Abbeys of Misrule· 43
Abbot of Bonaccord· 44
Abbot of Unreason· 31, 43, 178
Abbots Bromley Horn Dance· 31
Aberdeen, guising (1605)· 90
Acre, tournament for coronation of Henry of Cyprus (1286)· 117
Act of Parliament agaynst disguysed persons and wearing of visours (1511)· 83, 84, 85, 100, 318
Ælfric Catholic Homilies· 24
Aeschylus· 282
Alain de Lille, Ars praedicandi· 266, 271
Epistola III ad Eadfridum· 31
All Blacks, New Zealand rugby team· 20
All for Money. see Lupton, Thomas
allegorical plays. see morality plays
allegory and emblem· 118, 189, 233–40, 242, 244, 245, 274–7. see Plate 25· 237. see also emblem books
masks as emblems, in
art and literature· 12, 143, 233–40, 244–5, 247, 267, 281. see Plate 28· 261; emblem books· 234–8, 267; masked theatre· 198–9, 206, 267; morality plays· 7, 143, 198, 233–40, 244, 246, 247, 259–65, 274–7
Allen, Rowland, mouldman· 320
Almains (Germans). see masked characters; disguisings; Germany
Alsloot, Denis van, Triumph of Isabella (1615)· 204, 210, 214. see Plate 21· 211
Ambrose, Saint, of Milan· 28
Ammon, Hans, artist. see Plate 2· 59
after the manner of Italy· 169;
at Beaulieu (1519)· 181; at
Greenwich (1512); after the
Devon· 183
at Ferrara· 170; at Milan· 171; at
Venice· 171, 172; at Verona, in
Romeo and Juliet story· 171, 172, 185
in literature and drama· 183–8
Marston’s Insatiate Countess· 184;
Pettie’s Petite Pallace· 183;
Shakespeare’s Henry VIII· 185,
Love’s Labour’s Lost· 187–8, Much
Ado about Nothing· 186–7, Romeo and Juliet· 185–6
masked men and unmasked women. see masked and unmasked
masked visitors and unmasked house-holders. see masked and unmasked
rules and etiquette· 173–5, 188
in Romeo and Juliet story· 172; of Anne Boleyn· 182
Anglia deformata and Anglia restituta, lost morality play, at Cambridge (1553).260
masking· 16–24. see FlG. 2· 18
Sutton Hoo helmet· 16–18, 115. see FIG. 1· 17. see also helmets, Sutton Hoo
Anima, character in Wisdom· 246, 262
mask as sign of corruption· 203, 247, 262, 263, 264
masked like Wisdom· 246, 257, 262
Anjou, René d’. see René I, roi d’Anjou
Anonimalle Chronicle· 157
anti-Catholic mask, at Cambridge, before Elizabeth I (1564)· 238
Antonio, character in Shakespeare’s Much Ado about Nothing· 187
Antwerp, carnival· 74
Catena aurea, Herod’s devil persona· 218
Super evangelium S. Matthaei· 343 on hypocrites· 288, 337
Arbeau, Thoinot, Orchésographie, links dances and masquerades· 138
Aresta amorum. see Auvergne, Martial d’, and Aurigny, Gilles d’; also amorous masking
Aristophanes, Plutus· 294
Aristotle, Pseudo-, Physiognomonica· 236
Arrets d’amours. see Aresta amorum
Art, character in Lupton’s All for Money· 244
artefacts, surviving· 16, 17, 111, 203, 204, 248, 249, 279, 315. see Plate 23· 217, Plate 12· 114, Plate 7· 98
Arthur Plantagenet, Lord Lisle. see Lisle
Arthur, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VII· 111, 119, 131, 135, 136
Asterius, Bishop of Amaseia· 34
sermon on Kalends· 39
Sermon on Matthew 6· 287, 290, 313
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo· 30
City of God· 293
Aurigny, Gilles d’, addition to Aresta amorum· 172
devil-masks, traditional· 203, 204, 279. see FIG. 7· 203
Perchten· 49
Auton, Jean d’, Chroniques de Louis XII, disguisings in national costume (1501)· 138
Feast of Fools· 40
Romanesque devil carving, FIG. 10· 207
Auvergne, Martial d’, Aresta amorum· 172–9, 186, 316
(‘Giericheyt’), character in Haarlem Rhetoricians’ play (1606)· 240
Vice character in Respublica· 256
carnival· 58
Presentation of the Virgin by de Mezières (1385)· 203
babooneries (gargoyles or grotesques)· 319, 342
Bacup Nutters· 12
Badius Ascensius, Joachim, edition of Terence’s Comedies· 190, 243, 284
on contemporary masked acting· 294–5
Bakhtin, Mikhail· 3, 11, 41, 72
Bal des Ardents (1392). see disguisings
Baldwin, William· 325
Bale, John· 196
Three Laws, masking as sign of corruption· 262–3
Bampton, Cumbria, Christmas misrule· 45
Bandello, Matteo, novella on Romeo and Juliet· 171, 172, 179
Barcelona, Little Stag· 28
Barclay, Alexander, Ship of Fools, translation of Sebastian Brant’s Narrenschiff· 85, 86, 209
Barnes, Barnabe, The Devil’s Charter· 274
Barthes, Roland, on ‘density of signs’· 199
Bartholomew, Bishop of Exeter· 36
Bartyllmewe, the haberdasher· 139
Bassarus, Latin Shrovetide school play· 93–4, 99
Battle between Carnival and Lent· 68, 80. see also Bruegel
in war dance. see also FIG. 3· 20
bearded characters Almains· 139, 321; bearded men (disguising)· 136, 315, 334, 336; fishers· 322; followers of Maintenance· 142; foresters· 322; God: in proverb· 322, Wisdom, in Wisdom· 1, 257, 321, 324, 334; Hansards· 322; hermits· 132; necromancers· 322; old men: Chester Joseph· 220, 323, Chester Primus Pastor· 220, in disguising· 181, 335; Rafe Roister· 335; shepherds in disguising· 167; Tom Tosspot· 335; whiskered Oriental· 322
curling· 1, 257, 321, 324, 334;
plaiting, flossing, teasing· 321, 323; purling· 323
black· 323: for shepherds· 167; gold· 321: for Almains· 139, 321, for shepherds· 167, for Wisdom (Christ)· 1, 257, 321, 324, 334; red· 322: for followers of Maintenance· 142, 143, 275; silver· 321: for aged men· 335, for hermits· 132, for shepherds· 167; white· 321, 322: for aged men· 181
marquesotted (with whiskers only), for an Oriental and for Hansards· 322
cow’s tails, curled· 323; deer’s tail· 48; flax, for God (proverb)· 322; gold cypress, curled· 1, 257, 321, 324, 334; gold damask braid· 139, 321: ‘corrsyng’ (plaited)· 321, flossed or teased· 321; gold wire· 167, 321; horsehair· 279, 323: horse-tails· 323; linen thread· 315; silk: black· 167, green flossed· 323; silver damask braid· 132, 321; silver wire· 167, 321
on masks· 132, 136, 139, 142, 143, 167, 257, 275, 279, 315, 319, 321–3, 325, 334–5
role in doubling· 335
supplied by haberdasher· 321, 322, 335
Beatrice, character in Dante’s Paradiso· 268 Shakespeare’s Much Ado about Nothing· 186
Beauchamp, Richard, Earl of Warwick
Beauchamp Pageants. see PLATE 14· 123
jousts at Guisnes incognito· 122
Beaulieu, masking of ancient knights (1519)· 181
Becon, Thomas, The Reliques of Rome· 299
Bede, The Venerable, De temporum ratione:· 24
beheading of theatrical giants
in Merbury’s Marriage between Wit and Wisdom· 254
in Redford’s Wit and Science· 254
in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight· 154
Beloved of the World, character in Rhetoricians’ play, half-wolf, half-human· 239
Belyal, character in The Castle of Perseverance· 202, 246, 251. see also Devil
fire-breathing· 206
Benedick, character in Shakespeare’s Much Ado about Nothing· 186
Benedictine Revival· 191
Bening, Simon, illuminator, calendar illustrations showing disguisings· 140. see PLATE 17· 141, PLATE 19· 165
Benvolio, character in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet· 187
Berghe, Jan van den, Wellustige Mensch (‘Voluptuous Man’), Rhetoricians’ play· 239
Bern, Switzerland, Dance of Death mural by Niklaus Manuel, later dramatised. see Dance of Death
Berowne, character in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost· 187, 188
Berri, Jeanne de Boulogne, Duchesse de· 145–6. see PLATE 18· 147
black Herod· 216
Play of Paradise, gilded(?) mask· 331
Play of the Resurrection in churchyard (before 1220)· 192, 343
political terrorism under cover of mumming (1537)· 100
Bibbiena, Cardinal Bernardo· 69
bifrons. see double-faced characters; mask types, two-faced masks
Binning, Walter, domestic and theatrical painter· 317
Black Prince. see Edward, Prince of Wales, the Black Prince
blackened faces. see face-painting
black-face make-up. see face-painting
Boccaccio, Giovanni, Decameron· 49
Bodley Romance of Alexander· 33, 335. see PLATE 1B· 32, PLATE 1C· 32
Boece, Hector, Chronicles of Scodand· 248
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus
Consolation of Philosophy, Circe myth· 236, 259
On the Two Natures and One Person of Jesus Christ· 284
Boissard, Jean Jacques, Emblematum liber Prudence with mask· 235
Boissard, Robert, Mascarades. see also Gheyn, Jacob II de
copied from Jacob de Gheyn II· 260, 312
netted mask with spangles. see FIG. 14. 312
Oriental mask with whiskers· 322
Speciem pulchritudinis· 235
Venefica Circe· 236. see also PLATE 25· 237
as character in Shakespeare’s King Henry VIII· 185
Bologna, mask-making centre· 60
Book of Homilies· 302, 308
Book of Kells. see FIG. 11· 208
Book of Revelation, face like the sun· 223
Boron, Robert de, Histoire du Graal. see PLATE 1A· 32
Bosch, Hieronymus· 209
Bottom the Weaver, character in Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream· 264, 335
Bouchet, Guillaume, Les Serees· 95, 99, 184
Bourbon, Étienne de, Anecdotes historiques· 202, 204, 324
painted masks called artifices· 190, 331
Bourchier, Henry, Earl of Essex· 166
Bourges, Monstre (1536)· 1
devils, fire-breathing and two-faced 206
Bower, Walter, Scotichronicon. 248
Bowge of Court, The. see Skelton, John
Boy Bishop· 43
Boyet, character in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost· 187
Braga, Galicia· 27
Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk· 118, 126
Brant, Sebastian, Narrenschiff· 44, 75, 76, 85, 209. see also Barclay, Alexander, Ship of Fools; Locher, Jacobus
Brecht, Bertold· 10
Breuil, Abbé Henri· 28
Bristol, prohibitions against mumming· 83
Broke, Arthur, Romeus and Iuliet· 171–2, 179
Bromyard, John, Summa praedicantium· 193, 287, 343
Bruegel, Pieter· 209
Battle between Carnival and Lent· 11, 49, 88–90. see PLATE 5· 89 white-faced mummers· 311, 317
Flemish Proverbs· 322
Brussels, Royal Entry of Joanna the Mad (1496)· 312
Bruyn, Abraham de, Omnium pene Europe … gentium habitus. see PLATE 30· 301
Burchard of Worms· 30, 36, 51, 342
Burchard, John, papal master of ceremonies· 57, 58, 64
self-portrait with Death in mirror· 270
Triumph of Maximilian· 311. see FIG. 13· 311
Weisskünig, Der· 110
Burgundian court· 101
influence on England· 135
Burry Man · see Queensferry Burry Man
Bus, Gervais de, Roman de Fauvel· 46, 47
court ceremonies, tenth century· 19
Gothic weapon dance· 19–20, 21
masked (?) entertainers· 190
source of reindeer antlers for Abbots Bromley Horn Dance· 31
Caesarius of Heisterbach· 42
Caesarius, Bishop of Arles· 24, 27, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 54, 296, 297, 298, 341
Calenus, Nicolaus, In detestationem· 281, 308
Anglia deformata and Anglia restituta, lost morality play (1553)· 260
anti-Catholic mask before Elizabeth I (1564)· 238
college inventories of players’ costumes· 248, 294
St John’s College
black face of paste (1548)· 294;
devil costume· 251;
gold face and crown for Jupiter (1548)· 257, 294;
performance of Aristophanes’
Plutus (1536)· 294
Candlemas · see Feast of Candlemas
Canterbury, Kent, tournament and (?) disguisings (1348)· 137, 314
Capulet, Old, character in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet· 186
carnival· 3, 7, 11, 21, 48, 50, 51–81, 282, 296
activities
informal· 53, 57–8, 61, 73, 74, 170;
blackened faces· 76, 77, 85. see also face-painting headword
comic aggression· 53, 57, 63, 68. see also street violence below caccia· 49, 54, 57, 61, 68; castle-smashing· 54, 57, 61, 68; eggthrowing and egg-fights· 58, 65, 68, 69, 71, 73. see PLATE 2· 59; orange-fights· 58, 68, 187; practical jokes· 68; schoduvel· 49, 54; snowball-fights· 58
costume. see also masked characters animals· 73; bought teeth· 76; cross-dressing· 65, 75, 76, 77, 78; devils· 73; donkey skin· 77; erotic costumes· 71; fantastic costumes· 66; hired hair· 76; inside-out garments· 73, 75; Venetian domino· 169
élite culture and masking· 54, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72, 181
geographical distribution· 82
in Britain· 80, little evidence· 14, 55, 78–81; in France· 63–4, 181: Avignon· 58, Marseilles· 58, 68, Paris· 58, 64, 181, Romans (1580) 63, 80; in Germany· 73–4, 75–8: Mainz· 76, Nuremberg· 73, 75, 209: Schembartlauf· 73–4. see PLATE 2· 59, schoduvel· 49, 54; Italy· 55–63, 170–72: Ferrara· 56, 58, 61, 64, 66, Florence· 54, 61, 65: processions· 57, 61, 248, floats designed by Piero di Cosimo· 58, 66, songs· 57, 58, 60; Rome· 1, 55, 56, 58, 61, 62, 69: cardinals as participants and spectators· 61, 64, Pope as spectator· 61, races· 57, 61; Venice· 1, 54, 61, 185: caccia· 49, 54, 57, 61, 68, castle-smashing· 54, 57, 61, 68; in Low Countries· 74–5: at Antwerp· 74; at Ghent· 75; in Northern Europe· 73–8; in Scotland. see guising and guisers; in Southern Europe· 55–7; in Spain· 56, 71, 187; in Switzerland, at Zurich, demonic masks· 77
inversion· 57, 66, 71, 74, 77, 79
skulls· 60, 248; with long noses like penises· 58
masked balls· 54
masked characters Amazons· 58; animals· 75; birds· 75; churchmen· 62; Death· 58, 248; devils· 66, 75, 78, 209, 213. see PLATE 21· 211; exotic foreigners· 66; fishermen· 58; fools· 44, 75; Magnificos· 58; wet nurses· 58; wild men· 58, 66; women· 77
maskers· 11, 60–65. see PLATE 3· 70 women· 61, 64, 65, 71, 75, 305–7, 309; young men· 4, 61, 64, 65, 72, 76
communal· 60, 63, 71, 72, 170; for New Year’s gifts· 66; motivations· 65–73; Protestant objections· 299; Reformation critics· 73
Munday, Anthony, on· 55, 57, 60
popular culture and masking· 61, 72
regulations· 54, 56, 61, 62, 69, 74
seen as descendant of the pagan Kalends· 54, 82, 298
sexual licence· 71, 72, 76, 305–7
Shrove Tuesday· 52, 54, 64, 73, 74, 84
street violence, organised and random· 54, 62, 64, 77. see PLATE 2· 59, PLATE 3· 70
Tasso on· 56
terminology· 54
theoretical approaches· 55, 61, 72
women
as maskers· 61, 64, 65, 71, 75, 305–7, 309; as spectators· 58, 65, 71; courtesans· 58, 65, 71
carnivalesque behaviour· 41, 44;
modern theory· 55
Carowe, John, property-maker to the Revels· 325, 326
Castiglione, Baldassare, Il Cortegiano· 55, 67, 69, 126, 149
Castle of Perseverance, The· 196, 202, 206, 242, 245, 246, 248, 250, 251
Catch, character in Merbury’s Marriage between Wit and Wisdom· 88
Cato, character in Gresemund’s Carnisprivii dialogus· 4, 76–7
caul. see mask-making; mask types; mask materials
cause grasse. see mock lawsuits
Cavendish, George, The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey· 132, 168
Cawarden, Sir Thomas, Master of the Revels· 162, 328
Caxton, William, Pilgrimage of the Soul, translation of DeGuileville’s Pèlerinage de l’âme· 313
Cennini, Cennino, Il libro dell’arte· 278
cervulus. see Little Stag; folk masking Chaloner, Sir Thomas, translation of Erasmus’ Encomium Moriae· 163, 295
Chambers of Rhetoric · see Low Countries
Chambers, Sir E.K.· 3, 12, 14, 19, 29, 31, 41, 42, 43, 318
Chapuys, Eustace, Imperial ambassador· 179
beards· 46, 48; cross-dressing· 48; demons· 46, 47; inside-out garments· 46; masks· 47, 294; interpreted as spirits of the dead· 47
effigies· 48
in the Roman de Fauvel· 46
rough music· 46
violence· 47
Charles VI, King of France, in Bal des Ardents· 5, 144–8
Charles VII, King of France, Royal Entry into Paris (1437)· 239
Chastity, character in Lindsay’s Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis· 257
Chaucer, Geoffrey, Parson’s Tale· 129
Chaundler, Thomas, Liber apologeticus· 243, 268–71, 272, 273. see also mirrors
Coopers, Trial and Flagellation Herod’s visor· 219, 220, 243, 329; masks used in doubling?· 220, 243
Cordwainers, Passion gaolers· 330; gold-faced Christ· 216, 220, 225, 226, 330, 331
Innkeepers, Harrowing of Hell, hire devil’s costume from Weavers· 335
Painters, Shepherds Joseph: beard· 220, 323, face painted· 220; ‘paints to bone the players’· 330; Primus Pastor, face painted· 220
Smiths, Purification and Doctors gold-faced child Jesus (‘Little God’). 220, 225, 228–9, 250, 316, 330, 331. see PLATE 24· 227
Weavers, Doomsday’ 335
Chester, prohibition against mumming· 83
choirboys, join in Feast of Fools· 39, 42, 43
Chorley, Lancashire, political terrorism under cover of mumming (1536)· 100
Christ’s Resurrection (1530–60)· 196
Christelijcken Ridder, Rhetoricians’ play· 239
Christmas· 24 · see also mumming; courtly mummings; disguisings
and New-Year’s gifts· 26, 66, 152, 157, 158, 159, 160
celebrations at Byzantium· 19
character in Jonson’s Masque of Christmas· 83
Christmas Kings· 45, 80, 162, 164
More as King of Utopia· 164
courtly mummings
by Lydgate· 159, 160; Sir Gawain and the Green Knight· 153–5
misrule at Bampton, Cumbria· 45
in England· 84; in Newfoundland· 84; visits to court by citizens of London· 158
revels· 24, 44, 45, 133, 136–37, 153, 162–4, 315, 322, 329, 334
schoduvel· 49
Twelve Days of Christmas· 14, 39, 42, 52, 84
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De oratore, on masked and unmasked acting· 283
Cimbri, Germanic tribe· 20
Circe, enchantress, transformation of Odysseus’ followers, moral interpretation· 236, 259 · see also PLATE 25· 237
comedy · see also Terence Greek· 13, 110, 198, 282
Aerope· 283; Ajax· 283; comic Father· 283; Cybele· 286; Gnatho· 294; Hercules· 283, 286; Jupiter· 294; Medea· 283; parasite· 294; Phaedria· 294; Thraso· 294; Venus· 286
masks· 27, 278, 282–7, 290–91 comic masks, double expressions· 283; god-masks· 27, 197, 285: in pompa circensis· 27; invention of masks· 282; medieval images· 190, 291–4. see PLATE 29· 292; painted strong colours· 290; said to amplify actor’s voice· 282; stock characters· 284; tragic masks· 283
medieval understanding of· 291–4, 343 compared with late-medieval masking· 294–5
reconstructions by medieval artists· 190, 291–4
anti-theatrical polemic · see Early Christian writers Atellan farces· 189, 190; contemporary descriptions and theory· 282–7, 290; cross-dressing (female roles)· 35, 286; masked actors· 189, 282–7: mimus· 189, Vitalis, not masked· 189; pantomimus· 35, 284, 291, 293; Terence illustrations· 278, 291, 293. see PLATE 29· 292; masks. see above under masks; pantomime· 284, 291, 293; Terence. see Terence (Publius Terentius Afer)
sixteenth-century revivals· 294
Clatterbooke, Thomas, tailor hires devils’ costumes for Revels· 325
Claudian (Claudius Claudianus), De Bello Gothico· 19
Claudio, character in Shakespeare’s Much Ado about Nothing· 186
Clement of Alexandria, Exhortation to the Greeks· 285
clerk plays · see miracles
Cloked Collusion, character in Skelton’s Magnificence, two faces in one hood· 245
cloud machine· 195
Cock, Hieronymus, engraver· 311
Colombe, Michel, sculptor tomb-image of Prudence at Nantes· 267
Combe, Thomas, The Theatre of Fine Devices· 240
commedia dell’arte· see masked theatre traditions, Italian
Commodus, death attributed to masking· 309
Confusion, character in Wager’s The Longer Thou Livest· 253
R.B.’s Apius and Virginia diseased mask· 263
Wilson’s Three Ladies of London· 257, 264
face painted with ink· 265, 276
Wilson’s Three Lords and Three Ladies of London· 265
Conscius ipse sibi (Self-Awareness), with mirror· 267
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, Emperor of Byzantium· 19, 21
Constantine, Emperor. see Emperor Constantine
Constantinople. see Byzantium; Council of Constantinople
Const’thoonende luweel. see Low Countries, Chambers of Rhetoric
Cornelius, character in Medwall’s Fulgens and Lucres· 129, 130
Corybantes, supposed inventors of masking· 331
Cosimo, Piero di, designer of carnival floats in Florence· 58, 66
cosmetics· see face-painting
costume· see also carnival; cross-dressing; disguisings; folk masking; guising and guisers; morality plays; mumming; mystery plays
costume books, sixteenth-century· 138
animal skins· 12, 38, 75, 86, 209, 213
donkey skin· 77; fur· 19, 49; inside-out garments, with fur linings on outside· 86
bedlinen cushion-covers· 90; pillow-cases· 88; sheets· 11, 12, 88
braid and trimmings damask· 132, 137; damask gold· 137; ostrich feathers· 132, 137, 149, on tournament helms· 110, 111; gold ornaments and spangles· 5, 131, 135, 149, 181; gold, silver, and precious stones· 133
cloth· 11 bawdkin· 166; buckram· 137, 169; cloth of gold· 5, 132, 133, for shepherds· 167; cloth of silver· 132; copper tinsel· 132; linen, with flax glued on with pitch, for woodwoses· 145, 309, 315; patchwork· 86; rags· 12, 86, 209; sackcloth· 46; sarcenet· 132; satin: crimson, for shepherds· 132, 167, russet, for hermits· 132; silk· 132, 169: green, flossed· 154, 323; slived (shredded or skeined), as green moss, for woodwoses· 323; velvet· 132, 137, 166, black fleshings for Moors· 312
curled hair for fishers’ caps· 322 in amorous maskings· 166, 175, 178, 181
in disguisings· 129–33, 135, 137, 148
in folk masking· 11
natural substances burrs· 11, 12, 86; feathers stuck on with honey· 49; hair· 9; horns· 209; horse-tails, for wild men· 323; leaves· 12, 48, 86; lichen· 49; moss, for wild men· 48, 315; straw· 11, 12, 48, 86
newsprint· 11; shredded paper· 86
reflective· 5
of Basel (1431)· 41
of Constantinople (680)· 35, (692)· 28
of Langres, decrees against charivari· 46
of Nantes (1431)· 41
as embassy· 160, 161, 162, 167
pursuivant or herald· 159, 160, 161, 162; truchman or interpreter· 161, 162, 167
as good-luck visit· 153
characters
Bacchus, Juno, and Ceres· 160; cardinals· 152; diabolical papal legates· 152, 155, 202; Emperor· 151, 155; exotic foreigners: blackamoors· 161, Russians· 161, 187, Turks· 163, 166; Fortune as herald· 159; King David· 161; knights· 151; Mercury· 160; Pope· 152, 155; Presenter· 160, 161, 187; Seneca the philosopher· 162; shepherds· 167; squires· 151
dancing· 167
games of chance dice· 153, 166, 167: called mumchance· 167, abandoned· 160; illustration by Simon Bening· see PLATE 19· 165; in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight· 154
held at
Eltbam: assassination attempt (?) on Henry V (1415)· 99, by Londoners to Henry IV (1401)· 158, by Londoners to Richard II (1392/3 and 1393/44)· 158, by Lydgate (Christmas 1424)· 159, 160; Kennington: by Londoners to Richard II (1377)· 151–4; London: Goldsmiths’ Company, by Lydgate (Candlemas 1429)· 159, 160, Mercers’ Company, by Lydgate (Twelfth Night 1429)· 160; Westminster (Shrove Sunday 1510)· 166; Windsor: assassination attempt on Henry IV (1400)· 99
mumchance· 90, 167. see PLATE 19· 165. see also mumming
mummers as beings from another world· 153, 160, in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight· 154, Nowhere· 164, the Moon· 164; as exotic foreigners· 160, 161, 166, cannot speak English· 161, 162, 167; Henry VM· 164–8
political subtexts· 155–7, 158, 161
presentation of gifts· 159, 160
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight as courtly mumming· 153–5
courts of love, mock· 172
Cappers, Harrowing and Resurrection· 226, 332
Drapers, Doomsday Black (and White) Souls· 201, 330, 331; Christ, leather body-suit· 232; devil masks· 193, 330
Smiths, Passion Christ· 226: gold wig· 226, leather body-suit· 226, 232; devil’s head· 193, 332; face-painting· 330; Herod: crest· 218, face painted· 329, 330, Herod’s head· 193, 216, 330, visor· 329; metallic foils· 316
Covetousness, character in The Cradle of Security· 259
Cradle of Security, The· 1, 260, 265, 272
vices place pig’s snout on King· 259, 260, 263, 264
Cresseid, character in Henryson’s Testament of Cresseid· 260, 263, 266, 274
criminal behaviour, and masks· 5, 7, 48, 56, 62, 63, 78, 85, 91, 92, 99, 100, 148, 287, 306, 308, 309
cross-dressing· 26, 33–6, 38, 39, 41, 42, 48, 65, 75, 77, 78, 81, 87, 88, 90, 95, 324· see also carnival; disguisings; folk masking; guising and guisers
biblical prohibitions· 35
by women· 36, 65, 75, 76, 77, 78, 142
Venetian courtesans· 71
female roles, male actors, in Roman theatre· 35
Croy, François de, Les Trois conformités· 299
Cuninghame, Jonet, guiser at Perth (1609).88
Curiatius, character in Pettie’s Petite Pallace· 183
Cyprianus, Thascius Caecilianus (Saint Cyprian), De habitu virginum· 302, 303
daemones or demons· 36, 42, 77, 209, 296, 297, 338, 341–4· see also carnival; charivari; Feast of Fools; folk masking; terminology
Damnation, character in Lupton’s All for Money· 244, 253
mural at Bern, by Niklaus Manuel, later dramatised (1637/8), costumes and masks· 248. see PLATE 27· 249
mural in Holy Innocents’, Paris (1424).247
mural in St Paul’s Cathedral, London (1430)· 247
Dante Alighieri, Paradis, on masks and mirrors· 268
Dasius. see St Dasius
giant-killer· 254;
character in courtly mumming· 161
David, Jan, Veridicus Christianus, World masked· 234
Death. see also Dance of Death
character in coronation festivities for King of Aragon (1414)· 248; Everyman· 250; Hazerswoude play, at Haarlem (1606)· 240. see PLATE 26· 241; N. Town Death of Herod· 248; The Castle of Perseverance· 246, 248, 250; The Pride of Life· 248
costume· 239, 247–50. see PLATE 27· 249
in de Gheyn’s Masks· 260. see PLATE 28· 261
in painting by Burgkmair, in mirror· 270
Deceit, double-faced· 189, 239
Deformity, character in play for coronation of Mary Tudor (1553)· 275
Pème de l’âme· 313
Pèlerinage de la vie humaine· 234, 244
mirror of conscience· 270
Whore of Babylon, The· 276
demandes d’amour· 178
Despair, character in Wapull’s The Tide tarrieth No Man· 253
Detraction, character in DeGuileville’s Pèlerinage· 244
Devil. see also Belyal; Lucifer;
Mephostophilis; Satan; Titivullus;
character in
Coventry Cappers’ Harrowing and Resurrection· 332; Coventry Smiths’ Passion· 193; Fulwell’s Like will to Like· 205; Garter’s Virtuous and Godly Susanna· 205; Hazerswoude play, at Haarlem (1606)· 240. see PLATE 26–241; Lupton’s All for Money· 246; The Castle of Perseverance· 202, 206, 246, 251
Devil is an Ass, The. see Jonson, Ben
Devil’s Charter, The. see Barnes, Barnabe
devils· 6, 36. see also carnival; courtly mumming; Feast of Fools; folk masking; masked characters; morality plays; mystery plays
appearance
animal ears· 204; black· 202, 213; black faces· 202, 215–16; classical satyr as model· 208; eyes like saucers· 213, 325; horns· 204, 213; long red tongue· 204; quiff of hair· 204, 213; teeth· 203–4, 213
Gothic, St Martin Coneystreet, York. see FIG. 11· 208
in Marlowe’s Faustus· 251
pre-Romanesque· 207 Book of Kells. see FIG. 11· 208
Romanesque· 207 Autun. see FIG. 10· 207; Winchester Psalter. see FIG. 11· 208
on masks of men’s heads· 336
dice, dicing· 25. see mumming; courtly mummings; Christmas; Kalends; Saturnalia Diomedes, Ars grammatica, on origin of masks· 282
Dirty Bride, The· 90. see PLATE 5· 89
Discretion, character in Everyman· 233
disguisings· 2, 4, 5, 7, 13, 33, 127–50
allegorical scenarios in· 136
at Canterbury (?) (1348)· 137
at court of Louis XII (1501) with national dances· 138
at Field of Cloth of Gold (1520)· 139
at Greenwich (1512) after the manner of Italy· 169; (1519)· 135; (1527)· 149, 334
at Guildford (1347)· 133, 136, 315
at Lichfield (?) (1348)· 137, 144, 313, 314
at London wedding (1562)· 133
at New Hall (1520)· 319
at Richmond, in the Queen’s chamber (1510), to entertain Imperial ambassadors· 143
at Westminster after tournament (1511)· 131, 132, 320; by Cornish (1493)· 135; for wedding of Prince Arthur and Katherine of Aragon (1501)· 131, 135; of Robin Hood in the Queen’s Chamber (1510)· 164; Shrove Sunday (1510)· 138, 148, 312
Bal des Ardents (1392)· 5, 144–8, 154, 315. see PLATE 18· 147; public reactions to· 148; seventeenth-century interpretations· 309
accompanied by masks· 137; after the manner of Italy· 169; bagpipes· 139; cats· 139; cloth of gold· 133; cross-dressing· 324; expensive costumes as magnificence and largesse· 131–2; friars· 133, 190; half-and-half costumes· 135; historical costume· 138,· 139; in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight· 154; Lisle family property at Calais, inventory (1540)· 137, 169; materials. see costume materials; medioxes· 139, 238, 248, 319; men with bats’ wings· 136; national costume· 138, 143: Almain (German)· 129, 138, 143, 149, Egyptian· 138, 139, Indian· 138, linked to national dances· 138, Moorish (or blackamoors)· 138, 312, 323, 324, Portuguese· 138, Prussian· 138, Russian· 138, Savoyard· 138, Spanish· 138, 143, Turkish· 138; nuns· 133; sets for dancing teams· 133; theatrical effects· 135; wild men or woodwoses· 137, 144–6, 154, 309, 315, 322, 323, in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight· 154
dancing· 136
national costume· 138; numbers in
dancing teams· 133
guessing identity of performers· 143–50
illustrations by Simon Bening· 140. see PLATE 17· 141, PLATE 19· 165
mask types. see masks below; mask types (general)
maskers dance with unmasked ladies. see masked and unmasked
masks (entertainments) of aged men· 13, 139, 181, 334; of Almains· 129, 138, 143, 149, 321; of Amazons· 323; of angels· 1, 136, 336; of babions (babooneries)· 319; of bagpipes· 139; of bearded men· 315, 334, 336; of cats· 139; of cloth of gold· 133; of covetous men with long noses· 13, 240, 319; of dragons· 136, 335–6; of Egyptians· 138; of fishers· 322; of foresters· 322; of French maskers (1521)· 133; of friars· 133; of Hansards· 322; of hermits· 132; of huntresses· 13; of Indians· 138; of Irishmen and women· 322; of medioxes· 139, 238, 248, 319; of men with bats’ wings· 136, 138, 336; of men with diadems· 336; of men with elephants’ heads· 1, 138, 336; of men with lions’ heads· 136; of Moors (or blackamoors)· 215, 312, 319, 323, 324; of necromancers· 322; of netted maskers and ladies. see PLATE 16· 134; of nuns· 133; of Nusquams· 163; of palmers· 322; of peacocks· 136, 336; of priests and hermits· 324; of savage men· 324; of Savoyards· 138; of shepherds· 132, 167; of Spaniards (?), in Medwall’s Fulgens and Lucres· 138; of swans· 136, 336; of the Three Faculties, in Wisdom· 275; of Turks· 13, 166, 318, 325; of wild men or woodwoses· 132, 137, 144–6, 154, 309, 315, 322, 323, 336; of women· 318, 336 (male performers)· 1, 136, 323, 324
meaning of term disguising· 129–30
pageant cars in· 135, 136, 320
performers· 143–50 citizens· 182–3; courtiers· 144; Emperor Maximilian· 133, 138. see PLATE 16· 134; Henry VIII· 148–50; professionals from the Chapel Royal· 143; women· 144, 148, in Wisdom· 142
political subtexts· 143, 181, 182
character in Wilson’s Three Ladies of London· 264
double-faced· 238
Dissimuler, character in Skelton’s Bowge of Court, two faces in one hood· 245
Dives and Pauper· 33, 198, 232, 333
Dives, character in Lupton’s All for Money·253
Divine Correction, character in Lindsay’s Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis· 257
Donatus, Aelius, Commentary on Terence· 283, 291
Christmas Broad· 31
Ooser· 204, 279. see FIG. 9· 205
double-faced characters in art and literature· 238–9, 244, 245. see also mask types, two-faced
Deceit· 239
Dissimulation· 238
Dissimuler in Skelton’s Bowge of Court.245
Time· 238
Venus· 238
doubling, use of masks· 220, 243–4, 295
Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester, as Prince Pallaphilos, Lord of Misrule for Inner Temple (1561)· 162
Dundee, wig for Christ· 226
tournaments (1334)· 121; for betrothal of Prince Lionel (1342)· 118, 121
duplicity, symbolised by mask· 238, 276, 281, 287
Duquesnes, Jehan, clog-maker· 321
Dürer, Albrecht· 311
on carnival in Antwerp· 74
anti-theatrical polemic· 278, 280, 284–7
adopted by Protestant Reformation· 278, 285
objections to popular masking· 27–30, 37, 278, 296–8
used by medieval and early modern writers· 278, 281
East Anglia, urban Christmas Kings· 45
Eastfield, Thomas, Mayor of London (1429)· 159, 160
Edgecombe, Sir Richard· 183
accounts (1554) for Lindsay’s Satyre(?)· 243
Tournament of the Black Lady (1507/8)· 126
Edward I, King of England· 112
Edward III, King of England· 119, 156
disguisings· 138, 144 at Canterbury (1348)· 137; at Christmas· 136–7; at Guildford (1347)· 133, 136, 315, 329, 334, 336; at Lichfield (?) (1348)· 137, 144, 313, 314; at Otford (1348). 136, 154, 315; craftsmen, helmet-makers· 318
revels. see disguisings above
tournaments· 104
at Canterbury (1348)· 137, 314; at Dunstable (1334), fights as Sir Lyonell· 121; at Dunstable (1342) for betrothal of Prince Lionel: fights incognito· 121, mottoes on tournament gear· 118; at Guildford (1347)· 329; at Lichfield (1348)· 137, 144, 313, 314; at London: of Mayor and Aldermen (1359)· 116, of Pope and Cardinals, at Smithfield (1343)· 116, 155, of Tartars, at Cheapside (1331)· 116, 138, 139, 344, of the Seven Deadly Sins (1362)· 116
Wardrobe accounts· 105, 136, 137, 313, 315, 318, 329
Edward IV, King of England· 118
Edward VI, King of England· 46
Diary. 164
disguisings· 138, 139 of bagpipes· 139; of cats· 139; of medioxes· 139, 238, 248, 319
Lord of Misrule· see Ferrers, George
Edward, Prince of Wales, the Black Prince· 156
funeral achievements· 315. see FIG. 4· 104
Egbert of York, Penitential· 23
Elgin, guising and guisers (1598)· 81; (1604)· 88
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, anti-Catholic mask at Cambridge (1564)· 238
Elizabeth of York, Queen of Henry VII· 136
Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of Edward IV, Royal Entry into London (1464)· 315
Christmas mumming by London Aldermen to Henry IV (1401)· 158
courtly mumming by Lydgate (Christmas 1424)· 159, 160
Epiphany mummings by Londoners to Richard II (1392/3 and 1393/4)· 158
Elyot, Sir Thomas, Dictionary (1538)· 337, 344
emblem books. see also Boissard, Jean Jacques; Combe, Thomas; David, Jan; Perrière, Guillaume de la; Ripa, Cesare; Sambucus, Joannes; allegory and emblem
and masks· 234–8, 260, 267. see PLATE 28· 261
masked characters Deception· 234; Fraud· 234; Pride· 234, 267; Prudence· 235; the World· 234; strange or distorted heads as moral corruption· 235–8
emblems· see allegory and emblem
Emperor Constantine, character in Meriasek· 263
encounter customs· 6, 48, 157, 177–8. see also charivari; mumming
End of the World, character in The Cradle of Security· 259
England· see also Anglo-Saxon; amorous masking; charivari; mumming; and passim
little evidence for carnival· 14, 55, 78–81. see also carnival, in Britain
little evidence for secular Feast of Fools· 43, 44
in Byzantium (tenth century), wear masks/face-paint· 190
in England (thirteenth century), wear terrifying masks· 189, 343
in France (thirteenth century), wear painted faces called artifices· 190, 331
medieval professionals occasionally masked· 189
Envy, character in DeGuileville’s Pèlerinage· 244
Encomium Moriae, on masked acting· 295, 304, 337
translation of Lucian’s Saturnalia· 25
translation of Lucian’s Icaromenippus· 163
Kyd’s Soliman and Perseda· 92
Wotton’s Courtlie Controversie· 127
Ercole d’Este, Duke of Ferrara· 56, 58, 61, 66, 170
Everyman, character in Everyman· 233
encounter with Death· 250
Bishop John de Grandisson· 42
Feast of Fools· 42
Experience, character in Redford’s Wit and Science· 272
face-painting· 278
as alternative to masking· 193, 201, 302, 316–17, 330–32
as sign of moral corruption· 264–5, 271–74. see morality plays
blackened faces· 36, 189, 209 Bacup Nutters· 12; Black Prince of Parradine· 12; carnival maskers· 76, 77, 85; chimney sweep· 12 Corybantes· 331; Damned Souls· 201, 202, 215–16, 330, 331; dark-skinned foreigners· 12, 215–16; devils· 12, 76, 189, 202, 215–16; Dirty Bet· 215; ghosts (the dead)· 11, 215–16; Herod· 216; interpretations· 11, 12, 76, 215–16; Moors· 138, 215; mummers· 8, 11, 81, 86, 90, 100, 316, 317, 331; Zwart Piet· 12
Byzantine entertainers· 190
characters· see also blackened faces, gold faces, red faces, shining faces angels· 221–3; archangel Raphael· 221, 317; Chester Joseph· 220; Chester Primus Pastor· 220; gaolers· 216, 330; Herod (?)· 329, 330
cosmetics· 302–4, 308, 316–18, 331–2 and masks· 302, 308
gold faces child Jesus· 220, 225, 228–9, 316, 330, 331· see PLATES 24· 227; Christ· 220, 225, 226, 228, 330, 331: Transfiguration, in Ingeborg Psalter· 221; God, in Royal Entry· 222
in miracles· 193
materials· 316–18 black: blacking· 11, 331, burnt cork· 86, charcoal· 86, 100, 316 ink· 265, lampblack· 316: as eye make-up· 317, smoked faces (soot?)· 85, soot· 8, 11, 12, 76, 77, 316, 317: as eye make-up· 317, stoveblacking· 86; brown: cocoa· 86, wine lees· 282; metallic paint and foil· 316: gilding· 216, 220, 222, 225, 226, 228–9, 250, 330, 331, gold leaf· 316, party gold· 316; red· 221–2, 317: bresil· 317, on paper (soluble)· 317, red lead· 317, reddle/ruddle· 85, 317, sanguis draconis (dragon’s blood’)· 317, terre rouge· 317, vermilion· 317; same as scenery paint· 317; white: ceruse (‘white lead’)· 317, flour· 11, 86, 311, 316, 317, Spanish white (chalk)· 317
mummers· see blackened faces; whitened faces; with colours (unspecified)
red faces, angels· 221–2, 317 angel at sepulchre, Ingeborg Psalter· 221; archangel Raphael with red face· 221, 317;
removed with egg yolk and bran· 278 shining faces angels· 222–3; Divine Correction in Lindsay’s Satyre(?)· 257; Light of the Gospel in New Custom(?)· 258; Nemesis in Respublica(?)· 257
stage make-up· 330, 332 players’ faces· 216, 243, 317, 330; Renaissance discussion· 332
war-paint· 20
whitened faces, mummers· 11, 86, 90, 311, 316, 317
with colours (unspecified)· 190 mummers· 85, 331
Falsehood, character in Dekker’s Whore of Babylonj twin of Truth, spotted· 276
Falstaff, character in Shakespeare’s Merry Wives of Windsor· 31, 48
Fastnacht· see Shrove Tuesday; Shrovetide
Fastnacht plays· see Shrovetide plays
fax· see wigs
Feast of Candlemas (2 February)· 52
Feast of Fools· 45, 51 – see also Autun; Bampton; Beverley; Exeter; Gniezno; Laon; Lille; Lincoln; Ottery St Mary; Paris; Prague; Regensburg; Rouen; Soissons; Wells
clerical· 1, 39–43, 54, 192 disguises: cross-dressing· 41, demons· 47, monsters· 42, 343; for subdeacons· 39, 41, 42; parody of the Mass· 1, 41
inversion of social order· 40, 41
secular· 43–5, 47, 163, 164 fools· 44
Feast of St John the Evangelist (27 December), for priests· 39
Feast of St Stephen (26 December), for deacons· 39
Feast of the Circumcision (1 January)· 39, 40, 42
Feast of the Epiphany, ‘Twelfth Night’ (6 January)· 39
Feast of the Holy Innocents (28 December), for choirboys· 39, 42
Feebleness, character in play for coronation of Mary Tudor (1553)· 275
Fenton, Master, character in Shakespeare’s Merry Wives of Windsor· 185
carnival· 56, 58, 61, 64, 66· see also Ercole d’Este, Duke of Ferrara mask-making centre· 60
Ferrers, George, Lord of Misrule to Edward VI (1551/2 and 1552/3)· 46, 162–4, 322
Field of Cloth of Gold (1520)· 139
Finglesham Buckle· 18· see FIG· 2· 18
Florence, carnival· 54, 57, 58, 60, 61, 65, 66
Florimont, romance character, as tournament character· 112
supposed pagan origins· 12, 14, 21–4, 86
folk masking· 13–15, 37· see also guising and guisers; mumming
Anglo-Saxon, no evidence· 16, 21, 23
characters· see also disguises below Bear· 49; Dirty Bet· 215; Jack a’ Lent· 80; Jack-in-the-Green· 86; Perchten· 49; Queensferry Burry Man· 86; schoduvel· 49, 54; St Nicholas· 12; Straw Bear· 86; Wild Man· 48, 49, 54, 315; Zwart Piet· 12
costume· 11, 12· see also costume materials; disguises below; mask materials headword
costume materials animal skins· 12, 38, 86, 207, 209: donkey skin· 77, fur· 49, in ‘Gothic’ dance· 19; cloth· 11: patchwork· 86, rags· 12, 86, 207, 209; feathers stuck on with honey· 49; horns· 209· see FIG· 9· 205; natural substances: burrs· 11, 12, 86, leaves· 12, 48, 86, lichen· 49, moss· 48, 315, straw· 11, 12, 48, 86, supposed evidence of pagan origins· 12, 86; paper· 11, 12: newsprint· 11, shredded paper· 86
disguises animals· 23, 28–33, 35, 36, 38, 54, 209, 279, 297, 335: bear· 48, 49, Dorset Christmas Broad· 31, farm animals· 26, 27, 28, 29, 39, Heifer· 30, hobby-horse· 28, 31, 33, hobby-stag· 33· see PLATE 1A· 32, PLATE 1B· 32, Little Stag· 28–33, 38, Mari Lwyd· 31, Padstow ‘Oss· 31, She-Goat· 30, theory of pagan cult· 30, wild animals· 26, 27, 28, 29, 39; bedlinen: cushion-covers· 90, nightshirts· 88, pillow-cases· 88, sheets· 11, 12, 88; blackened faces, interpretations· 11· see face-painting; cross-dressing· 26, 33–6, 38, 39, 48, 65, 88, 90· see PLATES 4· 87, by women· 36· see also carnival; daemones, demons, monsters· 1, 13, 26, 28, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 50, 51, 77, 209, 341, 343, 343; devils· 36, 49, 54· see PLATES 22· 212, with blackened faces· 12; ghosts· 47, 88, with blackened faces· 11, 341; giants· 50; impromptu· 81, 85: in Bruegel· 88· see PLATES 5· 89; inside-out garments· 46, 48, 73, 75, 86, with fur linings on outside· 86; larvae, called talamascas· 36, 51, 342· see also terminology, larvae; old clothes· 88; white garments: ‘ghosts’, mummers, natural fool· 88
earliest European evidence for· 26
gradual demise after Reformation· 11
identified with Roman Catholicism· 299
in Scotland· 81· see also guising and guisers
masking season· 14
Erasmus’ Encomium Moriae. 305
The World and the Child, doubled· 243
Folz, Hans, Shrovetide play· 75
fools· 43–4, 75, 88· see also Feast of Fools
character in
Dekker’s Old Fortunatus· 258;
Liberality and Prodigality· 275
double-faced· 238, 239, 275, 276
characters in Processus Satanae· 196
iconography· 239
Four Elements· see Rastell, John
Abbeys of Misrule· 43
English criticise French manners· 181
Lords of Misrule· 178
masked actors in jeux de personnaiges. 294, 295
Royal Entry into Paris (1437)· 239
Francis I, King of France· 328
introduced to Anne Boleyn in amorous masking· 181–2
Franks Casket· 20
Frate Alberto· see Boccaccio, Giovanni Decameron
character in Wilson’s Three Ladies of London· 264
emblem books: double-headed in Ripa’s Iconologia· 244–5; with mask· 234
frog-mouthed helm· see tournaments
Froissart, Jean, Chroniques· 144–8, 309· see PLATES 18· 147
Fulwell, Ulpian, Like will to Like· 205, 252, 335
Garter, Thomas, Virtuous and Godly Susanna· 205, 252
Gavius Bassus· 282
Gawain and the Green Knight· see Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Gerhoh of Reichersberg· 41, 343
carnival· 54, 72, 73–4, 75–8, 209· see PLATES 2· 59
extravagant costume· see also Almains, under masked characters, disguisings· 129
Gervase of Tilbury, Otia Imperialia· 339
Gesner, Salomon, Orado de personis· 281, 298, 300
Ghent, carnival and ‘stealing rights’· 75
Gheyn, Jacob II de, The Masks· see also Boissard, Robert
caul masks· 312
Death removes the masks from fair women· see PLATES 28· 261
Gibson, Richard, Yeoman of the Revels· 132, 149, 169
Giericheyt· see Avarice
Gilbert of La Porrée, commentary on Boethius on the Trinity· 282, 284
Giles, Thomas, haberdasher· 318, 321
Gladman, John, ‘Gladman’s Insurrection’· 45, 79–81
Gniezno, Poland, Feast of Fools· 40
character in
Bale’s Three Laws· 263; Chaundler’s Liber apologéticas· 268; Coventry Cappers’ Harrowing and Resurrection· 332; Processus Satanae· 196
image of, in Man· 246, 257, 262, 268, 270, 271, 272, 286, 287 and masking· 5, 297, 300; destroyed by female cosmetics· 302–4
Spirit of God, character in Coventry Cappers’ Harrowing and Resurrection.332
God’s Judgement, character in Wager’s The Longer Thou Livest· 253
god-masks· see also mystery plays
in African theatre· 197
in classical theatre· 27, 197, 285
in Oriental theatre· 197
in other cultures· 223
theological effects· 224
Golden Legend· see Varagine, Jacobus a
Goliath, as giant· 254
Goods, character in Everyman· 233
Googe, Barnabe, The Popish Kingdom· 75, 210
Gosson, Stephen, Pleasant Quippes for Upstart Newfangled Gentlewomen· 308
‘Gothic’ weapon dance· 19–20, 21
Northern, in Olaus Magnus· 21
Gower, John 396
Confessio Amantis· 289
Miroir de l’Omme· 289
Gramschap· see Wrath
Grandisson, Bishop John de· 42
Great Chronicle of London· 119, 131, 135
Great Tournament Roll of Westminster· 125· see PLATES 15· 124
Christmas revels for Edward VI (1551/2 and 1552/3)· 162–4, 322
disguising (1519)· 135
disguising (1527)· 149, 321, 335
mask after the manner of Italy (Epiphany, 1512)· 169, 180
tournament (1515)· 118
Gregory IX, Pope, Decretals, against masking· 40, 54, 192
Gresemund, Theodore, Carnisprivii dialogus· 76–7, 305
Grimm, Jakob· 21
Grindal, William, Archbishop of York· 45
Grise, Jehan de, illuminator· see PLATES 1B· 32, PLATES 1C· 32
Grosseteste, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln· 42
disguisings (1347)· 133, 136, 329, 334, 336
tournament (1347)· 329
costume· 88 blackened faces· 81; cross-dressing· 81, 88, 90, 81; devil face on loins· 81; impromptu· 81, 88, 81; pillowcase· 88; sheets· 12; whitened faces· 316
in Nuremberg· 74
at Aberdeen· 90; at Elgin· 81, 88;
at Perth· 88, 95; prohibitions
against cross-dressing· 90
maskers, women and young men· 90
modern Scottish· 84, 88, 91, 100
Guisnes, tournament (1414/15)· 122· see PLATES 14· 123
Haarlem, Const-thoonende luweel (1606)· 240· see PLATES 26· 241
Hall, Edward, Union of… Lancaster and York· 4, 110, 111, 122, 129, 131, 132, 133, 137, 148, 149, 164, 169, 179, 323, 334
Hallowe’en· 37, 50· see also guising and guisers
Hanseatic towns· 49
Hazerswoude play at Haarlem (1606)· 240· see PLATES 26· 241
Heifer, folk figure· 30
Hell, character in Hazerswoude play at Haarlem (1606)· 240· see PLATES 26· 241
Cimbrian, like heads of wild animals· 20
eighth-century, Coppergate, York· 17
for Coventry Herod?· 218
Roman parade helmets· 16, 115, 279
Sutton Hoo· 16–18, 115· see FIG· 1· 17
tournament helm· see tournaments
Helston Furry Dance· 84
attempted assassination at Windsor (1400)· 99
courtly mumming by Londoners at Eltham (1401)· 158
Henry of Navarre, King of France, as carnival masker· 64
mumming covers assassination attempt (?)· 99
triumphal entry into London after Agincourt, pageants· 222
Henry VI, King of England· 130, 159, 160
Henry VII, King of England· 130, 136
disguising by Cornish (1493)· 135
jousts (1495)· 111
Henry VIII, King of England· 4, 13, 101, 104, 110, 119, 126, 131, 135
as Robin Hood· 164
character in Shakespeare’s King Henry VIII· 185
disguisings· 138, 139, 149, 154
influenced by Maximilian· 133
expulsion of the minions (1519)· 180–81
introduces Anne Boleyn to Francis I in amorous masking· 181–2
invites spectators to tear gold ornaments from his disguising costume (1511)· 131
jousts
as Coeur Loyal at Westminster (1511)· 118, 126· see PLATES 15· 124; incognito at Richmond (1510)· 122
Henry, King of Cyprus, coronation jousts at Acre (1286)· 117
Henryson, Robert, Testament of Cresseid. 260, 263, 266, 274
Herne the Hunter· 31
Hero, character in Shakespeare’s Much Ado about Nothing· 186
character in Beverley Plays· 216; Chester Plays· 216, 219, doubled with Pilate?· 220, 243; Coventry Plays· 193, 216, 218
Hincmar, Archbishop of Rheims· 51
hobby-stag· 33· see PLATE 1A· 32, PLATES 1B· 32 Hoby, Sir Thomas, Travels and Life· 171, 172
Hoccleve, Thomas, on black-faced devils· 202, 215
Holinshed, Raphael, Chronicles· 166, 185
Holkham Bible Picture Book, bestial tormentors· 218
Holt, John, Yeoman of the Revels· 328
Honest Recreation, character in Redford’s Wit and Science· 272
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), Ars poetica, on origin of masks· 282
Horman, William, Vulgaria puerorum· 288, 341
Germanic· 18
Herne the Hunter· 31
in charivari· 48
horns· see Abbots Bromley Horn Dance Hospinian, Rodolph, De ceremoniis· 77
households, academic, legal, and noble· 44, 45, 46, 162, 164, 242
house-visits· 151, 153 – see also mumming
combined with street-masking· 74, 76
informal, in mumming· 83, 84, 97–9
Hovoerdicheyt· see Pride Hrotswitha of Gandersheim, playwright· 339
Hugutius of Pisa Magnae derivationes· 293, 342, 343
hypocrisy· 302
in Gospels· 288
theme in Wycliffite sermons· 288, 289
hypocrita, hypocrisis, hypocrites· see terminology
ideas and theories of masking· 277–385
identity-guessing games· 91, 97, 143–50, 166, 168, 186–7, 188· see also mummers; unmasking
Merbury’s Marriage between Wit and Wisdom· 88
Redford’s Wit and Science, paints Wit’s face black· 272
Idolatry, character in Bale’s Three Laws· 262
Merbury’s Marriage between Wit and Wisdom· 92
New Custom· 256
Redford’s Wit and Science· 272
Ill Report, Vice character in Garter’s Virtuous and Godly Susanna· 252
Bale’s Three Laws· 262
Wager’s Marie Magdalene· 247, 256
angel at sepulchre with red face· 221
transfigured Christ with gold face· 221
Inns of Court· 45, 162· see also households
Christmas Kings· 164
Interludium de clerico et puella· 190
inversion of social norms· see carnival; Feast of Fools; mumming
Irksomeness, giant character in Merbury’s Marriage between Wit and Wisdom· 254
Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France, wife of Charles VI· 146· see PLATES 18· 147
Isidore, Saint, Bishop of Seville
De ecclesiasticis officiis. 35
Etymologiae· 287, 291, 294, 313, 314, 338, 341
comedies, girls disguised as boys· 65
commedia dell’arte· 90, 189, 190, 293
discussion of stage make-up· 332
bull-fighting in masks· 25
carnival· 1, 55–63, 64, 69, 170–72
Kalends masking· 30
mask after the manner of· 169
wild-man hunt· 48
Ivo of Chartres, Decretum· 35
Jack a’ Lent· 80
Jack-in-the-Green· 86
Jaksone family, guisers at Perth (1609)· 88, 90
James IV, King of Scotland· 104, 119
jousts as Wild Knight in Tournament of the Black Lady, Edinburgh (1507/8)· 126
Janus, Roman god· 27, 29, 238, 239
Jarmin, Nicholas, tailor and property-maker· 323
Jean, Due de Berri, Terence MSS· 294· see also Josephus Master
Letter to Furia on cosmetics· 304
Letter to Marcella, on theatre masks· 285
Jhonestowne, Andró, guiser at Perth (1609)• 88
Joanna of Castille, ‘the Mad’, Royal Entry into Brussels (1496)· 312
joculatores (entertainers)· 189, 190
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster· 155–7
jongleurs· see joculatores
Devil is an Ass, The· 253
Staple of News, The· 251
Volpone· 238
Jordan, John, skinner· 324
Josephus Master, Terence des dues· 294· see PLATES 29· 292
jours gras· 52
joust· see tournaments
Judas, character in Lupton’s All for Money.253
Kabuki, Japanese masked theatre· 197
Kalends· 1, 2, 23, 29, 33, 38, 39, 53, 296
continuous tradition?· 41, 43, 54, 82, 298
in Gaul and Spain· 26
masking· 24–39, 41, 76, 78, 86, 341 animal disguises· 28–33, 38, 189; blackened faces· 341; crossdressing· 33–6, 65; monsters· 36; objections by early Christian writers· 27–30, 37, 54, 90, 278, 281, 296–98
Roman festival· 14, 23, 24, 25, 26
dicing· 97; largesse· 26, 30: to Army· 34; official games· 27; procession at Ravenna· 27
Katherine of Aragon· 166
dedicatee of Vives’ De institutione feminae christianae· 305
disguising (1510) at Richmond in her Chamber· 143
divorce· 181
Henry VIII’s ideal audience· 164, 170, 179, 181
marriage with Arthur, Prince of Wales (1501)· 111, 119, 131, 135, 136
tournament (1511) to celebrate birth of first child· 125
Katherine of Valois, Queen of Henry V· 159, 160
Kelsey, John, of the Revels· 324
Kennington Palace, scene of mumming by Londoners (1377)· 151–4, 157
King Johan· see Bale, John King of the Bean· 95
King, character in The Cradle of Security· 259, 272
Kirchmeyer, Thomas, Regnum papisticum· see also Googe, Barnabe· 75
Knowledge of Sin, character in Wager’s Marie Magdalene, with mirror· 267
Kraichgauer tourney book, Saracen’s head crest· 112
Kyd, Thomas, Solimán and Perseda – 92, 93, 99
Labour, character in disguising, woman with many hands· 275
Lancelot, character in Malory’s Morte d’Arthur· 108, 116, 120–21
as tournament character· 112
Langland, William, Piers Plowman· 121, 129, 266
Laon, Feast of Fools· 40
larva· see folk masking; mask types; terminology
character in Wager’s Marie Magdalene· 267
of Nature, of Moses, of Christ, characters in Bale’s Three Laws. 262, 263
Le Hem, France, tournament (1278)· 112
Ledes, John, of the Revels· 324
Legenda Aurea· see Varagine, Jacobus a
Leicester, St Mary’s Church, Resurrection (?) play (1504, 1507)· 323, 332
Lemures· 338
Lent· 52, 53, 79, 80· see also Battle between Carnival and Lent
as masking character· see· Jack a’ Lent dressed in herring skins· 80
Leo I, Pope· 218
Liber apologéticas· see Chaundler, Thomas
Liberality and Prodigality. 275
Lichfield, Staffs, tournament (1348) and disguisings (?)· 137, 144, 313, 314
Liechtenstein, Ulrich von· 116, 126
Life of St John of Beverley (c.1220)· 192
Light of the Gospel, character in New Custom, bright face· 258
Like will to Like· see Fulwell, Ulpian
Feast of Fools, clerical and secular· 40, 43
prohibitions against mumming· 331
Lille, Alain de· see Alain de Lille
Lincoln Cathedral, Feast of Fools· 42
Lincoln, City of, ffolcfeste, secular feast of Fools?· 43
Lindsay, Sir David, Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis – 243, 256, 257
lintea gipsata· see mask-making materials
Lisle family, masking gear in inventory of property at Calais (1540)· 137, 169
liturgical drama· 40, 189, 191, 223
angels at the Sepulchre, red faces· 221–2
masked characters, monsters, demons, and devils· 40, 41, 209, 343
Locher, Jacobus, Latin translator of Brant’s Narrenschiff. 76
Lollards· 195
alleged assassination attempt by· 99
Bridgemasters’ accounts (1464)· 315
Christmas mumming visits to court by citizens· 151–4, 158
courtly mummings by Londoners at Kennington (1377)· 202
Goldsmiths’ Company, mumming by Lydgate (Candlemas 1429)· 159, 160
Lord Mayor’s Show· 50
Mercers’ Company· 158
mumming by Lydgate (Twelfth Night 1429)· 160
procession for wedding of Katherine of Aragon and Arthur, Prince of Wales (1501)· 131
prohibitions against mumming· 1, 82, 83
reconciliation with Richard II, Royal Entry (1392)· 158, 222
Shrovetide parade (1553)· 80
St Paul’s Cathedral
Dance of Death mural (1430)· 247;
Feast of Fools· 42
tournaments
at Stepney (1331)· 127; of Mayor and Aldermen (1359)· 116; of Pope and Cardinals, at Smithfield (1343)· 116, 155; of Tartars, at Cheapside (1331)· 116, 138; of the Seven Deadly Sins (1362)· 116
triumphal entry of Henry V· 222
Longer Thou Livest the More Fool Thou Art, The· see Wager, William
Lord Mayor’s Show· see London, City of
Lords of Misrule· 44, 45–6, 53
from Whitechapel (1561)· 162
in France· 178
of Edward VI· see Ferrers, George
of Henry VII and VIII· 162
of the Sheriff of London (1552/3)· 162
Saturnalia· 25
Lot and Sodom, play at Sherborne, Dorset masks· 329
Louis XII, King of France, disguising at court (1501)· 138
Love, character in Wilson’s Three Ladies of London· 257, 264
mask on back of head· 276
Low Countries· 45
Chambers of Rhetoric, Rhetoricians’ plays· 43, 239, 240
Const’thoonende Iuweel, Haarlem (1606), processional entry· 240· see PLATES 26· 241; sinnekens (Vice figures), two faces, one before, one behind· 239; spelen van sinne· 239
Feast of Fools, secular· 43, 44
images of masking· 7, 88–90, 240· see PLATES 26–241, PLATES 5· 89, PLATES 6· 96
masked acting· 190, 243, 295, 304, 305
Loyalty, character in disguising, carries pair of scales· 275
celestial voyages, True History and Icaromenippus· 163
Saturnalia· 25
Lucifer· see also Devil
character in Fulwell’s Like will to Like· 252; Wisdom· 246, 251, 262, costume change to ‘goodly gallant’· 251, 256; York Fall of the Angels· 202
Lucina, character in Kyd’s Soliman and Perseda· 92
Lucre, character in Wilson’s Three Ladies of London· 257, 272, 276
paints Conscience’s face with ink· 265
Lucres, character in Medwall’s Fulgens and Lucres· 138
Lucretia Borgia, character in Barnes’ The Devil’s Charter· 274
ludi theatrales· see terminology
Ludlow, Shropshire, Palmers’ Guild wake.50
Lupton, Thomas, All for Money· 244, 246, 252, 253
Lust, character in The Trial of Treasure· 242
Luther, Martin, God’s use of’masks’· 305
Luxury (Lechery), character in The Cradle of Security· 259
Mumming at Eltham· 159, 160; Mumming for the Goldsmiths of London· 159, 160; Mumming for the Mercers of London· 160; Mumming of the Seven Philosophers (attributed)· 159, 162
Falls of Princes· 129
translation of DeGuileville’s Pèlerinage.234
Troy Book, classical masked acting· 293
lykewakes· see wakes
Euphues· 184
Euphues and his England· 183
Machyn, Henry, diarist· 133, 162
masks (entertainments) at a wedding (1562)· 133
Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, Saturnalia· 25
Magi as gift givers· 156
Magnificence· see Skelton, John
Mainz, carnival· 76
Malicious Judgment, character in Wager’s Marie Magdalene· 256
Malory, Sir Thomas, Le Morte d’Arthur· 108, 120–21
Man, character in Chaundler’s Liber apologeticus, mirror of Reason· 268–71
Manesse anthology· 110
Mankind· 129, 242, 243, 245, 251, 260
doubling· 243
generic figure in morality plays· 258–65
change of costume as sign of corruption· 260
in Mankind· 251
in play for coronation of Mary Tudor (1553)· 275
in The Castle of Perseverance· 248, 250
Mannyng, Robert, of Brunne, Handlyng Synne
translation of Manuel des pechiez· 38, 192
Manuel des pechiez· see William of Wadington
Manuel, Niklaus, Dance of Death mural at Bern, later dramatised· see Dance of Death
Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy· 126
Marguerite of Navarre, Heptameron· 171
Mari Lwyd· 31
Marie Magdalene· see Wager, Lewis
Marie Magdalene, character in Wager’s Marie Magdalene· 267
Marlowe, Christopher, Dr Faustus
fire-breathing devils· 251
Mephostophilis· 252
Marriage between Wit and Wisdom, The· see Merbury, Francis
Marston, John, The Insatiate Countess· 184
Martin, Saint, Bishop of Braga· 27, 30
as Princess, in masking· 182
play for her coronation (1553)· 275
Mary of Hungary, sister of Emperor Charles V· 179
Mary Tudor, sister to Henry VIII, later
Queen of France, in disguising· 148
cross-dresser in a courtly mumming· 90
Ferrarese masks for her wedding· 60
Mary, the Blessed Virgin· 198, 199, 214
mask· 254, 332· see terminology
mask (entertainment)· 13, 102, 129, 132, 139, 154, 163, 166, 167, 215, 238, 248, 312, 318, 319, 322, 323, 324, 325, 328· see also terminology, mummery; disguisings