angels· 1, 136, 138, 144, 221–3, 315, 336· see also face-painting; veils
animals· 13, 20, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 36, 38, 46, 60, 189, 209
ape· 319; ass’s head· 264; cats· 139; elephants· 1, 336; farm animals· 26, 27, 28, 29, 39; hound’s head for Cynocephal· 319; lions· 136, devouring man’s head· 111, 319; pigs: pig’s snout· 1, 259, 260, 263, 264, pig-faced gaoler· 218; satirical· 236–8; wild animals· 1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 39
babions (baboons or ‘babooneries’, grotesques)· 319
bagpipes· 139
bearded· 132, 136, 139, 142, 143, 167, 257, 275, 279, 315, 319, 321–3, 325, 334–5, 336· see also beards, on masks; beards, materials
birds· 60
brazen face, for the Vice· 255
caricature· 13, 117, 156, 190, 238, 279, 293, 329· see PLATE 23· 217
caul or netted mask· 142, 311, 312· see FIG 14· 312
character masks· 13, 60, 189, 284, 318
classical theatre
comedy masks, double expressions· 283; god-masks· 27, 197, 285; stock characters· 284; tragic masks· 283
commedia dell’arte· 90, 139, 189, 190, 293, 315
Damned Souls· 201, 202, 253, 331, 334
death’s heads· 8, 58, 60, 239, 240, 246, 247–50, 254, 269· see PLATE 27· 249
demons, daemones, monsters· 1, 13, 26, 28, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 50, 51, 77, 209, 341, 343, 343
later identified as devils· 36, 209
devils· 60, 66, 193, 239, 240, 243, 246, 247, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 262, 277, 285, 314, 321, 325, 326, 335· see FIG· 8· 204, PLATE 22· 212, PLATE 26–241
Austrian devil-masks· 203, 204, 279· see FIG· 7· 203; big head· 251; black-faced· 202, 206, 213, 251; bottle-nosed· 205, 252; crooked snouts· 205; devil face on loins· 81; fire-breathing· 1, 206, 251, sketch by Provençal producer· 206; full headpieces· 213, 254, 335; horns· 204, 213; snapping jaws· 204–5· see FIG· 9· 205; teeth· 203–4, 213; two-faced· 206–7, 238; warts· 205
diabolical, papal legates· 152, 156, 202
diadem (halo?) attached· 336
Moors· 319; Tartars· 139; Turks· 13, 139, 166, 318, 325.
felt sugarloaf cap· 90
giants, removeable headpiece· 254
gilded visor, for Lord of Misrule· 164, 319
God· 197· see also gold faces below
Christ· 200, 216, 333; God· 8, 9, 189, 193, 194–8, 220, 230–32, 257–8, 277, 331, 334, discussion in Chester Banns· 194–5; Hypocrisy· 290; Jupiter· 257, 294; Light of the Gospel (?)· 258; rejected by Virtue· 258, 276; Vice· 276, 290
half-masks· 17, 90, 139, 257, 262 with wig attached· 1, 257, 334
headpieces· 321, 324, 328, 333–4· see also terminology, caput angels· 336; animals· 335; devil heads· 213, 254, 335; domestic birds· 335; dragons· 336; peacocks· 336; swans· 336
hideous, for Confusion· 253
horned· 118, 204, 209, 213, 276· see FIG· 9· 205
huntresses· 13
larvae· 2, 36, 40, 41, 47, 50, 51, 61, 77, 93, 94, 116, 127, 189, 192, 200, 207, 208, 209, 235, 293, 298, 300, 306, 327, 328, 331, 333, 334, 336–7, 338–45
leprous face· 263
many eyes (?) for Argus· 319
medioxes, half man, half death· 139, 238, 248, 319
men with bats’ wings· 136, 138, 336; beards· 136, 315, 334, 336; elephants’ heads· 136, 138, 336; lions’ heads· 136
in disguisings· 140
non-faces· 11
noses, exaggerated· 190
bottle noses, for devils· 205, 252; enormous, like penises· 1, 58, 66,· see FIG· 12· 252; long, for covetous men· 13, 240, 319
protective cosmetic masks· 7, 187, 300, 307· see PLATE 30–301
in illustration by Simon Bening· see PLATE 17· 141
red faces, angels· 221
snappers
Austrian devil costume· 204; Dorset Ooser· 204, 279
stocking mask· 312
two-faced· 238–9, 245, 248, 267, 275, 277· see also allegory and emblem; emblem books as sign of deceit or treachery· 143, 189, 276; as sign of prudence· 189; devils· 206–7, 238; Fortune (?)· 276; in moralities· 206; medioxes· 139, 238, 239, 248, 319
ugly and grotesque faces· 60, 85, 97, 139, 253, 263, 272, 276, 277
wig attached· 1, 225, 257, 333–4
wild men or woodwoses· 58, 66, 132, 137, 138, 144–6, 154, 309, 315, 323, 336
worn by men· 1, 77, 136, 324, 336
masked actors and entertainers· 189–90· see also classical theatre; morality plays; mystery plays
Byzantine entertainers· 190
compared with devils, robbers· 287
in jeux de personnaiges· 294, 295
at Beverley (before 1220)· 192, 343
in Roman theatre· see classical theatre, Roman
medieval histriones or ‘minstrels’· 189
professional actors in Low Countries· 190, 243, 295, 304, 305
masked and unmasked, interaction· 13
between theatrical characters· 9, 10, 199, 201
and audience· 214
masked men and unmasked women in amorous masking· 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 177–8, 180, 183–4, 186–8; in courtly mumming· see PLATE 19· 165; in disguisings· 33, 140, 180· see Plate 1C· 32
masked visitors and unmasked householders· 75
in amorous masking· 173, 177–8, 186–8; in courtly mumming· see PLATE 19· 165; in mumming· 1, 82, 97, 100, 153, 184, 214· see PLATE 4· 87, PLATE 6· 96
masked characters· see also mask types; amorous masking; classical theatre; courtly mummings; disguisings; face-painting; folk masking; morality plays; mystery plays; tournaments
Almains· 129, 138, 139, 143, 149, 321
angels· 1, 136, 138, 144, 221–3, 224, 312, 315, 336
Anima· 242, 246, 247, 257, 262, 263, 264
animal-headed humans· 20, 22, 29, 33, 236–8, 259, 260, 263, 264, 335· see also PLATE 25· 237
Cynocephal· 319; pig-faced gaoler· 218
animals· 1, 13, 26, 28, 29, 31, 36, 38, 39, 60, 75, 111, 136, 139, 189, 319-see also folk masking, disguises; mask types, animals satirical· 238
Argus•319
bearded men· 136
peacocks• 136, 138, 336; swans· 136, 336
Christ· see God
churchmen· 62
cardinals· 152, 155; diabolical
classical theatre· see under classical theatre, masked characters
Confusion, with hideous mask· 253
covetous men with long noses· 13, 240, 319
daemoneSy demons, monsters· 1, 13, 26, 28, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 50, 51, 77, 209, 341, 343, 344
Damnation· 244
Damned Souls· 201, 202, 253, 331, 334
Death· 8, 58, 239, 240, 246, 247–50, 254, 260· see PLATE 26· 241, PLATE 27· 249, PLATE 28· 261
Deceit· 189
Devil· 9, 205, 240, 246, 250–54· see PLATE 26–241 Belyal· 202, 206, 251; Lucifer· 202, 251, 252, 256; Satan· 252, 253; Titivullus· 243, 251
devils· 1, 4, 12, 13, 49, 54, 60, 66, 75, 78, 189, 193, 201–16, 238, 239, 242, 247, 250–54, 256, 262, 277, 278, 279, 289, 321, 325, 326, 332, 344
diabolical papal legates· 152, 155, 202
Discord· 323
Dives, like a damned soul· 253
dwarfs· 8
Emperor Constantine· 263
Ethiopian lady· 312
exotic foreigners· 13, 66, 139, 161, 163, 166, 187, 215, 312, 318, 319, 323, 325 – see also amorous masking; carnival; courtly mummings.
fishermen· 58
fools· 75
gaolers· 216
gold-faced Christ· 216, 221, 225–30, at the Crucifixion (?)· 231–2, in York Creed Play· 200, 220, 333; gold-faced God· 1, 8, 9, 189, 193, 194–8, 257–8, 331, 334, in York Doomsday· 220, 230–32; in Norwich Creation· 225; The Trinity (?)· 224
Herod· 193, 216–20, 243, 329, 330
huntresses· 13
Jack in the Green· 12
Judas, like a damned soul· 253
Jupiter, with gold face· 257, 294
knights· 151
Lent· 80
Magnificos· 58
Moors or blackamoors· 161, 215, 312, 319, 323
nymphs· 183
Pope· 155
prophets (in Spain)· 216
Prudence· 189
squires· 151
St Sebastian (in Spain)· 216
Tartars· 139
Turks· 13, 139, 163, 166, 318, 325
Twelve Months· 80
Vice, gold face· 276, 290
Vice, the, brazen face· 255
wet nurses· 58
wild men or woodwoses· 58, 66, 86, 132, 137, 138, 144–6, 154, 309, 315, 322, 323, 336
women (male performers)· 1, 77, 136, 336
masked theatre traditions· 189–90
African· 197
classical theatre· see classical theatre France, jeux de personnaiges· 294, 295
Indian, Ramlila· 197
Italian, commedia dell’arte· 90, 139, 189, 190, 279, 293, 315
Japanese
Low Countries, masked professional actors· 190, 243, 295, 304, 305
Oriental· 197
use of allegory and emblem· 198–9
maskelyn· see terminology
masking costume· see amorous masking; disguisings; folk masking; guising and guisers; mumming
cleaning and repairs· 324
bread and egg-white· 324
craftsmen· 319
carver· 319; property-maker· 319, 320, 325, 326; turner· 321
adhesives: cement· 320, chalk and size· 316, egg-white· 316, flour paste· 320, with white wine or size· 320, glue· 320, honey· 316, sugar candy· 316; alum· 320; animal teeth· 279; bark· 282; beards· see beards, materials; burrs· 11; cloth· 11: black ‘pleasaunce’· 139, 312, buckram· 313, 315, canvas· 311, cerecloth· 313, felt· 320, gauze· 311–12, linen· 314, 323: gypsumed· 290, 294, 313, 314, rags· 320, waxed (‘cerecloth’)· 313; net· 142, 311–12 see FIG 14· 312, with spangles· 142, rags· 313, sarcenet· 319, silk see sindon· 313, sindon (fine silk or linen)· 221, 313: strengthened· 313, 314, with size· 313, waxed (‘cerecloth’)· 313, sindon afforciatus· see sindon, strengthened, velvet· 7, 8, 300, worsted· 314; dishes for devil’s eyes· 325, 326; feathers· 279; leather· 279, 311, 314–15: baseyne· 314, 315, cuir bouillé (boiled leather)· 313, 315, Roan (Rouen?) leather· 314, 315; linen thread· 315, for beards· 315; linings· 319; metallic foil· 315–16; neck-coverings· 319; paper· 11, 86, 316: brown, crown, grey· 320, paper bag· 11, papier maché· 311, 313, 314, 320, pasteboard· 320; plaster of paris· 320: as gesso· 278, 314, plaster bandage· 311, 313–14, plastered linen· 290, 294, 313; rabbit fur· 320; ribbon ties· 319, sequins· 142; straw· 11; strongly coloured paints in classical theatre masks· 290; wickerwork· 320, wood· 279, 320
beards· see beards, beard-making; carving· 311; decorating· 311, 319; gesso· 278, 314; lamination· 313; leather working· 315; moulds· 311, 319: clay· 320, for leatherworking· 315, for papier maché· 320, plaster of paris· 278, wooden· 279, 320, 321, wicker frames, for larger pieces· 320
suppliers· 318· see also Revels Office bulk buying· 139, 318; haberdasher· 318, 321, 322, 324; milliner· 139, 318, 324; painters, for mystery plays· 318; property-maker ‘319; vizardmaker· 318
mask-making centres· 60
masque· see terminology, mask (entertainment)
Maticheyt· see Temperance
Maugis, character in Maugis d’Aigremont, disguises self as devil· 213, 335· see PLATE 22· 212
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
caricature tournament helm· 13, 118, 329· see PLATE 23· 217
illustrations· 128: cross-dressers· 324, netted maskers· 142, 311, and ladies· see PLATE 16· 134; mummeries named by costume· 133
Triumph of Maximilian· 141, 311
illustrations, netted maskers· 142, 311· see FIG· 13–311
Maximus, Pseudo-· 35
medioxes· see disguisings, mask (entertainment); mask types; masked characters
Medwall, Henry, Fulgens and Lucres, basse dance after the guise of Spain· 138
Melton, John, Astrologaster, on devils in Faustus· 251
Memory, character in DeGuileville’s Pelerinage· 244
Mephostophilis, character in Marlowe’s Dr Faustus· 252
Merbury, Francis, The Marriage between Wit and Wisdom· 88, 254, 322
Mercutio, character in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet· 184
Mercy, character in Mankind, doubled· 243
Meriaseky mask as leprosy· 263
Meziéres, Philippe de, Presentation of the Virgin· 203
Michel, Jean· see Mons Passion
amorous masking· 171
Cardinal d’Este buys masks from Ferrara· 60
Little Stag· 28
Milliner, Christopher, milliner· 139, 318
mimus· see masked actors; classical theatre
Mind, character in Wisdom· 262
miracles· 191–3· see also masked theatre masked performance at Beverley (before 1220)· 192, 343
Mischief Night, Lancashire· 100
mock kings· 34, 43, 44, 53, 55, 63, 79
mock lawsuits, during Shrovetide· 178
Modena, mask-making centre· 60
Modena, Nicholas, property maker· 319
Money, character in Lupton’s All for Money· 244, 246
Mons, Passion by Jean Michel (1501)
archangel Raphael, red face· 221, 317
gold-faced Christ in Transfiguration· 221
Montacute, William of· 116
Moon, voyages to· 163
morality plays· 7, 189, 232–77· see also Anglia deformata; Bale, John; Berghe, Jan van den; Castle of Perseverance; Chaundler, Thomas; Christelijcken Ridder; Cradle of Security; Dekker, Thomas; Everyman; Fulwell, Ulpian; Garter, Thomas; Jonson, Ben; Liberality and Prodigality; Lindsay, Sir David; Lupton, Thomas; Mankind; Merbury, Francis; Pride of Life; Redford, John; Respublica; Skelton, John; Trial of Treasure; Wager, Lewis; Wager, William; Wapull, George; Willis, Ralph; Wilson, R.; Wisdom; World and the Child
change of costume as disguise: in Bale’s King Johan· 256, in Lindsay’s Thrie Estaitis· 256, in Respublica· 256, in Wager’s Marie Magdalene· 256, in Wisdom· 256, Vices· 256; as sign of moral corruption· 260· see also masks below; in Bale’s Three Laws· 263; in Magnificence· 260; in Mankind· 260; in Redford’s Wit and Science· 272; in Respublica· 260; in The Tide tarrieth No Man· 260; in Wisdom· 203, 247, 262, 263, 264; as sign of moral reformation: in Redford’s Wit and Science. 274, in Wisdom· 262;
change of names, as disguise· 256–7: in Lindsay’s Thrie Estaitis· 256, in New Custom· 257, in Respublica· 256
face-painting, as sign of moral corruption· 264–5
in Redford’s Wit and Science· 271–4;
in Three Ladies of London· 265, 272
masked characters Anima· 203, 242, 246, 247, 257, 262, 263, 264; Confusion· 253; Damnation· 244, 253; Damned Souls· 253; Death· 239, 240, 246, 247–50, 254: costumes· 247–50· see PLATE 26–241, PLATE 27· 249; Despair· 253; Devil· 9, 240, 246, 250–54: Belyal· 202, 206, 251, costume· 251· see PLATE 26· 241, Lucifer· 251, 252, 256, Satan· 252, 253, Titivillus· 243, 251; devils· 206, 239, 242, 247, 250–54, 256, 262; Dives· 253; Divine Correction (?)· 257; Fortune (two faces)· 276; giants· 254; God and God figures: gold-faced· 257–8· see also Wisdom;· Hell· 240· see PLATE 26· 241; Judas· 253; King (temporary mask)· 259; Law of Nature· 263; Light of the Gospel (?)· 258; Love (mask on back of head)· 276; Mind, Will, and Understanding· 275; Nemesis (?)· 257; Vice, the, with brazen face (?)· 255; Vice, with gold face· 276, 290; Wisdom: character in Wisdom Who is Christ· 1, 202, 246, 257, 264, 324, 334, in interlude (two faces)· 267, 275
masks· 234 and doubling· 243–4; and mirrors· 265–74· see also mirrors; as allegory and emblem· see allegory and emblem; double-faced· 143, 238–9, 276; removal as sign of moral reformation: in Bale’s Three Laws· 263, in Wisdom· 262, 263; sign of moral corruption· 258–65: in Bale’s Three Laws· 263, in The Cradle of Security· 264, 272, in Wisdom· 203, 247, 262, 264
unmasked characters allegorical characters in general· 233; Mankind figure· 258–65; Vice, the· 9, 247, 252, 255–7; Vices· 255–7; Virtues· 257–8
interest in Lucian· 163
Utopia· 163
Moros, character in Wager’s The Longer Thou Livest· 253
morris sword-dance· 19
Moth, character in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost. 187
Mount Tabor· see Willis, Ralph
Mum and the Sothsegger· 94
mumchance· see amorous masking; courtly mummings; mumming
and householders· 1, 6, 82, 95, 97, 99, 100, 153, 184, 214-see PLATE 4–87, PLATE 6· 96
collecting-box and kitty· 83, 86, 88, 90, 92, 95, 311
costume· 85–91· see also folk masking, disguises, masking costume, face-painting – see PLATE 4· 87, PLATE 5· 89, PLATE 6· 96 cross-dressing· 90· see PLATE 4· 87; cushion-covers and pillow-cases· 88, 90; false beards· 331; impromptu· 88, 90; inside-out garments· 86, 95; motley· 181; old clothes· 88· see PLATE 4· 87, PLATE 5· 89, PLATE 6· 96; sheets· 11, 12, 88; white garments· 88
blacking· 331: charcoal· 316, soot.8, 11; flour· 11, 311, 316
illustrations
Bruegel’s Carnival and Lent· 11, 88–90, 311, 317· see PLATE 5· 89; Flemish· 88· see PLATE 4· 87, PLATE 6· 96
incognito· 82–5, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 100
identity-guessing game· 91, 97
masks· 1, 7, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 331· see PLATE 4· 87, PLATE 5· 89, PLATE 6· 96, PLATE 7· 98; black mesh-covered faces· 311; negative characterisation· 97; refusal to unmask· 92, 95, 99, 166; unmasking· 10, 93, 99
modern· see also guising and guisers· 100
participants· see also guising and guisers apprentices· 83; merchants and the lower classes· 175; young men· 100
play at dice· 1, 8, 83, 90, 91–2, 94, 95, 97, 151, 152, 166· see PLATE 4· 87· see also courtly mummings: weighted dice· 92, 94, 152, 155
silence· 8, 92–5, 151, 161, 184
speech
altered voices· 94; ‘Mom, mom’· 8, 93, 94; nonsense languages· 8
theatrical
Ben Jonson’s Masque of Christmas· 83, 92; Kyd’s Soliman and Perseda. 92; Merbury’s Marriage between Wit and Wisdom· 92
mummers’ play· 83, 84, 91, 100
mumming· 2, 4, 6, 12, 22, 23, 31, 54, 81–100, 296· see also mummers; courtly mumming
crime and violence· 84, 85, 99–100, 308
cover for attempted assassination· 99: at Eltham (1415)· 99, at Windsor (1400)· 99, Bal des Ardents (alleged)· 5, 144–8, in Jacobethan revenge plays· 99; political terrorism· 99–100, at Beverley (1537)· 100, at Chorley, Lancs (1536)· 100
dicing· see mummers
encounter custom· 82, 91, 97, 99, 100, 152–3
adapted as courtly game· 97, 151, 153; power relations· 97–9; rules of the game· 97, 155
geographical distribution· 82
England· 1, 11, 55, 82–3, 84–5, 91, 97–100; France· 95; Low Countries· 84, 88, 93–4; Newfoundland· 84, 86, 88, 91; Northern Ireland· 100; Scotland· see guising and guisers
Halpert’s typology of· 84
house-visits· 54, 55, 82, 83, 84, 91, 97–9, 151· see PLATE 4· 87, PLATE 6.96
mumchance, name for
Christmas mumming· 95; dicing· 94, 167, 182; silence· 95
prohibitions against· 82–3, 85, 197, 331
Mumming of the Seven Philosophers, A· see Lydgate, John
Mumming, character in Jonson’s Masque of Christmas. 83
and others, Sir Thomas More· 322, 335
mystery plays· see also Beverley, Chester,
Coventry, Mons, N.Town, Newcastle, Norwich, Towneley, York
beards, for old men: Chester Joseph· 220, 323, Chester Primus Pastor· 220; Christ, leather body-suit· 199, 226, 228, 230, 231, 232; devils· 189, 201–9, 213–14, 239, 254, 335, multiple faces on body· 207· see PLATE 21· 211, PLATE 22· 212
face-painting· see also face-painting, headword
blackened faces: Damned Souls· 201, 202, 215–16, 330, 331, devils· 202, 215–16, Herod· 216; gaolers· 216, 330; gold faces: child Jesus· 220, 225, 228–9, 250, 316, 330, 331· see PLATE 24· 227, Christ· 331, Christ (?)· 216, 220, 225, 226, 228, 330, God· 220; Herod (?)· 329, 330; old men· 220; players· 216, 330; red faces, archangel Raphael· 221, 317
angels· 221–3; Apostles· 198, 334; Damned Souls· 201, 202, 331, 334; Death· 248; devils· 1, 4, 7, 193, 201–16, 277, 278, 285, 289, 321, 330, 332; God· 8, 13: gold-faced Christ· 225–30, in the Passion (?)· 216, 220, 228, 231–2, gold-faced God· 8, 9, 193, 194–8, 220–21, 230–32, 285, 331, 334, masked in Norwich Creation· 225, The Trinity (?)· 224; Good Souls· 201, 334: in Coventry Doomsday· 201; Herod· 193, 216, 243, 330; wicked humans· 216–20
modern performance· 191, 224, 228–9, 230· see PLATE 24· 227
characters with wigs: angels· 323, 332, 333, Apostles· 334: with diadems (haloes?)· 334, Christ, gilded· 199, 226, Damned Souls· 334, Devil· 332, God· 332, 334, Good Souls· 334, Mary Magdalene· 332, 333, Pilate· 332, Serpent, blonde· 333, Souls· 332, Spirit of God· 332, St Peter, gilded· 199, the Three Maries· 332
Death of Herod, Death masked· 248
Parliament of Heaven, Trinity· 224
Dream of Pilate’s Wife, devil· 214
Nantes, image of Prudence with mirror and double face by Colombe· 267
Narbonne Visit to the Sepulchre angels at Sepulchre with red veils· 221
Nashe, Thomas, Christ’s Teares over Jerusalem, on caul-masks· 312
Oresteia (1981)· 313
The Masteries· 230
Nemesis, character in Respublica. 257
Nemo, Saint· see St Nemo
Nerissa, character in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice· 185
Netherlands· see Low Countries Neville, Sir Edward· 168
New Guise, character in Mankind· 129
New Hall, disguising (1520)· 319
New Year· 1, 2, 24, 26, 27, 30, 37–8, 40, 52
Plays, Noah, devil, crooked snout· 205
prohibition against mumming· 83
Newfoundland mummers· 84, 86, 88, 91
Nidicheyt· see Poverty Noh, Japanese masked theatre· 9
Noirot, Claude, L’Origine des masques· 281, 300
Northumberland Household Book· see
Second Northumberl and
Household Book
‘Gladman’s Insurrection’· 45, 79–81
St Peter Mancroft, window with animal-masked gaoler· 218
Grocers, Creation· 330, 331, 333, 334
God-mask and wig· 225, 330, 331, 334; Serpent, blonde wig· 333
Butchers’ guild· 74
Schembartlauf· 73–4· see PLATE 2· 59
allegorised ‘74; mask illustrations· 140, 209· see PLATE 2· 59
O’Neill, Eugene· 197
as Grimnir, ‘the Masked or Cowled One’· 22
Odo, Bishop of Paris· 40
Ogle, John, haberdasher and beard-maker· 322, 323, 335
Olaus Magnus, Bishop of Uppsala· 21
Old Fortunatus· see Dekker, Thomas Orléans, Louis, Due d’· 145–8· see PLATE 18· 147
Ormerod, Oliver Pagano-Papismus· 299
Ortus Vocabularum, dictionary· 344
Otford, Kent, disguisings (1348)· 136, 315
choirboys· 43
Feast of Fools· 42
De medicamine faciei, on women’s cosmetics· 317
Pacian, Bishop of Barcelona· 28
Padstow ‘Oss· 31
Padua, ludus de homine salvatico· 48
Mediterranean· 37
equated with Roman Catholicism· 299; seen as source of early modern masking customs· 298
Page, Anne, character in Shakespeare’s Merry Wives of Windsor· 185
Palsgrave, John, French dictionary· 90
Pantalone· 90
pantomime, classical· see classical theatre
pantomimus· see classical theatre
Feast of Fools, clerical· 1, 40
Holy Innocents’ cloister, Dance of Death mural (1424)· 247
Royal Entry of Charles VII (1437)· 239
Parliament, January 1376/7, opening· 156
Passe, Crispijn van der· 88, 90· see PLATE 3· 70, PLATE 4· 87, PLATE 6–96
Peden, Alexander, Covenanter, mask· 279· see PLATE 7· 98
Pedro, Don, character in Shakespeare’s Much Ado about Nothing· 186
Pèlerinage de la vie humaine, Le· see DeGuileville
Penance, character in DeGuileville’s Pèlerinage· 244
Pentheus, death attributed to masking· 309
Perchten, Austrian masked folk characters.49
Perottus, Nicolaus, Cornucopia· 284
Perrière, Guillaume de la, La Theatre des bons engins· 240
in 1577· 95
Perverse Doctrine, character in New Custom· 256
Peter Chrysologos, Saint, of Ravenna· 27, 34, 37, 297, 341
Pettie, George Petite Pallace of Pettie his Pleasure· 183
Philadelphia Mummers· 84
Philautus, character in Lyly’s Euphues and Euphues and his England· 183, 184
physiognomists· see also Aristotle; Porta, Giovanni Baptista della
compare men and animals· 236–8
Piacenza, manufactures chiffon ‘pleasaunce’· 312
Piers Plowman· see Langland, William
Chester Coopers’ Trial and Flagellation, doubled?· 243
Coventry Cappers’ Harrowing and Resurrection· 332
Pilgrimage of Grace· 100
Pirandello, Luigi· 197
Plato, Timaeus, metamorphosis into animals· 236
Platter, Felix and Thomas, diarists· 55, 71
Plutarch, Life of Caius Marius· 20
poachers, wear masks· 7
Podalirius, character in Gresemund’s Carnisprivii dialogus. 4, 76–7, 305, 309
Poetic Edda· 22
Pole, John de la, Duke of Suffolk
and Alice, Duchess of Suffolk, satirised in Wisdom· 143
tournament helm on effigy at Wingfield· 111–12· see FIG· 6· 112
Pollux, Julius, Onomasticon. 283
pompa circensis· see Roman amphitheatre
Popish Kingdom, The· see Googe, Barnabe· 210
popular masking· see folk masking Porta, Giovanni Baptista della, De humana physiognomonia, animal-and bird-headed men· 236
Portia, character in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice· 185
Portugal, Kalends masking· 30
Poverty (‘Nidicheyt’), character in Haarlem Rhetoricians’ play (1606)· 240
Praelles, Raoul des, commentary on Saint Augustine’s City of God· 294, 295
Feast of Fools· 40
Tournament of the Hussars (1557)· 115, 116· see PLATE 13· 115
Presentation of the Virgin· see Meziéres, Philippe de
Prester John· 52
(‘Hovoerdicheyt’), character in Haarlem Rhetoricians’ play (1606)· 240
character in The Cradle of Security· 259
personification with false face and mirror· 267
Pride of Life, Death· 248
Princess of France, character in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost· 187, 188
Processus Satanae· 196
prohibitions against folk masking· 6
against charivari· 46, 47
against Feast of Fools masking· 40, 41
against guising in Scotland· 81, 90–91
against Kalends masking· 23, 30
against maskers stealing food· 75
against masking in clerical dress· 62, 69
against mumming· 82–3, 85, 91, 197, 281, 308, 331· see also mumming
Promptorium parvulorum· 94
materials· 326
clay· 313; counterfeit moss· 326; cuir bouillé (boiled leather)· 313; flour· 313; glue· 313, 326; hoops· 326; horsehair· 313; moulded work· 313; nails· 326; paper· 313; paste paper (pasteboard)· 326; paste and cement· 313; plaster of paris· 313; plaster bandage· 314; plastered cloth· 313; size· 313; suet· 313; timber· 325; wax· 313; moulded work· 320
adopts anti-theatrical arguments of Early Christian writers· 278, 285
adopts Early Christian writers’
arguments against popular masking· 296, 299
hostility towards mystery plays· 194, 281
identifies popular masking with Roman Catholicism· 11, 281, 299, 310
Provençal producer’s script, late fifteenth century, devil mask· 206
Provence, Kalends masking· 1, 24
double-faced· 238
double face and mirror, at Nantes· 267
mirror· 266
Prynne, William, Histriomastix· 24, 25, 34, 50, 327
Pseudo-Augustine· see Augustine, Pseudo-
Pseudo-Maximus· see Maximus, Pseudo-
Pseudo-Severian· see Severian, Pseudo-
Quaet Gelove (Bad Faith), character in van den Berghe’s Wellustige Mensch, dressed behind as devil· 239
Quintilian, Marcus Fabius, Institutio oratoria, on masked acting· 283
Rafe Roister, character in Like will to Like· 335
Ramlila, Indian masked theatre· 197
Rastell, John, Nature of the Four Elements· 142
Ravenna, Kalends procession· 27
Chaundler’s Liber apologeticus, gives Man mirror· 268–9
Redford’s Wit and Science· 271, 273
glass (mirror) of Reason· 271–4
Redford, John, Wit and Science· 26, 245, 246, 254, 271–4
Regensburg, Feast of Fools· 40
regulations, on carnival· 54, 56, 61, 62, 69, 74
Renaud de Montauban· see Maugis d’Aigremont
Livre du Coeur d’amours épris· 118
Pas du Perron· see PLATE 11· 113
Traité des tournois· 107–8, 110, 111, 128· see PLATE 10· 110, PLATE 8· 107, PLATE 9· 109
Revello, Transfiguration· 221
accounts and inventories· 105, 129, 132, 138, 139, 149, 163, 242, 267, 278, 311, 312, 313, 314, 317, 318–26, 328, 334
personnel and suppliers
Allen, Rowland, mouldman· 320; basket-makers· 320; buskin-makers· 314; Carowe, John, property-maker· 325, 326; carvers· 319, 320; Cawarden, Sir Thomas, Master of the Revels· 162, 328; Gibson, Richard, Yeoman of the Revels· 132, 149, 169; Giles, Thomas, haberdasher· 318, 321; haberdasher· 318, 322; Jarmin, Nicholas, tailor and property-maker· 323; John Holt, Yeoman of the Revels· 328; Kelsey, John· 324; Ledes, John· 324; milliner· 139, 318; Milliner, Christopher· 318; Modena, Nicholas, joiner and property-maker· 319; mould-man· 319; Ogle, John, vizardmaker· 322, 324; painters· 319; property-makers· 318, 319, 320; Rowland, Richard, property-maker· 320; silk women· 323; skinner· 324; Trott, silkman· 323; turner· 321; vizardmaker· 318
responsible for tournament gear· 105
sets of costumes called masks· 133
Reward, character in R.B.’s Apius and Virginia· 239
Rhetoricians’ plays· see Low Countries
Richard I, King of England· 119
brokers reconciliation of London and John of Gaunt· 157
character in Shakespeare’s Richard II· 270
courtly mummings by Londoners
at Eltham (1392/3 and 1393/4)· 158; at Kennington (1377)· 151–4, 202
reconciliation with the City of London (1392), pageants· 158, 222
Richard, Prince, son of Edward IV· 118
disguising in the Queen’s chamber (1510)· 143
Fraud with mask· 234
Terror with a lion’s head· 238
Robin Hood, Henry VIII as· 164
amphitheatre
pompa circensis· 25, 27, 34, 36; spectacula· 27
festival of Kalends· see Kalends
festival of Saturnalia· see Saturnalia
festival of Sigillaria· see Sigillaria
equated with Roman Catholicism· 299; official religion· 284–5; seen as source of early modern masking customs· 298
parade helmets· 16, 17, 115, 279
theatre· see classical theatre
equated with Roman paganism· 299
identified with popular masking· 11, 281, 299, 310
Roman de Fauvel· see Bus, Gervais de
Romans, Dauphiné, carnival (1580)· 63, 80
Rome, carnival· 1, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, 69
Romeo and Juliet,· see Bandello, Broke, Shakespeare
Rosaline, character in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost· 188
Roscius, supposed inventor of theatrical masks· 282
Rouen, Feast of Fools· 40
Rowland, Richard, property-maker· 320
Royal Entries· 157
custos or expositor· 161
of Charles VII into Paris (1437)· 239
of Henry V, into London after Agincourt· 222
of Joanna the Mad into Brussels (1496)· 312
of Queen Elizabeth Woodville into London (1464)· 315
reconciliation of Richard II with the City of London (1392)· 222
shining faces in street pageants as Adventus theme· 223
Royal Ulster Constabulary· 100
Sachs, Hans, Schembartlauf allegorised· 74
Sambucus, Joannes, Emblemata· 267
Saragossa, Corpus Christi devils· 210
Sardi, Alexander, De rerum inventoribus. 284
Sartori, Donato, mask maker· 238, 279, 314
Sarum, Old, Feast of Fools· 42
Sastrow, Bartholomew· 55
character in
Garter’s Virtuous and Godly Susanna· 252; Lupton’s All for Money· 252, 253; Processus Satanae· 196
masker and inventor of masks· 288, 300
transforms self into angel of light· 288, 300
satire and masking· 13, 27, 143, 156, 238, 275
linked with late medieval and Renaissance popular masking· 296
masking (?)· 25
Roman festival· 25–6, 34, 40, 66
dicing· 25, 26, 91; Lord of Misrule· 25; world upside down· 25
Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis· see Lindsay, Sir David
Savaron, Jean, Traitte contre les masques· 281, 300, 339
Scarcity, character in play for coronation of Mary Tudor (1553)· 275
Schembartlauf· see Nuremberg
schoduvel· see bear; carnival; devil; folk masking
Science, character in Redford’s Wit and Science· 254, 271, 272
scina and scucca, Old English demons· 341
Scotland· see guising and guisers; cross-dressing; folk masking; Mary, Queen of Scots; Binning, Walter; Peden, Alexander
Second Northumberland Household Book· 91
Secreta secretorum· 235
Seneca, Roman philosopher, as character in courtly mummming· 162
Sensuality, character in Chaundler’s Liber apologeticus· 269
as animals· 236
characters in
Bale’s King Johan· 242;
Royal Entry into Paris (1437)· 239
iconography· 239
characters in Royal Entry into Paris (1437)· 239
and continental masking games· 15
King Henry VIII· 15, 166, 180, 185
Love’s Labour’s Lost· 15, 161, 187–8
Merchant of Venice, The· 15, 65, 185
Merr;y Wives of Windsor, The· 15, 31, 48, 185
Midsummer Night’s Dream, A· 264, 335
Much Ado about Nothing· 15, 186–7
Richard II, mirror scene· 270
Romeo and Juliet· 4, 15, 179, 185–6
shamans· 22
Shame, character in Redford’s Wit and Science· 273
shape-changers, warrior· 20
Sherborne, Dorset· see play of Lot and Sodom
Shrove Tuesday· 52, 54, 55, 64, 73, 74, 75, 84
masquerade in Antwerp· 74
parade in London· 80
Sickness, character in play for coronation of Mary Tudor (1553)· 275
Sigillaria, Roman festival· 25
Sin, character in Lupton’s All for Money· 244, 246, 252
sinnekens· Vice figures in Rhetoricians’ plays· see Low Countries
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight· 153–5
Sir Thomas More· see Munday, Anthony· 322
Cloked Collusion· 245
The Bowge of Court, Dissimuler· 245
Snatch, character in Merbury’s Marriage between Wit and Wisdom· 88
societées joyeuses· 43
Sodomy, character in Bale’s Three Laws· 262
Soissons, Feast of Fools· 40
Soliman and Perseda· see Kyd
Sorcerer of Les Trois Frères· 28
sotternien and sotties· 43
Souls, characters in Coventry Cappers’ Harrowing and Resurrection· 332
basse dance La Spagna· 138
Corpus Christi at Saragossa· 210
masked characters in processions· 216
modern fiesta ‘dwarf· 8
Spanish disguising costume· 143
spelen van sinne· see Low Countries
Spinelli, Gasparo· 149
St Dasius, martyr· 34
St Nemo (St Nobody)· 164
St Paul’s Cathedral, London· see London
Stanislavsky, Konstantin· 10
stitlers· 50
Straw Bear· 86· see also folk masking
Stubbes, Philip, Anatomie of Abuses· 300
Suffolk, Duke of· see Pole, John de la
Suleiman II, the Magnificent, Sultan of Turkey· 52
Summer Lords and Ladies· 45
sumptuary laws ‘130
Sutton Hoo helmet· 16–18, 115· see FIG· 1· 17
Tacitus, Cornelius Publius· 19, 21, 22
talamasca· see terminology
Tasso, Torquato, on carnival· 55, 56, 64
Tattle, Timothy, character in Jonson’s Staple of News· 251
Tediousness, giant character in Redford’s Wit and Science· 254, 272, 274
Temperance (‘Maticheyt’), character in Haarlem Rhetoricians’ play (1606)· 240
Terence (Publius Terentius Afer), Comedies· 190, 291
manuscript illustrations· 190, 278, 291–4· see PLATE 29· 292
medieval and Tudor school text· 283
Terence des ducs· see Josephus Master
caput· see head carnelevale· 54
cheveler, cheverel (wig)· 332
daunces disgisi· 128, 136; disgisi of clothes· 129; disguising· 102, 128, 129–30, 132
facies (Latin)· 190, 222, 331, 335–6
fax (wig)· 332
‘spectre’· 340; face-mask, especially on helmet· 16, 340; grimhelm· 16, 18; related to grime· 340
caput (Latin)· 335–6; covers whole head· 335; headpiece· 324, 335
hypocrisis, suggested etymology ‘gold outward’· 289; hypocrites· 287, 288; hypokrinesthai· 287; suggested etymology ‘false judgement’· 287, 288, 290; term for ‘actor’, translated simulator· 287
black-faced spectre? ‘341; called talamasca q.v.· 51, 342; ‘fright-mask’• 36, 40, 50, 51, 189, 207, 208, 209, 336, 342, 343, of cacodemon ‘77; ‘malignant ghost’· 2, 36, 47, 50, 51, 279, 300, 327, 336, 337, 338, 339, 341, 343, 344, linked with masca q.v.· 339; ‘mask’ .2, 36, 41, 47, 51, 94, 200, 235, 279, 293, 298, 300, 306, 327, 333, 334, 336, 341, 343, 344, equated with viser· 328, 344; ‘masker’· 344; ‘scarecrow’· 279, 342, 344; used of classical stage-masks· 343
larvatus
‘bewitched’· 338, 344; ‘masked’· 61, 77, 93, 116, 127, 192, 306, 331, 343, 344; ‘masker’· 300
ludi theatrales· 40, 41, 42; ludicrum, ‘game’· 19
masca
‘evil spirit’· 338–41, 342; ‘mask’· 338–41; equated with striga and lamia, ‘witch, nightmare’· 339; Lombard term?· 339
mascara· 340
mascarure· 331; maschurer (verb) ‘to black up’· 331, 340, variants masquier, masquiller, maquiller· 340; related to masca· 340
(entertainment)· 21, 102, 128, 182; from masque (French)· 170, 328; later masque· 2, 169, 328; (object)· 2, 21; (set of costumes)· 133, 328
maskelyn· 102
masque· see mask
monstra· 36
mum· 94
mommen (verb)· 94; mummery· 102, 128, 133; mommerij· 2, 83; mumming· 2, 83; various suggested derivations· 94
pagani· 27
pastime· 128
persona· 2, 8, 40, 282, 284, 337–8, 343 ‘mask’· 294, 298
prosopeion (Greek for ‘theatre mask’)· 328
spectaculumy ‘public show’· 19, 27, 40
Prynne translates as ‘stage-play’· 327
tymbres· 314
fauce/faulx visage· 83, 85, 295, 330, 331
visor· 2, 85, 127, 328–9 covers the vis (‘face’)· 328; visar, visardy vesern· 328; viser· 136, 279, 328, 329, 336; viserium (Latin)· 328; wesseren, wesseron· 328, 335
Tertullian, Quintus Septimus Florens· 27, 30, 35
Testament of Cresseid· see Henry son, Robert
Thais, character in Marston’s Insatiate Countess· 184
Thammas, incest attributed to masking· 309
theatrical masking· see masked actors; masked theatre traditions; classical theatre; miracles; morality plays; mystery plays
Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury· 31
Theology, character in Lupton’s All for Money· 244
Thespis, supposed inventor of theatrical masks· 282
Thomas, William, on carnival in Rome· 62
Three Kings of Cologne· see Magi
Three Ladies of London, The· see Wilson, R.
Three Laws· see Bale, John
Three Lords and Three Ladies of London, The· see Wilson, R.
Three Maries, characters in Coventry Cappers’ Harrowing and Resurrection.332
Tide tarrieth No Man, The· see Wapull, George
Time, double-faced· 238
Titivullus, character in Mankind· 243, 251· see also Devil Tom Tosspot, character in Like will to Like· 335
Torslunda Plaques· 18, 19, 20, 22· see FIG· 3· 20
tournament helms· see tournaments tournaments· 102–27
and disguisings· 103, 128, 137
as romance scenarios· 112
held at Acre, for coronation of Henry of Cyprus (1286)· 117; Canterbury (1348)· 137, 314; Dunstable: (1334)· 121; for betrothal of Prince Lionel (1342)· 118, 121; Edinburgh, Tournament of the Black Lady (1507/8)· 126; Greenwich (1515)· 118; Guisnes (1414/15)· 122; Le Hem (1278)· 112; Lichfield (1348)· 137, 144, 313, 314; London: Mayor and Aldermen (1359)· 116, Pope and Cardinals, at Smithfield (1343)· 116, 155, Seven Deadly Sins (1362)· 116; Tartars, at Cheapside (1331)· 116, 138, tournament at Stepney (1331)· 127; Prague, Tournament of the Hussars (1557)· 115, 116· see PLATE 13· 115; Richmond, jousts (1510)· 121–2; Westminster: for wedding of Prince Arthur and Katherine of Aragon (1501)· 111, 116, 119, for wedding of Richard of York, son of Edward IV (1477/8)· 118, Henry VII (1495)· 111, to celebrate birth of first child of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon (1511)· 118, 125–6, with disguisings· 131, 154, 320, 323
in fifteenth-century Burgundy· 112
in literature, Malory’s Lancelot· 108, 116, 120–21
mottoes and imprese as identifying devices· 118–19
pageant cars· 112
portable pavilions· 118, 125· see PLATE 15· 124
preceded by masked processions· 116, 125, 127, 137
Round Table of Edward I (1284)· 112
tournament characters
Amazons· 117; Arthurian knights· 112; Knights of the Round Table: and Amazons· 117, Lancelot· 112, Sir Lyonell· 121, Tristan· 112; Coeur Loyal, Vaillant Desir, Bone Vouloyr, and Joyous Penser· 119, 125; Florimont· 112; grotesque carnival figures· 117; hermit knight· 118; jousting ladies· 117; Lady Venus· 116; le chevalier inconnu· 120–22; Mayor and Aldermen· 116; nuns and monks· 117; pilgrim· 118; Pope and Cardinals· 116; Saracens· 116: in Malory’s Morte d’Arthur· 116, in Pas du Perron· see PLATE 11· 113; Seven Deadly Sins· 116; Tartars· 116; Turks· 116, and Moors· 115; Wild Knight· 126
tournament helm· 7, 8, 9, 13, 17, 104–6, 110, 106–12, 279
construction· 108· see PLATE 8· 107; crests· 106, 107, 108–12· see PLATE 9· 109, materials, cuir bouillé (boiled leather)· 315, leather· 314, ostrich feathers· 110, 111, whitleather· 278; frog-mouthed helm· 104, 106· see FIG· 5· 104; great helm· 104–5· see FIG· 4· 104; grotesque German parade helmets· 117, Maximilian· 118, 329· see PLATE 23· 217; like lions devouring man’s head· 111, Venetian helmet (salade), c· 1460· 111· see PLATE 12· 114; Saracen’s head, de la Pole tomb· 111–12· see FIG· 6· 112, like giant (German)· 112, Pas du Perron· see PLATE 11· 113; Tartars· 116; Turks and Moors· 115, 116· see PLATE 13· 115; visored bascinet· 104
unvisoring· 119, 120, 121–2, 127
viewing the helms· 108· see PLATE 10· 110
visors and masks· 7, 9, 13, 105, 126, 127, 329
Doomsday, devils· 210
Scourging and Talents, bright-faced Christ of the Passion· 228
Transfiguration, divine radiance, masks and stage effects, at Mons, Revello, and York· 220–21
Treason, character in DeGuileville’s Pèlerinage· 234, 244
Tretise of Miraclis Pleyinge· 289
Trial of Treasure, The· 242
Tristan, character in Arthurian romance, as tournament character· 112
Triumph of Death· 58
Triumph of Isabella· see Alsloot, Denis van
Triumph of Maximilian· see Burgkmair; Maximilian I
Trivet, Nicholas, Commentary on
Augustine’s City of God, on classical masked acting· 293
Trott, silkman· 323
character in Dekker’s Whore of Babylon twin of Falsehood· 276
personification with mirror· 266
tumblers, female· 51
Tusser, Thomas, Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry· 255
Twelfth Night· 95
Understanding, character in Wisdom· 142, 262, 275
unmasking· 10, 93, 95, 99, 127, 149–50, 172, 177, 181, 182, 183, 260
refusal to unmask· 92, 95, 99, 166
Ursula, character in Shakespeare’s Much Ado about Nothing· 187
Usury, character in Wilson’s Three Ladies of London· 264
Utopia· see More, Sir Thomas
Valdivia, Diego Përez de, Platica de las mascaras· 281
Valentine and Orson· 49
Vanity, character in Liberality and Prodigality, dressed in feathers· 275
Varagine, Jacobus a, Legenda Aurea (Golden Legend)· 39
Vasari, Giorgio· 66
Vaus, Sir Nicholas· 116
black veils for female Moors· 312;
red veils for angels at the Sepulchre· 221–2, 312
Law of Moses in Bale’s Three Laws· 263
Moslem· 307
Venice· see also carnival
carnival· 1, 54, 57, 61, 65, 185
Wild Man hunt in 1340s· 50
double-faced· 238
masked character in classical theatre· 286
tournament character ‘Lady Venus’· 116
Vergil, Polydore, De rerum inventoribus· 78, 284, 298, 306, 308
Verity, character in Lindsay’s Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis· 257
Verona, amorous masking in Romeo and Juliet story· 171, 172, 185
Vice, character in Dekker’s Old Fortunatus, gold mask· 276, 290
Vice, the· see morality plays; masked and unmasked
Vice figures, in Rhetoricians’ plays· see Low Countries
Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro)
Eclogues, on Saturnalia· 26
Georgies, on origin of masks· 282
Dekker’s Old Fortunatus, rejects mask· 258, 276
Liberality and Prodigality· 276
Virtuous and Godly Susanna· see Garter, Thomas
visers· see terminology
Vitalis, Roman mime actor· 189
Vives, Juan Luis, De institutione feminae christianae· 184, 305, 306, 307
Vleischelijcke Sin (‘Carnal Lust’), character in van den Berghe’s Wellustige Mensch, dressed behind as Death· 239
Volpone· see Jonson, Ben
Wager, Lewis, Marie Magdalene· 247, 256, 267
Wager, William, The Longer Thou Livest the More Fool Thou Art· 253
early Christian Europe· 50
Walens, Moyses, of Cologne, Album amicorum· see PLATE 20· 176
Walker, Gilbert, A manifest detection· 92
Walleys, Thomas, Commentary on
Augustine’s City of God, on classical masked acting· 293
Wapull, George, The Tide tarrieth No Man· 253, 260
Wardrobe accounts of Edward III· 105, 132, 136, 137, 311, 313, 315, 318, 329, 336
war-paint· 20· see face-painting
Wastefulness, character in WapulPs The Tide tarrieth No Man· 253
‘Gothic’, at Byzantium· 19–20, 21
by Northern Goths· 21
in Tacitus· 19
possible image· 18· see FIG· 3· 20
Weisskünig, Der, illustrated Hans Burgkmair· 110
Wells Cathedral, Somerset, Feast of Fools.42
Wellustige Mensch (‘Voluptuous Man’)· see Berghe, Jan van den
coronation of Henry VIII (1509)· 131
courtly mumming (Shrove Sunday 1510)· 166
disguisings 1493) by Cornish· 135; (1501) for wedding of Prince Arthur and Katherine of Aragon· 131, 135; (1510)· 138, 148, 312; (1510) of Robin Hood in the Queen’s Chamber· 164
tournaments (1477/8) for wedding of Richard of York, son of Edward IV· 118; (1495)· 111; (1501), for wedding of Prince Arthur and Katherine of Aragon· 111, 116, 119; (1511), to celebrate birth of first child of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon· 118, 125–6; and disguisings· 131, 154, 320, 323
Whitehall, York House· 167
Whore of Babylon· see Dekker, Thomas wigs· 322–4, 332–4
called cheveler, cheverel, fax· 333, 334
characters with wigs angels-257, 315, 323, 332, 333; Apostles· 333, 334, with diadems (haloes?)· 333, 334, yellow· 334; Chastity· 257; Christ· 226: gold· 199, 226, Wisdom, with ‘brows’· 1, 257, 262, 334, with diadem (halo?)· 333, 334; Damned Souls· 334; Devil· 332; Discord· 323; God· 332, 334; Good Souls· 334; hermits· 324; Irishmen and women· 322; maidens· 315; Mary Magdalene· 332–3; Moors· 323, 324; palmers· 322; Pilate· 332; priests, with shaven crowns· 324; savage men· 324; Serpent, blonde· 333; Souls· 332; Spirit of God· 332; St Peter, gold· 199; Three Maries· 332; Verity· 257; virgins· 315; wild men or woodwoses· 315, 322, 323
diadems (haloes?) attached· 333–334
for female roles· 257, 315, 332, 333
head, mask and wig joined· 333–4
materials
budge (sheepskin): black, for Moors· 324, with shaven crowns, for priests· 324; cow’s tails· 323, 324; flax-315, 322: dyed· 323, dyed black, for Irishmen and women· 322, dyed yellow, for angels and maidens· 315; fur, for savage men· 324; gold damask braid, flossed or teased· 321; hemp, for angels· 323, 332; horsehair· 323, horsetails· 326; lawn, black, curled, for Moors· 323; linen thread· 315, 322; real hair· 324; saffron as dye· 315; silk: black, for Discord· 323, for women’s wigs· 323, green flossed, for wild men· 323; silver damask braid· 321; wool, for Mary Magdalene· 333
wig-making
curling· 323; dyeing· 315, 322, 323; plaiting, flossing and teasing· 321
wild men or woodwoses· 48, 54, 86, 146, 208· see PLATE 18· 147· see also masked characters; mask types; carnival; disguisings; folk masking; wigs
as stitlers· 50
Play of the Death of the Wild Man· 49
Will, character in Wisdom· 142, 262, 275
William of Wadington Manuel des pechiez· 192
fourteenth-century translation· 192
translated by Mannyng of Brunne as Handlyng Synne· 192
Willis, Ralph, Mount Tabor· 259
Three Ladies of London, The· 257, 264, 265, 272, 276, 277
Three Lords and Three Ladies of London, The· 265
Winchester Psalter· see FIG· 11· 208
Winchester, Tiberius, guiser in Elgin (1604)· 88
Wingfield, Suffolk, effigy of John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk· 111–12· see FIG· 6–112
character in court interlude, two faces and a mirror in each hand· 267, 275; Wisdom Who is Christ· 202, 246, 264, with half-mask, wig, and gold beard· 1, 257, 321, 324, 334
personification with mirror· 266
Wisdom Who is Christ· 1, 202, 203, 242, 246, 251, 256, 257, 262, 263, 264, 321, 324, 334· see also Anima, Lucifer, Wisdom, Mind, Will, and Understanding
mask as sign of corruption· 247, 262, 264
masked characters· 1, 203, 246, 257, 262, 263, 264, 321, 324, 334
Merbury’s Marriage between Wit and Wisdom· 322
Redford’s Wit and Science· 254, 271–4
face painted· 246; glass (mirror) of Reason· 271–4
Wit and Science· see Redford, John
Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas· 168, 180
women· see amorous masking, carnival, cross-dressing, disguisings, face-painting, mask types, masked and unmasked, mumming, Revels Office personnel and suppliers
Woodville, Antony, Earl Rivers· 118
woodwoses· see wild men
Rhetoricians’ play, half-devil, half-human· 239
The World and the Child, doubled· 243
World and the Child, The· 243
Wrath (‘Gramschap’), character in Haarlem Rhetoricians’ play (1606)· 240
Wycliffite sermons mention masked devils· 202, 278, 289
Wymondham, Norfolk, woodwose· 315
Yeats, William Butler· 197
St Martin Coneystreet, St Martin window, devil· see FIG· 11· 208
St Michael Spurriergate, Fall of the Angels window· 205
Yule and Yule’s Wife· 81
at Festival of Britain (1951)· 191
Barbers, Baptism, Christ as mirror· 266
Barkers, Fall of the Angels· 202
Creed Play
Apostles· 200, 333, 334; gold-faced Christ· 200, 220, 334, 343; inventories· 200, 333, 334
Curriers, Transfiguration, gold-faced Christ· 221
Drapers, Death of the Virgin· 214
Mercers, Doomsday
Apostles· 201, 334; Christ, leather body-suit· 231; Damned Souls· 201, 202, 331, 334; devils· 335, two-faced devil masks· 206; gold-faced God· 194, 220, 230–32, 330; Good Souls· 201, 334; indenture (1433)· 194, 201, 206, 220, 230, 334; inventory (1526)· 335; wesserons (ordinary masks)· 335
Pinners, Crucifixion· 231
Zurich, carnival· 77
Zwart Piet· 12