NOTES

INTRODUCTION: THE EUROPEAN PARADOX

  1.  Alexander Geppert, Fleeting Cities: Imperial Expositions in Fin-de-Siècle Europe (Houndmills, 2010). For the sake of brevity the endnotes have been kept to a minimum, only indicating direct references and some suggestions for further reading.

  2.  “1900 Figures Forecast a Century’s Dangers,” New York World, December 30, 1900. Cf. Volker Drehsen and Walter Sparn, “Die Moderne: Kulturkrise und Konstruktionsgeist,” in idem, eds., Vom Weltbildwandel zur Weltanschauungsanalyse: Krisenwahrnehmung und Krisenbewältigung um 1900 (Berlin, 1996), 11–29.

  3.  Willibald Gutsche, “Jahrhunderterwartungen in Deutschland,” in Fritz Klein and Karl Otmar von Aretin, eds., Europa um 1900 (Berlin, 1989), 377–86.

  4.  Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, “Modern, Modernität, Moderne,” in Otto Brunner, Werner Conze, and Reinhart Koselleck, eds., Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe (Stuttgart, 1978), 4:93–131.

  5.  Paul Nolte, “Modernization and Modernity in History,” International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (London, 2001), 9954–61.

  6.  Michael Latham, “Modernization,” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2nd ed. (Detroit, 2008), 232–34. Cf. Peter Wagner, Modernity as Experience and Interpretation: A New Sociology of Modernity (Cambridge, 2008).

  7.  Frederick Cooper, Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History (Berkeley, 2005); Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton, 2000); and Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Cambridge, 1989).

  8.  Jürgen Kocka, Das lange 19. Jahrhundert: Arbeit, Nation und bürgerliche Gesellschaft (Stuttgart, 2004); and Björn Wittrock, “One, None, or Many? European Origins and Modernity as a Global Condition,” Daedalus 129 (2000), Nr. 1 on “Multiple Modernities.”

  9.  Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 (Stanford, 1976). Cf. Siegfried Weichlein, Nation und Region: Integrationsprozesse im Bismarckreich (Düsseldorf, 2004).

10.  Peter Fritzsche, The Turbulent World of Franz Göll: An Ordinary Berliner Writes the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA, 2011). Cf. Ulrich Herbert, Geschichte Deutschlands im 20. Jahrhundert (Munich, 2014), 42–65.

11.  Florian Greiner, Wege nach Europa: Deutungen eines imaginieren Kontinents in deutschen, britischen und amerikanischen Printmedien, 1914–1945 (Göttingen, 2014), 352–454.

12.  Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, 2000).

13.  Cheikh Hamidou Kane, Ambiguous Adventure (New York, 2012).

14.  Walter Rüegg, ed., Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (Cambridge, 2004).

15.  David S. Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 2003). Cf. Peer Vries, Ursprünge des modernen Wirtschaftswachstums: England, China und die Welt in der Frühen Neuzeit (Göttingen, 2013).

16.  Alain Renaut, The Era of the Individual: A Contribution to a History of Subjectivity (Princeton, 1997).

17.  John Headley, The Europeanization of the World: The Origins of Human Rights and Democracy (Princeton, 2008).

18.  Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed (New York, 2006).

19.  Hans Rosenberg, Bureaucracy, Aristocracy and Autocracy: The Prussian Experiences, 1660–1815 (Boston, 1966).

20.  Martin van Creveld, Technology and War: From 2000 BC to the Present (New York, 1991).

21.  Paul Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994).

22.  Volker R. Berghahn, Europe in the Era of Two World Wars: From Militarism and Genocide to Civil Society, 1900–1950 (Princeton, 2006).

23.  Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (New York, 1999); Eric J. Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London, 1994); Richard Vinen, A History in Fragments: Europe in the Twentieth Century (London, 2000); and Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York, 2005).

24.  Eric Dorn Brose, A History of Europe in the Twentieth Century (New York, 2005); Robert O. Paxton and Julie Hessler, Europe in the Twentieth Century, 5th ed (New York, 2011); Spencer M. Di Scala, Europe’s Long Century: Society, Politics, and Culture 1900–Present (New York, 2013); and Bernard Wasserstein, Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in Our Time (Oxford, 2007).

25.  John McCormick, Europeanism (Oxford Scholarship on Line, 2010); Winfried Eberhard and Christian Lübke, eds., Die Vielfalt Europas: Identitäten und Räume (Leipzig, 2009), 53–56; Rüdiger Hohls, Iris Schröder, and Hannes Siegrist, eds., Europa und die Europäer: Quellen und Essays zur modernen europäischen Geschichte (Wiesbaden, 2005).

26.  Christoph Cornelißen, “Vom Schreiben einer Geschichte Europas im 20. Jahrhundert,” in Martin Sabrow and Frank Bösch, eds., Zeiträume: Potsdamer Almanach 2012/13 (Göttingen, 2013), 65–86.

27.  Claus Leggewie, Der Kampf um die europäische Erinnerung. Ein Schlachtfeld wird besichtigt (Munich, 2011).

28.  Donald McNeill, The New Europe: Imagined Spaces (London, 2004).

29.  Norbert Frei, Was heißt und zu welchem Ende studiert man Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts? (Göttingen, 2006).

30.  Lutz Raphael, “Ordnungsmuster der ‘Hochmoderne’? Die Theorie der Moderne und die Geschichte der europäischen Gesellschaften im 20. Jahrhundert,” in Ute Schneider and Lutz Raphael, eds., Dimensionen der Moderne: Festschrift für Christoph Dipper (Frankfurt, 2008), 73–91.

1. GLOBAL DOMINATION

  1.  R. W. Paul’s 1897 film Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HxohzRe9D6w. Cf. Herfried Münkler, “Imperium und Imperialismus,” Dokupedia Zeitgeschichte, February 11, 2010.

  2.  Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power (London, 2002), ix–xxvi, 303–17; Charles S. Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cambridge, MA, 2006).

  3.  J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study, 3rd. ed (London, 1988); Vladimir I. Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism: A Popular Outline (London, 1996); Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2000).

  4.  Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper, Empires in World History: Power and Politics of Difference (Princeton, 2010).

  5.  In contrast to Frederick Cooper, Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History (Berkeley, 2005).

  6.  Jonathan Hart, Comparing Empires: European Colonialism from Portugese Expansion to the Spanish-American War (New York, 2003).

  7.  Harrison M. Wright, ed., The “New Imperialism”: Analysis of Late-Nineteenth-Century Expansion, 2nd ed. (Lexington, 1976).

  8.  Parker T. Moon, Imperialism and World Politics (New York, 1926); Jörn Leonhard and Ulrike von Hirschhausen, eds., Comparing Empires: Encounters and Transfers in the Long Nineteenth Century (Göttingen, 2011), 12.

  9.  Maria Paula Diogo and Dirk van Laak, “Europeans Globalizing: Mapping, Exploiting, Exchanging,” forthcoming in 2015.

10.  H. Glenn Penny, Objects of Culture: Ethnology and Ethnographic Museums in Imperial Germany (Chapel Hill, 2002).

11.  Erika D. Rapaport, Shopping for Pleasure: Women in the Making of London’s West End (Princeton, 2000).

12.  John M. MacKenzie, Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880–1960 (Manchester, 1984).

13.  Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden,” McClure’s Magazine, February 1899; Boris Barth and Jürgen Osterhammel, eds., Zivilisierungsmissionen (Constance, 2005).

14.  Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence of Seapower upon History, 1660–1783 (New York, 2004); David K. Fieldhouse, Colonialism, 1870–1945: An Introduction (London, 1981).

15.  Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Bismarck und der Imperialismus (Cologne, 1969).

16.  David K. Pizzo, “To Devour the Land of the Mkwawa: Colonial Violence and the German-Hehe War in East Africa c. 1884–1914” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2008).

17.  Winston Churchill, My Early Life: A Roving Commission (New York, 1930); and Christian Methfessel, “Spreading the European Model by Military Means? The Legitimization of Colonial Wars and Imperialist Interventions in Great Britain and Germany around 1900,” Comparativ 22 (2013), 42–60.

18.  Dirk van Laak, Über alles in der Welt: Deutscher Imperialismus im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Munich, 2005).

19.  Isak Dinesen, Out of Africa (London, 1937).

20.  Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch and Odile Goerg, eds., La ville européenne outre mers: un modèle conquérant? (XVe–XXe siècles) (Paris, 1996).

21.  Ronald Edward Robinson, Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism on the Dark Continent (New York, 1961).

22.  Robert I. Rotberg and Miles F. Shore, The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power (Oxford, 1988).

23.  Jacques Fremeaux, “France: Empire and the Mère-Patrie,” in Robert Aldrich, ed., The Age of Empires (London, 2007), 152–75. Cf. Alice Conklin, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930 (Stanford, 1995).

24.  Eric Ames, Marcia Klotz, and Lora Wildenthal, eds., Germany’s Colonial Pasts (Lincoln, 2005).

25.  Nicholas Doumanis, “The Ottoman Empire: A Resilient Polity,” in Age of Empires, 26–41.

26.  Dominic Lieven, Empire: The Russian Empire and Its Rivals (London, 2000).

27.  Alan Sked, The Decline and Fall of the Austrian Empire, 1815–1918 (Harlow, 2001).

28.  Marcus Reinkowski and Gregor Thum, eds., Helpless Imperialists: Imperial Failure, Fear and Radicalization (Göttingen, 2013).

29.  The worst exploitation occurred in the Belgian Congo. Cf. Jean Luc Vellut, “Belgium: The Single-Colony Empire,” in Age of Empires, 220–37.

30.  Lora Wildenthal, German Women for Empire, 1884–1945 (Durham, 2001). Cf. Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (Ithaca, 1995).

31.  Niels P. Petersson, “Markt, Zivilisierungsmission und Imperialismus,” in Zivilisierungsmissionen, 33–54.

32.  Joachim von Puttkamer, “Schooling, Religion and the Integration of Empire: Education in the Habsburg Monarchy and in Tsarist Russia,” in Comparing Empires, 359–72.

33.  Benedikt Stuchtey, “One Big Imperial Family? Religion and Missions in the Victorian Age,” in Comparing Empires, 312–36.

34.  Andreas Eckert and Michael Pesek, “Bürokratische Ordnung und koloniale Praxis,” in Sebastian Conrad and Jürgen Osterhammel, eds., Das Kaiserreich transnational: Deutschland in der Welt 1871–1914 (Göttingen, 2004), 87–106.

35.  Jürgen Osterhammel, ed., Europa um 1900: Auf der Suche nach einer Sicht “von außen” (Bochum, 2008).

36.  McKenzie, Propaganda and Empire, versus Bernard Porter, The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society, and Culture in Britain (Oxford, 2004).

37.  Andrew Zimmerman, Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany (Chicago, 2001).

38.  Jürgen Osterhammel, Globalization: A Short History (Princeton, 2005).

39.  Andreas Eckert, “Die Verheißung der Bürokratie. Verwaltung als Zivilisierungsagentur im kolonialen Westafrika,” in Zivilisierungsmissionen, 269–83.

40.  Catherine Hall, Civilizing Subjects: Colony and Metropole in the English Imagination, 1830–1867 (Chicago, 2002).

41.  David Canadine, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire (New York, 2001).

42.  Susan D. Pennybacker, From Scottboro to Munich: Race and Political Culture in 1930s Britain (Princeton, 2009).

43.  Mathew G. Stanard, Selling the Congo: A History of European Pro-Empire Propaganda and the Making of Belgian Imperialism (Lincoln, 2011).

44.  Anne Godlewska and Neil Smith, eds., Geography and Empire (Oxford, 1994).

45.  Jügen Osterhammel, Die Verwandlung der Welt: Eine Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts (Munich, 2009).

46.  Dirk van Laak, “Kolonien als ‘Laboratorien der Moderne’?” in Kaiserreich transnational, 256–79.

47.  Felix Driver and David Gilbert, eds., Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity (Manchester, 1999).

48.  Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1987).

2. BREAKDOWN OF PEACE

  1.  Vladimir Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo (New York, 1966).

  2.  Roger Chickering, Imperial Germany and a World without War: The Peace Movement and German Society, 1892–1914 (Princeton, 1975).

  3.  Wayne C. Thompson, In the Eye of the Storm: Kurt Riezler and the Crises of Modern Germany (Iowa City, 1980).

  4.  Fritz Fischer, Germany’s Aims in the First World War (New York, 1967).

  5.  Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (London, 2012), xxvii; and Herfried Münkler, Der große Krieg: Die Welt von 1914–1918 (Berlin, 2013).

  6.  Martin H. Geyer and Johannes Paulmann, eds., The Mechanics of Internationalism: Culture, Society and Politics from the 1840s to the First World War (Oxford, 2001).

  7.  Johannes Paulmann, Pomp und Politik: Monarchenbegegnungen in Europa zwischen Ançien Regime und Erstem Weltkrieg (Paderborn, 2000).

  8.  Sidney Pollard, “Free Trade, Protectionism and the World Economy,” in Mechanics of Internationalism, 27ff.

  9.  Niall Ferguson, The House of Rothschild (New York, 1998).

10.  Madeline Herren, “Governmental Internationalism and the Beginning of a New World Order in the Late Nineteenth Century,” in Mechanics of Internationalism, 121ff.

11.  Peter Paret, The Berlin Secession: Modernism and Its Enemies in Imperial Germany (Cambridge, 1980).

12.  Fritz Stern, Einstein’s German World (Princeton, 1999).

13.  Sandi E. Cooper, Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914 (New York, 1991).

14.  Geoff Eley, Forging Democracy: A History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000 (New York, 2002).

15.  Margaret MacMillan, The War That Ended Peace: How Europe Abandoned Peace for the First World War (London, 2013).

16.  Hugh Strachan, The Outbreak of the First World War (Oxford, 2004).

17.  John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, 2nd ed. (Manchester, 1993).

18.  James Joll and Gordon Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 3rd. ed. (Harlow, 2007).

19.  Paul Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism,1860–1914 (London, 1980), 291ff.

20.  Hans-Ulrich Wehler, The German Empire, 1871–1918 (Leamington Spa, 1987).

21.  Erskine Childers, The Riddle of the Sands: A Record of Secret Service Recently Achieved (London, 1905).

22.  Volker R. Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War in 1914, 2nd. ed. (London, 1993).

23.  David Stevenson, Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914 (Oxford, 1996).

24.  Friedrich von Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War (New York, 1914).

25.  E. Malcolm Carroll, Germany and the Great Powers, 1866–1914: A Study in Public Opinion and Foreign Policy (New York, 1938).

26.  Klaus Hildebrand, Deutsche Aussenpolitik, 1871–1918 (Munich, 1989).

27.  William L. Langer, The Franco-Russian Alliance (New York, reissued 1967).

28.  John A. White, Transition to Global Rivalry: Alliance Diplomacy and the Quadruple Entente, 1895–1907 (Cambridge, 1995).

29.  Eugene N. Anderson, The First Moroccan Crisis, 1904–1906 (Hamden, reissued 1966).

30.  Holger Afflerbach, Der Dreibund: Europäische Großmacht- und Allianzpolitik vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg (Vienna, 2002), 609ff.

31.  Katharine Lerman, The Chancellor as Courtier: Bernhard von Bülow and the Governance of Germany, 1900–1905 (New York, 1990).

32.  Emily Oncken, Panthersprung nach Agadir: Die Deutsche Politik während der zweiten Marokkokrise 1911 (Düsseldorf, 1981).

33.  Richard Hall, The Balkan Wars, 1912–13: Prelude to the First World War (London, 2000).

34.  Samuel R. Williamson, The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War, 1904–1914 (Cambridge, 1969).

35.  Sean McMeekin, July 1914: Countdown to War (New York, 2013).

36.  Clark, Sleepwalkers, 553–62; and Annika Mombauer, The Origins of the First World War: Diplomatic and Military Documents (Manchester, 2013).

37.  David MacKenzie, Black Hand On Trial: Salonika, 1917 (Boulder, 1995).

38.  Samuel R. Williamson, Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War (New York, 1991).

39.  D.C.B. Lieven, Russia and the Origin of the First World War (New York, 1983).

40.  Konrad H. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor: Bethmann Hollweg and the Hubris of Imperial Germany (New Haven, 1973).

41.  Raymond Poidevin, Les relations économiques et financières entre la France et l’Allemagne 1904–1914 (Paris, 1998).

42.  Zara Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War (London, 1977); and Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War (London, 1998).

43.  Frederick A. Dickinson, War and National Reinvention: Japan in the Great War, 1914–1919 (Cambridge, 1999).

44.  Mustafa Aksakal, The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War (Cambridge, 2008).

45.  Clark, Sleepwalkers, 555–62; Münkler, Der große Krieg, introduction.

46.  Richard F. Hamilton and Holger Herwig, eds., Decisions for War, 1914–1917 (Cambridge, 2004).

47.  Konrad H. Jarausch, Daniel Morat, and Markus M. Payk, eds., “World War I and the Twentieth Century: A Roundtable,” Zeithistorische Forschungen, 2014, No. 1.

48.  Marti Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law, 1870–1960 (Cambridge, 2002).

49.  John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York, 2001).

50.  Jost Dülffer, Regeln gegen den Krieg? Die Haager Friedenskonferenzen von 1899 und 1907 in der internationalen Politik (Frankfurt, 1981).

51.  Stephen van Evera, “Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War,” International Security 22 (1998), 5–43.

52.  Holger Afflerbach and David Stevenson, eds., An Improbable War: The Outbreak of World War I and European Political Culture before 1914 (New York, 2007).

53.  Hans Joas, War and Modernity (Cambridge, 2003).

3. WAGING TOTAL WAR

  1.  See the diaries and eyewitness accounts in firstworldwar.com/diaries. Cf. Jay Winter and Antoine Prost, The Great War in History: Debates and Controversies (Cambridge, 2005).

  2.  George Lachmann Mosse, Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memories of the World Wars (New York, 1990).

  3.  Roger Chickering and Stig Förster, Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914–1918 (Cambridge, 2000). Cf. Michael Epkenhans, “Totalisierung des Krieges” (MS, Potsdam, 2014).

  4.  Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York, 2000).

  5.  Jennifer D. Keene and Michael S. Neiberg, eds., Finding Common Ground: New Directions in First World War Studies (Leiden, 2011).

  6.  Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Imperial Germany (Cambridge, 2000); and Lancelot L. Farrar, The Short War Illusion: German Policy, Strategy and Domestic Affairs, August to December 1914 (Santa Barbara, 1973).

  7.  Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War (New York, 1999), 248ff.

  8.  Hew Strachan, The First World War, vol. 1: To Arms (Oxford, 2001), 163ff.

  9.  John Keegan, The First World War (New York, 1999), 71ff.

10.  Gerhard P. Groß, ed., Die vergessene Front: Der Osten 1914–1915 (Paderborn, 2006).

11.  Keegan, First World War, 219ff.

12.  David Stevenson, Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy (New York, 2004), 71ff.

13.  Stephen Bull, Trench: A History of Trench Warfare on the Western Front (Oxford, 2014).

14.  Stevenson, Cataclysm, 145ff.

15.  Keegan, First World War, 175ff.

16.  Strachan, First World War, 1:644ff.

17.  Arthur J. Marder, From Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1919, 3 vols. (London, 1961–78).

18.  Alistair Horne, The Price of Glory: Verdun, 1916 (New York, 1963).

19.  Keegan, First World War, 257ff.

20.  Stevenson, Cataclysm, 199 ff.

21.  Bernd Ulrich and Benjamin Ziemann, eds., German Soldiers in the Great War: Letters and Eyewitness Accounts (Barnsley, 2010).

22.  Marc van Hagen, War in a European Borderland: Occupations and Occupation Plans in Galicia and the Ukraine (Seattle, 2007).

23.  Fritz Fischer, Germany’s Aims in the First World War (New York, 1967).

24.  Alexander Dallin, Russian Diplomacy and Eastern Europe, 1914–1917 (New York, 1963).

25.  David Stevenson, French War Aims against Germany (Oxford, 1982).

26.  Victor Rothwell, British War Aims and Peace Diplomacy, 1914–1918 (Oxford, 1971).

27.  Wolfgang Steglich, Die Friedenspolitik der Mittelmächte, 1917–1918 (Wiesbaden, 1964).

28.  Jürgen Kocka, Facing Total War: German Society, 1914–1918 (Cambridge, 1984).

29.  Roger Chickering, Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 (Cambridge, 2004).

30.  Jay Winter, ed., Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin, 1914–1919, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1997, 2007).

31.  John Horne, German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial (New Haven, 2001).

32.  Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 155–83.

33.  Strachan, First World War, I1:815ff, 993ff.

34.  Roger Chickering, The Great War and Urban Life in Germany: Freiburg, 1914–1918 (Cambridge, 2007).

35.  Gerald D. Feldman, Army, Industry and Labor in Imperial Germany, 1914–1918 (Princeton, 1966).

36.  Belinda Davis, Home Fires Burning: Food. Politics and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin (Chapel Hill, 2000); and Susan R. Grayzel, Women and the First World War (Harlow, 2002).

37.  Arndt Bauerkämper and Elise Julien, eds., Durchhalten! Krieg und Gesellschaft im Vergleich, 1914–1918 (Göttingen, 2010).

38.  Alfred F. Havinghurst, Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century, 4th ed. (Chicago, 1985), 130–35.

39.  Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson: Revolution, War and Peace (Arlington Heights, IL, 1979).

40.  Dirk Böhnker, “Ein German Way of War? Deutscher Militarismus und maritime Kriegsführung im Ersten Weltkrieg,” in Sven Oliver Müller and Cornelius Thorp, eds., Das Deutsche Kaiserreich in der Kontroverse (Göttingen, 2009), 308ff.

41.  Holger Herwig, Luxury Fleet: The Imperial German Navy, 1888–1918 (London, 1980).

42.  Konrad H. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor: Bethmann Hollweg and the Hubris of Imperial Germany (New Haven, 1973), 264ff.

43.  Barbara Tuchman, The Zimmermann Telegram (New York, 1966). Cf. Elizabeth Sanders, “The War and Peace Election of 1916” (MS, Ithaca, 2014).

44.  Keegan, First World War, 392ff.

45.  Jörg Nagler, “Pandora’s Box: Propaganda and War Hysteria in the US during World War I,” in Great War, Total War, 485ff.

46.  Text in War Poetry Website, http://www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.html. Cf. Alan Bishop and Mark Bostridge, eds., Letters from a Lost Generation: The First World War Letters of Vera Brittain and Four Friends (Boston, 1999).

47.  Alan Kramer, Dynamic of Destruction: Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War (Oxford, 2007). Cf. John Horne, “War and Conflict in Contemporary European History,” Zeithistorische Forschungen 3 (2004), Nr. 1.

48.  Laurence Houseman, ed., War Letters of Fallen Englishmen (London, 1930); and Jay Winter, ed., German Students’ War Letters (Philadelphia, 2002).

49.  Dorothy Goldman, ed., Women and World War One: The Written Response (New York, 1993).

50.  Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Die Urkatastrophe Deutschlands: Der Erste Weltkrieg (Stuttgart, 2002), vol. 17 of the 10th edition of the Gebhard handbook.

4. BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION

  1.  Text in Wladislaw Hedeler, Horst Schützler, and Sonja Strignitz, eds., Die Russische Revolution 1917: Wegweiser oder Sackgasse? (Berlin, 1997), 231ff.

  2.  John Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World (New York, 1997); Leon Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution (Ann Arbor, 1961); and Sergei Eistenstein’s films Battleship Potemkin and October.

  3.  Jörg Baberowski, “Was war die Oktoberrevolution?” APuZ 44–45 (2007); and Ian D. Thatcher, ed., Reinterpreting Revolutionary Russia (Houndmills, 2006).

  4.  Richard Pipes, Die Russische Revolution, vol. 2: Die Macht der Bolschewiki (Berlin, 1992), versus Sheila Fitzpatarick, The Russian Revolution (Oxford, 1982). Cf. Edward Hallett Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1923, 3 vols. (New York, 1951–53).

  5.  Steve Smith, “Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism,” in Martin A. Miller, The Russian Revolution: The Essential Readings (Oxford, 2001), 261–81.

  6.  Vasilii O. Kliuchevskii, A History of Russia, vol. 5 (New York, 1960).

  7.  Orlando Figes, Die Tragödie eines Volkes: Die Epoche der russischen Revolution, 1891 bis 1924 (Berlin, 1998), 23ff.

  8.  Theodore H. von Laue, Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia (New York, 1963).

  9.  Manfred Hildermeier, Geschichte der Sowjetunion, 1917–1991 (Munich, 1998), 32ff.

10.  Helmut Altrichter, Rußland 1917: Ein Land auf der Suche nach sich selbst (Paderborn, 1997), 61ff.

11.  Pipes, Russische Revolution, 2:44ff.

12.  Victoria Bonnell, Roots of Rebellion: Workers’ Politics and Organizations in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1905–1914 (Berkeley, 1983).

13.  Benjamin Beuerle, “Westernization as the Way to Modernity—Western Europe in Russian Reform Discussions of the Late Tsarist Empire, 1905–1917,” Comparativ 22 (2013), 21–41.

14.  Karen Petrone, The Great War in Russian Memory (Bloomington, 2011).

15.  Joshua A. Sanborn, Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905–1925 (DeKalb, 2003).

16.  Figes, Tragödie eines Volkes, 275ff.

17.  Altrichter, Rußland 1917, 101ff.

18.  Figes, Tragödie eines Volkes, 313f.

19.  Altrichter, Rußland 1917, 110ff.

20.  Peter Gatrell, Russia’s First World War (Harlow, 2005).

21.  Mike Rapport, 1848: Year of Revolution (New York, 2008).

22.  Robert P. Browder, ed., The Russian Provisional Government: Documents (Stanford, 1961).

23.  Altrichter, Rußland 1917, 132ff.

24.  Martin McCauley, ed., The Russian Revolution and the Soviet State, 1917–1921: Documents (Basingstoke, 1991), 23–24; Figes, Tragödie eines Volkes, 349ff.

25.  Hildermeier, Geschichte der Sowjetunion, 75ff.

26.  Figes, Tragödie eines Volkes, 410ff.

27.  Altrichter, Rußland 1917, 170ff.

28.  Hildermeier, Geschichte der Sowjetunion, 86ff.

29.  Matthew Rendle, Defenders of the Motherland: The Tsarist Elites in Revolutionary Russia (Oxford, 2010).

30.  Frederick C. Corney, Telling October: Memory and the Making of the Bolshevik Revolution (Ithaca, 2004).

31.  Robert T. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vols. 2–3 (Basingstoke, 1991–95).

32.  Hildermeier, Geschichte der Sowjetunion, 98ff. Cf. Donald F. Raleigh, Revolution on the Volga: 1917 in Saratov (Ithaca, 1986).

33.  Figes, Tragödie eines Volkes, 446, 465ff.

34.  McCauley, Russian Revolution, 113f, 115ff.

35.  Altrichter, Rußland 1917, 215ff.

36.  Hildermeier, Geschichte der Sowjetunion, 111ff.

37.  Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, 3rd rev. ed. (New York, 2008).

38.  McCauley, Russian Revolution, 396, 402ff. Cf. Alexander Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd (Bloomington, 2007).

39.  Pipes, Russische Revolution, 2:387ff.

40.  Hildermeier, Geschichte der Sowjetunion, 122ff.

41.  Figes, Tragödie eines Volkes, 533ff.

42.  Hildermeier, Geschichte der Sowjetunion, 134ff.

43.  Figes, Tragödie eines Volkes, 638ff.

44.  Hildermeier, Geschichte der Sowjetunion, 352.

45.  Konrad H. Jarausch, “Kurt Riezler and the Failure of German Ostpolitik, 1918,” Slavic Review 31 (1972), 381–98.

46.  The concept of “defensive modernization” is borrowed from Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, 1700–1815 (Munich, 1987), 531ff.

47.  Altrichter, Rußland, 367ff.

48.  Service, Lenin, 2:216ff.

49.  Vladimir I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1960–70), 30:335. Cf. Jonathan Coppersmith, The Electrification of Russia, 1880–1926 (Ithaca, 1992).

50.  Jörg Baberowski, ed., Moderne Zeiten? Krieg, Revolution und Gewalt im 20. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 2006).

5. DEMOCRATIC HOPES

  1.  “Appeals to German People,” New York Times, January 9, 1918; August Heckscher, Woodrow Wilson (New York, 1991), 468–74.

  2.  The multivolume biography by Arthur S. Link remains the best guide to the twenty-eighth American president.

  3.  Arno Mayer, Wilson vs. Lenin: Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917–1918 (Cleveland, 1963), 368–93.

  4.  Harold Nicolson, Peacemaking 1919 (London, 1964), versus Leon Trotsky, My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography (Mineola, NY, 2007), 362ff.

  5.  Manfred F. Boehmke, Gerald Feldman, and Elisabeth Glaser, eds., The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years (Cambridge, 1998); and Gerd Krumeich, Versailles 1919: Ziele–Wirkung–Wahrnehmung (Essen, 2001).

  6.  Amos Perlmutter, Making the World Safe for Democracy: A Century of Wilsonianism and Its Totalitarian Challengers (Chapel Hill, 1997).

  7.  Thorstein Veblen, Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution (New York, 1915); Hans-Ulrich Wehler, The German Empire, 1871–1918 (Leamiangton Spa, 1985); and Herfried Münkler, Der große Krieg: Die Welt von 1914–1918 (Berlin, 2013), introduction.

  8.  Erich Ludendorff, Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 1914–1918 (Berlin, 1919), 430–546.

  9.  Hew Strachan, The First World War (New York 2004), 267ff.

10.  John Keegan, The First World War (New York, 1999), 372ff.

11.  Ludendorff, Kriegserinnerungen, 583ff.; and Jeffry R. Smith, A People’s War: Germany’s Political Revolution, 1913–1918 (Lanham, 2007), 183ff.

12.  Harry Rudin, Armistice, 1918 (Hamden, 1967).

13.  Robert Gerwarth and John Horne, eds., War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War (Oxford, 2012).

14.  Michael Clodfeller, Warfare and Armed Conflicts—a Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1494–2007 (Jefferson, NC, 2008).

15.  Adam Seipp, The Ordeal of Peace: Demobilization and the Urban Experience in Britain and Germany, 1917–1921 (Farnham, UK, 2009).

16.  Ferdinand Czernin, Versailles 1919: The Forces, Events and Personalities That Shaped the Treaty (New York, 1964); and Lawrence E. Gelfand, The Inquiry: American Preparations for Peace, 1917–1919 (New Haven, 1963).

17.  Gregor Dallas, 1918: War and Peace (Woodstock, 2002), 169–522.

18.  Alan Sharp, The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking after the First World War, 1919–1923 (Basingstoke, 2009), 109–38.

19.  Ibid., 139–68.

20.  Arno Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919 (New York, 1967).

21.  Carolyn Kitching, Britain and the Problem of International Disarmament, 1919–1934 (London, 1999).

22.  John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York, 1920); and Margaret McMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (New York, 2002), 180–93.

23.  Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007).

24.  Jonathan Schneer, The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict (London, 2010).

25.  John N. Snell, “Wilson on Germany and the Fourteen Points,” Journal of Modern History 26 (1954), 364–69.

26.  T. Ivan Berend, Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe before World War II (Berkeley, 1998).

27.  Seipp, Ordeal of Peace, 203ff.

28.  David A. Adelman, A Shattered Peace: Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today (Hoboken, NJ, 2008), 84ff.

29.  A. J. Ryder, The German Revolution of 1918: A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt (Cambridge, 1967).

30.  Arthur Rosenberg, A History of the German Republic (New York, 1965); and Detlev Peuckert, The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity (New York, 1992).

31.  Anton Pelinka, “Intentionen und Konsequenzen der Zerschlagung Österreich-Ungarns,” in Versailles 1919, 202–10.

32.  Jon Jacobson, “The Soviet Union and Versailles,” in Treaty of Versailles, 451–68.

33.  Carole Fink, Defending the Rights of Others: The Great Powers, the Jews, and International Minority Protection, 1878–1938 (New York, 2004).

34.  Hugh Seton-Watson, Eastern Europe between the Wars, 1918–1941, 3rd ed. (Hamden, 1962).

35.  David Lloyd George, Memoirs of the Peace Conference, 2 vols. (New York, 1939). Cf. Alfred F. Havinghurst, Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century, 4th ed. (Chicago, 1985), 158–78.

36.  Patrik Renshaw, The General Strike (London, 1975).

37.  Robert Fitzroy Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (London, 1988).

38.  Christopher Fischer, Alsace to the Alsatians: Visions and Divisions of Alsatian Regionalism, 1870–1939 (New York, 2010), 128ff.

39.  John F. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré (Cambridge, 1997).

40.  Conan Fischer, The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924 (Oxford, 2003).

41.  Wilfried Loth, Geschichte Frankreichs im 20. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1987), 33–65.

42.  Severine Ansart et al., “Mortality Burden of the 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic in Europe,” Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 3 (2009), 99–106.

43.  Ruth B. Henig, The League of Nations (London, 2010). Cf. Susan Pedersen, “Back to the League of Nations: Review Essay,” American Historical Review 112 (2007), 1091–1117.

44.  F. S. Northedge, The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946 (Leicester, 1986).

45.  Carole Fink, Axel Frohn, and Jürgen Heideking, eds., Genoa, Rapallo and European Reconstruction in 1922 (Cambridge, 1991).

46.  Stephen Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe: The Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan (Chapel Hill, 1976). Cf. Mark Swartzburg, “The Call for America: German-American Relations and the European Crisis, 1921–1924” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2005).

47.  Gaynor Johnson, ed., Locarno Revisited: European Diplomacy, 1920–1929 (London, 2004).

48.  Sally Marks, The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918–1923 (New York, 2003).

49.  Jon Jacobson, Locarno Diplomacy: Germany and the West, 1925–1929 (Princeton, 1972).

50.  Marc Trachtenberg, “Versailles after Sixty Years,” Journal of Contemporary History 17 (1982), 487–506. Cf. Patrick O. Cohrs, The Unfinished Peace after World War I: America, Britain and the Stabilization of Europe, 1919–1932 (Cambridge, 2006).

51.  Arno Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (New York, 1981).

52.  Joseph Rothschild, East Central Europe between the Two World Wars (Seattle, 1974).

53.  Pieter M. Judson and Marsha L. Rozenblit, eds., Constructing Nationalities in East Central Europe (New York, 2005).

54.  Alan Sharp, Consequences of Peace: The Versailles Settlement: Aftermath and Legacy, 1920–2010 (London, 2010).

55.  Wolfgang J. Mommsen, “Der Vertrag von Versailles. Eine Bilanz,” in Versailles: 1919, 351–60. Cf. Norman Graebner and Edward M. Bennett, The Versailles Treaty and Its Legacy: The Failure of the Wilsonian Vision (New York, 2011).

6. FASCIST ALTERNATIVE

  1.  Benito Mussolini, My Rise and Fall (New York, 1998), 68ff.; Stanley Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 (Madison, 1995), 89ff.

  2.  Zeev Sternhell, The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution (Princeton, 1994), 221ff.

  3.  David Roberts, “How Not to Think about Fascism and Ideology: Intellectual Antecedents and Historical Meaning,” Journal of Contemporary History 35 (2000), 185–211.

  4.  Payne, A History of Fascism, 3–14, is more comprehensive than Ernst Nolte, Three Faces of Fascism (New York, 1966). Cf. Robert O. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism (New York, 2004), 206–20.

  5.  Roger Griffin and Matthew Feldman, eds., Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science, vols. 1–4 (London, 2004).

  6.  Mark Choate, Emigrant Nation: The Making of Italy Abroad (Cambridge, MA, 2008).

  7.  Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy: A Political History, rev. ed. (Ann Arbor, 1997), 3–24.

  8.  Manfred Clark, Modern Italy: 1871 to the Present, 3rd ed. (Harlow, 2008), 54ff.

  9.  Ibid., 99ff.

10.  Mack Smith, Modern Italy, 41–47.

11.  Clark, Modern Italy, 84 ff., 133ff. Cf. also Paul Corner, “The Road to Fascism: An Italian Sonderweg?” Contemporary European History 11 (2002), 273–95.

12.  Mack Smith, Modern Italy, 115ff., 163ff., 241ff.

13.  Clark, Modern Italy, 217–43.

14.  Michael Ledeen, The First Duce: D’Annunzio at Fiume (Baltimore, 1977).

15.  Clark, Modern Italy, 247–53.

16.  Nicholas Farrell, Mussolini: A New Life (London, 2003), 1–75.

17.  Mussolini, My Rise and Fall, 1–56. The leading biography is the multi-volume work by Renzo de Felice, Mussolini (Torino, 1965–98).

18.  Farrell, Mussolini, 75–105.

19.  George Lachmann Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality (New York, 1985), as the first in a long line of scholars.

20.  Farrell, Mussolini, 95ff.

21.  Mussolini, My Rise and Fall, 120; Clark, Modern Italy, 256–66.

22.  Mack Smith, Modern Italy, 282–308.

23.  William Brustein, “The ‘Red Menace’ and the Rise of Italian Fascism,” American Sociological Review 56 (1991), 652–64; and E. Spencer Wellhofer, “Democracy and Fascism: Class, Civil Society, and Rational Choice in Italy,” American Political Science Review 97 (2003), 91–106.

24.  Mussolini, My Rise and Fall, 169–88.

25.  Clark, Modern Italy, 266ff.

26.  Farrell, Mussolini, 135ff. Cf. Paul Corner, The Fascist Party and Popular Opinion in Mussolini’s Italy (Oxford, 2012).

27.  Christopher Duggan, Fascist Voices: An Intimate History of Mussolini’s Italy (London, 2012).

28.  Stuart Joseph Wolf, ed., European Fascism (New York, 1969).

29.  Benito Mussolini, Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions (Rome, 1935), 14.

30.  Ivone Kirkpatrick, Mussolini: A Study in Power (New York, 1964); Farrell, Mussolini, 161ff.

31.  Mack Smith, Modern Italy, 337–47.

32.  Clark, Modern Italy, 315–31.

33.  Farrell, Mussolini, 199–213.

34.  Clark, Modern Italy, 290–96.

35.  Victoria de Grazia, The Culture of Consent: Mass Organization of Leisure in Fascist Italy (Cambridge, 1981).

36.  Mack Smith, Modern Italy, 367–74.

37.  Philip Morgan, Italian Fascism, 1815–1945, 2nd ed. (Basingstoke, 2004).

38.  Konrad H. Jarausch, The Four Power Pact, 1933 (Madison, 1965).

39.  Farell, Mussolini, 254–80.

40.  Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, anniv. ed. (New York, 2011).

41.  Gerhard L. Weinberg, Hitler’s Foreign Policy: The Road to World War Two, 1933–1939, comb. ed. (New York, 2005).

42.  Emil Ludwig, Mussolinis Gespräche mit Emil Ludwig (Berlin, 1932); and Farrell, Mussolini, 157ff., 225ff.

43.  Richard Griffiths, An Intelligent Person’s Guide to Fascism (London, 2000), 72ff.; Payne, History of Fascism, 245ff.

44.  Clark, Modern Italy, 301ff.

45.  Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston, 1966). Cf. also Renzo de Felice, Interpretations of Fascism (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 174–92.

46.  Juan J. Linz, Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes (Boulder, 2000). Cf. Griffin and Feldman, Fascism, vol. 2.

47.  A. James Gregor, “Fascism and Modernization: Some Addenda,” World Politics 26 (1974), 370–84; and Jon S. Cohen, “Was Italian Fascism a Developmental Dictatorship? Some Evidence to the Contrary,” Economic History Review 41 (1988), 95–113.

48.  Andrew Hewitt, Fascist Modernism: Aesthetics, Politics and the Avant-garde (Stanford, 1993): Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Fascist Modernities: Italy, 1922–1945 (Berkeley, 2001). Cf. Griffin and Feldman, Fascism, vol. 3.

49.  Roger Griffin, “Modernity, Modernism, and Fascism. A ‘Mazeway Resynthesis,’ ” Modernism/modernity 15 (2008), 9–24.

7. MODERNIST PROVOCATIONS

  1.  For Dada manifestos and images see http://www.dada-companion.com.

  2.  Eve M. Duffy, “Representing Science and Technology: Politics and Display in the Deutsches Museum, 1903–1945” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2002).

  3.  Thomas Rohkrämer, Eine andere Moderne? Zvilisationskritik, Natur und Technik in Deutschland 1880–1933 (Paderborn, 1999), 9–36.

  4.  Peter Gay, Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider (New York, 1968).

  5.  John A. Williams, ed., Weimar Culture Revisited (Basingstoke, 2011).

  6.  Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (New York, 1981).

  7.  Peter Watson, German Genius (New York, 2010), 341–97; and Peter Gay, Freud, Jews and Other Germans: Masters and Victims in Modernist Culture (New York, 1978).

  8.  David S. Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (London, 1969), 231–358.

  9.  Peter Paret, The Berlin Secession: Modernism and Its Enemies in Imperial Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1980). Cf. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, ed., Das XX. Jahrhundert: Ein Jahrhundert Kunst in Deutschland (Berlin, 1999).

10.  Alex Ross, The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century (New York, 2007), 3–73.

11.  Neil Blackadder, Performing Opposition: Modern Theater and the Scandalized Audience (Westport, 2003).

12.  Collections like Maynard Mack, ed., The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, 4th ed. (New York, 1979), have a strong Anglocentric bias.

13.  Mary Ann Caws, Pablo Picasso (London, 2005). Cf. Werner Haftmann, Painting in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1965).

14.  Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford, 1975).

15.  Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (Boston, 1989), 139ff.

16.  Jay Winter, Remembering War: The Great War between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, 2006).

17.  Harvard H. Arnason and Elizabeth C. Mansfield, A History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography, 6th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2010).

18.  Ross, The Rest Is Noise, 74–119, 178–212.

19.  Kenneth Douglas and Sarah N. Lawall, “Masterpieces of the Modern World,” in The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, 2:1231–1308.

20.  Tom Gunning, The Films of Fritz Lang: Allegories of Vision and Modernity (London, 2000).

21.  Fussell, Great War, 310ff.

22.  Adelheid von Saldern, ed., The Challenge of Modernity: German Social and Cultural Studies, 1890–1960 (Ann Arbor, 2002).

23.  Peter Fritzsche, Reading Berlin 1900 (Cambridge, MA, 1996).

24.  David L. Morton, Sound Recording: The Life Story of a Technology (Westport, 2004).

25.  Kristin Thompson and Richard Bordwell, Film History: An Introduction (Boston, 2003); and Siegfried Krakauer, From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of German Film (Princeton, 2004).

26.  Karl-Christian Führer and Corey Ross, eds., Mass Media: Culture and Society in Twentieth Century Germany (Basingstoke, 2006).

27.  Arnd Krüger and Else Transbaek, eds., The History of Physical Education and Sport from European Perspectives (Copenhagen, 1999); and David Clay Large, Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936 (New York, 2007).

28.  Bill Cormack, A History of Holidays, 1812–2000 (London, 1998).

29.  Elisabeth Otto and Vanessa Rocco, eds., The New Woman International: Representations in Photography and Film from the 1870s through the 1960s (Ann Arbor, 2011). Cf. Marie Louise Roberts, “Samson and Delilah Revisited: The Politics of Women’s Fashions in 1920s France,” American Historical Review 98 (1993), 657–84.

30.  John Willett, Art and Politics in the Weimar Period: The New Sobriety, 1917–1933 (New York. 1996).

31.  Watson, German Genius, 480–84, 595–99.

32.  Mary Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (New York, 1994).

33.  Frederic J. Schwartz, The Werkbund: Design Theory and Mass Culture before the First World War (New Haven, 1996); Michael Siebenbrodt and Lutz Schöbe, Bauhaus, 1911–1933: Weimar-Dessau-Berlin (New York, 2009).

34.  Emile Langui, ed., 50 Jahre moderne Kunst (Cologne, 1959).

35.  Martin Esslin, Bertolt Brecht (New York, 1969).

36.  Thoma Mann, “Autobiography,” http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1929/mann-bio.html; and Anthony Heilbut, Thomas Mann: Eros and Literature (New York, 1997).

37.  Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research, 1923–1950 (Berkeley, 1996).

38.  Herbert Strauss, ed., Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Anti-Semitism, 1870–1933/39 (Berlin, 1993), pt. 1 on Germany, Great Britain, and France.

39.  Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion and Politics from the French Revolution to the Great War (New York, 2005).

40.  Konrad H. Jarausch, Students, Society and Politics in Imperial Germany: The Rise of Academic Illiberalism (Princeton, 1982), 348–56.

41.  Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology (Berkeley, 1961); and George L. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York, 1964).

42.  John Carey, The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prejudice among the Literary Intelligentsia, 1880–1939 (London, 1992).

43.  Yvonne Sherrat, Hitler’s Philosophers (New Haven, 2013).

44.  Zeev Sternhell, The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution (Princeton, 1994). Thomas Höpel, “Die Abwehr ‘artfremder’ internationaler Kunst im Nationalsozialismus,” at http://www.europa.clio-online.de/.

45.  Eric D. Weitz, Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy (Princeton, 2007).

46.  Anton Kaes, Martin Jay, and Edward Dimendberg, eds., The Weimar Republic Sourcebook (Berkeley, 1994).

47.  Debbie Lewer, “Revolution and the Weimar Avant-Garde: Contesting the Politics of Art, 1919–1924,” in Weimar Culture Revisited, 1–21.

48.  Peter D. Stachura, The German Youth Movement, 1900–1945: An Interpretative and Documentary History (New York, 1981).

49.  Wendy Perry, “Remembering Dreyfus: The Ligue des Droits de L’homme and the Making of the Modern French Human Rights Movement” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 1998).

50.  Detlev J. K. Peukert, The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity (New York, 1992).

8. DEVASTATING DEPRESSION

  1.  “World Bank’s Aid Sought by Austria” and “Bankers Here Seek Means to Aid Berlin,” New York Times, May 13 and July 14, 1931. Cf. Harold James, The German Slump: Politics and Economics, 1926–1936 (Oxford, 1986).

  2.  Ivan T. Berend, An Economic History of Twentieth Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization (Cambridge, 2006), 61ff.

  3.  Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff, This Time Is Different: A Panoramic View of Eight Centuries of Financial Crisis (Princeton, 2009). Cf. Barry Eichengreen and Peter Temin, “The Gold Standards and the Great Depression,” Contemporary European History 9 (2000), 183–207.

  4.  Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York, 1942); and Konrad H. Jarausch, The Unfree Professions: German Lawyers, Teachers and Engineers, 1900–1950 (New York, 1990), 80ff.

  5.  Barry Eichengreen, “Viewpoint: Understanding the Great Depression,” Canadian Journal of Economics 37 (2004), 1–27; and Harold James, The End of Globalization: Lessons from the Great Depression (Cambridge, MA, 2001).

  6.  John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York, 1920).

  7.  Berend, Economic History, 50ff.

  8.  Michael Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000, 2nd ed. (Jefferson, NC, 2002).

  9.  Berend, Economic History, 564f.

10.  Patricia Clavin, The Great Depression in Europe, 1929–1939 (New York, 2000), 26ff.

11.  Adam Tooze, The Deluge: The Great War and the Remaking of Global Order, 1916–1931 (London, 2014).

12.  Jürgen Osterhammel, Globalisation: A Short History (Princeton, 2005).

13.  Clavin, Great Depression, 30ff.

14.  Gerald D. Feldman, The Great Disorder: Politics, Economics and Society in the German Inflation, 1914–1924 (New York, 1993).

15.  Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich, The German Inflation, 1914–1924: Causes and Effects in International Perspective (New York, 1986).

16.  Conan Fischer, The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924 (Oxford, 2003).

17.  Stephen A. Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe: The Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan (Chapel Hill, 1976).

18.  Berend, Economic History, 56ff.

19.  Peter Jelavich, Berlin Alexanderplatz: Radio, Film, and the Death of Weimar Culture (Berkeley, 2009).

20.  Clavin, Great Depression, 68ff.

21.  Michael Tracy, “Agriculture in the Great Depression: World Market Developments and European Protectionism,” in Herman Van der Wee, ed., The Great Depression Revisited (The Hague, 1972), 91–119.

22.  Christoph Buchheim, “The ‘Crisis before the Crisis’—the Export Engine Out of Gear,” in Harold James, ed., The Interwar Depression in an International Context (Munich, 2002), 113–22.

23.  Mary Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (New York, 1994).

24.  Robert Beevers, The Garden City Utopia: A Critical Biography of Ebenezer Howard (New York, 1988).

25.  Bärbel Schrader and Jürgen Schebera, eds., The “Golden” Twenties: Art and Literature in the Weimar Republic (New Haven, 1988).

26.  Thomas E. Hall and J. David Ferguson, The Great Depression: An International Disaster of Perverse Economic Policies (Ann Arbor 1998), 57ff.; and John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash, 1929, rev. ed. (Boston, 1988).

27.  John A Garraty, The Great Depression: An Inquiry into the Causes, Course and Consequences of the Worldwide Depression of the Nineteen-Thirties as Seen by Contemporaries and in the Light of History (Garden City, 1987), 28–49.

28.  Berend, Economic History, 61ff.

29.  Herinrich August Winkler, Weimar 1918–1933: Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie (Munich, 1993, 409–43.

30.  Hans Jaeger, “Business in the Great Depression,” in Great Depression Revisited, 134–42.

31.  For contrasting figures see Berend, Economic History, 71, and Clavin, Great Depression, 132.

32.  The German figure of 43.7% in 1932, cited by Clavin, Great Depression, 112, seems a bit high. Cf. Alfred F. Havinghurst, Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century, 4th ed. (Chicago, 1985), 221–40.

33.  Maria Jagoda, Paul Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel, Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed Community (Chicago, 1971); and Garraty, Great Depression, 100–113

34.  Hans Fallada, Kleiner Mann, was nun? (Berlin, 1932); and George Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier (London, 1937).

35.  Men Without Work: A Report Made to the Pilgrim Trust (Cambridge, 1938), 144–49. Garraty, Great Depression, 113–26.

36.  From “Our Poverty–Your Responsibility,” Labour Magazine 9, No. 1 (May 1932), 29–31.

37.  Winkler, Weimar, 477ff.

38.  Paul Nolte, Was ist Demokratie? Geschichte und Gegenwart (Munich, 2012), 258–71.

39.  Vincent Barnett, John Maynard Keynes (New York, 2013); and Garraty, Great Depression, 128ff.

40.  Clavin, Great Depression, 127ff., 147ff.

41.  Ibid., 130ff.; and Hall and Ferguson, Great Depression, 85ff.

42.  Garraty, Great Depression, 220–35; and Wilfried Loth, Geschichte Frankreichs im 20. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1987), 70–95.

43.  Francis Sejersted, The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, 2011).

44.  Cf. Kiran Klaus Patel, Soldiers of Labor: Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933–1945 (New York, 2005).

45.  Richard Overy, The Nazi Economic Recovery, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1995); and Adam Tooze, Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (London, 2006).

46.  Hall and Ferguson, Great Depression, 131ff.; and Garraty, Great Depression, 245ff.

47.  Hall and Ferguson, Great Depression, 160.

48.  Lutz Niethammer, ed., Lebensgeschichte und Sozialkultur im Ruhrgebiet 1930 bis 1960, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1983). Cf. also Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (New York, 1970).

49.  Jarausch, Unfree Professions, 80ff.

50.  David Caute, The Fellow Travelers: Intellectual Friends of Communism, rev. ed. (New Haven, 1988), 1–19.

51.  Alastair Hamilton, The Appeal of Fascism: A Study of Intellectuals and Fascism, 1919–1945 (New York, 1971); and Elliot Neaman, “Mutiny on Board Modernity: Heidegger, Sorel and other Fascist Intellectuals,” Critical Review 9 (1995), 371–401.

9. STALINIST MODERNIZATION

  1.  “Huge Industries Planned by Soviet,” New York Times, April 26, 1929; and Walter Duranty, “Stalin Dominates Fete of Revolution,” ibid., November 8, 1929.

  2.  Hubert R. Knickerbocker, “The Soviet Five Year Plan,” International Affairs 10 (1931), 433–59.

  3.  Jan Plamper, The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power (New Haven, 2012).

  4.  Stephane Courtois et al., The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression (Cambridge, 1999).

  5.  For instance Robert Conquest, Lenin (London, 1972).

  6.  Robert C. Tucker, ed., Lenin Anthology (New York, 1975); and George Brinkley, “Leninism: What It Was and What It Was Not,” Review of Politics 60 (1998), 151–64.

  7.  Jörg Baberowski, Verbrannte Erde: Stalins Herrschaft der Gewalt (Munich, 2012).

  8.  Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography (New York, 2004), 96–100.

  9.  Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-First Century, 3rd ed. (Harvard, 2009), 123–49.

10.  Service, Stalin, 209–18. Some scholars claim that the testament was forged.

11.  Ibid., 219–22.

12.  Adam Ulam, “Lenin: His Legacy,” Foreign Affairs 48 (1970), 460–70.

13.  This critical attitude still inspires most of the biographies such as Isaac Deutscher’s classic Stalin: A Political Biography, 2nd rev. ed. (London, 1966).

14.  Service, Stalin, 13–42.

15.  Deutscher, Stalin, 27–128; Service, Stalin, 43–112.

16.  Deutscher, Stalin, 129–72; Service, Stalin, 113–57.

17.  Deutscher, Stalin, 173–227; Service, Stalin, 157–85.

18.  Deutscher, Stalin, 228–73; Service, Stalin, 219–29.

19.  Deutscher, Stalin, 273–93; Service, Stalin, 240–50.

20.  Most of the explanations focus on concrete economic problems or on the rivalry with Bukharin rather than on the more fundamental reasons for the great change. Cf. Service, History of Modern Russia, 169ff.

21.  R. W. Davies, The Soviet Collective Farm, 1929–1930 (Cambridge, MA, 1980).

22.  W. Ladejinsky, “Collectivization of Agriculture in the Soviet Union,” Political Science Quarterly 49 (1934), 1–43.

23.  Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror Famine (Edmonton, 1986); and Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (New York, 2010).

24.  Sheila Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization (Oxford, 1994).

25.  Holland Hunter, “The Overambitious First Soviet Five-Year Plan,” Slavic Review 32 (1973), 237–57.

26.  Knickerbocker, “Soviet Five Year Plan,” 437ff.

27.  Samuel N. Harper, “Soviet Five-Year Plan,” American Academy of Political Science 14 (1931), 422ff.

28.  Hunter, “Overambitious,” 241ff.

29.  Service, Stalin, 264–75.

30.  Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as Civilization (Berkeley, 1995).

31.  Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, 40th anniv. ed. (New York, 2008), vii–xxvi.

32.  Ibid., 341ff.; and Karl Schlögl, Moscow 1937 (Cambridge, 2012).

33.  Norman Naimark, Stalin’s Genocides (Princeton, 2010), 99ff.

34.  Jochen Hellbeck, Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary under Stalin (Cambridge, MA, 2006).

35.  Anne Applebaum, GULAG: A History (New York, 2003), xv–xl.

36.  Arthur Koestler, Darkness at Noon (London, 1941); Aleksandr Solzhenitzyn, A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (New York, 1963); and idem, The GULAG Archipelago, 1918–1956 (New York, 1973).

37.  Henry Reichman, “Reconsidering ‘Stalinism,’ ” History and Theory 17 (1988), 57–89.

38.  Plamper, Stalin Cult, viii–xx.

39.  Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (New York, 1999).

40.  Alexei Rybakov, “ ‘Es wird ganz Deutschland einstmals Stalin danken.’ Johanns R. Bechers, Stalin-Oden und die Strukturen der totalitären ‘Kultur,’ ” FORUM für osteuropäische Ideen- und Zeitgeschichte (2004), Nr. 1.

41.  Service, Stalin, 491–530.

42.  Zhores Medvedev, “Riddles Surrounding Stalin’s Death,” in Roy and Zhores Medvedev, The Unknown Stalin: His Life, Death, and Legacy (Woodstock, 2004), 11–42.

43.  Service, Stalin, 571–90.

44.  Roy Medvedev, “The Twentieth Party Congress: Before and After,” in Unknown Stalin, 102–18.

45.  Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill, 2007).

46.  Service, Stalin, 298–309. Even a critic like Deutscher still defends the project: Stalin, 627–30.

47.  Alexander Chubarov, Russia’s Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras (New York, 2001), 101–10.

48.  Paul R. Gregory, ed., Behind the Façade of Stalin’s Command Economy (Stanford, 2001), 11ff.

49.  David Satter, It Was a Long Time Ago, and It Never Happened Anyway: Russia and the Communist Past (New Haven, 2012).

10. HITLER’S VOLKSGEMEINSCHAFT

  1.  “Berlin Reds Urge Strike,” New York Times, January 31, 1933. Cf. Graf Harry Kessler, Tagebücher 1918–1937: Politik, Kunst und Gesellschaft der Zwanziger Jahre (Frankfurt, 1961), 704; and Victor Klemperer, Ich will Zeugnis ablegen bis zum letzten: Tagebücher 1933–1941 (Berlin, 1995), 6.

  2.  Peter Fritzsche, Germans into Nazis (Cambridge, MA, 1998), 210ff.

  3.  Norbert Frei, “Wie modern war der Nationalsozialismus?” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 19 (1993), 367–87; and Günter Könke, “ ‘Modernisierungsschub’ oder relative Stagnation?” ibid., 20 (1994), 584–608.

  4.  Jeffrey Herf, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge, MA, 1984); and Paul Betts, “The New Fascination with Fascism: The Case of Nazi Modernism,” Journal of Contemporary History 37 (2002), 541–58.

  5.  Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation (London, 1989).

  6.  Eric Weitz, Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy (Princeton, 2007).

  7.  Kessler, Tagebücher, 20; A. J. Ryder, The German Revolution of 1918: A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt (Cambridge, 1967).

  8.  Hans Mommsen, The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy (Chapel Hill, 1996).

  9.  Eberhard Kolb, Gustav Stresemann (Munich, 2003); and Robert P. Grathwohl, Stresemann and the DNVP: Reconciliation or Revenge in German Foreign Policy, 1924–1928 (Lawrence, 1990).

10.  Peter Gay, Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider (New York, 1970); and Detlev Peukert, The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity (New York, 1989).

11.  Anna von der Goltz, Hindenburg: Power, Myth, and the Rise of the Nazis (New York, 2009).

12.  Henry Ashby Turner, Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power, January 1933 (Reading, MA, 1996).

13.  Dona Harsch, German Social Democracy and the Rise of Nazism (Chapel Hill, 1993).

14.  Earlier studies by Alan Bullock and Joachim Fest have been superseded by Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography (New York, 2008).

15.  Kershaw, Hitler, 1–46. Cf. John Boyer, Culture and Political Crisis in Vienna: Christian Socialism in Power, 1897–1918 (Chicago, 1996).

16.  Thomas Weber, Hitlers erster Krieg: Der Gefreite Hitler im Weltkrieg—Mythos und Wahrheit (Berlin, 2011).

17.  Adam Seipp, The Ordeal of Peace: Demobilization and the Urban Experience in Britain and Germany, 1917–1921 (Farnham, UK, 2009): and Kershaw, Hitler, 66–104.

18.  Harold J. Gordon, Hitler and the Beer Hall Putsch (Princeton, 1972).

19.  Kershaw, Hitler, 160–235.

20.  Hermann Beck, The Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933: The Machtergreifung in a New Light (New York, 2008).

21.  Kershaw, Hitler, 173ff.

22.  Eberhard Jaeckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung: A Blueprint for Power (Middletown, CT, 1972).

23.  Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim (Boston, 1943), 302; and Gerhard Weinberg et al., eds., Außenpolitische Standortbestimmung nach der Reichstagswahl Juni–Juli 1928 (Munich, 1995), 25, 32, 34, 65, 76.

24.  Weinberg et al., Außenpolitische Standortbestimmung, 5ff.; Hitler, Mein Kampf, 284–329.

25.  Habbo Knoch and Detlef Schmiechen-Ackermann, eds., Nationalsozialistische “Volksgemeinschaft”: Studien zur Konstruktion, gesellschaftlichen Wirkungsmacht und Erinnerung (Paderborn, 2012).

26.  Hitler, Mein Kampf, 87ff., 442ff.

27.  Michael H. Kater, The Nazi Party: A Social Profile of Members and Leaders, 1919–1945 (Cambridge, MA, 1983), 234–39.

28.  Thomas Childers, The Nazi Voter: The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany, 1919–1933 (Chapel Hill, 1983); and Richard Hamilton, Who Voted for Hitler (Princeton, 1982).

29.  Larry E. Jones, German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar Party System, 1918–1933 (Chapel Hill, 1988).

30.  Kessler, Tagebücher, 708; and Kershaw, Hitler, 260ff.

31.  Kessler, Tagebücher, 709; Sven Felix Kellerhoff, Der Reichstagsbrand: Karriere eines Kriminalfalls (Berlin, 2008).

32.  Klemperer, Tagebücher, 8, 14ff.; Kershaw, Hitler, 278ff.

33.  Konrad H. Jarausch, The Unfree Professions: German Lawyers, Teachers and Engineers, 1900–1950 (New York, 1990), 116ff.; and Werner Treß, “Wider den undeutschen Geist!” Bücherverbrennung 1933, 2nd ed. (Berlin, 2008).

34.  Kershaw, Hitler, 301–19.

35.  Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (New York, 2001).

36.  Richard Overy, The Nazi Economic Recovery, 1932–1938 (Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1982); and Adam Tooze, Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (London, 2006).

37.  Kershaw, Hitler, 391–400; Sebastian Haffner, Defying Hitler: A Memoir (New York, 2002).

38.  David Welch, “Nazi Propaganda and the Volksgemeinschaft: Constructing a People’s Community,” Journal of Contemporary History 39 (2004), 213–38.

39.  Richard Evans, The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939 (London, 2005).

40.  Ronald Smelser, Robert Ley: Hitler’s Labor Front Leader (Oxford, 1988); and Shelly Baranowski, Strength Through Joy: Consumerism and Mass Tourism in the Third Reich (Cambridge, 2004).

41.  Michael Kater, Hitler Youth (Cambridge, MA, 2004).

42.  Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics (New York, 1987); and Dagmar Herzog, Sex after Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth Century Germany (Princeton, 2005).

43.  Herwart Vorländer, “NS-Volkswohlfahrt und Winterhilfswerk des deutschen Volkes,” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 34 (1986), 341–80.

44.  Klemperer, Tagebücher, 18ff.; Eric Johnson, The Nazi Terror: Gestapo, Jews and Ordinary Germans (New York, 1999).

45.  David Clay Large, Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936 (New York, 2007).

46.  Roger Griffin, “Modernity under the New Order: The Fascist Project for Managing the Future,” Oxford Brookes School of Business Imprint 1994; Ulrich Herbert, Deutsche Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert (Munich, 2014), 301.

47.  See James Murphy’s translation of Mein Kampf (London, 1939), https://archive.org/details/MeinKampf_483, 72, 203, 293, 488, 505.

48.  Ibid., 214, 248, 314, 414, 437, 440. Cf. Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed., Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944: His Private Conversations (New York, 2000), 91, 129, 353, 445, 517, etc.

49.  Thomas Zeller, Driving Germany: The Landscape of the German Autobahn, 1930–1970 (New York, 2007).

50.  Edward Ross Dickinson, “Biopolitics, Fascism and Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse about ‘Modernity,’ ” Central European History 37 (2004), 1–48.

51.  Konrad H. Jarausch and Fitz Brundage, “Masses: Mobilization versus Manipulation,” in Christof Mauch and Kiran Klaus Patel, eds. The US and Germany in the Twentieth Century: Competition and Convergence (New York, 2010).

11. UNLEASHING WORLD WAR II

  1.  Hoßbach Protocol, November 10, 1937, in German Historical Institute Documents and Images, vol. 7.

  2.  David Hoggan, The Forced War: When Peaceful Revision Failed (Costa Mesa, CA, 1989); and Gordon Martel, ed., The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: The A.J.P. Taylor Debate After Twenty-Five Years (Boston, 1986).

  3.  Andreas Hillgruber, Germany and the Two World Wars (Cambridge, 1981), versus Martin Broszat, The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich (London, 1981).

  4.  Nick Smart, Neville Chamberlain (London, 2010).

  5.  Keith Robbins, Appeasement (Oxford, 1988), 78–82.

  6.  Eric D. Weitz, “From the Vienna to the Paris System: International Politics and the Entangled Histories of Human Rights, Forced Deportations, and Civilizing Missions,” American Historical Review (December 2008), 1313–43.

  7.  Patricia Clavin, Securing the World Economy: The Reinvention of the League of Nations, 1920–1946 (New York, 2013).

  8.  Zara Steiner, The Lights That Failed: European International History, 1919–1933 (Oxford, 2005); and John Fischer Williams, “Recent Interpretations of the Briand-Kellogg Pact,” International Affairs (1935), 346–68.

  9.  F. S. Northredge, The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946 (New York, 1986).

10.  Carole Fink, Defending the Rights of Others: The Great Powers, the Jews, and International Minority Protection, 1878–1938 (New York, 2004), 257–74; and Philipp Ther, Die dunkle Seite der Nationalstaaten: “Ethnische Säuberungen” im modernen Europa (Göttingen, 2011).

11.  Andrew Weber, “The Transnational Dream: Politicians, Diplomats and Soldiers in the League of Nations’ Pursuit of International Disarmament, 1920–1938,” Contemporary European History 14 (2005), 493–518.

12.  Sir Herbert Samuel, “The World Economic Conference,” International Affairs (July 1933), 458–49. Cf. Barry Eichengreen and Marc Uzan, “The World Economic Conference as an Instance of Failed International Cooperation,” Berkeley Working Paper 90–149, 1990.

13.  Philip Jowett, Rays of the Rising Sun, vol. 1: Japan’s Asian Allies 1931–1945, China and Manchukuo (London, 2005).

14.  Zara Steiner, The Triumph of the Dark: European International History, 1933–1939 (New York, 2011).

15.  “Hitler’s Comments at a Dinner with the Chiefs of the Army and the Navy” (February 3, 1933), German History in Documents and Images, vol. 7. Cf. Klaus Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich: Deutsche Außenpolitik von Bismarck bis Hitler (Stuttgart, 1995), 563–78.

16.  Konrad H. Jarausch, The Four Power Pact, 1933 (Madison, 1966).

17.  Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 9–61.

18.  Wilhelm Deist, The Wehrmacht and German Rearmament (Toronto, 1981). Cf. Adam Tooze, Ökonomie der Zerstörung. Die Geschichte der Wirtschaft im Nationalsozialismus (Munich, 2007), 127–200.

19.  Gerhard Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany, vol. 1: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933–1936 (Chicago, 1970), 207–16.

20.  Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 136–80.

21.  Tooze, Ökonomie der Zerstörung, 243–334; and Hildebrand, Vergangenes Reich, 618–32.

22.  Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, rev. ed. (New York, 2001).

23.  Ian Kershaw, Hitler (London, 2008).

24.  Kevin Mason, “Building an Unwanted Nation: The Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nation, 1918–1934” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2007).

25.  Ernst Hanisch, Der lange Schatten des Staates: Österreichische Gesellschaftsgeschichte im 20. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1994).

26.  Günter Bischof, Anton Pelinka, and Alexander Lassner, eds., The Dollfuss/Schuschnigg Era in Austria: A Reassessment (New Brunswick, 2003).

27.  Hildebrand, Vergangenes Reich, 644–51.

28.  Gerhard Botz, Wien vom Anschluss zum Krieg (Vienna, 1978).

29.  Werner Welzig, Anschluss: März–April 1938 in Österreich (Vienna, 2010).

30.  Evan Bukey, Hitler’s Austria: Popular Sentiment in the Anschluss Era, 1938–1945 (Chapel Hill, 2000).

31.  Peter Judson, Guardians of the Nation: Activists and the Language Frontiers of Imperial Austria (Cambridge, 2006).

32.  Ron Smelser, The Sudeten Problem: Volkstumspolitik and the Formulation of Nazi Foreign Policy (Middletown, CT, 1975). Cf. Gary B. Cohen, The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861–1914 (Princeton, 1981).

33.  Telford Taylor, Munich: The Price of Peace (Garden City, 1979).

34.  Hildebrand, Vergangenes Reich, 651–66.

35.  Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 610–68. Cf. Alfred F. Havinghurst, Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century, 4th ed. (Chicago, 1985), 266–77.

36.  Chad Bryant, Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism (Cambridge, MA, 2007).

37.  Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Starting World War II, 1937–1939 (Chicago, 1980), 465–534.

38.  Jeffrey Record, The Specter of Munich: Reconsidering the Lessons of Appeasing Hitler (Washington, 2007).

39.  Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 832–44.

40.  Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 497–504.

41.  Hildebrand, Vergangenes Reich, 678ff.; and Tooze, Ökonomie der Zerstörung, 335–79.

42.  Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 (New Haven, 2006).

43.  Anna Kaminsky, Dietmar Müller, and Stefan Troebst, eds., Der Hitler-Stalin Pakt 1939 in den Erinnerungskulturen der Europäer (Göttingen, 2011), 49–84.

44.  Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 995–1035.

45.  Weinberg, Starting World War Two, 628–55.

46.  Ibid., 656–77.

47.  Gordon A. Craig and Francis L. Loewenheim, eds., The Diplomats, 1939–1979 (Princeton, 1994).

48.  Akira Irye, Cultural Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997).

49.  Geoff Eley, Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000 (Oxford, 2002).

50.  Richard Evans, Das Dritte Reich, vol. 2: Diktatur (Munich, 2006), 853–62.

12. AXIS CONQUEST

  1.  Guido Enderis, “Ceremony Is Brief: Keitel Reads Preamble to Demands in Presence of Hitler and Others,” New York Times, June 22, 1940. Cf. William S. Shirer, Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941 (New York, 1941), 419–28.

  2.  Louis P. Lochner, “The Blitzkrieg in Belgium: A Newsman’s Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 50 (1967), 337–46. Cf. Robert M. Citino, The Path to Blitzkrieg: Doctrine and Training in the German Army, 1920–1939 (Boulder, 1999).

  3.  Henry J. Reilly, “Blitzkrieg,” Foreign Affairs 18 (1940), 254–65.

  4.  William J. Fanning, “The Origin of the Term ‘Blitzkrieg’: Another View,” Journal of Military History 61 (1997), 283–302; Tobias Jersak, “Blitzkrieg Revisited: A New Look at Nazi War and Extermination Planning,” Historical Journal 43 (2000), 565–82; and Richard Overy, “Hitler’s War and the German Economy: A Reinterpretation,” Economic History Review 35 (1982), 272–91.

  5.  Heinz Guderian, Panzer Leader (New York, 2001), reissue with foreword by Basil H. Liddell Hart.

  6.  Lochner, “Blitzkrieg,” 339; and Ian Kershaw, “War and Political Violence in Twentieth Century Europe,” Contemporary European History 14 (2005), 1007–1123.

  7.  Shirer, Berlin Diary, 191–201.

  8.  Jochen Böhler, Der Überfall: Deutschlands Krieg gegen Polen (Frankfurt, 2009).

  9.  Alexander Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg: Ideology and Atrocity (Lawrence, 2003).

10.  Gerhard Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War Two (Cambridge, 1995), 64–73; and Adam Tooze, Ökonomie der Zerstörung: Die Geschichte der Wirtschaft im Nationalsozialismus (Munich, 2007), 381–427.

11.  Robert Edwards, The Winter War: The Russian Invasion of Finland, 1939–1940 (New York, 2008).

12.  Douglas C. Dildy, Denmark and Norway, 1940: Hitler’s Boldest Operation (Oxford, 2007).

13.  Shirer, Berlin Diary, 325–27; and Tooze, Ökonomie der Zerstörung, 380–427.

14.  Shirer, Berlin Diary, 532; and Weinberg, World at Arms, 122ff.

15.  Weinberg, World at Arms, 107–112.

16.  Karl-Heinz Frieser, Blitzkrieg-Legende: Der Westfeldzug, 1940, 2nd ed. (Munich, 1996).

17.  Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle: France, 1940 (Middlesex, 1969). Cf. MGFA., ed., Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (Stuttgart, 1979), vol. 2.

18.  Hugh Sebag-Montefiore, Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man (Cambridge, MA, 2006).

19.  Julian Jackson, The Fall of France: the Nazi Invasion of 1940 (Oxford, 2003). Shirer, Berlin Diary, 412.

20.  Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard, New Order (New York, 1972); and Henry Rousso, Vichy: L’événement, la mémoire, l’histoire (Paris, 2001).

21.  Joel Blatt, ed., The French Defeat of 1940: Reassessments (Providence, 1998).

22.  Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (London, 1991); The Churchill Centre, http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/128-we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches.

23.  Martin Marix Evans, Invasion! Operation Sealion, 1940 (Harlow, 2004). Cf. Alfred F. Havinghurst, Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century, 4th ed. (Chicago, 1985); 298–308.

24.  James Holland, The Battle of Britain: Five Months That Changed History, May–October 1940 (New York, 2011).

25.  Weinberg, World at Arms, 148–50; and Tooze, Ökonomie der Zerstörung, 459–71.

26.  Franz Kurowski, Das Afrika Korps: Erwin Rommel and the Germans in Africa, 1941–1943 (Mechanicsburg, PA, 2010).

27.  Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration (Stanford, 2001).

28.  MGFA, ed., Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (Stuttgart, 1984), vol. 3.

29.  Andrew Roberts, Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War (London, 2010), 119–35.

30.  Tooze, Ökonomie der Zerstörung, 495–532.

31.  Roberts, Storm of War, 136–73.

32.  MGFA, ed., Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, 2nd ed. (Stuttgart, 1987), vol. 3.

33.  Klaus Reinhardt, Die Wende vor Moskau: Das Scheitern der Strategie Hitlers im Winter 1941/42 (Stuttgart, 1972).

34.  Christian Hartmann, Unternehmen Barbarossa: Der deutsche Krieg im Osten 1941–1945 (Munich, 2011).

35.  Konrad H. Jarausch, Reluctant Accomplice: A Wehrmacht Soldier’s Letters from the East, 1939–1941 (Princeton, 2011).

36.  Roberts, Storm of War, 315ff.

37.  Weinberg, World at Arms, 408–20.

38.  Gerhard L. Weinberg, Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders (Cambridge, 2007).

39.  Christian Leitz, Nazi Germany and Neutral Europe during the Second World War (Manchester, 2000). Cf. Jean-François Bergier, ed., Die Schweiz, der Nationalsozialismus und der Zweite Weltkrieg (2002).

40.  Bernd Martin, Japan and Germany in the Modern World (Providence, 1995); and Ricky Law, “Knowledge Is Power: The Interwar German and Japanese Media in the Making of the Axis” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2012).

41.  Weinberg, World at Arms, 153–61, 238–45.

42.  Ernest R. May, “Nazi Germany and the United States,” Journal of Modern History 41 (1969), 207–14; and Jochen Thies, Hitler’s Plans for Global Domination: Nazi Architecture and Ultimate War Aims (New York, 2012).

43.  Roberts, Storm of War, 185–95. Cf. Emily S. Rosenberg, A Day Which Will Live: Pearl Harbor in American Memory (Durham, 2003).

44.  Saul Friedlander, Prelude to Downfall: Hitler and the United States, 1939–1941 (New York, 1967).

45.  Weinberg, World at War, 262–63; and Roberts, Storm of War, 193–97.

46.  Hermann Foertsch, The Art of Modern Warfare (New York, 1940); and Cyril Falls, The Nature of Modern Warfare (New York, 1941).

47.  Bevin Alexander, Inside the Nazi War Machine: How Three Generals Unleashed Hitler’s Blitzkrieg upon the World (New York, 2010).

48.  Roberts, Storm of War, 136–84.

49.  Weinberg, World at Arms, 408–31; and Tooze, Ökonomie der Zerstörung: 560–90.

50.  George Kassimiris and John Buckley, eds., The Ashgate Research Companion to Modern Warfare (Farnham, UK, 2010).

13. NAZI HOLOCAUST

  1.  Patrick Dempsey, Babi Yar: A Jewish Catastrophe (Measham, 2005).

  2.  Peter Novick, The Holocaust and Collective Memory: The American Experience (London, 2001). Cf. Christopher Browning, “The Personal Contexts of a Holocaust Historian: War, Politics, Trials and Professional Rivalry” (MS, Chapel Hill, 2014).

  3.  Norman Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth Century Europe (Cambridge, MA, 2001).

  4.  Daniel J. Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York, 1996). Cf. Geoff Eley, ed., The “Goldhagen Effect”: History, Memory, Nazism—Facing the German Past (Ann Arbor, 2000).

  5.  Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (London, 2010), 119–337.

  6.  Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography (New York, 2008), 486, 498, 521, 573f. Cf. Norman Rich, Hitler’s War Aims, 2 vols. (New York, 1973).

  7.  Vejas G. Lulevicius, The German Myth of the East, 1800 to the Present (New York, 2009).

  8.  Gustavo Corni, Blut und Boden: Rassenideologie und Agrarpolitik im Staat Hitlers (Idstein, 1994).

  9.  Jacob Katz, Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation (Syracuse, 1998).

10.  Konrad H. Jarausch, Students, Society and Politics in Imperial Germany: The Rise of Academic Illiberalism (Princeton, 1982).

11.  Peter Longerich, Heinrich Himmler (Oxford, 2012). Cf. Also Omer Bartov, “Defining Enemies, Making Victims: Germans, Jews, and the Holocaust,” American Historical Review 103 (1998), 771–816.

12.  Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. 1: The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939 (New York, 1997).

13.  Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. 2: The Years of Extermination, 1939–1945 (New York, 2007).

14.  Kershaw, Hitler, 597–603.

15.  Snyder, Bloodlands, 379–408.

16.  Richard Bessel, “Functionalists vs. Intentionalists: The Debate Twenty Years,” German Studies Review 26 (2003), 15–20.

17.  Gerhard Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War Two (Cambridge, 1994), 509–32.

18.  Ibid., 205ff., 245ff.

19.  Joseph Rothschild, Return to Diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe since World War II (New York, 1989).

20.  Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard, New Order, 1940–1944, 2nd. ed. (New York, 2001).

21.  Philippe Burrin, France under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise (New York, 1998).

22.  T. Ivan Berend, Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe before World War II (Berkeley, 1998), 396ff.; and Adam Tooze, Ökonomie der Zerstörung: Die Geschichte der Wirtschaft im Nationalsozialismus (Munich, 2007), 591–633.

23.  Istvan Deak, Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution during World War II (Boulder, CO, 2015), 41–107.

24.  Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), May 27, 1994.

25.  Götz Aly and Susanne Heim, Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction (Princeton, 2002).

26.  Valdis O. Lumans, Himmler’s Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1939–1945 (Chapel Hill, 1993).

27.  Snyder, Bloodlands, 119–54.

28.  Christian Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde: Die deutsche Wirtschafts- und Vernichtungspolitik in Weißrussland, 1941–1944 (Hamburg, 1998). Cf. Konrad H. Jarausch, Reluctant Accomplice: A Wehrmacht Soldier’s Letters from the East, 1939–1941 (Princeton, 2011), 239–366.

29.  Mark Spoerer, Zwangsarbeit unter dem Hakenkreuz: Ausländische Zivilarbeiter, Kriegsgefangene und Häftlinge im Deutschen Reich und im besetzten Europa 1938–1945 (Stuttgart, 2001).

30.  Robert Koehl, RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939–1945: A History of the Reich Commission for the Strengthening of Germandom (Cambridge, MA, 1957).

31.  Snyder, Bloodlands, 379–414.

32.  Eric Weitz, A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation (Princeton, 2003).

33.  Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill, 1995).

34.  Christopher R. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy 1939–1942 (Lincoln, 2004).

35.  Christopher Browning, Remembering Survival: Inside a Nazi Slave Labor Camp (New York, 2010).

36.  Eric Steinhart, “Creating Killers: The Nazification of the Black Sea Germans and the Holocaust in Southern Ukraine, 1941–1944” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2010); and Waitman Beorn, Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust in Belarus (Cambridge, MA, 2014).

37.  Patrick Desbois, The Holocaust by Bullets: A Priest’s Journey to Uncover the Truth behind the Murder of 1.5 Million Jews in 2008 (New York, 2008).

38.  Saul Friedländer, The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945 (New York, 2007).

39.  Charles Katzengold to Henri and Paula, August 30, 1945, Paula Cassen, “Mes Mémoirs de Guerre,” http://cassen.weebly.com/documents.html. I would like to thank Flora Cassen for sharing this document.

40.  Laurence Rees, Auschwitz: A New History (New York, 2005).

41.  Elie Wiesel, Night (New York, 1982), 21–32. Cf. also Tadeuz Borowski, This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen (New York, 1976), 20–49.

42.  Paul J. Weindling, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials: From Medical War Crimes to Informed Consent (Houndmills, 2004).

43.  Oral testimony of Irmgard Mueller, Chapel Hill, 2004; and Ruth Klüger, Still Alive: A Holocaust Girlhood Remembered (New York, 2001).

44.  Yehuda Bauer, The Death of the Stetl (New Haven, 2009).

45.  Lucy S. Davidowicz, The War on the Jews, 1933–1945 (New York, 1986).

46.  Alon Confino, Foundational Pasts: The Holocaust as Historical Understanding (New York, 2012).

47.  Peter Longerich, “Davon haben wir nichts gewusst!” Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung, 1933–1945 (Munich, 2006). Cf. Eric A. Johnson and Karl-Heinz Reuband, What We Knew: Terror, Mass Murder and Everyday Life in Nazi Germany (Cambridge, MA, 2005).

48.  Ulrich Herbert, Best: Biographische Studien über Radikalismus, Weltanschauung und Vernunft, 1903–1989 (Bonn, 1996); and Michel Wildt, An Uncompromising Generation: The Nazi Leadership of the Reich Security Main Office (Madison, 2009).

49.  Konrad H. Jarausch, “The Conundrum of Complicity: German Professionals and the Final Solution,” in Alan E. Steinweis and Robert D. Rachlin, eds., The Law in Nazi Germany: Ideology, Opportunism and the Perversion of Justice (New York, 2013).

50.  Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Milieus und Widerstand: Eine Verhaltens-geschichte der Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus (Bonn, 1995).

51.  Martin Broszat, The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich (London, 1981). Cf. Joachim Hagenauer and Martin Pabst, Anpassung, Unbotmäßigkeit und Widerstand (Munich, 2014).

52.  Norman Davies, Rising ’44. The Battle for Warsaw (New York, 2004).

53.  Peter Hoffmann, The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945, 3rd ed. (Montreal, 1996).

54.  Zygmunt Bauman, “Sociology after the Holocaust,” British Journal of Sociology 39 (1988), 469–97.

55.  Omer Bartov, The Eastern Front, 1941–1945: Germany and the Barbarisation of Warfare, 2nd ed. (New York, 2001).

56.  Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, vol. 4: Vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs bis zur Gründung der beiden deutschen Staaten, 1914–1949 (Munich, 2003).

57.  Michael Freeman, “Genocide, Civilization and Modernity,” British Journal of Sociology 46 (1995), 207–3.

58.  Dan Diner, “Einleitung,” in idem, ed., Zivilisationsbruch: Denken nach Auschwitz (Frankfurt, 1988).

59.  Eric Dunning and Stephen Mennell, “Elias on Germany, Nazism and the Holocaust: On the Balance between ‘Civilizing’ and ‘Decivilizing’ Trends in the Social Development of Western Europe,” British Journal of Sociology 49 (1998), 339–57.

14. BITTER VICTORY

  1.  Andy Rooney, My War (New York, 2000).

  2.  Andrew Roberts, The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War (London, 2009).

  3.  Gerhard Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War Two (New York, 1994).

  4.  Kurt Vonnegut, Slautherhouse-five, or, the Children’s Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death (New York, 1969); and W. G. Sebald, Luftkrieg und Literatur (Munich, 1999).

  5.  William I. Hitchcock, The Bitter Road to Freedom: A New History of the Liberation of Europe (Glencoe, 2008).

  6.  Weinberg, World at Arms, 438–40.

  7.  Antony Beevor, Stalingrad (New York, 1998).

  8.  Wolfram Wette and Gerd R. Überschär, eds., Stalingrad: Mythos und Wirklichkeit einer Schlacht (Frankfurt, 2012).

  9.  Anthony Beevor and Luba Vinogradova, eds., A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army, 1941–1945 (New York, 2007); and S.L.A. Marshall, ed., Last Letters from Stalingrad (New York, 1965).

10.  Charles R. Anderson, Algeria-French Morocco, 8 November 1942–11 November 1942 (Washington, 1993).

11.  Roberts, Storm of War, 281–314. Cf. Robert M. Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht: The German Campaigns of 1942 (Lawrence, 2007).

12.  Randall L. Bytwerk, Landmark Speeches of National Socialism (College Station, 2008). Cf. Jay Baird, “The Myth of Stalingrad,” Journal of Contemporary History 4 (1969), 187–204.

13.  Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (London, 1970).

14.  Adam Tooze, Ökonomie der Zerstörung: Die Geschichte der Wirtschaft im Nationalsozialismus (Munich, 2007), 734–35.

15.  Roberts, Storm of War, 351–69.

16.  Ibid., 369–374. Donald F. Bittner, The Lion and the White Falcon: Britain and Iceland in the World War Two Era (Hamden, 1983).

17.  Jörg Friedrich, The Fire: The Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945 (New York, 2006); and Randall Hansen, Fire and Fury: The Allied Bombing of Germany, 1942–1945 (Toronto, 2008).

18.  Alfred C. Mierzejewski, The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944–1945: Allied Air Power and the German National Railways (Chapel Hill, 1988).

19.  Francis Harry Hinsley and Alan Stripp, Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchly Park (Oxford, 2001).

20.  Jay Baird, The Mythical World of Nazi War Propaganda, 1939–1945 (Minneapolis, 1973); and Susan A. Brewer, Why America Fights: Patriotism and War Propaganda from the Philippines to Iraq (New York, 2009).

21.  Stephen Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower (New York, 2012).

22.  Roberts, Storm of War, 375ff.

23.  George F. Botjer, Sideshow War: The Italian Campaign, 1943–1945 (College Station, 1996).

24.  Michael Carver, War in Italy, 1943–1945 (London, 2004).

25.  Stephen D. Ambrose, D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II (New York, 1995). Cf. Jean Quellien, Landing Beaches (Bayeux, 2010).

26.  Anthony Beevor, D-Day: The Battle for Normandy (London, 2009).

27.  Werner T. Angress, Witness to the Storm: A Jewish Journey from Nazi Berlin to the 82nd Airborne, 1920–1945 (Durham, 2012), 227ff.

28.  Roberts, Storm of War, 461–519.

29.  Ibid., 529ff. Cf. Robert M. Citino, The Wehrmacht Retreats: Fighting a Lost War, 1943 (Lawrence, 2012).

30.  Roland G. Foerster, ed., Gezeitenwechsel im Zweiten Weltkrieg? Die Schlachten von Char’kov und Kursk in operativer Anlage, Verlauf und politischer Bedeutung (Hamburg, 1996).

31.  David M. Glantz and Jonathan House, The Battle of Kursk (Lawrence, 1999).

32.  Earl F. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East (Washington, 1968).

33.  Gerhard Krapf, “Recollections” (MS, Calgary, 1990s), 550–779.

34.  Norman Davies, Rising ’44: The Battle for Warsaw (London, 2004).

35.  Alexander Glantz, When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler (Lawrence, 1995).

36.  Istvan Deak, Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution during World War II (Boulder, CO, 2015), 179–89.

37.  Ian Kershaw, The End: Hitler’s Germany, 1944–1945 (London, 2011).

38.  Friedrich Georg, Hitler’s Miracle Weapons: Secret Nuclear Weapons and Their Carrier Systems in the Third Reich (Solihull, 2003), vol. 1.

39.  David K. Yelton, Hitler’s Volkssturm: The Nazi Militia and the Fall of Germany, 1944–1945 (Lawrence, 2002).

40.  Stephen G. Fritz, Endkampf: Soldiers, Civilians and the Death of the Third Reich (Lexington, 2004).

41.  Patrick Delaforce, The Battle of the Bulge: Hitler’s Final Gamble (Harlow, 2004).

42.  Max Hastings, Armageddon: The Battle for Germany (New York, 2004).

43.  Richard J. Overy, Russia’s War (New York, 1998).

44.  Anthony Beevor, The Fall of Berlin, 1945 (New York, 2002).

45.  Earl F. Ziemke, The US Army in the Occupation of Germany, 1944–1946 (Washington, 1975).

46.  Roberts, Storm of War, 578–608; and Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (New York, 1996).

47.  Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography (New York, 2008), 956–69.

48.  Alexander Werth, Russia at War, 1941–1945 (New York, 1964).

49.  Weinberg, World at Arms, 894–920.

50.  Hitchcock, Bitter Road to Freedom, 367ff. Cf. Michael Bess, Choices Under Fire: Moral Dimensions of World War II (New York, 2006); and Jörg Echternkamp and Stefan Matens, eds., Der Zweite Weltkrieg in Europa: Erfahrung und Erinnerung (Paderborn, 2007).

15. DEMOCRATIC RENEWAL

  1.  “Report of the Crimea Conference (Yalta), February 11, 1945,” Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers; The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 (Washington, 1955); and Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York, 1973), 173–201.

  2.  Margaret Bourke-White, “Dear Fatherland, Rest Quietly”: A Report on the Collapse of Hitler’s Thousand Years (New York, 1946).

  3.  John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 (New York, 1972).

  4.  Gerhard Weinberg, Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders (Cambridge, 2007).

  5.  Axel Schildt and Arnold Sywottek, eds., Modernisierung im Wiederaufbau. Die westdeutsche Gesellschaft der 50er Jahre (Bonn, 1998).

  6.  “City’s Celebration Chilled by Mayor,” “Russia Emphasizes Triumph of Allies,” “Paris Celebrates Resistance Birth,” and “King Urges Britain to Work for Peace,” New York Times, May 8, 11; June 19; August 16, 1945.

  7.  Drew Middleton, The Struggle for Germany (Indianapolis, 1949).

  8.  Rűdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Munich, 2000). Since casualty statistics are notoriously imprecise, the above figures are only rough estimates.

  9.  Anna M. Holihan, Between National Socialism and Soviet Communism: Displaced Persons in Postwar Germany (Ann Arbor, 2011); and R. M. Douglas, Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War (New Haven, 2012).

10.  Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–1951 (London, 1984). Cf. Paul Steege, Black Market: Everyday Life in Berlin, 1946–1949 (Cambridge, 2007).

11.  Michaela Hönicke-Moore, Know Your Enemy: The American Debate about Nazism, 1939–1945 (New York, 2010), 271–350.

12.  Ulrich Herbert and Axel Schildt, eds., Kriegsende in Europa: Vom Beginn des deutschen Machtzerfalls bis zur Stabilisierung der Nachkriegsordnung, 1944–1948 (Essen, 1998).

13.  For instance the reportages of William Vandiver in Life Magazine, summer 1945.

14.  Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 (London, 2005) 100–128.

15.  Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 (New Haven, 2006).

16.  Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War Two (New York, 1994), 842–93.

17.  “The Potsdam Decisions” and “Text of Communiqué Issued by Big Three after Conclusion of Berlin Conference,” New York Times, August 3, 1945. Herbert Feis, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference (Princeton, 1960).

18.  Klaus-Dietmar Henke, Die amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands (Munich, 1995).

19.  Steven K. Pavlowitch, A History of the Balkans, 1804–1945 (London, 1999).

20.  James L. Gormly, From Potsdam to the Cold War: Big Three Diplomacy, 1945–1947 (Washington, 1990).

21.  Robert Cecil, “Potsdam Legends,” International Affairs 46 (1970), 455–65.

22.  Marcel Gauchet, L’avènement de la démocratie, 3 vols. (Paris, 2007–10).

23.  Judt, Postwar, 41–62. Cf. Istvan Deak, Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution during World War II (Boulder, CO, 2015), 211–23.

24.  Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992).

25.  Rodney Lowe, The Welfare State in Britain since 1945, 3rd ed. (Basingstoke, 2005); and Alfred F. Havinghurst, Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century, 4th ed. (Chicago, 1985), 375–85.

26.  Jean-Pierre Rioux, The Fourth Republic, 1944–1958 (Cambridge, 1987).

27.  Judt, Postwar, 63–99.

28.  Jan-Werner Müller, Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth Century Europe (New Haven, 2011), 126ff.

29.  Hönicke-Moore, Know Your Enemy, 177–269.

30.  Henke, Amerikanische Besetzung, passim.

31.  Konrad H. Jarausch, After Hitler: Recivilizing Germany (New York, 2005).

32.  Anthony J. Nicholls, Freedom with Responsibility: The Social Market Economy in Germany, 1918–1963 (Oxford, 1984).

33.  Wolfgang Benz, Auftrag Demokratie: Die Gründungsgeschichte der Bundesrepublik und die Entstehung der DDR, 1945–1949 (Berlin, 2009).

34.  Hans–Peter Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution, and Reconstruction, 3 vols. (Providence, 1995ff.).

35.  Norman Kogan, A Political History of Italy: The Postwar Years (New York, 1983).

36.  Rolf Steininger, Austria, Germany, and the Cold War: From the Anschluss to the State Treaty, 1938–1955 (New York, 2008).

37.  Jeremi Suri, Liberty’s Surest Guardian: American Nation-Building from the Founders to Obama (New York, 2011).

38.  I. William Zartman and Saadia Touval, eds., International Cooperation: The Extents and Limits of Multilateralism (New York, 2010).

39.  Daniel Chernilo, A Social Theory of the Nation-State: The Political Forms of Modernity beyond Methodological Nationalism (London, 2007).

40.  United Nations, “History of the United Nations,” http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/.

41.  Mark Mazower, No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations (Princeton, 2009).

42.  Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–51 (London, 1984).

43.  Gustav Schmidt, ed., A History of NATO: The First Fifty Years, 3 vols. (London, 2001).

44.  Sergio Pistone, The Union of European Federalists (Milan, 2008).

45.  Sherill Brown Wells, Jean Monnet: Unconventional Statesman (Boulder, 2011).

46.  Lutz Niethammer, ed., Lebensgeschichte und Sozialkultur im Ruhrgebiet, 1930–1960, 2 vols. (Bonn, 1983).

47.  Paul Nolte, Was ist Demokratie? Geschichte und Gegenwart (Munich, 2012), 284–340.

48.  Ludger Helms, Presidents, Prime Ministers and Chancellors: Executive Leadership in Western Democracies (New York, 2005).

49.  Peter Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity: Class Bases of the European Welfare State, 1875–1975 (Cambridge, 1991).

50.  Charles S. Maier, “The Two Postwar Eras and the Conditions for Stability in Twentieth Century Western Europe,” American Historical Review 86 (1981), 327–52.

16. DICTATING COMMUNISM

  1.  Robert Powell, “Jan Masaryk,” The Slavonic and East European Review 28 (1950), 332–41; and Igor Lukes, “The Birth of a Police State: The Czechoslovak Ministry of the Interior, 1945–48,” National Security 11 (1996), 78–88.

  2.  Voitech Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (New York, 1996).

  3.  Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York, 1958, new ed., 1966); and Carl Friedrich and Z. K. Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, 1956, 2nd ed., 1967). Cf. Anson Rabinbach, “Moments of Totalitarianism,” History and Theory 45 (2006), 72–100.

  4.  Sheila Fitzpatrick and Michael Geyer, eds., Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared (Cambridge, 2009). Cf. Konrad H. Jarausch, ed., Dictatorship as Experience: Towards a Socio-Cultural History of the GDR (New York, 1999).

  5.  Konrad H. Jarausch and Hannes Siegrist, eds., Amerikanisierung und Sowjetisierung in Deutschland 1945–1970 (Frankfurt, 1997). Cf. Balasz Apor, Peter Apor, and E. A. Rees, eds., The Sovietization of Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on the Postwar Period (Washington, 2008), 1–27.

  6.  Markku Kangaspuro, Jussi Lassila, and Tatiana Zhurzhenko, eds., Renarrating Heroism, Making Sense of Suffering: Memories of WWII in Russia and Beyond (New York, 2014).

  7.  Special exhibition on postwar Russia in the Deutsch-Russisches Museum in Berlin-Karlshorst, Germany.

  8.  Rainer Karlsch and Jochen Laufer, eds., Sowjetische Demontagen in Deutschland, 1944–1949: Hintergründe und Wirkungen (Berlin, 2002).

  9.  Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (New York, 1962).

10.  Olga Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time: My Years with Pasternak (Garden City, 1978), 80.

11.  Roger R. Reese, The Soviet Military Experience: A History of the Soviet Army, 1917–1991 (New York, 2000).

12.  Rothschild, Return of Diversity, 78–80; and the digitized SMAD database of David Pike.

13.  Gale Stokes, ed., From Stalinism to Pluralism: A Documentary History of Eastern Europe since 1945, 2nd. ed. (New York, 1996).

14.  Teresa Toranska, “Them”: Stalin’s Polish Puppets (New York, 1987), 256ff.

15.  Norman Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation (Cambridge, MA, 1995).

16.  Gale Stokes, The Walls Came Tumbling Down: Collapse and Rebirth in Eastern Europe, rev. ed. (New York, 2012). Cf. I. Lukes, On the Edge of the Cold War: American Diplomats and Spies in Postwar Prague (New York, 2012).

17.  Wolfgang Leonhard, Die Revolution entlässt ihre Kinder (Leipzig, 1990), 406.

18.  Corey Ross, The East German Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of the GDR (London, 2002).

19.  Andre Steiner, The Plans That Failed: An Economic History of the GDR (New York, 2010).

20.  Czesław Miłosz, The Captive Mind (New York, 1951), 57ff.

21.  Richard Crossman, ed., The God That Failed (London, 1949).

22.  Michael Lemke, ed., Sowjetisierung und Eigenständigkeit in der SBZ/DDR, 1945–1953 (Cologne, 1999).

23.  Joseph Rothschild, Return to Diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe since World War II (New York, 1989), 77–146. Cf. Mike Schmeitzner, “Auf dem Weg zur Diktatur des Proletariats: Die KPD/SED als Instrument der Diktaturdurchsetzung,” in Jens Gieseke and Hermann Wentker; eds., Die Geschichte der SED: Eine Bestandsaufnahme (Berlin, 2011), 60–82.

24.  Klaus Schroeder, Der SED-Staat: Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft, 1949–1990 (Munich, 1998); and Donna Harsch, Revenge of the Domestic: Women, the Family and Communism in the GDR (Princeton, 2007).

25.  T. Ivan Berend, Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery (Cambridge, 1996).

26.  John Connelly, Captive University: The Sovietization of East German, Czech, and Polish Higher Education, 1945–1956 (Chapel Hill, 2000).

27.  David Pike, The Politics of Culture in Soviet Occupied Germany, 1945–1949 (Stanford, 1992).

28.  Andrew I. Port, Conflict and Stability in the German Democratic Republic (Cambridge, 2007).

29.  Vojtech Mastny and Malcolm Byrne, eds., A Cardboard Castle? An Inside History of The Warsaw Pact, 1955–1991 (Budapest, 2005).

30.  Zbigniew K. Brzezinski, The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict (Cambridge, MA, 1967).

31.  Sergei Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, 3 vols. (College Station, 2004–7). Cf. William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York, 2003).

32.  Arch Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (Lexington, 2003).

33.  Gary Bruce, Resistance with the People: Repression and Resistance in Eastern Germany, 1945–1955 (Lanham, 2003).

34.  “Text of Speech on Stalin by Khrushchev as released by the State Department,” New York Times, May 6, 1956; and Taubman, Khrushchev.

35.  Steven V. Bittner, The Many Lives of Khrushchev’s Thaw: Experience and Memory in Moscow’s Arbat (Ithaca, 2008).

36.  Pawel Machcewicz, Rebellious Satellite: Poland 1956 (Stanford, 2009). Cf. Carole Fink, Frank Hadler, and Thomas Schramm, eds., 1956: European and Global Perspectives (Leipzig, 2006).

37.  John P. C. Mathews, Explosion: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (New York, 2006). Cf. Janos M. Rainer, Imre Nagy: Vom Parteisoldaten zum Märtyrer des ungarischen Volksaufstands (Paderborn, 2006).

38.  Polly Jones, ed., The Dilemmas of De-Stalinization: Negotiating Cultural and Social Change in the Khrushchev Era (London, 2006).

39.  Eli Rubin, Synthetic Socialism: Plastics and Dictatorship in the German Democratic Republic (Chapel Hill, 2008).

40.  Matthew Brzezinski, Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries That Ignited the Space Age (New York, 2007).

41.  Susan E. Reid, “Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev,” Slavic Review 61 (2002), 211–52.

42.  Judd Stitziel, Fashioning Socialism: Clothing, Politics and Consumer Culture in East Germany (Oxford, 2005).

43.  Jonathan R. Zatlin, The Currency of Socialism: Money and Political Culture in East Germany (Cambridge, 2007).

44.  Lorenz M. Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet Split: The Cold War in the Communist World (Princeton, 2008).

45.  William J. Tompson, “The Fall of Nikita Khrushchev,” Soviet Studies 43, 1101–21.

46.  Malgorzata Mazurek and Matthew Hilton, “Consumerism, Solidarity and Communism: Consumer Protection and the Consumer Movement in Poland,” Journal of Contemporary History 42 (2007), 315–43.

47.  Johann P. Arnason, “Communism and Modernity,” Daedalus 129 (2000), 61–90.

48.  Rothschild, Return to Diversity, 145–90; and Mary Fulbrook, The People’s State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker (New Haven, 2005).

49.  Jürgen Kocka, “The GDR: A Special Kind of Modern Dictatorship,” and Detlef Pollack, “Modernization and Modernization Blockages in GDR Society,” in Dictatorship as Experience, 17–45.

50.  Ann Applebaum, Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1945–1956 (New York, 2012).

51.  Arnason, “Communism and Modernity,” 76–79. Cf. Rothschild, Return to Diversity, 191–225.

17. COLD WAR CRISES

  1.  Roger Gene Miller, To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 (College Station, 2000).

  2.  Daniel F. Harrington, Berlin on the Brink: The Blockade, the Airlift and the Early Cold War (Lexington, 2012).

  3.  Michael F. Hopkins, “Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History,” Historical Journal 50 (2007), 913–34. See also the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, headed by Christian Ostermann.

  4.  Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, eds., The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 2010).

  5.  Sean Forner, German Intellectuals and the Challenge of Democratic Renewal: Culture and Politics after 1945 (Cambridge, 2015).

  6.  Richard H. Immerman and Petra Goedde, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War (Oxford, 2013); and Geoffrey Warner, “The Cold War in Retrospect,” International Affairs 87 (2011), 173–84.

  7.  John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (London, 2005), 7ff.

  8.  Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev, rev. ed. (Chapel Hill, 2009), 16–36.

  9.  Melvyn Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union and the Cold War (New York, 2007).

10.  J.P.B. Dunabin, The Cold War: The Great Powers and Their Allies (Harlow, 1994).

11.  Gerhard Wettig, Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of the East-West Conflict, 1939–1953 (Lanham, 2008).

12.  George Kennan, “The Long Telegram,” February 22, 1946, http://www.ntanet.net/KENNAN.html; and Gaddis, Cold War, 29–30.

13.  Walter Lippmann, The Cold War: A Study in US Foreign Policy (New York, 1947).

14.  Zubok, Failed Empire, 35–36.

15.  Ibid., 36–46.

16.  Gaddis, Cold War, 30–31; Aida D. Donald, Citizen Soldier: A Life of Harry S. Truman (New York, 2012).

17.  Günter Bischof and Dieter Stiefel, eds., Images of the Marshall Plan in Europe: Films, Photographs, Exhibits, Posters (Innsbruck, 2009).

18.  J. F. Brown, Eastern Europe and Communist Rule (Durham, 1988).

19.  Zubok, Failed Empire, 62–74.

20.  Gerhard Wettig, ed., Der Tjulpanov-Bericht: Sowjetische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (Göttingen, 2012).

21.  Klaus-Dietmar Henke, Die amerikanische Besatzung Deutschlands (Munich, 1995).

22.  Winston Churchill, “The Sinews of Peace,” in Robert Rhodes James, ed., Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963 (New York, 1974), 7:7285–93.

23.  Bernd Stöver, Der Kalte Krieg, 1947–1991: Geschichte eines radikalen Zeitalters (Munich, 2007).

24.  William R. Smyser, Yalta to Berlin: The Cold War Struggle over Germany (New York, 1999), 75–76.

25.  Andrei Cherny, The Candy Bombers: The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and America’s Finest Hour (New York, 2008).

26.  Henry Ashby Turner, Germany from Partition to Reunification (New Haven, 1992).

27.  Peter Grieder, The German Democratic Republic (Basingstoke, 2012).

28.  Zubok, Failed Empire, 78–85.

29.  David Clay Large, Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era (Chapel Hill, 1996).

30.  Gaddis, Cold War, 32–47.

31.  Andreas Etges, Konrad H. Jarausch, and Christian Ostermann, eds., The Cold War: History, Memory and Representation (Stanford, 2015).

32.  Gaddis, Cold War, 48–72.

33.  Richard C. S. Trahair and Robert L. Miller, eds., Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies and Secret Operations, rev. ed. (New York, 2012).

34.  Volker R. Berghahn, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe: Shepard Stone between Philanthropy, Academy, and Diplomacy (Princeton, 2001).

35.  Michael Lemke, Vor der Mauer: Berlin in der Ost-West-Konkurrenz, 1948–1961 (Cologne, 2011), 29–418.

36.  Siegfried Weichlein, “The Cultural Cold War and Cold War Culture: Interdisciplinary Perspectives,” in The Cold War: History, Memory and Representation.

37.  Chris Alden, Sally Morphet, and Marco Antonio Vieira, The South in World Politics (Basingstoke, 2010).

38.  Charles E. Osgood, “An Analysis of the Cold War Mentality,” Journal of Social Issues 17, No. 3 (1961), 12–17.

39.  Bernd Stöver, Die Befreiung vom Kommunismus: Amerikanische Liberation Policy im Kalten Krieg, 1947–1991 (Cologne, 2002).

40.  Zubok, Failed Empire, 101–22.

41.  Gaddis, Cold War, 66–72.

42.  Zubok, Failed Empire, 129–37.

43.  Hope Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961 (Princeton, 2003).

44.  Pertti Ahonen, Death at the Berlin Wall (Oxford, 2011); and Hans-Hermann Hertle and Maria Nooke, eds., The Victims at the Berlin Wall, 1961–1989: A Biographical Handbook (Berlin, 2011).

45.  Dan Munton, The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Concise History (New York, 2012).

46.  Zubok, Failed Empire, 149–52; and Gaddis, Cold War, 79–82.

47.  Edith Sheffer, Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain (New York, 2011).

48.  Christof Mauch and Kiran Klaus Patel, eds., The United States and Germany during the Twentieth Century: Competition and Convergence (New York, 2010). Cf. Ulrich Herbert, Geschichte Deutschlands im 20. Jahrhundert (Munich, 2014), 616.

49.  Marie-Janine Calic, Dietmar Neutatz, and Julia Obertreis, eds., The Crisis of Socialist Modernity: The Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in the 1970s (Göttingen, 2011), 9–14.

50.  Geir Lundestad, The United States and Western Europe since 1945: From “Empire by Invitation” to Transatlantic Drift (New York, 2003), 1–3.

51.  Holger Nehring, “National Internationalists: British and West German Protests against Nuclear Weapons, the Politics of Transnational Communications and the Social History of the Cold War, 1957–1964,” Contemporary European History 14 (205), 559–82.

52.  Victoria and Albert Museum catalogue, Cold War Modern: Design 1945–1970 (London, 2008).

18. DISAPPOINTING DECOLONIZATION

  1.  Harry Gilroy, “Lumumba Assails Colonialism as Congo Is Freed,” New York Times, July 1, 1960.

  2.  Ilunga Kabongo, “The Catastrophe of Belgian Decolonization,” in Prosser Gifford and W. Roger Louis, eds., Decolonization and African Independence (New Haven, 1988), 381–400.

  3.  Gyan Prakash, “Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Criticism,” American Historical Review 99 (1994), 1475–90.

  4.  Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power (New York, 2002).

  5.  Gifford and Louis, “Introduction,” in idem, Decolonization, ix–xxix.

  6.  Ibid., xxvi, and Frederick Cooper, Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa (Cambridge, 1996).

  7.  Hew Strachan, The First World War in Africa (New York, 2004).

  8.  Krishnan Srinivasan, The Rise, Decline and Future of the British Commonwealth (Basingstoke, 2005).

  9.  Gerhard L. Weinberg, World at Arms: A Global History of World War Two (New York, 1994), 1142ff.

10.  András Balogh and Zafar Imam, A Political History of National Liberation Movement in Asia and Africa, 1914–1985 (New Dehli, 1988).

11.  United Nations, “The United Nations and Decolonization,” http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/charter.shtml.

12.  Simone Panther-Brick, Gandhi and Nationalism: The Path to Indian Independence (London, 2012).

13.  Adrian Vickers, A History of Modern Indonesia (New York, 2005).

14.  Prasenjit Duara, Decolonization: Rewriting Histories (London, 2004), 2–18. Cf. Frederick Cooper, “Reconstructing Empire in British and French Africa,” Past and Present 210, suppl. 6 (2011), 196–210.

15.  Michael Burleigh, Small Wars, Faraway Places: Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World, 1945–1965 (New York, 2013).

16.  Pierre Brocheux, Ho Chi Minh: A Biography (New York, 2007); and Martin Winslow, The Last Valley: The French Defeat at Dien Bien Phu (London, 2004).

17.  Anthony Low, “The End of British Empire in Africa,” and Keith Panter-Brick, “Independence, French Style,” in Gifford and Louis, Decolonization, 33–104.

18.  Anthony Gorst and Lewis Johnman, The Suez Crisis (London, 1997).

19.  Franz Fanon, “Algeria Unveiled,” in idem, A Dying Colonialism (New York, 1967); and Benjamin Stora, Algeria, 1830–2000: A Short History (Ithaca, 2001), 29–116.

20.  William R. Louis, Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization (London, 2006).

21.  Lindsey Michie Eades, The End of Apartheid in South Africa (Westport, 1999).

22.  Duara, Decolonization, 2–18. Cf. Alfred F. Havinghurst, Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century, 4th ed. (Chicago, 1985), 471–79.

23.  Cooper, Decolonization, 455ff.

24.  Timothy C. Weiskel, “Independence and the Longue Dureé: The Ivory Coast ‘Miracle’ Reconsidered,” in Gifford and Louis, Decolonization, 347–80.

25.  Crawford Young, “The Colonial State and Post-Colonial Crisis,” in Gifford and Louis, Decolonization, 1–32.

26.  Gareth Austin, “African Economic Development and Colonial Legacies,” International Development Policy 1 (2010), 11–32.

27.  Martin Thomas, Bob Moore, and L. J. Butler, The Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe’s Imperial States, 1918–1975 (London, 2008).

28.  Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, 1960).

29.  Christopher E. Goscha and Christian F. Ostermann, eds., Connecting Histories: Decolonization and the Cold War in Southeast Asia, 1945–1962 (Washington, 2009).

30.  Michael Mann, “Post-Colonial Development in Africa,” Foreign Policy Journal, June 3, 2012.

31.  Edmond J. Keller, “Decolonization, Independence, and the Failure of Politics,” in Phyllis Martin and Patrick O’Meara, eds., Africa, 3rd ed. (Bloomington, 1995), 156–71.

32.  Albert Memmi, Decolonization and the Decolonized (Minneapolis, 2006), ix–xiv.

33.  Ben Kiernan, Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur (New Haven, 2007).

34.  Giuliani Garavini, After Empires: Integration, Decolonization and Challenges from the Global South (Oxford, 2012).

35.  Massimo Livi-Bacci, A Concise History of World Population, 5th ed. (Chichester, 2012).

36.  Leslie J. Favor, Natural Disasters (New York, 2011).

37.  Simon Allison, “Africa’s Economic Growth Miracle: ‘It’s the Real Thing,’ ” Daily Maverick, November 9, 2012.

38.  Cheik Anta Babou, “Decolonization of National Liberation: Debating the End of British Colonial Rule in Africa,” The ANNALS of the AAPSS, 632 (November 2010), 41–54.

39.  Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York, 2000).

40.  Bethwell A. Ogot and Tiyambe Zezela, “Kenya: The Road to Independence and After,” in Gifford and Louis, Decolonization, 401–26.

41.  Andrea L. Smith, ed., Europe’s Invisible Migrants (Amsterdam 2003).

42.  Bouda Etemad, “Europe and Migration after Decolonization,” Journal of European Economic History 27 (1998), 457–70.

43.  Joan Scott, The Politics of the Veil (Princeton, 2010). Cf. Jytte Klausen, The Islamic Challenge: Politics and Religion in Western Europe (Oxford, 2005).

44.  Tony Chater, “France and Senegal: The End of an Affair?” SAIS Review 23 (2003), 155–67.

45.  Jewan-Philippe Peemans, “Imperial Hangovers: Belgium—the Economics of Decolonization,” Journal of Contemporary History 15 (1980), 257–86.

46.  Hans Holmen, Snakes in Paradise: NGO’s and the Aid Industry in Africa (Sterling, VA, 2010).

47.  David Strang, “From Dependency to Sovereignty: An Event History Analysis of Decolonization, 1870–1987,” American Sociological Review 55 (1990), 846–60.

48.  Alexander McCall Smith’s novels, called The No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency (New York, 2002), provide an imaginative description of the transition in Botswana.

49.  Martin Shipway, Decolonization and Its Impact: A Comparative Historical Approach to the End of the Colonial Empire (Oxford, 2008).

50.  Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, “Fiftieth Anniversary of Decolonization in Africa: A Moment of Celebration or Critical Reflection?” Third Word Quarterly 33 (2012), 71–89.

51.  Steve McDonald, “Africa’s Long Spring,” Wilson Quarterly, Winter 2013.

19. ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

  1.  Arnaldo Cortesi, “West Europeans Sign Pacts Today,” and “Europeans Unite in Customs Union and Atom Agency,” New York Times, March 24 and 26, 1957.

  2.  Europa (European Union), “The Treaty of Rome,” March 25, 1957, http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/emu_history/documents/treaties/rometreaty2.pdf.

  3.  Konrad H. Jarausch and Thomas Lindenberger, eds., Conflicted Memories: Europeanizing Contemporary Histories (New York, 2007).

  4.  Florian Hartleb, A Thorn in the Side of European Elites: The New Euroscepticism (Brussels, 2011).

  5.  Andrew Moravscik, ed., Europe without Illusions: The Paul-Henry Spaak Lectures, 1994–1999 (Cambridge, 2005).

  6.  Marie-Louise von Plessen, ed., Idee Europa—Entwürfe zum “Ewigen Frieden”: Ordnungen und Utopien für die Gestaltung Europas von der pax romana zur Europäischen Union (Berlin 2003).

  7.  Florian Greiner, Wege nach Europa: Deutungen eines imaginierten Kontinents in deutschen, britischen und amerikanischen Printmedien, 1914–1945 (Göttingen, 2014), 352–453.

  8.  Walter Lipgens, A History of European Integration, 1945–1947: The Formation of the European Unity Movement (Oxford, 1982).

  9.  Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, “Speech of Sir Winston Churchill,” Zurich, September 19, 1946, http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/AboutUs/zurich_e.htm.

10.  Sherrill Brown Wells, Jean Monnet: Unconventional Statesman (Boulder, 2011), 127–84.

11.  John Gillingham, Coal, Steel and the Rebirth of Europe, 1945–1955 (Cambridge, 1991).

12.  Walter Lipgens and Wilfried Loth, eds., Documents on the History of European Integration, 4 vols. (Berlin, 1985–1991).

13.  Pascaline Winand, Eisenhower, Kennedy and the United States of Europe (New York, 1993), 26–63. Cf. Wilfried Loth, Geschichte Frankreichs im 20. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1987), 138–51.

14.  Derek K. Urwin, The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration since 1945 (London, 1995).

15.  Ernest B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economical Forces, 1950–1957 (London, 1958).

16.  Desmond Dinan, Ever Closer Union? An Introduction to the European Community (Boulder, 1994).

17.  John Gillingham, European Integration, 1950–2003: Superstate or New Market Economy? (Cambridge, 2003), 43–52.

18.  Europa, “Treaty of Rome,” see fn. 2. For the “Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Community,” see Wikisource, http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Atomic_Energy_Community.

19.  Europa, “Treaty of Rome.” Cf. Urwin, Community of Europe, 78–84.

20.  Barry Eichengreen, The European Economy since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond (Princeton, 2007).

21.  Kiran Klaus Patel, ed., Fertile Ground for Europe? The History of European Integration and the Common Agricultural Policy since 1945 (Baden-Baden, 2009).

22.  Gillingham, European Integration, 53–72.

23.  Alan Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation State, 2nd ed. (London, 2000), 1–20.

24.  N. Piers Ludlow, The European Community and the Crises of the 1960s: Negotiating the Gaullist Challenge (London, 2006).

25.  Denise Dunne O’Hare, Britain and the Process of European Integration: Continuity and Policy Change from Atlee to Heath (London 2013).

26.  Emmanuel Moulon-Druol, A Europe Made of Money: The Emergence of the European Monetary System (Ithaca, 2012).

27.  Stephen George, An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European Community, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1994).

28.  Desmond Dinan, ed., Encyclopedia of the European Union (Boulder, 1998), 256ff., 430ff., and 389ff.

29.  Michael Geary, Enlarging the European Union: The Commission Seeking Influence, 1961–1973 (New York, 2013).

30.  Jean-Marie Palayret, Helen Wallace, and Pascaline Winand, eds., Visions, Votes and Vetoes: The Empty Chair Crisis and the Luxembourg Compromise Forty Years On (Brussels, 2006).

31.  Gillingham, European Integration, 149–227.

32.  Andrew Moravcsik, “Negotiating the Single European Act: National Interests and Conventional Statecraft in the European Community,” International Organization 45 (1991), 19–56.

33.  Ruben Saiotti, Cultures of Border Control: Schengen and the Evolution of European Frontiers (Chicago, 2011).

34.  Clive Church and D. Phinnemore, European Union and European Community: A Handbook and Commentary on the 1992 Maastricht Treaties, 2nd. ed. (London, 1995).

35.  Kenneth Dyson and Kevin Featherstone, The Road to Maastricht: Negotiating Economic and Monetary Union (Oxford, 1999).

36.  Thomas Mayer, Europe’s Unfinished Currency: The Political Economics of the Euro (London, 2012).

37.  Adrian Curaj, Peter Scott, Lazăr Vlasceanu, and Lesley Wilson, eds., European Higher Education at the Crossroads: Between the Bologna Process and National Reforms (Dordrecht, 2012).

38.  Jan Zielonka, Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union (Oxford, 2006).

39.  Jenny J. Brine, COMECON: The Rise and Fall of an International Socialist Organization (New Brunswick, 1992).

40.  Ian Bache and Stephen George, Politics in the European Union, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2006), 543–47.

41.  Geoffrey Pridham, Designing Democracy: EU Enlargement and Regime Change in Post-Communist Europe (Houndmills, 2005).

42.  Andrew Moravcsik, “The European Constitutional Settlement,” in Sophie Meunier and Kathleen McNamara, eds., Making History: European Integration and Institutional Change at Fifty (Oxford, 2007), 23–50; and Stephen Haseler, Super-State: The New Europe and Its Challenge to America (London, 2004).

43.  Michael O’Neill, The Struggle for the European Constitution: A Past and Future History (London, 2009).

44.  Loukas Tsoukalis and Janis A. Emmanouilidis, eds., The Delphic Oracle on Europe: Is There a Future for the European Union? (Oxford, 2011).

45.  Carlo Bastian, Saving Europe: How National Politics Nearly Destroyed the Euro (Washington, 2012).

46.  Rebecca Friedman and Markus Thiel, eds., European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belongings (Farnham, UK, 2012).

47.  Anthony Pagden, ed., The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union (Washington, 2002).

48.  James J. Sheehan, Where Have All the Soldiers Gone? The Transformation of Modern Europe (Boston, 2008).

49.  Eichengreen, European Economy since 1945, 379ff.

50.  Anette Jünemann and Michele Knodt, eds., Externe Demokratieförderung durch die Europäische Union (Baden-Baden, 2007).

51.  Jürgen Habermas, Time of Transitions (Cambridge, 2006), 71–110; and Andrew Geddes, Britain and the European Union (Houndmills, 2013).

20. POP AND PROSPERITY

  1.  Alice Stettiner, “Amerikanische Kulturbarbarei bedroht unsere Jugend,” Neues Deutschland, April 4, 1950; “Bill Haley und die NATO,” ibid., October 31, 1958.

  2.  Uta Poiger, Jazz, Rock and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany (Berkeley, 2000).

  3.  Jude P. Dougherty, Jacques Maritain: An Intellectual Profile (Washington, 2003).

  4.  Paul Nolte, Die Ordnung der deutschen Gesellschaft: Selbstentwurf und Selbstbeschreibung im 20. Jahrhundert (Munich, 2000).

  5.  Michael Glasmeier and Karin Stengel, eds., 50 Jahre documenta (Göttingen, 2005).

  6.  Dirk Moses, German Intellectuals and the Nazi Past (Cambridge, 2007).

  7.  Hanna Schissler, ed., The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949–1968 (Princeton, 2001).

  8.  Maurice Crouzet, The European Renaissance since 1945 (New York, 1970), 7.

  9.  Anthony J. Nicholls, Freedom with Responsibility: The Social Market Economy in Germany, 1918–1963 (Oxford, 1994).

10.  Martin Neil Baily and Jacob Funk Kirkegaard, Transforming the European Economy (Washington, 2004), 33–46.

11.  Barry Eichengreen, Europe’s Post-War Recovery (Cambridge, 1995), 3–35.

12.  Lutz Niethammer, ed., Lebensgeschichte und Sozialkultur im Ruhrgebiet 1930 bis 1960, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1983).

13.  See the multivolume Geschichte der Sozialpolitik in Deutschland seit 1945 (Baden-Baden, 2001ff.), edited by the Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung.

14.  Ivan T. Berend, An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization (Cambridge, 2006), 142–82.

15.  Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York, 2005), 324–53.

16.  Sharon Zukin and Jennifer Smith Maguiere, “Consumers and Consumption,” Annual Review of Sociology 30 (2004), 173–97.

17.  Wolfgang König, Geschichte der Konsumgesellschaft (Stuttgart, 2000).

18.  Geoffrey Crossick and Serge Jaumain, eds., Cathedrals of Consumption: The European Department Store, 1850–1939 (Aldershot, 1998).

19.  König, Konsumgesellschaft, 305ff.

20.  Michael Wildt, Am Beginn der ‘Konsumgesellschaft.’ Mangelerfahrung, Lebenshaltung, Wohlstandshoffnung in Westdeutschland in den fünfziger Jahren (Hamburg, 1994).

21.  Erica Carter, How German Is She? Postwar West German Reconstruction and the Consuming Woman (Ann Arbor, 1997); and Rebecca J. Pulju, Women and Mass Consumer Society in Postwar France (New York, 2011).

22.  Paulina Bren and Mary Neuburger, eds., Communism Unwrapped: Consumption in Cold War Eastern Europe (Oxford, 2012), 3–19.

23.  Timothy Beatley, Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities (Washington, 2000). Cf. Friedrich Lenger, Metropolen der Moderne: Eine europäische Stadtgeschichte seit 1850 (Munich, 2013).

24.  Peter N. Stearns, European Society in Upheaval: Social History since 1750 (New York, 1992), 360–70.

25.  Hartmut Kaelble, A Social History of Europe, 1945–2000: Recovery and Transformation after Two World Wars (New York, 2013), 41. Cf. George Gerolimatos, “Structural Change and Democratization of Schleswig-Holstein’s Agriculture, 1945–1973” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2014).

26.  Stefan Berger and Daniel Broughton, eds., The Force of Labour: The Western European Labour Movement and the Working Class in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1995).

27.  Jürgen Kocka, ed., Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society: Business, Labor and Bureaucracy in Modern Germany (New York, 1999).

28.  Stefan Hradil and P. Imbusch, eds., Oberschichten, Eliten, Herrschende Klassen (Opladen, 2003).

29.  Peter Flora et al., eds., State, Economy, and Society in Western Europe, 1815–1975: A Data Handbook, 2 vols. (Frankfurt, 1983).

30.  Martin Diewald and Karl Ulrich Mayer, eds., Zwischenbilanz der Wiedervereinigung: Strukturwandel und Mobilität im Transformationsprozess (Opladen, 1996).

31.  Hartmut Kaelble, Auf dem Weg zu einer europäischen Gesellschaft: Eine Sozialgeschichte Westeuropas, 1880–1980 (Munich, 1987).

32.  Marcus Payk, Der Geist der Demokratie: Intellektuelle Orientierungsversuche im Feuilleton der frühen Bundesrepublik: Karl Korn und Peter de Mendelssohn (Munich, 2008).

33.  Peter J. Bowler, Science for All: The Popularization of Science in Early Twentieth Century Britain (Chicago, 2009), 264ff.

34.  Steven Crowell, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Existentialism (Cambridge, 2012).

35.  Hans Werner Holzwarth and Laszlo Taschen, eds., Modern Art (Los Angeles, 2011).

36.  Kenneth Frampton, Modern Architecture: A Critical History, 4th ed. (London, 2007).

37.  Paul Griffiths, Modern Music and After, 3rd ed. (New York, 2010).

38.  Katherine Pence and Paul Betts, eds., Socialist Modern: East German Everyday Culture and Politics (Ann Arbor, 2008).

39.  Tim Armstrong, Modernism: A Cultural History (Cambridge, 2005).

40.  Gavin D’Costa and Emma Jane Harris, eds., The Second Vatican Council: Celebrating Its Achievements and the Future (London, 2013).

41.  Kaspar Maase, Das Recht auf Gewöhnlichkeit: Über populäre Kultur (Tübingen, 2011).

42.  David Schoenbaum, The Spiegel Affair (Garden City, 1968).

43.  Margot Lindemann, Geschichte der deutschen Presse, 4 vols. (Berlin, 1966–1986).

44.  Axel Schildt, Moderne Zeiten: Freizeit, Massenmedien und “Zeitgeist” in der Bundesrepublik der 50er Jahre (Hamburg, 1995), 208–61.

45.  Johannes von Moltke, No Place Like Home: Locations of Heimat in German Cinema (Berkeley, 2005).

46.  Knut Hickethier, Geschichte des deutschen Fernsehens (Stuttgart, 1998).

47.  Annette Vowinckel, Marcus M. Payk, and Thomas Lindenberger, eds., Cold War Cultures: Perspectives on Eastern and Western European Societies (New York, 2012).

48.  Hunter Davies, The Beatles, with a new introduction (New York, 2010).

49.  Carl Christian Führer and Corey Ross, eds., Mass Media, Culture and Society in Twentieth Century Germany (Basingstoke 2006).

50.  Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance through Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, 2005), 1–14.

51.  Alexander Stephan, ed., The Americanization of Europe: Culture, Diplomacy and Anti-Americanism after 1945 (New York, 2006); and Andrei S. Markovits, Uncouth Nation: Why Europe Dislikes America (Princeton, 2007).

52.  Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993).

53.  Hartmut Kaelble, A Social History of Europe, 1945–2000: Recovery and Transformation after Two World Wars (New York, 2013).

54.  Heide Fehrenbach and Uta G. Poiger, eds., Transactions, Transgressions, Transformations: American Culture in Western Europe and Japan (New York, 2000), xiii–xl.

21. PLANNING SOCIAL REFORM

  1.  Michael Joseph Mulvey, “Sheltering French Families: Parisian Suburbia and the Politics of Housing” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2011).

  2.  Michael Ruck, “Ein kurzer Sommer der konkreten Utopie: Zur westdeutschen Planungsgeschichte der langen 60er Jahre,” in Axel Schildt, Detlef Siegfried, and Karl Christian Lammers, eds., Dynamische Zeiten. Die 60er Jahre in den beiden deutschen Gesellschaften (Hamburg, 2000), 362–423.

  3.  Hans-Edwin Friedrich, “ ‘One Hundred Years from This Day …’ Zur Semantik der Zukunft in den 1960er Jahren,” in Heinz Gerhard Haupt und Jörg Requate, eds., Aufbruch in die Zukunft: Die 1960er Jahre zwischen Planungseuphorie und kulturellem Wandel. DDR, CSSR, und Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Vergleich (Weilerswist, 2004), 133–63.

  4.  Alexander Schmidt-Gernig, “ ‘Futurologie’: Zukunftsforschung und ihre Kritiker in der Bundesrepublik der 60er Jahre,” in Aufbruch in die Zukunft, 109–31.

  5.  Gabriele Metzler, Konzeptionen politischen Handelns von Adenauer bis Brandt: Politische Planung in der pluralistischen Gesellschaft (Paderborn, 2005).

  6.  Mark Mazower, “Reconstruction: The Historiographical Issues,” Past and Present 210, suppl. 6 (2011), 17–28.

  7.  Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 (New York, 2005), 63–99.

  8.  Andre Steiner, The Plans That Failed: An Economic History of the GDR (New York, 2010).

  9.  Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg, and Dag Einar Thorsen, The Nordic Model of Social Democracy (Basingstoke, 2013).

10.  Sherrill Brown Wells, Jean Monnet: Unconventional Statesman (Boulder, 2011), 95–126.

11.  Keith Laybourn, The Evolution of British Social Policy and the Welfare State c. 1800–1993 (Keele, 1995), 209–36.

12.  Friedrich von Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (London, 1947).

13.  Volker Berghahn, The Americanization of West German Industry, 1945–1973 (Leamington Spa, 1986).

14.  Barry Eichengreen, The European Economy since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond (Princeton, 2007), 86–130; and James C. Van Hook, Rebuilding Germany: The Creation of the Social Market Economy, 1945–1957 (Cambridge, 2004).

15.  Glen O’Hara, From Dreams to Disillusionment: Economic and Social Planning in 1960s Britain (Basingstoke, 2007), 9–36.

16.  Jeffrey Kopstein, The Politics of Economic Decline in East Germany, 1945–1989 (Chapel Hill, 1997).

17.  Ruck, “Ein kurzer Sommer der konkreten Utopie,” 365–74.

18.  Eichengreen, European Economy, 100–112.

19.  O’Hara, From Dreams to Disillusionment, 37–71; and Alfred F. Havinghurst, Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century, 4th ed. (Chicago, 1985), 513–15.

20.  Alexander Nützenadel, Stunde der Ökonomen: Wissenschaft, Politik und Expertenkultur in der Bundesrepublik, 1949–1974 (Göttingen, 2011).

21.  Ruck, “Ein kurzer Sommer der konkreten Utopie,” 380–86.

22.  Metzler, Konzeptionen politischen Handelns, 315–82.

23.  Clara Oberle, “Redistribution: Ruins, Housing, and the Politics of Order in Berlin, 1945–1949” (MS, San Diego, 2014). Cf. Frank Biess, Homecomings: Returning POWs and the Legacies of Defeat in Postwar Germany (Princeton, 2006).

24.  Kerstin Dörhöfer, Erscheinungen und Determinanten staatlich gelenkter Wohnungsversorgung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Zur Planung und Durchführung des Wohnungsbau für die “breiten Schichten des Volkes” (Berlin, 1978).

25.  O’Hara, From Dreams to Disillusionment, 129–66.

26.  Kenneth Frampton, Modern Architecture: A Critical History, 4th ed. (New York, 2007).

27.  See the dissertation by Albrecht Wiesener on Sennestadt and Halle-Neustadt (Potsdam, 2015).

28.  Examples in Hugh Clout, ed., Europe’s Cities in the Late Twentieth Century (Utrecht, 1994), 44ff., 117ff.

29.  Citations from Mulvey, “Sheltering French Families,” passim.

30.  Yuri Kazepov, Cities of Europe: Changing Contexts, Local Arrangements, and the Challenge of Urban Cohesion (Malden, 2005), 210–32.

31.  Fritz K. Ringer, Education and Society in Modern Europe (Bloomington, 1979).

32.  Alfons Kenkmann, “Von der bundesdeutschen ‘Bildungsmisere’ zur Bildungsreform in den 60er Jahren,” in Dynamische Zeiten, 402–23.

33.  John Connelly, Captive University: The Sovietization of East German, Czech and Polish Higher Education, 1945–1956 (Chapel Hill, 2000). Figures in the subsequent discussion from Hartmut Kaelble, A Social History of Europe, 1945–2000: Recovery and Transformation after Two World Wars (New York, 2013), 290–300.

34.  Karen Hagemann, Konrad H. Jarausch, and Cristina Allemann-Ghionda, eds., Children, Families and States: Time-Policies of Childcare, Preschool, and Primary Education in Europe (New York, 2011).

35.  Margret Kraul, Das deutsche Gymnasium, 1780–1980 (Frankfurt, 1984).

36.  Walter Rüegg, ed., A History of the University in Europe, vol. 4: Universities since 1945 (Cambridge, 2011), 31–69.

37.  Axel C. Hüntelmann and Michael C. Schneider, eds., Jenseits von Humboldt: Wissenschaft im Staat, 1850–1990 (Frankfurt, 2010).

38.  Mitchell G. Ash, ed., Mythos Humboldt: Vergangenheit und Zukunft der deutschen Universitäten (Vienna, 1999).

39.  Gosta Esping-Anderson, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton, 1990).

40.  Christoph Klessmann, Arbeiter im ‘Arbeiterstaat’ DDR: Deutsche Traditionen, Sowjetisches Modell, Westdeutsches Magnetfeld, 1945–1989 (Bonn, 2007).

41.  Mary Hilson, The Nordic Model: Scandinavia since 1945 (London, 2008).

42.  Gabriele Metzler, Der deutsche Sozialstaat: Vom Bismarckschen Erfolgsmodell zum Pflegefall (Stuttgart, 2003).

43.  Paul V. Dutton, Origins of the French Welfare State: The Struggle for Social Reform in France, 1914–1947 (Cambridge, 2002).

44.  Howard Glennerster, British Social Policy 1945 to the Present, 3rd ed. (Malden, 2007), 44–151.

45.  L. Kenworth, “Do Social-Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty? A Cross-National Assessment,” Social Forces 77 (1999), 1119–39; and N. Barr, Economics of the Welfare State (New York, 2004).

46.  Winfried Süss, Soziale Ungleichheit im Sozialstaat: Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und Großbritannien im Vergleich (Munich, 2010). Cf. Kaelble, Social History of Europe, 250–70.

47.  Gabriele Metzler, “Demokratisierung durch Experten: Aspekte politischer Planung in der Bundesrepublik,” in Aufbruch in die Zukunft, 267–87.

48.  Thomas L. Haskell, ed., The Authority of Experts: Studies in History and Theory (Bloomington, 1984).

49.  Konrad H. Jarausch and Peter A. Coclanis,” Quantification in History,” forthcoming in International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed.

50.  William J. Barber, Gunnar Myrdal: An Intellectual Biography (New York, 2008).

51.  Nico Stehr and Reiner Grundmann, Experts: The Knowledge and Power of Expertise (Milton Park, 2011).

52.  O’Hara, From Dreams to Disillusionment, 205–19. Cf. Tomas Etzemüller, ed., Die Ordnung der Moderne: Social Engineering im 20. Jahrhundert (Bielefeld, 2009).

22. REVOLT AGAINST MODERNITY

  1.  Stephen Milder, “ ‘Today the Fish, Tomorrow Us’: Anti-Nuclear Activism in the Rhine Valley and Beyond, 1970–1979” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2012), 193–200.

  2.  Arthur Marwick, The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy and the United States, c. 1958–c.1974 (New York, 1998).

  3.  Stephen M. Buechler, Social Movements in Advanced Capitalism: The Political Economy and Cultural Construction of Social Activism (New York, 2000).

  4.  Konrad H. Jarausch, “Protesting Authority,” in idem, After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945–1995 (New York, 2006), 156–81.

  5.  Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 (New York, 2005), 390–449, and Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert, and Detlef Junker, eds., 1968: The World Transformed (Cambridge, 1998), fail to address the issue of modernity.

  6.  Paul Blackledge, Perry Anderson: Marxism and the New Left (London, 2004).

  7.  Martin Klimke and Joachim Scharloth, eds., 1968 in Europe: A History of Protest and Activism, 1957–1977 (New York, 2008); and Timothy S. Brown, West Germany in the Global Sixties: The Anti-Authoritarian Revolt, 1962–1978 (Cambridge, 2013).

  8.  Martin Klimke, The Other Alliance: Student Protest in West Germany and the United States in the Global Sixties (Princeton, 2010), 236–45.

  9.  Mark Roseman, ed., Generations in Conflict: Youth Revolt and Generation Formation in Germany, 1770–1968 (Cambridge, 1995).

10.  Louis Vos, “Student Movements and Political Activism,” in Walter Rüegg, ed., A History of the University in Europe, vol. 4: Universities since 1945 (Cambridge, 2011), 276–318.

11.  Dagmar Herzog, Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth Century History (Cambridge, 2011).

12.  Mark Atwood Lawrence, Assuming the Burden: Europe and the American Commitment to War in Vietnam (Berkeley, 2005); Quinn Slobodian, Foreign Front: Third World Politics in Sixties West Germany (Durham, 2012).

13.  Michaela Karl, Rudi Dutschke: Revolutionär ohne Revolution (Frankfurt, 2003).

14.  Jürgen Mierenmeister and Jochen Staadt, eds., Provokationen: Die Studenten- und Jugendrevolte in ihren Flugblättern, 1965–1971 (Darmstadt, 1980).

15.  Rudi Dutschke, Jeder hat sein Leben ganz zu leben: Die Tagebücher 1963–1979, ed. Gretchen Klotz-Dutschke (Cologne, 2003), 53ff.

16.  Ingrid Gilcher-Holthey, Die 68-Bewegung: Deutschland, Westeuropa, USA (Munich, 2001).

17.  Jean-Pierre Le Goff, Mai 68: L’heritage impossible (Paris, 2002).

18.  Vos, “Student Movements and Political Activism,” 291–97.

19.  Norbert Frei, 1968: Jugendrevolte und globaler Protest (Munich, 2008).

20.  Karrin Hanshew, Terror and Democracy in West Germany (New York, 2012).

21.  Belinda Davis, Wilfried Mausbach, Martin Klimke, and Carla MacDougall, eds., Changing the World, Changing Oneself: Political Protest and Collective Identities in West Germany and the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s (New York, 2010), 277–301.

22.  Andrew I. Port, Conflict and Stability in the German Democratic Republic (Cambridge, 2007).

23.  David Ost, Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics: Opposition and Reform in Poland since 1968 (Philadelphia, 1990). Cf. Dariusz Stola, “Anti-Zionism as a Multipurpose Policy Instrument: The Anti-Zionist Campaign in Poland, 1967–1968,” Journal of Israeli History 25 (2006), 171–205.

24.  Galia Golan, The Czechoslovak Reform Movement: Communism in Crisis, 1962–1968 (Cambridge, 1971), 223–74. Cf. Joseph Rothschild, Return to Diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe since World War II (New York, 1989), 166–73.

25.  Kieran Williams, The Prague Spring and Its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970 (Cambridge, 1997).

26.  Günter Bischof, Stefan Karner, and Peter Ruggenthaler, eds., The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 (Lexington, 2010).

27.  Paulina Bren, The Greengrocer and His TV: The Culture of Communism after the 1968 Prague Spring (Ithaca, 2010).

28.  M. Mark Stolarik, ed., The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia: Forty Years Later (Mundelein, IL, 2010).

29.  Edward Richardson-Little, “Human Rights, Pluralism and the Democratization in Post-War Germany,” forthcoming in Karin Goihl, Konrad H. Jarausch, and Harald Wenzel, eds., Different Germans: New Transatlantic Perspectives (New York, 2015).

30.  Paul D’Anieri, Claire Ernst, and Elizabeth Kier, “New Social Movements in Historical Perspective,” Comparative Politics 22 (1990), 445–58; and Steven M. Buechler, “New Social Movement Theories,” Sociological Quarterly 36 (1995), 442–64.

31.  “Die Bürger wehren sich: Partizipation oder: Die einzige Alternative? Bürgerinitiative am Beispiel Hamburgs,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, October 27, 1973.

32.  Sandra Chaney, Nature of the Miracle Years: Conservation in West Germany, 1945–1975 (New York, 2008).

33.  Anna Bull, Hanna Diamond, and Rosalie Marsh, eds., Feminism and Women’s Movements in Contemporary Europe (New York, 2000).

34.  Holger Nehring, Politics of Security: British and West German Protest Movements and the Early Cold War, 1945–1970 (Oxford, 2013); and Philipp Gassert, Tim Geiger, and Hermann Wentker, eds., Zweiter Kalter Krieg und Friedensbewegung: Der NATO-Doppelbeschluss in deutsch-deutscher und internationaler Perspektive (Munich, 2011).

35.  Andrei Markovits and Philip S. Gorski, The German Left: Red, Green and Beyond (New York, 1993). Cf. also the special issue of German Politics and Society on the Greens, edited by Konrad H. Jarausch and Stephen Milder, forthcoming in 2015.

36.  Erhard Neubert, Geschichte der Opposition in der DDR, 1949–1989 (Berlin, 1999).

37.  Claus Offe, “New Social Movements: Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics,” Social Research 52 (1885), 817–68.

38.  Robert B. Pippin, Modernism as a Philosophical Problem, 2nd ed. (Malden, 1999), 168–75.

39.  Charles Jencks, The Story of Postmodernism: Five Decades of the Ironic and Critical in Architecture (Chichester, 2011).

40.  Jonathan D. Culler, On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism after Structuralism (Ithaca, 2007), 25th anniversary ed.

41.  Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Post-Modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis, 1984).

42.  Clare O’Farrell, Michel Foucault (London, 2005).

43.  Charles Jencks, ed., The Post-Modern Reader, 2nd ed. (Chichester, 2011).

44.  Jürgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (Cambridge, 1987).

45.  For a rejection of the term see Ulrich Herbert, Geschichte Deutschlands im 20. Jahrhundert (Munich, 2014).

46.  Peter V. Zima, Modern/Postmodern: Society, Philosophy, Literature (London, 2010).

47.  Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Countries (Princeton, 1997).

48.  Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca, 1989); and idem, Postmodernity and Its Discontents (New York, 1997).

49.  Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, and Christopher Lash, Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in Modern Society (Stanford, 1994); and Wolfgang Welsch, Unsere postmoderne Moderne (Weinheim, 1987).

23. POSTINDUSTRIAL TRANSITION

  1.  Clyde E. Farnsworth, “Oil as an Arab Weapon,” New York Times, October 18, 1973.

  2.  Karen R. Merrill, The Oil Crisis of 1973–1974: A Brief History with Documents (Boston, 2007).

  3.  Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher (London, 1989).

  4.  Brian Harrison, Finding a Role? The United Kingdom, 1970–1990 (Oxford, 2010), 288–370.

  5.  Konrad H. Jarausch, ed., Das Ende der Zuversicht? Die Siebziger Jahre als Geschichte (Göttingen, 2008).

  6.  David M. Andrews, ed., Orderly Change: International Monetary Relations since Bretton Woods (Ithaca, 2008).

  7.  Vicky S. Birchfield and John S. Duffield, eds., Toward a Common European Union Energy Policy: Progress, Problems, Prospects (New York, 2011).

  8.  “Die Erdöl Erpressung,” cover of Der Spiegel, November 12, 1973; and Sebastian Haffner, “Geht es nicht auch ohne Öl?” Der Stern, November 15, 1973.

  9.  James D. Hamilton, “Historical Oil Shocks,” National Bureau of Economic Research working paper Nr. 16790 (Cambridge, MA, 2011).

10.  Ivan T. Berend, An Economic History of 20th Century Europe (Cambridge, 2006), 280ff.

11.  Barry Eichengreen, The European Economy since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond (Princeton, 2007).

12.  Martin Neil Baily and Jacob Funk Kirkegaard, Transforming the European Economy (Washington, 2004), 43ff.

13.  Ivan T. Berend, From the Soviet Bloc to the European Union: The Economic and Social Transformation of Central and Eastern Europe since 1973 (Cambridge, 2009), 6–37.

14.  Lloyd Rodwin and Hidehiko Sazanami, eds., Industrial Change and Regional Economic Transformation: The Experience of Western Europe (London, 1991).

15.  Rainer Wirtz, ed., Industrialisierung–Ent-Industrialisierung–Musealisierung? (Cologne, 1998), 98–126.

16.  Christoph Nonn, Die Ruhrbergbaukrise: Entindustrialisierung und Politik, 1958–1969 (Göttingen, 2001); and Yves Meny and Vincent Wright, eds., The Politics of Steel: Western Europe and the Steel Industry in the Crisis Years 1974–1984 (New York, 1987).

17.  Silke Fengler, Entwickelt und Fixiert: Zur Unternehmens- und Technikgeschichte der deutschen Fotoindustrie, dargestellt am Beispiel der Agfa AG Leverkusen und der VEB Filmfabrik Wolfen, 1945—1995 (Essen, 2009).

18.  Martin Werding, ed., Structural Unemployment in Western Europe: Reasons and Remedies (Cambridge, MA, 2006).

19.  Klaus Werner Schatz and Frank Wolter, Structural Adjustment in the Federal Republic of Germany (Geneva, 1987); Werrner Bartels, “Vor 25 Jahren starb Krupp Rheinhausen,” Rheinische Post online, November 18, 2013.

20.  Rodwin and Sazanami, Industrial Change, 3–36.

21.  Berend, From the Soviet Bloc to the European Union, 7–36.

22.  Konrad H. Jarausch, “Zwischen ‘Reformstau’ und ‘Sozialabbau’: Anmerkungen zur Globalisierungsdebatte in Deutschland, 1973–2003,” in Ende der Zuversicht, 330–49.

23.  Margaret Thatcher, The Path to Power (New York, 1995). Cf. Kenneth O. Morgan, Ages of Reform: Dawns and Downfalls of the British Left (London, 2011).

24.  Harrison, Finding a Role, 305–47.

25.  David S. Bell, François Mitterrand: A Political Biography (Cambridge, 2005).

26.  Ronald Tiersky, François Mitterrand: A Very French President (Lanham, 2003), 130–40; and Wilfried Loth, Geschichte Frankreichs im 20. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1987), 237–49.

27.  Helmut Kohl, Erinnerungen (Munich, 2004).

28.  Hans-Peter Schwarz, Helmut Kohl: Eine politische Biographie (Bonn, 2012).

29.  Ben Jackson and Robert Saunders, eds., Making Thatcher’s Britain (Cambridge, 2012).

30.  Anselm Doering-Manteuffel and Lutz Raphael, Nach dem Boom: Perspektiven auf die Zeitgeschichte nach 1970 (Göttingen, 2008).

31.  Jacobs and Saunders, Making Thatcher’s Britain, 1–21.

32.  Baily and Kirkegaard, Transforming the European Economy, 56–75.

33.  Paul Wildling, ed., In Defense of the Welfare State (Manchester, 1986), 1–3.

34.  Harrison, Finding a Role, 251–76.

35.  Sabina Stiller, Ideational Leadership in German Welfare State Reform: How Politicians and Policy Ideas Transform Resilient Institutions (Amsterdam, 2010), 45–74.

36.  Jon Kvist, “Activating Welfare States: Scandinavian Experiences in the 1990s,” Working Paper of the Danish National Institute of Social Research, 2000, Nr. 7.

37.  Stefan Svallfors, Contested Welfare States: Welfare Attitudes in Europe and Beyond (Stanford, 2012).

38.  Jarausch, Ende der Zuversicht, 9–26.

39.  Andreas Wirsching, Abschied vom Provisorium, 1982–1990 (Munich, 2006).

40.  Stephen Aris, Close to the Sun: How Airbus Challenged America’s Domination of the Skies (London, 2002).

41.  James W. Cortada, The Digital Flood: The Diffusion of Information Technology across the U.S., Europe, and Asia (Oxford, 2012).

42.  Irene Finelk-Honigman, A Cultural History of Finance (Abingdon, UK, 2010).

43.  Frank Bösch, “Politische Macht und gesellschaftliche Gestaltung: Wege zur Einführung des privaten Rundfunks in den 1970/80er Jahren,” Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 52 (2012), 191–210.

44.  Reinhold Bauer, “Ölpreiskrisen und Industrieroboter: Die 1970er Jahre als Umbruchphase für die Automobilindustrie in beiden deutschen Staaten,” in Ende der Zuversicht, 68–83.

45.  Rodwin and Sazanami, Industrial Change, 39–167.

46.  Niall Ferguson, Charles S. Maier, Erez Manuela, and Daniel J. Sargent, eds., The Shock of the Global: The 1970s in Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 2010), 25–48.

47.  Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting (New York, 1973).

48.  Cortada, Digital Flood, 91–145; and Eichengreen, European Economy since 1945, 414–26.

49.  Max Koch, Roads to Post-Fordism: Labor Markets and Social Structures in Europe (Aldershot, 2006).

50.  Jürgen Kocka, Geschichte des Kapitalismus (Munich, 2013).

51.  Peter Marsh, The New Industrial Revolution: Consumers, Globalization and the End of Mass Production (New Haven, 2012).

24. RETURN TO DÉTENTE

  1.  Christopher Wren, “Curtain Falls Softly on Helsinki Parley,” and Flora Lewis, “After Parley, a Long Way to Go,” New York Times, August 2, 1975.

  2.  Olav Njolstad, “The Collapse of Superpower Détente, 1975–1980,” in Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, eds., The Cambridge History of the Cold War (Cambridge, 2010), 3:1135–55.

  3.  Frederic Bozo, Marie-Pierre Rey, N. Piers Ludlow, and Bernd Rother, eds., Visions of the End of the Cold War in Europe, 1945–1990 (New York, 2012), 1–14.

  4.  Standard histories like John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (New York, 2005), suffer from this myopia.

  5.  Michael Quinlan, Thinking about Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects (Oxford, 2009), 20–55.

  6.  Ibid., 5–12.

  7.  Joseph Cirincione, Bomb Scare: The History and Future of Nuclear Weapons (New York, 2007), 1–14.

  8.  John Newhouse, War and Peace in the Nuclear Age (New York, 1989), 53–116.

  9.  David D. Hoffman, The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy (New York, 2009).

10.  Newhouse, War and Peace, 117–84.

11.  Carl H. Amme, NATO Strategy and Nuclear Defense (New York, 1988).

12.  Quinlan, Thinking about Nuclear Weapons, 20–45.

13.  Richard Dean Burns, ed., Encyclopedia of Arms Control and Disarmament (New York, 1993), vol. 2.

14.  Garret Martin, “Towards a New Concert of Europe: De Gaulle’s Vision of a Post–Cold War Europe,” in Visions of the End of the Cold War,” 91–104. Cf. Wilfried Loth, Geschichte Frankreichs im 20. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1987), 2008–221.

15.  Roland J. Granieri, The Ambivalent Alliance: Konrad Adenauer, the CDU/CSU and the West, 1949–1966 (New York, 2003).

16.  Jeremi Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century (Cambridge, MA, 2007).

17.  Geoffrey Swain, Tito: A Biography (London, 2011). Cf. Marie-Janine Calic, Geschichte Jugoslawiens im 20. Jahrhundert (Munich, 2010).

18.  John Sweeney, The Life and Evil Times of Nicolae Ceaucescu (London, 1991).

19.  Odd Arne Westad, Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945–1963 (Washington, 1998), 1–46.

20.  Newhouse, War and Peace, 185–265.

21.  Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe’s Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York, 1993).

22.  Peter Merseburger, Willy Brandt 1913–1992: Visionär und Realist (Stuttgart, 2002).

23.  Egon Bahr, Zu meiner Zeit (Munich, 1996).

24.  Friedhelm Boll and Krystof Ruchniewicz, eds., “Nie mehr eine Politik über Polen hinweg”: Willy Brandt und Polen (Bonn, 2010).

25.  David M. Kiethly, Breakthrough in the Ostpolitik: The 1971 Quadripartite Agreement (Boulder, 1986).

26.  Ernest D. Plock, The Basic Treaty and the Evolution of East-West German Relations (Boulder, 1986).

27.  Michael Morgan, “The Seventies and the Rebirth of Human Rights,” in Niall Ferguson, Charles S. Maier, Erez Manela, and Daniel J. Sargent, eds., The Shock of the Global: The 1970s in Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 2010), 237–50.

28.  William E. Griffith, The Ostpolitik of the Federal Republic of Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1978), 228–34.

29.  Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (Cambridge, 2005), 1–7.

30.  Vladislav M. Zubok, “Soviet Foreign Policy from Detente to Gorbachev, 1975–1985,” and Amin Saikal, “Islamism, the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan,” in Cambridge History of the Cold War, 89–134.

31.  Jeffrey Herf, War by Other Means: Soviet Power, West German Resistance and the Battle of the Euromissiles (New York, 1991).

32.  Lawrence S. Wittner, The Struggle against the Bomb, 3 vols. (Stanford, 1993); and Holger Nehring, Politics of Security: British and West German Protest Movements and the Early Cold War, 1945–1970 (Oxford, 2013), passim.

33.  Benjamin B. Fischer, “A Cold War Conundrum,” Center for the Study of Intelligence (Washington, 1997).

34.  Newhouse, War and Peace, 333–63. Cf. Mira Duric, The Strategic Defense Initiative: US Policy and the Soviet Union (Aldershot, 2003).

35.  Bernd Rother, “Common Security as a Way to Overcome the (Second) Cold War? Willy Brandt’s Strategy for Peace in the 1980s,” in Visions of the End of the Cold War, 239–25.

36.  John W. Young, “Western Europe and the End of the Cold War, 1979–1989,” in Cambridge History of the Cold War, 3:289–310.

37.  Michael I. Hogan, The End of the Cold War: Its Meanings and Implications (Cambridge, 1992).

38.  Beth A. Fischer, “US Foreign Policy under Reagan and Bush,” in Cambridge History of the Cold War, 3:267–88.

39.  Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill, 2007), 277–94.

40.  Archie Brown, “The Gorbachev Revolution and the End of the Cold War,” in Cambridge History of the Cold War, 3:244–66.

41.  John W. Young, “Western Europe and the End of the Cold War, 1979–1989,” in Cambridge History of the Cold War, 3:289–310. Cf. Jose M. Faraldo, Paulina Gulinska-Jurgiel, and Christian Domnitz, eds., Europa im Ostblock: Vorstellungen und Diskurse, 1945–1991 (Cologne, 2008).

42.  Newhouse, War and Peace, 388–98.

43.  Janne E. Nolan, “The INF Treaty: Eliminating Intermediate-Range Nuclear Missiles, 1987 to the Present,” and Dan Caldwell, “From SALT to START: Limiting Strategic Nuclear Weapons,” in Encyclopedia of Arms Control, 955–65 and 895–913.

44.  Zubok, Failed Empire, 294–302.

45.  Lawrence Badash, A Nuclear Winter’s Tale: Science and Politics in the 1980s (Cambridge, MA 2009).

46.  Alva Myrdal, The Game of Disarmament: How the United States and Russia Run the Arms Race (New York, 1976).

47.  Westad, Global Cold War, 331–95; and Francis J. Gavin, “Wrestling with Parity: The Nuclear Revolution Revisited,” in Shock of the Global, 189–204.

48.  Adam Roberts, “An ‘Incredibly Swift Transition’: Reflections on the End of the Cold War,” in Cambridge History of the Cold War, 3:513–34.

49.  George Kennan, “Future of U.S.-Soviet Relations,” transcript of testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Congressional Record (Washington, 1989), April 4, 1989.

25. PEACEFUL REVOLUTION

  1.  Serge Schmemann, “A Jubilant Horde” as well as “Berlin, a Festival,” New York Times, November 10, 1989. Cf. Hans-Hermann Hertle, Der Fall der Mauer: Die unbeabsichtigte Selbstauflösung des SED-Staates (Opladen, 1996).

  2.  Timothy Garton Ash, Magic Lantern: The Revolution of ’89 as Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague (New York, 1990); and Adam Borowski, ed., The Road to Independence: Solidarnosc, 1980–2005 (Warsaw, 2005).

  3.  Vladimir Tismaneanu, “The Revolutions of 1989: Causes, Meanings, Consequences,” Contemporary European History 18 (2009), 272–88.

  4.  Konrad H. Jarausch, “Germany 1989: A New Type of Revolution?” in Marc Silberman, ed., The German Wall: Fallout in Europe (New York, 2011), 11–35; and “The Peaceful Revolution as Transnational Process: Global Dimensions of the Fall of the Wall,” in Ulf Engel, Frank Hadler, and Matthias Middell, eds., 1989 in a Global Perspective (Leipzig, 2015).

  5.  Ralf Dahrendorf, Reflections on the Revolution in Europe: In a Letter Intended to Have Been Sent to a Gentleman in Warsaw (New York, 1990).

  6.  Hans Joas and Martin Kohli, Der Zusammenbruch der DDR: Soziologische Analysen (Frankfurt, 1993).

  7.  Vladimir Tismaneanu, The Devil in History: Communism, Fascism, and Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century (Berkeley, 2012), 123–45.

  8.  Jens Gieseke, Der Mielke Konzern: Die Geschichte der Stasi, 1945–1990, 2nd. rev. ed. (Munich, 2006). Cf. Uwe Spiekermann, ed., “The Stasi at Home and Abroad,” Bulletin of the German Historical Institute, supplement 9 (2014).

  9.  Barry Eichengreen, Economy since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond (Princeton, 2007), 294–303.

10.  Daniela Münkel and Jens Gieseke, eds., Die DDR im Blick der Stasi: Die geheimen Berichte an die SED-Führung, 6 vols. (Göttingen, 2009–12) Cf. arprin, “Das Beste vom Kommunismus,” http://arprin.wordpress.com/2012/10/31/das-beste-vom-kommunismus/.

11.  Gale Stokes, ed., From Stalinism to Pluralism: A Documentary History of Eastern Europe since 1945, 2nd rev. ed. (New York, 1996).

12.  Archie Brown, Seven Years That Changed the World: Perestroika in Perspective (Oxford, 2007).

13.  Joseph Rothschild, Return to Diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe since World War II (New York, 1989), 191–225; and Mary Fulbrook, The People’s State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker (New Haven, 2005).

14.  Konrad H. Jarausch, The Rush to German Unity (New York, 1994).

15.  Jan Kubik, The Power of Symbols against the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity and the Failure of State Socialism in Poland (College Park, 1994).

16.  Jacques Levesque, The Enigma of 1989: The USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe (Berkeley, 1997), 52–90.

17.  Patrick H. O’Neill, Revolution from Within: The Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party and the Collapse of Communism (Cheltenham, 1998).

18.  Philip J. Cunningham, Tiananmen Moon: Inside the Chinese Student Uprising of 1989 (Lanham, 2009).

19.  Charles S. Maier, Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany (Princeton, 1997).

20.  Stephen Pfaff, Exit-Voice Dynamics and the Collapse of East Germany: The Crisis of Leninism and the Revolution of 1989 (Durham, 2006).

21.  Konrad H. Jarausch, Die unverhoffte Einheit (Frankfurt, 1995); and Karel Vodicka, Die Prager Botschaftsflüchtlinge: Geschichte und Dokumente (Göttingen, 2014).

22.  William F. Buckley, The Fall of the Berlin Wall (Hoboken, NJ, 2004).

23.  Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk, Endspiel. Die Revolution von 1989 in der DDR (Munich, 2009).

24.  Stephen Kotkin, Uncivil Society: 1989 and the Implosion of the Communist Establishment (New York, 2009), 37–65.

25.  Michael Meyer, The Year That Changed the World: The Untold Story behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall (New York, 2009).

26.  Uwe Thaysen, Der Runde Tisch, oder wo blieb das Volk? Der Weg der DDR in die Demokratie (Opladen, 1990).

27.  Helmut Kohl, Erinnerungen 1982–1990 (Munich, 2005), 1020–28; and Andreas Rödder, Deutschland, einig Vaterland. Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (Munich, 2009).

28.  Wolfgang Jäger, Geschichte der deutschen Vereinigung, vol. 3: Die Überwindung der Teilung. Der innerdeutsche Prozess der Vereinigung 1989/90 (Stuttgart, 1998).

29.  Mary E. Sarotte, 1989: The Struggle to Create Post–Cold War Europe (Princeton, 2009).

30.  Padraic Kenney, A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989 (Princeton, 2002).

31.  Timothy Garton Ash, The Polish Revolution: Solidarity, 3rd ed. (New Haven, 2002).

32.  Ignac Romsics, From Dictatorship to Democracy: The Birth of the Third Hungarian Republic, 1988–2001 (Boulder, 2007).

33.  Robin E. H. Sheperd, Czechoslovakia: The Velvet Revolution and Beyond (Houndmills, 2000).

34.  Peter Sinai-Davies, The Romanian Revolution of December 1989 (Ithaca, 2005).

35.  Ronald Grigor Suny, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford, 1993). Belarus and the Ukraine also belonged to the CIS.

36.  John P. Dunlop, The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire (Princeton, 1993).

37.  Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash, eds., Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present (Oxford, 2009).

38.  See the essays in “Das Jahr 1989 als Zäsur der Kommunismusgeschichte,” Jahrbuch für historische Kommunismusforschung, 2009.

39.  Svetlana Savranskaya, Thomas Blanton, and Vladislav Zubok, eds., Masterpieces of History: The Peaceful End of the Cold War in Eastern Europe, 1989 (Budapest, 2010).

40.  Jacek Wieclawski, “The Eastern Enlargement of the European Union: Fears, Challenges, and Reality,” Globality Studies Journal, No. 15, March 18, 2010, globality.cc.stonybrook. edu/?p=118.

41.  Charles King, Extreme Politics: Nationalism, Violence, and the End of Eastern Europe (Oxford, 2010).

42.  Konrad H. Jarausch, ed., United Germany: Debating Processes and Prospects (New York, 2013).

43.  Claus Offe, Varieties of Transition: The East European and the East Germen Experience (Cambridge, MA, 1997).

44.  Milada Anna Vachudova, Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage and Integration after Communism (New York, 2005).

45.  Maier, Dissolution, 285–329.

46.  Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York, 1992), ix–xxiii, 39–51; and Eric J. Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London, 1994).

47.  Daniel N. Nelson, “Political Convergence: An Empirical Assessment,” World Politics 30 (1978), 411–32.

48.  Geir Lundestad, The United States and Western Europe since 1945: From “Empire” by Invitation to Transatlantic Drift (Oxford, 2003).

49.  Francois Furet, The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, 1999).

50.  Stefan Wolle, Die heile Welt der Diktatur: Alltag und Herrschaft in der DDR, 1971–1989 (Berlin, 1998), 69–83.

26. TRANSFORMING THE EAST

  1.  Peter S. Green, “Two Rivals Vying for Control of Poland’s Steel Group,” New York Times, December 20, 2002.

  2.  Sabrina P. Ramet, ed., Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989 (Cambridge, 2010), 9–36. Cf. Nancy M. Wingfield’s chapter in the third edition of Joseph Rothschild, Return to Diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe since World War II (New York, 2000), 265–302.

  3.  Richard Schroeder, Die wichtigsten Irrtümer über die deutsche Einheit, 2nd ed. (Freiburg, 2007), versus Daniela Dahn, Wehe dem Sieger! Ohne den Osten, kein Westen, 2nd. ed. (Reinbeck, 2011).

  4.  Milada Vachudova, Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage, and Integration after Communism (New York, 2005), 1–9.

  5.  Jürgen Habermas, Die Nachholdende Revolution: Kleine Polititsche Schriften (Frankfurt, 1990), vol. 7; and Ralf Dahrendorf, Reflections on the Revolution in Europe: In a Letter Intended to Have Been Sent to a Gentleman in Warsaw (New York, 1990).

  6.  Padraic Kenney, The Burdens of Freedom: Eastern Europe since 1989 (New York, 2006); and Günther Heydemann and Karel Vodicka, eds., Vom Ostblock zur EU: Systemtrans-formationen 1990–2012 im Vergleich (Göttingen, 2013).

  7.  Thomas Kostelecky, Political Parties after Communism: Developments in East Central Europe (Baltimore, 2002), 8–38.

  8.  Elisabeth Bakke, “Central and East European Party Systems since 1989,” in Central and Southeast European Politics, 64–90.

  9.  Kostelecky, Political Parties, 39–75.

10.  Anna Grzymala-Busse, Rebuilding Leviathan: Party Competition and State Exploitation in Post-Communist Democracies (Cambridge, 2007).

11.  Vachudova, Europe Undivided, 63–222.

12.  Konstanty Gebert, “Poland since 1989: Muddling Through, Wall to Wall,” Carol Skalnik Leff, “Building Democratic Values in the Czech Republic since 1989,” and Andras Bozoki and Eszter Simon, “Hungary since 1989,” in Central and Southeast European Politics, 139–81, 204–32.

13.  Aurel Braun, “Facing the Twenty-first Century: Lessons, Questions, and Tendencies,” Erica Harris, “Slovakia since 1989,” Lavinia Stan, “Romania: In the Shadow of the Past,” and Maria Spirova, “Bulgaria since 1989,” in Central and Southeast European Politics, 182–203, 379–420, 536–52.

14.  John Keane, Vaclav Havel: Political Tragedy in Six Acts (New York, 2000).

15.  Karl Kaser, “Economic Reforms and the Illusion of Transition,” in Central and Southeast Politics, 91–110.

16.  Anders Aslund, Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Bloc (Cambridge, 2002).

17.  Wolfgang Seibel, Verwaltete Illusionen: Die Privatisierung der DDR-Wirtschaft durch die Treuhandanstalt und ihre Nachfolger, 1990–2000 (Frankfurt, 2005); and Aslund, Building Capitalism, 255–303.

18.  Aslund, Building Capitalism, 396–440.

19.  Hermann Smith-Sivertsen, “The Baltic States,” in Central and Southeast European Politics, 447–72.

20.  Barry Eichengreen, The European Economy since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond (Princeton, 2007), 406–13.

21.  Kaser, “Economic Reforms,” 100ff.

22.  Ivan Berend, Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery (Cambridge, 1996).

23.  Konrad H. Jarausch, ed., United Germany: Debating Processes and Prospects (New York, 2013), 1–21.

24.  Berend, Central and Eastern Europe, 341–49.

25.  Daina S. Eglitis and Tana Lace, “Stratification and the Poverty of Progress in Post-Communist Latvian Capitalism,” Acta Sociologica 52 (2009), 329–49.

26.  John S. Micgiel, ed., Perspectives on Political and Economic Transitions after Communism (New York, 1997), 197–212.

27.  Myra Marx Ferree, “Feminist Encounters: Germany, the EU and Beyond,” in United Germany, 171–79.

28.  Geoffrey Evans, “The Social Bases of Political Divisions in Post-Communist Eastern Europe,” Annual Review of Sociology 32 (2006), 245–70.

29.  Aslund, Building Capitalism, 304–47.

30.  Michael Illner, “The Changing Quality of Life in a Post-Communist Country: The Case of the Czech Republic,” Social Indicators Research 43 (1998), 141–70.

31.  Sebastian M. Herrmann et al., eds., Ambivalent Americanizations: Popular and Consumer Culture in Central and Eastern Europe (Heidelberg, 2008).

32.  Friederike Kind-Kovács and Jessie Labov, eds., Samizdat, Tamizdat, and Beyond: Transnational Media during and after Socialism (New York, 2013).

33.  Christa Wolf, City of Angels or The Overcoat of Dr. Freud (New York, 2013). Cf. Thomas Goldstein, “Writing in Red: The East German Writers’ Union and the Role of Literary Intellectuals in the German Democratic Republic, 1971–1990” (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2010).

34.  Peter Gross, Entangled Evolutions: Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe (Washington, 2002), 158–74.

35.  Lavinia Stan, ed., Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the Communist Past (Milton Park, 2009), 12–14.

36.  Ibid., 247–70. Cf. Roman David, Lustration and Transitional Justice: Personnel Systems in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland (Philadelphia, 2011).

37.  Maria Todorova and Szusza Gille, eds., Post-Communist Nostalgia (New York, 2010), 1–14.

38.  Detlef Pollack, Jörg Jacobs, Olaf Müller, and Gerd Pickel, eds., Political Culture in Post-Communist Europe: Attitudes in New Democracies (Aldershot, 2003).

39.  Sabrina P. Ramet, Thinking about Yugoslavia: Scholarly Debates about the Yugoslav Breakup and the Wars in Bosnia and Kosovo (Cambridge, 2005).

40.  Marie-Janine Calic, Geschichte Jugoslawiens im 20. Jahrhundert (Munich, 2010), 340–44.

41.  Louis Sell, Slobodan Milosevic and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (Durham, 2002); and Cathie Carmichael, “Brothers, Strangers and Enemies: Ethno-nationalism and the Demise of Communist Yugoslavia,” in Dan Stone, ed., Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History (Oxford, 2012), 546–62.

42.  Sabrina P. Ramet, The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005 (Washington, 2006).

43.  James Gow, The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes (Montreal, 2003). Cf. Isabelle Delpla, Xavier Bougarel, and Jean-Louis Fournel, eds., Investigating Srebrenica: Institutions, Facts, Responsibilities (New York, 2014).

44.  Geert Hinrich Ahrens, Diplomacy on the Edge: Containment of Ethnic Conflict and the Minorities Working Group of the Conferences on Yugoslavia (Washington, 2006).

45.  David L. Phillips, Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U.S. Intervention (Cambridge, MA, 2012).

46.  Ray Salvatore Jennings, “Serbia: Evaluating the Bulldozer Revolution,” in Katryn Stoner and Michael McFaul, eds., Transitions to Democracy: A Comparative Perspective (Baltimore, 2012).

47.  Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert, eds., Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars’ Initiative (West Lafayette, IN, 2009).

48.  Berend, Central and Eastern Europe, 301ff. Cf. Christopher Hann, ed., Postsozialismus: Transformationsprozesse in Europa und Asien aus ethnologischer Perspektive (Frankfurt, 2002).

49.  Ian Bremmer, The J-Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall (New York, 2006).

50.  See the country essays in Ramet, Central and Southeast European Politics, 111–472.

51.  Jarausch, United Germany, 1–21. Cf. Claus Offe, Varieties of Transition: The East European and East German Experience (Cambridge, MA, 1997).

52.  Vachudova, Europe Undivided, 257–59; and Heydemann and Vodicka, Vom Ostblock, 329–80.