absolute zero, 99
acupuncture, 263
Adelard of Bath, 49
Aeneid (Virgil), 52
aether, 123, 126, 131, 133, 267, 270
Agamemnon, 37
age of reason, 87
air thermometer, 99
Albert the Great, 80
in nuclear physics, 151
Alhacen (Ibn al-Haytham), 120
American Physical Society, 232
Ampere's law, 131
Anderson, Carl D., 158, 186, 198
Anderson, Phillip, 232
Annalen der Physik (journal), 96
ant colony, 270
anthropic coincidences, 146
anthropic principle, 146
antielectrons, 158
antimatter in the universe, 173
antineutrons, 158
discovery of, 214
antiprotons, 158
discovery of, 214
Arabic atomism, 50
Archimedes of Syracuse, 34
Aristotle, 11, 13, 22, 30, 33, 40, 42, 43, 47, 49, 74, 88, 120, 123, 262, 271, 272
physics of, 72
Arrhenius, Svante, 113
astrology, 57
asymptotic freedom, 225
ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus), 233
atomic bomb, 174
Atomic Energy Commission, 177
atoms, properties of,
atomic mass, 162
atomic number, 162
atomic shells, 164
atomic spectra, 146
atomic subshells, 164
Augustine of Hippo, 22, 45, 47, 48, 62, 253
Aurelius, Marcus, 44
Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 51
Avogadro, Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo, 102
Avogadro's number, 102, 103, 104, 118
axion, 250
Ayer, A. J., 114
azimuthal quantum number, 153, 156
Bachelard, Gaston, 40
Bacon, Francis, 121
baryon, 204
baryon density of the universe, 248
baryon number, 205
baryon number conservation, 204, 206, 255
Becquerel, Henri, 150
Becquerel rays, 115
Bentley, Richard, 75
Bernoulli, Daniel, 71, 75, 91, 92
Berthelot, Marcellin, 87
beta decay, 186, 150, 169, 218, 200
bioenergetic field, 263
biomass, 175
black body radiation, 146
black body spectrum, 148
Bohm, David, 159
Bohmian quantum mechanics, 272
Bohr hypothesis, 152
Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, 152, 153
Bohr-Sommerfeld model of the atom, 154, 156, 157
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 101, 104, 105, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 148, 272
Boltzmann's constant, 102, 106, 107
Bonfire of the Vanities, 54
Book of Revelation, 82
boson defined, 157
bottom-up causality, 271
Boyle, Robert, 59, 72, 75, 82, 91
Bracciolini, Gian Francesco Poggio, 51
Bradwardine, Thomas, 63
Brahe, Tycho, 67
branes, 17
breeder reactors, 175
Brentano, Franz, 116
broken symmetry/symmetries, 204, 206
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 83, 203, 214
Brout, Robert, 226
Brown, Robert, 117
buckyballs, 154
Buddhism, atoms in, 29
Buridan, Jean, 63
Bush, George H. W., 231
Caesar, Julius, 12
caloric theory of heat, 96
Capra, Fritjof, 210
carbon sequestration, 183
Carnap, Rudolf, 114
Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi, 93, 97, 99
Carnot cycle or Carnot engine, 93, 94
Cartesian coordinate system, 130, 141
Cartesian model, 59
central limit theorem, 107
Cesium-133, 137
chain reaction, 174
charge conservation, 168, 206, 220
charge-conjugation, 207
charge-conjugation symmetry, 142
Charles law, 101
chemical atom
definition of, 150
model of, 165
chemical elements, 162
chemical periodic table, 264
Chemical Society, 87
Chew, Geoffrey, 208
chi, 263
Chinese medicine, 263
Church of England, 55
Clapeyron, Benoît Paul Émile, 97, 101
Clausius, Rudolf, 96, 100, 101, 104
Clinton, Bill, 232
clock paradox, 135
CMS (CERN experiment), 233
complementary and alternative medicine, 263
complex number, 155
Comte, Auguste, 113
conservation
of angular momentum, 143
of energy, 84, 96, 97, 100, 143, 170
of linear momentum, 143
of momentum, 69
Constantine (Roman emperor), 62
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 64
corpuscular nature of light (Newton), 122
cosmic acceleration, 251
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), 245
cosmic background radiation, 245
cosmic rays, 264
cosmological constant, 192, 243, 251, 252
cosmological-constant problem, 192
Cossa, Baldassare. See Pope John XXIII
creation ex nihilo, 253
critical density of universe, 244
Cronin, James, 207
Ctesibius of Alexandria, 34
Curie, Marie, 150
Curie, Pierre, 150
Dante Alighieri, 31
dark energy, 236, 249, 251, 255, 263
dark matter, 236, 247, 248, 249, 251, 255, 263
Darwin, Charles, 68
Davisson, Clinton, 154
Dawkins, Richard, 257
de Broglie, Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 154, 159, 169
de Broglie wavelength, 154, 155, 160
Dee, John, 80
Democritus, 11, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 33, 38, 51, 73–75, 242, 261, 266
Democritus-Epicurus view of the soul, 50
De rerum natura [The Nature of Things] (Lucretius), 13, 31, 35, 37, 51, 52, 54, 55, 72
Descartes, René, 56, 58, 72, 77, 124
Deville, Henri Sainte-Claire, 87
d'Holbach, Paul-Henry Thiry, Baron, 76
Dirac, Paul, 156, 158, 159, 187, 188
Dirac field, 269
theory of the electron of, 158, 187
Doppler effect, 132
duality of mind and body, 267
Duhem, Pierre, 62, 64, 88, 110
Dyson, Freeman, 189
Eastern mysticism, 210
Eddington, Arthur, 110
efficiency, definition of, 171
Eightfold Way, 213
Einstein, 40, 48, 84, 114, 116, 117, 118, 132, 133, 135, 139, 148, 150, 171, 187, 235, 242, 243
gravitational equation of, 243
electric monopole, 128
electromagnetism
electromagnetic force, 169, 186, 223, 226
electromagnetic force strength, 199
electromagnetic interaction, 217, 225
electromagnetic wave theory of light, 130, 131, 150
electron magnetic moment, 193
electron neutrino, 203
electroweak force, 222, 234, 237, 265
electroweak symmetry, 239, 249
electroweak symmetry breaking, 223
electroweak theory, 223
electroweak unification, 223, 226, 229
Elizabeth I, 80
Empedocles, 42
Encyclopédie (d'Holbach and Thiry), 76
end of physics, 265
endothermic reaction, 170
energy conservation, 192
energy levels, 152
Englert, François, 226
Enlightenment deism, 273
Epicurean atheism, 88
Epicureans in Bible, 47
Epicurus, 11, 15, 21, 30, 31, 33, 35, 40, 41, 49, 50, 51, 56, 58, 242, 253, 261
Erasmus, 55
Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 34
European Center for Particle Physics (CERN), 203
evangelical Christians, 176
evolution in atomism, 43
exchange force, 161
excited states of atom, 163
exothermic reaction, 170
Faraday, Michael, 124, 126, 128, 236
Faraday's law, 131
Fat Man (Nagasaki bomb), 175
Fermi, Enrico, 180, 181, 186, 190, 197, 200
Fermi model of beta decay, 200
fermions, definition of, 157
Feynman, Richard, 38, 185, 189, 190, 192
Feynman diagram, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 200
field, definition of, 126
fine-structure constant, 199
fine structure of spectral lines, 154, 187
first law of thermodynamics, 96
Fitch, Val, 207
Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction, 135
flatness problem, 244
frame of reference, definition of, 66
French revolution, 87
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, 178, 182
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 232
fundamental forces, 186
Galilean invariance, 142
Galilean relativity, 66, 67, 69, 142
Galileo Galilei, 14, 56, 62, 63, 65, 70, 72, 73, 77, 87, 121, 132
principle of relativity of, 132
trial of, 64
Gassendi, Pierre, 31, 56, 57, 59, 72, 120
gauge boson, 222
gauge symmetry or guage invariance, 211, 219, 220, 226, 227
gauge transformation, 220
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 105
Gauss's law, 131
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, 101
Gay-Lussac's law, 101
Geber the Alchemist (Jäbir ibn Hayãn), 80
Geiger, Hans, 150
Gell-Mann, Murray, 197, 213, 214
general covariance, 142
general theory of relativity, 114, 117, 126, 142, 151, 152, 187, 242, 244, 253, 254, 265, 274
Georgi, Howard, 237
Germer, Lester, 154
Gibbs, Josiah Willard, 91, 104, 111, 272
Glashow, Sheldon, 222, 236, 237
global gauge transformation, 222
global warming, 176
gluon, 217, 224, 226, 229, 234
grand unification theories (GUTs), 236, 237, 244, 255
Grassie, William, 266
gravitational lensing, 247
gravitational repulsion, 251
Great Awakening, 87
Greenblatt, Stephen, 51, 54, 56
greenhouse effect, 176
ground state of atom, 163
Guralnik, Gerry, 226
Hagen, Dick, 226
Halley, Edmund, 68
Halley's comet, 69
Hanford, Washington, 175
Hargraves, Robert, 183
harmonic oscillator, 194
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 88, 116
Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 160
Heisenberg-Born-Jordan matrix mechanics, 156, 158
heliocentrism, 87
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 96
Herapath, John, 91
Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria, 34
Hertz, Heinrich, 131
Higgs boson, 16, 158, 217, 223, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 234, 239, 249, 262, 265, 269
Higgs decay, 229
Higgs field, 228, 229, 251, 269
Higgs mechanism, 223, 226, 228, 229, 232
higgsino, 249
Hindu religion, atoms in, 29
Hipparchus of Alexandria, 34
Hitchens, Christopher, 261
Hobbes, Thomas, 31
Holden, Norman E., 83
holistic physics, 210
Holt, Jim, 38
Holy Roman Empire, 92
Honshu, 178
Hooke, Robert, 59, 68, 120, 122
horizon problem, 244
Hubble Space Telescope, 251
Huygens, Christiaan, 34, 120–22
hyperfine splitting, 188
India, atoms in, 28
inflationary cosmology, 129, 256, 244
information theory, 107
Ingenhousz, Jan, 117
International Atomic Energy Agency, 177
International Space Station, 232
Iphigena, 37
irreversibility paradox, 107, 109
Islam, golden age, 50
Jainism, atoms in, 29
Jefferson, Thomas, 47
Joule, James Prescott, 97
Justinian I (Roman emperor), 44
m, Kanada, Hindu sage, 29
Kant, Immanuel, 89
Karaites (medieval Jewish sect), 50
Kepler's laws of planetary motion, 57, 68, 69
planetary system of, 153
Kibble, Tom, 226
kinetic theory of gases, 71, 100, 101, 104
Kirk, Geoffrey, 26
Klein, Felix, 112
K-mesons (kaons), 203
Koyrè, Alexander, 63
Krumhansal, James, 232
Lamb, Willis, 187
Lamb shift, 188, 189, 191, 192
La Mettrie, Julien Offray, 76
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 272
Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP), 232
Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 16, 210, 216, 218, 223, 225, 231, 239, 249
Lattice QCD, 235
Laurentian Library, Florence, 52
Lavoisier, Antoine, 83
law of conservation of mass, 84
law of definite proportions, 85
law of inertia, 69
law of large numbers, 107
law of multiple proportions, 85
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 203
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 203
Lederman, Leon, 27, 227, 231, 233
Lee, Tsung Dao, 207
Lehninger, Albert L., 108
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 77, 95
Lemaître, Georges-Henri, 242–44
lepton
definition of, 203
lepton number conservation, 205, 206, 255
Le Sage, Georges-Louis, 91
Leucippus, 11, 23, 30, 38, 261
Lindberg, David, 72
linear vector algebra, 156
lines of force, 127
liquid fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR), 183
liquid-fuel reactor, 181
liquid-metal fast-breeder reactor, 181
Little Boy (Hiroshima bomb), 175
local gauge invariance, 222
Lomonosov, Mikhail, 91
Lorentz invariance, 142
Loschmidt, Johann Josef, 103, 104, 107, 109
Loschmidt's number, 103
Lucretius, 12, 15, 31, 35, 37, 40, 41, 52, 54, 55, 56, 117, 242, 261
Mach, Ernst, 14, 101, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118
Mach number, 114
Mach's principle, 114
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 54
magnetic dipole, 129
magnetic dipole moment, 158
magnetic moment
of neutron, 188
of the proton, 188
magnetic monopole, 129, 244, 245
magnetic quantum number, 153, 156, 157
Man for All Seasons, 55
Manhattan Project, 158, 174, 175, 186
Marsden, Ernest, 150
Martin, Richard, 183
matrix algebra, 155
matter-antimatter annihilation, 172, 173
matter-antimatter asymmetry, 255
matter-antimatter excess, 206
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis, 76
Maxwell, James Clerk, 101, 104, 105, 107, 119, 130, 131, 132, 236, 272
Maxwell's demon, 107
Maxwell's equations, 130, 132, 133, 222
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, 101, 105
Mayer, Julius Robert von, 9
mechanical philosophy, 72
Medici family, 52
meson
definition of, 204
Yukawa theory of, 197
metallurgy, 83
Michelangelo, 52
Michelson, Albert, 132
Michelson and Morley experiment, 132
Middle Ages, 22, 24, 49, 62, 76, 79
Milky Way, 247
Millikan, Robert A., 149
minimal SU(5), 237
mirror symmetry, 141, 142, 206
molten-salt reactor, 181
momentum conservation, 192
monopole problem, 244
Morley, Edward, 132
Muhammed, 50
muon, 186
discovery of, 198
muon neutrino, 203
mutually assured destruction (MAD), 175
Nafe, John E., 188
Napoleon, 93
National Nuclear Data Center, 83
Nausiphanes, 30
Neddermeyer, Seth, 186
Ne'eman, Yuval, 213
Nelson, Edward B., 188
Neurath, Otto, 114
neutralino, 249
neutrino
discovery of, 186
neutrino mass, 216
neutrino oscillation, 217
neutron
discovery of, 151
neutron beta decay, 205
Newton, Isaac, 14, 59, 61, 62, 68, 70, 72, 73, 81, 88, 120, 121, 122, 139, 142, 236
corpuscular theory of light, 150
laws of motion, 69, 82, 139, 142
theory of colors, 121
theory of light, 120
Newtonian mechanics, 65, 73, 91, 100, 109, 133, 272
Newtonian world machine, 272, 273
Niccoli, Niccolò, 52
Nicholas of Autrecourt, 49
Nixon administration, 181
noble elements, 165
Noether, Emmy, 142
Nolan, Lawrence, 73
non-Euclidean geometries, 244
nuclear bomb, 185
nuclear democracy, 208
nuclear fission, 174
nuclear proliferation, 175
nucleon number, 162
nucleon number conservation, 168
O(3) symmetry group, 213
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 175, 185
Odyssey (Homer), 29
omega-minus baryon, 214
Oppenheimer, Robert, 167
orbital angular momentum quantum number, 153, 156, 164
Ostwald, Wilhelm, 110, 112, 115, 118
O(3) symmetry group, 213
Oxford calculators, 63
pair annihilation, 190
pair production, 190
parity, 207
parity symmetry (mirror symmetry), 207
parity symmetry violation, 207
partial differential equations, 155
Pascal, Blaise, 105
Pascal's Wager, 105
Pauli, Wolfgang, 155, 157, 186
Pauli exclusion principle, 157, 163, 164, 224
periodic table, 15, 84, 85, 157, 164, 165, 168, 213, 266
perpetual-motion machine, 95
Perrin, Jean Baptiste, 40, 118
phlogiston, 83
photoelectric effect, 147, 148, 149
photon theory of light, 148, 149
Physical Review Letters (journal), 226
Physics Letters (journal), 234
pilot wave, 159
pi meson (pion), discovery of, 198
pion. See pi meson (pion), discovery of
Planck, 104, 118, 147, 148, 149, 194
Planck quanta, 115
Plotinus of Lykopolis, 45
Pocono Manor Inn, 189
Pompeii, 12
Pontifical Academy, 242
Pope John XXII, 80
Pope John XXIII (the “antipope”), 52
Pope Pius XII, 242
Popper, Karl, 115
positrons, discovery of, 158
pressurized-water reactor, 180
primary properties, 73
Princeton University, 189
principle of Galilean relativity, 132
principle quantum number, 156, 163, 164
Proust, Joseph, 85
Ptolemaic model, 67
Ptolemy, Claudius, 34, 64, 120
Pullman, Bernard, 29, 48, 51, 88, 267
Putnam, Hilary, 115
Pyle, Andrew, 21
qualia, 75
quanta, 148
quantum chromodynamics (QCD), 223, 224, 225, 250
quantum electrodynamics (QED), 158, 189, 193, 194, 197
quantum field theory, 158, 195, 208, 210, 222, 268
quantum fluctuations, 192
quantum gravity, 254
quantum of action, 152
quantum spirituality, 210
quantum tunneling, 173, 255, 274
quark model, 214
Quine, Willard Van Orman, 115
quintessence, 123
Rabi, Isidor, 188
radioactivity, discovery of, 150
Raman, Varadaraja V., 266
Raven, John, 26
Reagan, Ronald, 231
reference frame, definition of, 140
refraction, 122
Reichenbach, Hans, 114
relativistic quantum field theory, 188, 194, 197
relativistic quantum theory, 187
Renaissance, 14, 15, 22, 31, 51, 62, 262
rest energy, definition of, 139
Retherford, Robert, 187
Romantic movement, 87
Röntgen rays, 115
Rosenberg, Alex, 22
Royal Institution, 84
Royal Society, 92, 93, 100, 120, 122
Rubbia, Carlo, 223
Rutherford, Ernest, 150
model of the atom of, 151, 152
Rutherford-Geiger-Marsden experiment, 215
St. Louis World's Fair, 116
Sakharov, Andrei, 255
Salam, Abdus, 222, 223, 229, 236
Savonarola, Girolamo, 54
scalar field, definition of, 126
Scanning Tunneling Microscope, 14
Schofield, Malcolm, 26
scholasticism, 44
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 88, 89, 116
quantum mechanics of, 158
Schrödinger equation, 155, 156, 165
Schrödinger wave mechanics, 156, 159
Schwinger, Julian, 189, 193, 194
Scientific American (journal), 258
secondary properties, 73
Second Coming of Christ, 82
second law of thermodynamics, 95, 100, 105, 107, 110, 147
Sedley, David, 25
Shannon, Claude, 107
singularity, 253
S-Matrix Theory, 210
Socrates, 25
sound waves, 132
space-rotation invariance, 141
space-rotation symmetry, 141, 143
space-time diagrams, 190
space-translation invariance, 141
space-translation symmetry, 141, 143
special theory of relativity, 117, 132, 148, 153, 158
spherical symmetry, 141
spin
definition of, 157
spontaneous symmetry breaking, 226, 227
Stallings, A. E., 37
Standard International System of units, 98, 99
standard model of cosmology, 248
standard model of elementary particles and forces, 15, 159, 195, 204, 208, 210, 211, 216, 218, 222, 225, 226, 229, 231, 234, 236, 237, 246, 248, 257, 264, 265, 268, 270
statistical mechanics, 104
sterile neutrinos, 249
stoicism, 45
Stoney, George, 118
strangeness, 203
strangeness conservation, 203, 205
Strato of Lampsacus, 34
Strauss, Lewis, 177
string theory, 17
strong force strength, 200, 225
strong nuclear force, 169, 172, 186, 203, 205, 217, 222–24, 236, 265
Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), 231, 223
superconductivity, 232
supersymmetry (SUSY), 238, 239, 249
SU(2)´U(1) symmetry group, 236
SU(3) symmetry group, 213
symmetry
symmetry breaking, 234
symmetry groups, 236
symmetry principles, 141
Tao of Physics, The (Capra), 210
tauon, 203
tauon neutrino, 203
Tevatron, 232
Thales of Miletus, 47
theory of everything, 239, 265
therapeutic touch, 263
thermodynamics. See first law of thermodynamics; second law of thermodynamics
Thierry of Chartres, 49
Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rumford), 92
Thomson, J. J., 118
Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 99, 107
‘t Hooft, Gerhardus, 229
thorium fluoride reactor (LFTR), 181
Three Mile Island, 177, 178, 182
time dilation, 134
time-reversal symmetry violation, 207, 208
time-translation invariance, 141
time-translation symmetry, 141, 143
Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro, 189
top-down causality, 271
Torricelli, Evangelista, 16
Tower of Pisa, 65
twin paradox, 135
Type 1a supernova, 250
Ukraine, 177
ultraviolet catastrophe, 146
uncertainty principle, 161, 192, 194, 253, 272
unification, 236
unitarity, definition of, 221
United Nations Development Agency, 177
University of California at Berkeley, 208
University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 203
University of Hawaii, 203, 238
University of Texas, 232
urban air pollution, 176
Utopia (More), 55
vacuum polarization, 192
valence electrons, 165
Van der Meer, Simon, 223
Vatican Library, 54
vector fields, 126
Veltman, Martinus, 229
Vienna Circle, 114
Vienna Philosophical Society, 116
Viennese Academy of Sciences, 114
Virgil, 52
virtual particles, 192
von Helmholtz, Hermann, 96
von Mayer, Julius Robert, 95
Waterston, John James, 100, 101
wave function, 155, 156, 159, 160, 220
of the void, 258
wave-particle duality, 150, 154
wave theory of light, 121, 122, 146
Waxahachie, Texas, 231
weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPS), 249
weak nuclear force, 169, 172, 187, 200, 205, 217, 222, 223, 226, 229, 234, 236, 265
Weinberg, Steven, 213, 222, 223, 229, 231, 236, 252
Whore of Babylon, 81
Wigner, Eugene, 181
Wilczek, Frank, 258
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), 245–47
William of Conches, 49
William of Ockham, 49
Willis, Thomas, 59
WIMP (weakly interacting massive particles), 249
WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe), 245–47
World Health Organization, 176, 177
World War II, 158, 174, 175, 185, 188
Wren, Christopher, 68
Wu, Chen-Shiung, 207
Yang, Chen Ning, 207
Yang-Mills theories, 229
Yergin, Daniel, 178
Young, Thomas, 123
Zeno of Cittium, 44