406
livor (envy), 83, 163, 165, 199, 200, 272, 341, 342, 381
load, carrying of heavy, 145, 325
Lotus-Eaters, 64–5, 190, 256, 367, 369
Love, vision of, 160–63, 338–41
loyalty: Augustus values, 20, 26, 217, 223; friends’, 275, 282; fame on account of, 158; Ovid’s 189, 364; and virtue, 313; wife’s, 93, 105–6, 258, 281, 292
Lozovan, E., xxvii, xxix, xxx, xxxi, 336
Lucifer, 50
Luck, G., viii, xv, xvii, lvi–lxi, 227, 230, 280–81, 288; on addressees of poems, 238–9, 240, 241, 261, 262, 285–6, 292; emendations, lvi–lxi, 204, 209, 214, 222, 232, 237, 242, 243, 244, 247, 268, 274, 276, 277, 284, 287, 381
Lucretius Carus, T., 32, 36, 228, 406–7; echoes of, 98, 190, 286, 366
Lycophron: Alexandra, 219
Lycóris (Gallus’ mistress), 399, 407
Lycus, river, 191
Macer (Ovid’s tutor), xxiii, 80, 199, 330, 378, 390; identity, xxiii, 150, 329; poems to, xlviii, 150–51, 329–30, (possibly) 18–19, 176–8, 216, 291, 353–4
Macer, M. Pompeius, 150
MacNeice, Louis, 251–2
Madvig, J. N., 209
Maecenas, Gaius, 327
maenads, 65, 89, 256, 287, 407, 412, 414, 406–7
magistrates: curule chair, 180, 187, 357; dress, 80, 94, 187, 271, 282, 365; see also consulship
magna nomina (great names), 46, 118, 239, 303–4
malice, see livor
mancipatio per aes et librum, 377
mancipium, see chattel status
Marcellus, M. Claudius, 341
Marchesi, C., 221
Marcia (wife of Paullus Fabius Maximus), xxiii, 115, 155, 214, 259, 296, 339
Marg, W., 213
Mark Antony, see under Antony
Mars (Ares), 188, 365, 407; father of Romulus and Remus, 32, 338, 418; Field of, see Rome (Campus Martius); temple of Mars Ultor, Rome, 33, 229, 261, 310; and Venus, 35, 401
matrones honestae, see ladies, respectable
Maximus, Cotta, see under Cotta
Maximus, Paullus Fabius, xxiii, 115; advocacy, 113, 114, 298; death, xlvi, 113, 181, 182, 259, 296, 321, 339, 341, 359; Ovid’s wife from household of, xxiii, 114–15, 214, 300; poems to, xlvii, 111–15, 160–63, 171–2, 296–300, 338–41, 347; visits Agrippa Postumus with Augustus, 339, 359
Medea, 35, 39, 53, 54–5, 156, 163, 220, 243, 244–5, 246, 302, 332, 334, 340, 382, 384, 407; Ovid’s lost tragedy on, 332
medical imagery, 115–18, 123, 139, 164, 172, 193, 300, 301, 341, 370
Medusa, xlv, 76, 112, 156, 245, 297, 334, 408, 414
Meiser, R., 221
Melanthus, river, 191
Melissus, Gaius (or Cilnius), 200, 380
Memmius, Gaius, 408
Memnon, king of Ethiopia, 119, 163, 341, 389, 408
Merkel, R., 247
Messalinus, M. Valerius Corvinus, 74, 128, 138, 264, 313, 409; poems to, 123–5, 133–6; 261, 310–11, 316–19, (possibly) xliii, 71–3, (cessation) 321, 350; and Tiberius, xlviii, 135, 310, 319
Messalla Corvinus, M. Valerius, 311, 409; literary circle (Ovid) xix, xx, 124, 138, 311, 319, (Severus) 351, (Tibullus) 423; oratory, 134, 318
Metella (‘Perilla’), 36, 232, 409, 423
metre: local languages and, 373; ‘Tuticanus’, 193, 370–71; see also elegiac couplets; feet; hexameter
Metrodorus of Scepsis, 197, 375–6
Miletus; colonies, xxvii, 22, 54, 219, 220, 245, 409
military imagery, xxv, xliii, 66, 125, 155, 311, 333
military service, Ovid avoids, xxv, xliii, 66, 256–7
mind: free to go where it will, 168, 243; see also Rome (mind’s eye visits)
Minerva, 21, 54, 218, 245, 409–10; and Ovid’s birthday, 79, 271; see also Athena
Minerva (ship carrying Ovid to exile), 21, 218
Mithridates VI of Pontus, 375
Moesia, province of, xxvi, xlvi, 410
moon: lunar calendar, 339
moral climate of Empire, 325–6
morality: Augustus’ legislation, xxi–xxii, 162, 340, 389; Ovid’s personal, 34, 43, 145, 184, 235, 236, 269, 324
multiplicity imagery, 65, 84, 87, 94, 144, 198, 256, 276, 282–3, 377
Muses, 25, 43, 52, 64, 222, 236, 256, 270, 401, 410
Mutina, seige of, 79, 270, 271
Mysia, 188
mythology, Ovid’s treatment of, xxi, xxii; see also aetiology
Nagel, B. R., xv, 245, 268, 269, 273, 354
names, great (magna nomina), 46, 118, 303–4
Nauplius, 205
Némethy, G., xv, 281, 291, 295
neoteric movement, xxi, 274, 392, 393, 399, 410–11, 423; aetiology, xlii, 54–5; influence on Virgil, 425; see also individual poets
Neptune, 148, 206, 383, 411; and Ulysses, 6–7, 15, 59, 165, 248, 345, 385
Nero (son of Germanicus), 318, 374
Nero, Tib. Claudius (Livia’s first husband), 68, 226, 258, 406
Nerullinus, M. Suillius, 242
Nessus, shirt of, 246, 395, 403
Nestor, 93, 147, 326, 411; son of, see Antilochus
Niobe, 85, 102, 112, 275, 297, 411
Notus, see winds (South)
Numa (unidentified poet), 199, 379
Numa Pompilius, king of Rome, 160, 161, 338, 340, 411
oak-leaves: corona civica, 52, 235
obsession, Ovid’s thematic, xlv, 196, 272, 331–2, 348, 374–5
Odysseus, see Ulysses
Oedipus, 205–6
Oenone, 301
Olympus (flute-player), 161, 340, 412
Ophrynion (‘Hector’s city’), 22, 219
Opus, 117
oracles, 78; see also Delphi; Dodona
oratory, forensic: apologia, 79–83, 269; Brutus, 181–2, 293, 358; Cotta Maximus, xlviii, 160, 167, 343; Ovid’s poems, xiv, xix, xxix–xxx, xxxvii, xxxix, 211–12; Messalla Corvinus, 134, 318; Paullus Fabius Maximus, 113, 114, 298
Orestes, 35, 383, 412; among Taurians, xlviii, 73, 159–60, 262, 335, 388, 404, 412; friendship with Pylades, 14, 73, 91, 94, 137, 143, 158, 262, 280, 282, 336, 411–12
Orpheus, 64, 149, 161, 256, 328, 340, 398, 412, 421
Ossa, Pelion piled on, 133, 317
Ostia, 300
overwork, see attrition
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso)
CAREER xix–xxiv; birth, xix, 271, 272; education xix, 80; Grand Tour, xix, xxiii, xxvi, xlviii, 8, 150–151, 207, 329; official career, xix, 27, 39, 80, 167, 224–5, 269, 270, 271, 343, 344; becomes poet, xix–xx, 80, 124, 269; exile, see separate entry; death, xxvi, l, 316
CHARACTER AND EMOTIONS: boredom, xlii, xlv, 99, 286; depression, xxxiii, 54, 76, 119–20, 129–30, 165, 243, 265–6, 275, 314, 342; despair, xxxiv–xxxv, xlvii, xlviii, xlix–1, 123, 143–4, 168, 170–71, 316, 325, 345–7, 348, 377; egotism, xlii, xliii, 85, 91–3, 170, 258, 259, 260, 275, 280–81, 287–8, 331, 333, 346; gardening, love of, xxi, li, 126–7, 145, 176, 255, 352; morality, 34, 43, 145, 184, 235, 236, 269, 324; tempted to suicide, 13, 123, 128, 171, 309, 346; see also death (Ovid’s wish for)
FAMILY, xix, 28, 79, 184, 225; equestrian status, xix, 27, 67, 79, 184, 270, 362; financial situation, xix–xx, xxii; marriages, xx, xxii–xxiii, 81, 260–61, 269, 270; see also brother; daughter; father; mother; Perilla; wife
HEALTH, xxviii, xxxv, xlii, 44–6, 104, 129–30, 134, 154–5, 175, 235, 237, 238, 255, 314, 316; ageing, premature, xxviii, xlii, xlvi, xlviii–xlix, 77–8, 82, 118, 130, 255, 266–7, 303; appetite, loss of, xxviii, 54, 76, 129, 130, 243, 265–6, 314; insomnia, xxviii, 54, 69, 130, 243, 259, 314; pleurisy, 76, 104, 265–6, 291; pneumonia, 76, 265–6; probable historicity, 238; psychological, xxviii, xliv, 86, 116, 301, (allied to physical) xli, xlii, 43, 53–4, 76, 243, 275
HOMES, xx–xxi; in Rome, xx, 10, 208; villa, xx–xxi, 24, 77–8, 126–7, 312
POETRY: autobiographical, xxxviii, xliii, liv, 79–83, 199–200, 254, 268–72, 378–81; autonomy, xl–xli, 52–3, 222, 234, 241; burns unsatisfactory drafts, xliii, 66, 81, 103, 253, 255, 271, 289; choice as career, xix–xx, 80, 269; as comfort, xxxix, xli, xlii, xliii, xlv, 23, 46, 52–3, 64–5, 82–3, 97, 121, 176, 221, 241, 255, 269, 273, 283, 307–8, 352; defence of exilic style, xliv, 84–6, 102–3, 274, 288–90; erotic (abandons mode) xliii, 84, 101, 273–4, (echoes of) xliii, 4, 5, 112, 160–61, 179, 190, 205, 301, 331, 338, 339, 346, 347, 366, (and Ovid’s exile) xxi, xxiv, 3, 25, 64, 150, 162, 195, 204, 222, 239, 338, 374, (Ovid’s personal morality distinct from) 269, (as Ovid’s true glory) xlii, 46, 270, (respectable ladies not addressed by) 31, 162, 228, 338, 340; poems as poet’s children, 62, 109, 252, 293–4; ‘public’, 84, 274; rate of production in exile, 253; repetitiveness, 84, 170, 173, 198, 247, 288, 346, 349; revision, lack of (alleged) 86, 120, 172–3, 348, (apparent) l; suffering because of, 144, 176, 324, 352; see also WORKS below, addressees; audience; epic poetry; epistolary techniques; exile (effect on poetry); propaganda; variatio; and under immortality
WORKS
Amores, xx, xxi, 161, 340; and exile, 3, 204; echoes, 52, 53, 242
Art of Love (Ars Amatoria), xxi–xxii; apologies and disclaimers, 21, 31, 103, 109, 135, 203, 205, 217, 228, 290, 294; banned, 6, 62, 109, 205; echoes of, 23, 220, 222; and exile, xxiv, 3, 25, 64, 150, 162, 204, 222, 329, 338; praeceptor amoris, 4–5, 119, 161, 205, 305, 331, 340; respectable women not to read, 31, 162, 228, 338, 340; turns away from style, xliii, 84, 101, 273–4
Black Sea Letters (Epistulae ex Ponto), vii, x, xxxvi–xxxvii, xlv–lv; Book I, 109–30, 293–314; Book II, 131–52, 314–31; Book III, 153–73, 331–50; Book IV, l–lv, 174–200, 350–81
On Facial Treatment for Ladies (De Medicamine Faciei), 38, 232
Fasti, Ibis, viii, xi–xii, xiii, Callimachean echoes, 335; loss of original drafts, xxxviii, 17–18, 40, 233; publication, xxii; rededication to Germanicus, 315, 363; unfinished, xxxviii, xxxix, 17–18, 40, 215, 233
Heroides: echoes of, 216, 301; epistolary techniques, xxiii, xlii, xliv, 234, 291, 293, 332; possible adaptation for stage, 285
Ibis, 248, 254, 268, 281, 353, 376
Medea, lost tragedy of, 332
Metamorphoses: burning of Ovid’s working copy, xxxviii, 6, 17–18, 62–3, 205–6, 214–15, 253, 290; on Caesarean house, 26, 40, 224, 233; echoes of, 190, 363, 366–7; omission from ‘autobiographical’ poem, 270; publication, xvi; unfinished, xxxviii, xxxix, 17–18, 62–3, 215, 253
Tristia, xxxvi–xlv, Book I, xxxviii–xxxix, 1–14, 203–21; Book II, xxxix–xl, 25–40, 221–33; Book III, xli–xlii, 41–63, 233–54; Book IV, xlii–xliii, 64–83, 254–72; Book V, xliii–xlv, 84–106, 272–92
Owen S. G., xv, xxix, 218, 222, 223, 229, 232, 238, 244, 245, 247–8, 252, 309
oxen: plough-, 75, 118, 303, 346; sacrificial, 179, 188
Palicus, pools of, 151, 329–30
Pallas, see Athena
Pannonia, 319; Tiberius’ campaigns in, 29, 31, 221, 226, 227, 261; triumph, 131–2, 135, 163–6, 251, 314–16, 319, 341–3
Pansa, C. Vibius, 79, 270, 271
pantomimi (ballet-dancers), 95, 284–5
paraclausithyron (poem at closed door), 44, 236
parody, xxi, 206; see also epic poetry (mock-)
Parthenius, river, 191
pater patriae (‘Father of his Country’), see under Augustus
Patroclus, 91, 117, 137, 280, 302, 382, 413
patronage, xix, 135, 138, 214, 263, 316, 319
Paullus Fabius Maximus, see under Maximus
Pausanias, 330
Paxamos, 231
Pedo, see Albinovanus Pedo
Pegasus, 184, 186, 363, 390, 401, 413
Peleus, 302
Pelias and daughters, 93, 246, 281, 302, 384, 385, 387, 413
Pelion piled on Ossa, 133, 317
Penelope: Ovid’s wife as xxxviii, xliv, 16, 35, 93, 101, 106, 156, 211, 213, 414; Tibullus’ Delia as, 236
Peneius, river, 191
Pericles, 281
Perilla (Ovid’s stepdaughter), xxii–xxiii, 305; poems to, xli, 51–3, 234, 241–2
‘Perilla’ (pseud. of Metella), 36, 232, 409, 423
Perillus, xli–xlii, 58–9, 85, 103, 290, 414
Perseus, 53, 243, 386, 395, 414–15
Pfeiffer, R., 308
Phaëthon, 5, 47, 70, 203, 205, 415; sisters of (Heliades), 112, 297
Phalaris, xli–xlii, xlv, 58–9, 85, 149, 169, 248, 344, 415
Philaenis, 231
Philetas of Cos, 15, 213–14, 333
Philoctetes, 85, 86, 90, 115, 154, 275, 276, 405, 415
Philomela, 35, 116, 230, 250, 415–16
philosophy, comforts of, lii–liii
Phraates IV, king of Parthia, 227–8, 299
Phrixus, 250
Phrygia, 416
Pisa, Elis, 35, 82, 230, 272, 416
Piso, L., 227
pity and fear, 270
Plato, 307
Pleiad (group of Alexandrian tragedians), 308
Pleiades (constellation), 122, 126, 308, 416
Pliny the elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus), 263, 298
Pliny the younger (Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus), 291
plot, Ovid and possible pro-Julian, xxiv, 14, 26, 27, 50, 208, 212, 223, 282
ploughing: breaking-in of bulls or oxen, 75, 170, 179, 347; overworked oxen, 118, 303; Ovid wishes to be ploughman, 127, 312; ploughing the seashore, li, 91, 175, 280, 352; worn ploughshare, 144, 190, 366
Plutarch, liii
poetic circle, Ovid’s, xxi, xxv, 80–81
poets, Roman: catalogue, liv, lv, 199–200, 378–81
Pole Star, 43, 121, 151, 298, 308
Pollard, J., 274
pollution by thunderbolts, 239
Pollux (Polydeuces), 22, 74, 135, 220, 264, 319, 396, 410
Polymede, 302
Polyneices, 33, 46, 92, 229, 237, 281, 383, 387, 416
Polyphemus (Cyclops), 136, 191, 245, 319, 367, 369, 416
Pompeius, Sextus: helps Ovid on journey to Tomis, li, 179–80, 350, 357, 358; house in Rome, 198, 377; Ovid as chattel of, li–lii, 174–5, 180, 198, 199, 358, 376–7; poems to, li–lii, 174–5, 178–9, 179–81, 198–9, 286, 293, 350–51, 354–6, 356–8, 376–8
Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus), 177, 353–4
Pontus, see Black Sea
pornographic writers, 231
Poseidon, see Neptune
possession: ecstatic, 65, 256; legal, li–lii, 174–5, 180, 198, 199, 358, 376–7
post, time taken between Rome and Tomis, 165, 193, 195, 341–2, 370, 373
power, divine and political, xlvi, 110, 295
praeceptor amoris, 4, 119, 161, 205, 305, 331, 340
praetors, 282
Preston, Keith, 257
Priam, 50, 85, 90, 102, 240, 275, 417
Prince of the Youths (princeps iuuenum or iuuentutis), 141, 322
princeps: ambiguous use, of Germanicus, 141, 322; femina princeps, 16, 156, 334; princeps iuuenum or iuuentutis, 141, 322
processions: consuls’ inaugural, 179, 187, 355, 365; see also triumphs
Procne, 35, 85, 156, 230, 245, 250, 275, 334, 415
propaganda in Ovid’s poetry: Augustan, 9, 207; exilic poems as, 170, 172, 348
propemptika, 3–6, 179–81, 203–6, 356–8
Propertius, xix, xxi, 37, 80, 81, 84, 232, 390, 417
property: loss in exilium, 28, 225; loss of half, for adultery, 340; Ovid’s enemies attempt to confiscate, xxv, 16, 213, 214; see also under relegation
Propontis (Sea of Marmara), 394, 404–5, 417
Protesilaüs, 36, 213, 281, 405, 417
psychological impact of exile, 53, 243, 296; see also Ovid (health)
Ptolemy XIII, king of Egypt, 177, 353
puns: calamus, 172, 347; feet, 3, 204; pudenda, 38, 233; salus, vale, 104, 290, 291–2
pupil-teacher relationships, 161, 340
purple, see toga praetexta; tunica
Pushkin, Alexander, xiv, xxxvii
Pylades, 417; among Taurians, xlviii, 159–60, 335, 404; see also under Orestes
Pythagoras, 46, 161, 340, 411, 417, 418
Quinquatrus (festival), 79, 250
Quirites (‘citizen body’), 180, 357
Raetia, 227
Ram (Aries, constellation), 59, 250
reality, see under imagination
reciprocity of favours, 148, 358
relegation (relegatio, form of exile): for adultery, xxi–xxii, 340; Augustus’ imposition, xxiv, xxv–xxvi, 28, 145, 146, 326; places specified, 28, 225, 226; retention of rights, xliv, 101, 287–8, (citizenship) xxv, 28, 30, 79, 88, 90, 225, 227, 268, (property) xxv, 16, 28, 72, 74, 88, 90, 125, 225, 262, 311; reversion, 311; see also exile
Remus, Romulus and, 69, 259, 365, 417–18
renuntiatio amoris, 346
Rhea Silvia/Ilia, 32, 69, 228, 403, 417–18
Rhescuporis, king of Thrace, 327
rhetoric, see oratory
Rhine, river, 166
Rhoemetalces, king of Odrysian Thracians, 312
Richmond, J. A., xv, lvi–lxi, 295, 318, 335, 341, 356, 365
Riese, E., 232
rings worn thin by use, 190, 366
Ritsos, Yannis, 262
rivers, reversing flow of, 180, 358
robbery, Ovid suffers, xxvi, 23, 82, 145, 324
rods and axes, see fasces
Romantic movement, xiii
Rome: Aqua Virgo, 60, 126, 251, 312; atria Libertatis, 43, 235; Augustus’ palace, 42, 156, 234, 334, 413; Campus Martius (Field of Mars), 32, 84, 126, 127, 228, 250, 399; Capitoline Hill, 187, 365, 420 (see also temples (of Jupiter Optimus Maximus) below); Circus, 32; Curia Julia, 180, 357; Enclosure (saepta), 32, 228; Field of Mars, see Campus Martius above; Fora, 126, 127, 251, 312, (Augusti) 41, 180, 234, 357, (Romanum) 135, 319; foundation, 69, 259; gardens (of Agrippa), 312, (Pompeian) 312; libraries, see separate entry; mind’s eye visits, xliii, lii, 68, 126–7, 167, 168, 178–9, 187–8, 234, 243, 257, 312, 343, 354–5, 364; Ovid’s house, xx, 10, 208; Ovid’s last night in, xxvi, xxxviii, 9–12, 208–10; palace of Numa, 41, 234; Palatine Hill, 41–2, 156, 223, 234, 334, 413, 418, (equated with Olympus) 5, 203, 205, (library) 62–3, 231, 252–4; porticoes, 126, 312, (of Octavia) 43, 231, 234, 380; public shows, 32; Sacred Way, 41, 234, 418; Sextus Pompeius’ house, 198, 377; Tarpeian Rock, 185, 187, 362, 365, 420; temples (of Apollo) 42, 234, (of Castor and Pollux) 319, (of Janus) l, 294, (of Jupiter Optimus Maximus) 185, 334, 362, (of Jupiter Stator) 42, 234, (of Mars Ultor) 33, 229, 261, 310, (of Peace) 351; theatres 251, (of Marcellus) 43, 234; Tomis contrasted with, xli, 43–4, 48, 233–4, 249, 253, 255
Romulus and Remus, 69, 228, 259, 365, 417–18
Rothmaler, A., 325
Rouch, J., 367
Roxolani, 419
Rufinus, C. Vibius, xlviii, 115–18, 163–6, 300–302, 341–3
Rufus (addressee of EP, II.11), xlviii, 151–2, 330–31
Rufus, M. Suillius, li, 184–6, 241–2, 305, 315, 361–3
Rufus, Musonius, liii
Rufus, Valgius, 311
Rufus, Varius, liv
Rutgers, J., 320
Rutulians, 418
sacrifice to gods, 148, 157, 159, 166, 179, 184–5, 188, 328, 355, 356
saepta (‘Enclosure’, Campus Martius), 32, 228
Sagarus, river 191
Salanus, Cassius, xlviii, 140–42, 315, 321, 322, 323, 330
Samos, 418
Samothrace, xxvi, 21–2, 218–20
sanctuary, religious, 87, 133, 317
Santen, L. van, 243
Sappho, 34, 52, 230, 242, 277, 418
Sarmatians, xxxi, 55, 95, 117, 135, 246, 298, 418–19; language, xxvii, xxxii, 96, 103, 158, 286, 336; Ovid to be judged as, 85, 274
Scholte, A., xv, 294, 295, 297, 301, 307, 310, 314
Schubert, W., 245
Scribonia, 404
scroll form, 3, 41, 203–4, 234
Scylla, xlv, 35, 76, 156, 191, 230, 334, 367, 369, 419
Scythia and Scythians, xxxi, 48, 59, 114, 418, 419; cavalry tactics, 113, 298; generic use, 11, 43, 209, 236; homesickness for cold, 116, 302; language, xxvii, 63; Ovid’s mythical, 297
sea: scouring holes in rocks, 111; see also Black Sea; drowning; seashore; ships; shipwreck
seashore, 178, 355; ploughing of, li, 91, 175, 280, 352
Sejanus (L. Aelius Seianus), 361, 406
sella curulis (curule chair), 180, 187, 357
Semele, 35, 71, 89, 278–9, 391, 419
Seneca the elder, 266
Seneca the younger, xxix, xxxvii, liii, 124, 310
senility, see age
Sevérus (friend of Ovid), xlviii, 125–7, 217, 311–12
Severus, Cornelius, l, 175–6, 199, 217, 351–2, 379
Shackleton Bailey, D. R., xv, liii, 208, 210, 242, 250, 260, 276, 321, 325, 360
shepherd, Ovid wishes to be, 127, 312
ships, imagery of, 127, 176, 184; rotting, 77, 102, 111, 118, 303; see also shipwreck; skiff
shipwreck, xxxix, 14, 112, 120, 123, 136, 137, 138, 142, 143, 148, 157, 196, 298, 306, 320, 323, 375; fear of water after, 136, 143; of Greek fleet returning from Troy, 5, 96, 203, 205; observed from shore, 98, 286; seashore as reminder of Ovid’s exilic, 178, 355; Ulysses’ 169, 318, 345
shrine, Ovid’s domestic, xlviii, 146–8, 189, 263, 282, 325–7, 366
Sicily, 59, 150–51, 198, 329, 377
similes, frequency of, 339
Simon, B., 307
sinister, see under Black Sea
Sinope, 302
Sisenna, L. Cornelius, 37, 231, 420
Skelton, John, 325
slaves, 123
snow, melting, xli; mind like, 110; tears like, 43, 138–9, 233
Sotades, 231
sow, gravid: sacrifice to Ceres, 148, 328
spears: Achilles’, 420; contract-, Rome, 180, 357; image of punishment, 192, 370
spring, xli, 59–61, 249–51; festivals, 60, 79, 250; see also snow, melting and under Tomis
Staffhorst, U., xv, 163, 333, 334, 335, 337, 341
stag, 58
stage, work adapted for, xliv, 95–6
stars, 69, 259, 260; see also Arctophylax; Arcturus; Aries; Bears; Boötes; catasterism; Corona Borealis; Pisces; Pleiades; Pole Star
step daughter, Ovid’s, see Perilla
stony-heartedness, images of, 19, 57, 217, 248
storms at sea; during journey to Tomis, xxvi, xxxviii, 6–9, 12–14, 21–4, 206–7, 210–11, 220; as metaphor for Ovid’s condition, 27, 29, 37, 101, 225, 288
structure of books: Black Sea Letters, xlvii, 293, 330–31, 335, 347, 348–9, 350; Tristia, 221–2, 234, 254, 273–4
Strymon, river, 89
stuprum, charge of, 340
Styx, river, 88, 137, 185, 188, 196, 277, 365, 420; Stygian waters, 98, 126, 312; synecdoche for realm of dead, 168, 344
suasoria (forensic speech), 221–2
suicide: exemplary wives, 334; Ovid tempted to, 13, 123, 128, 171, 309, 346
Suillius, see under Nerullinus; Rufus
Sulmo (modern Sulmona), xix, xxx, 79, 126, 197, 270, 312, 376
Sulpicia (niece of Messalla Corvinus), xix, 311
Sun, reversing of course by, 35, 182, 230, 360, 389
superstition, 11, 209; see also death (fear of)
surrogates in Rome, Ovid’s works as his, xxxviii, xli, xliv, xlvi, lii, 3–6, 41–3, 86, 90–91, 109, 168, 179–81, 187–8, 203, 205, 234, 274, 280, 343, 356–8, 364; see also Rome (mind’s eye visits)
swans, 163, 341, 410; sing before death, xliii, 77, 84, 266, 274
Syme, R., xv, 261, 264, 275–6, 284, 296, 300, 305, 306, 350
Symplegades (Clashing Rocks), 22, 393
syncretism, 295
Syracuse: Dionysius II, tyrant of, 177, 353
Tarpeian Rock, Rome, 134, 185, 187, 318, 362, 365, 420
Tauric Chersonese: Iphigeneia and cult of Artemis, xliii, xlviii, 73, 159–60, 262, 335, 388, 404, 412; supposed proximity to Tomis, 113, 158, 298, 337
taxation, Ovid’s exemption from, xxxi, 189, 197
tears, like melting snow, 43, 138–9, 233
Telegonus, 206
Telephus, xxxix, 5, 25, 86, 133, 203, 276, 317, 420–21
Teles, liii
Tempýra, Thrace, xxvi, 22, 218, 421
Terence (P. Terentius Afer), 34, 421
Tereus, 35, 230, 250, 415, 421
testament, Ovid’s poetic, liv, 198, 376–7
Teutoburger Forest: Varus’ loss of legions, 67, 132, 221, 251, 299, 315, 374
theatre, Ovid’s works adapted for, 95, 284–5
Thebes, Greece, 46, 117, 185, 302, 391, 421–2; Seven against, 46, 89, 185, 237–8, 278, 383, 386, 387, 391–2, 397–8, 421, 424
Theognis, 251
Theophrastus, 298
Theromedon or Therodamas, 114, 299, 422
Thersites, 172, 195, 349, 373, 422
Theseus, 36, 192, 368, 369, 394, 402, 410, 422; and Pirithoüs, 11, 91, 137, 143, 158, 209, 280, 336, 422
third person, Ovid refers to self in, 12, 210
threshold, crossing of, 11, 209
thunderbolts, 5, 20, 49, 71, 89, 203, 205, 217–18, 224, 239, 260, 278, 279, 413; possibility of surviving, 79, 169, 268, 345
Thyestes, 35, 182, 230, 360, 383, 384, 389, 402, 422
Tiber, river, 84
Tiberius, Emperor (Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus): acceptance of succession, 195, 373; alienated by Ovid’s praise of Germanicus, 132, 315, 321, 342; Augustus’ heir, 29, 226; cult of, 119, 128, 305, 313; hostility to Ovid, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, 296; image in Ovid’s shrine, xlviii, 146–8, 325–7; marriage to Julia (1), 404; military campaigns, 134, 227, (Germany) 67–9, 251, 257–8, (Pannonia) xxxiv, 29, 163–6, 221, 251, 261, 293, 314–16, 341–3; Ovid’s earlier praise for, 207; Ovid ends appeals to, li, 190, 350, 357, 364; rebuilds temple of Castor and Pollux, 319; sexual tastes, 130, 314; snub by implication, 141, 323; supporters, xlviii, li, 261, 309, 310, 313, 314, 350, 370 (see also Cotta Maximus); triumphs, xxxiv, 131–2, 163, 166, 251, 284, 293, 300, 314–16, (anticipated) xxxiii, 67–9, 166, 251, 255, 257–8, 342
Tibullus, Albius, xxi, 37, 81, 232, 236, 338, 423; Messalla Corvinus’ patronage, xix, 311, 409, 422
Tigranes the Great, king of Armenia, 375
time: Augustus’ anger as abating with, xlvi, 181, 294, 359; corrosive (edax), 190, 366–7; and healing, xliii, 75–6, 115, 193, 264, 301, 370; rate of passage, 77–8, 99, 266–7, 287; taken by letters between Tomis and Rome, 165, 193, 195, 341–2, 370, 373
Timon of Phlius, 231
Tiphys, 423
tirocinium fori (training for public career), xix
tirocinium militiae (military training), xix, 66, 256–7
toga praetexta, 94, 171, 187, 282, 347, 365
Tomis (modern Constanţa), xxvii–xxxv; accuracy of Ovid’s account, xi; aetiology of name, xxxii, 54–5; agriculture, problems of, xli, xlix, 57, 60, 116, 145, 153, 171, 172, 324, 333, 347; air, 53, 94, 243, 282; barbarian raids, xxv, xxvii, xxviii–xxix, xli, 4, 23, 30, 56–7, 63, 65, 66, 87, 100, 111–12, 113, 117, 124, 125–6, 145, 153, 182, 188–9, 194, 196, 205, 211, 221, 246, 254, 255, 257, 286, 297, 324, 333, 360, 361, 364, 371, (cross frozen Danube) 55, 56–7, 113, 246, 247, 298, (Ovid helps defend town) xxv, xxix, xlii, 66, 82, 125–6, 211, 255, 272; barbarity of life, xxx–xxxii, 4, 95, 96, 99–100, 140, 145, 171, 203, 205, 245, 286–7, 324, 347; barrenness, xxvii, xxviii, xxx, 30, 44, 53–4, 55, 57, 60, 88, 96, 100, 111, 112, 116–17, 124, 153, 171, 172, 191, 243, 246, 248, 285, 297, 302, 310, 333, 347, 367; choice as place of exile, xxv, xxvii; climate, xxvii–xxviii, xxx, xl, xli, 30, 43, 44, 48, 53, 55–7, 60, 88, 116, 145, 153, 182, 188–9, 194, 236, 237, 243, 301, 308, 324, 333, 360, 361, 364, 371 (see also Black Sea (freezing)); dangers, 53–4, 87, 88, 99–100, 243, 275, 286 (see also barbarian raids above); games, xxxi, 197, 376; Greek culture, xxvi, xxxi, xxxii, 54–5, 96, 100, 245, (lingua franca, see under languages); Hades equated with, 188, 365; housing, xxviii, 44; inhabitants’ attitude to Ovid, (offended by writings), xxxi, xxxv, xlix, 189, 196, 197, 328, 373, 375, (pay honour to) xxxi, xxxii, liv, 144, 189, 195, 197, 364, 365–6, 375, 376; inscriptions, xxxii; inversion of normal order, 99–100, 286–7; lack of medical facilities, xxviii, 44; languages, see separate entry; law subverted by force, 96, 189, 365; Milesian foundation, 22, 54, 220, 245; name, aetiology of, xlii, 54–5, 382; Ovid’s acclimatization, xxxi–xxxv, 86, 195, 274, 372; Ovid’s death at, xxvi, l, 316; remoteness, xlviii, 45, 78, 117, 121, 145, 151, 153, 158, 162–3, 165, 180, 193, 195, 199, 308, 324, 333, 337, 340, 341–2, 357, 370, 373; Rome contrasted, xli, 43–4, 48, 233–4, 249, 253, 255; selectivity of Ovid’s picture, xxix–xxxi, 298; sense of unreality, xli, 119–22; springtime, absence of, xxvii, xxx, xxxvii, 57, 59–61, 153, 249–51, 332–3; viticulture, lack of, 57, 60, 116, 124, 153, 171, 172, 246, 310, 333, 347; water brackish, xxvii, xxviii, xli, xlvii, 129, 130, 145, 153, 237, 243, 307, 314, 324, 333, 367, wife may have joined Ovid in, xxiii, xxxiii, 259, 303
toughness (duritia), Ovid’s, 190, 366, 367
trabeata (social comedy), 380
transformations, mythical, xxii
translation, approach to, xiii–xiv
tresuiri, 27, 80, 224–5, 270, 271
Triptolemus, 53, 175, 243, 352, 423
triumphs: ceremonial chariot, 68, 258; Germanicus’, 132, 316; mockery in erotic poems, 314; processions, 164, 166, 342; see also under Tiberius
Troad, 423
Trotsky, Leon, 343
Troy, 424; Augustus’ connections, 110, 223, 228, 295; Ovid visits, 151, 329; Trojan War, 6–7, 35, 382, 423–4, (shipwreck of Greek fleet after) 5, 96, 203, 205 (see also individual participants)
Tulcea, see Aegisos
tunica: angusticlavia, 80, 271; laticlavia, 80, 94, 271, 282
Turranius (tragedian), 200, 380
Tuticanus, l–li, 193–4, 196–7, 199, 371, 374–6, 380; metrical difficulty of name, 193, 371
Tyras, river, 191
Ulysses (Odysseus), 6, 14–15, 59, 93, 206, 211–12, 248, 385, 424–5; and Achaemenides, 317; apostrophe to himself from Odyssey, 101, 288; and Calypso and Circe, 35, 230; fame through misfortune, 154; and gods, 6–7, 15; homesickness, 116; on Ithaca, 197, 375; Ovid and persona of, xxxviii, 15, 16, 91, 93, 136, 145, 175, 190–91, 234, 235, 303, 318, 319, 324, 352, 367; shipwreck, 169, 318, 345
Umbria, Severus’ estate in, 127, 311
Valerius Maximus, 351
variatio, xxxvi, xlv, 247, 275, 349
Varius, L., 215
Varro of Atax (P. Terentius Varro Atacinus), 36–7, 425
Varus, P. Quinctilius, 67, 132, 221, 226, 251, 258, 299, 315, 374
Veientines, 297
Venus (Aphrodite), 425; Aeneas’ mother, 6, 162, 228, 340, 383, 386; Diomedes and, 133, 317; Livia compared to, 156, 334; and Mars, 35, 401; paintings of, 39, 174, 351; statue in temple of Mars the Avenger, 33, 229
verisimilitude in art, 175, 351
Vestal Virgins, 67, 115, 251, 300, 417, 425
veterans, time-expired, 77, 120, 303, 306
Videau-Delibes, Anne, ix
villa, Ovid’s country, xx–xxl, 24, 77–8, 126–7, 312
Vinicius, P., xxvii
Virgil (P. Vergilius Maro), 425; Aeneid, 39, 215, 223, 233, 384, 418, 425; and Augustus, 204, 215, 425; echoes of (Aeneid) 10, 43, 53, 72, 78, 79, 160–61, 209, 217, 235, 243–4, 261, 267, 268, 339, (Eclogues) 28, 39, 79, 225, 268, (Georgics) 246; hexameters, 166, 343; horror of dying abroad, 237; Ovid’s contact, xxi, 81; sandgrain imagery, 256
viticulture, 75, 89, 265, 279; see also under Tomis
water: direct from spring, 167; Ovid drinks, rather than wine, 130, 237, 307, 314; silting of channels, 175; see also under Tomis
weather symbolism, 308
Wheeler, A. L., 238, 241–2, 262, 279, 285; Wheeler-Goold, xv, xlvii, 295, 306–7, 318, 341, 359
whiteness: sacrificial beasts, 179, 356; swans, 163, 341
wife, Ovid’s third: age, 305; birthday, xliv, 91–3, 280–81; cessation of poems to, xxxiii, l, 259, 303, 350; complaints of being called ‘exile’s wife’, xliv, 101; first husband, 241–2; first mention, 7, 206; immortality promised to, xliv, 71, 93, 105–6, 259, 281, 292; and Livia, xvii, xxviii, 163, 213, 214, (instructions on approach to) 156–7, 331, 334; loyalty to Ovid, 93, 105–6, 258, 281, 292; Macer’s kinship, 150, 329; Ovid’s attitude to, (appreciative) 48, 126, (critical) 154, 275, 333, (as extension of himself) 69–71, 170, 258–9, 287–8, 292, 346, (patronizing) 152, 330; and Ovid’s departure, 10–11, 11–12; in Paullus Fabius Maximus’ household, xxiii, 114–15, 155, 214, 296, 300; poems to, xxii, xxiii–xxiv, xxxviii, xlii, xliii, xliv, xlviii, 10–11, 15–16, 44–6, 69–71, 86–8, 91–3, 101, 105–6, 118–19, 153–7, 213–14, 258–61, 272, 273, 275–7, 287–8, 292, 303–5, 331–4; possibly joined Ovid in Tomis, xxiii, xxxiii, 259, 303; reasons for staying in Rome, 10, 11–12, 208; see also under Penelope
Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von, 251
Wilkinson, L. P., 323
winds, 121, 308; Aeolus’ bag of, 190, 367, 368, 384; following, 143; North (Boreas), 121, 191, 308; South (Notus), 131, 138, 191, 308, 315
wine: frozen, xxviii, 56, 182, 361; medicinal, 44, 115, 301; Ovid drinks little, li, 121, 130, 176, 307, 314, 352
Witt, R. E., 295
Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas, 325
wolves, 5, 58, 66, 111, 205, 297
women: Ovid’s attitude to, xxii (see also under wife); respectable and loose, 31, 162, 228, 338, 340
wormwood, xxvii, 104, 153, 171, 291, 347
wounds: in battle, 183, 184; multiplicity of Ovid’s, 144, 200, 381; of Telephus, 420; unhealed and sensitive, imagery of, xlvi, liv, 58, 59, 66, 72, 85, 86, 96, 112, 115, 139, 171, 193, 309, 347
wreaths: laurel, 141, 323; olive, Olympic, 82, 272; Ovid crowned with, in Tomis, xxxi, 197, 376
Zetes, 304