A
Acceptable level of risk, 495
higher level of protection, 497–498
Acceptable risk, 386
community decide for itself, 387
hazard mitigation plan creation, 388
uncertainty, 388
Acquisition, 446
Acquisition power, 284
acquisition of easements, 286
fee simple acquisition of land and damaged structures, 286
multiple goals of acquisition, 285–286
reusing acquired properties, 287
TDR, 287
types of land interests acquired, 286
willing sellers, willing buyers, 285
ACS, see American Community Survey (ACS)
hazard mitigation and, 34
infrastructure strategies, 34–35
managing community growth and development, 36–37
risk assessment and mapping, 36
ADCIRC, see Advanced coastal circulation model (ADCIRC)
Advanced coastal circulation model (ADCIRC), 55
AEC, see Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC)
Aerial photography, 37
Affirmative right, 286
Aftershocks, 99
Agricultural drought, 70
ALF, see Animal Liberation Front (ALF)
Al-Qaeda in Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), 148
American Community Survey (ACS), 492
human-made events in U. S, 138
Amortization, 279
Anarchist terrorism, 144
Animal Liberation Front (ALF), 148
Annual operating budget, 291
Anthrax, 145
Anticipated climate change implications, 404
Antiterrorism, 146, 187; see also Terrorism
Apparent temperature, 84
Application mode, 375
AQAP, see Al-Qaeda in Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)
Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC), 242
Arkadelphia, Arkansas, 506
capital, 11
Aurora Theater Shooting, 152
B
Backflow valves, 451
Base flood, see 100-year floodplain
Base flood elevation (BFE), 67
Base map creation, 367
Bath school disaster, 153
BCA, see Benefit–cost analysis (BCA)
BCR, see Benefit–cost ratio (BCR)
Beach(e)s, 440
system, 120
Benefit–cost analysis (BCA), 468
Benefit–cost ratio (BCR), 468
Berms, 438
BFE, see Base flood elevation (BFE)
Big Thompson River, 65
Biological agents, 144
Blizzards, 78
Boroughs, 302
Boxing Day tsunami, 14
“Brick and mortar” projects, 467–468
BTI, see Bucklin Tractor and Implement (BTI)
Bucklin Tractor and Implement (BTI), 320
subdivision buffers for flood hazards, 281–282
Building code, 246, 247, 452–453
state approaches, 247
updates, 248
Building drainage systems, 443–444
Build-out, 445
Burying utility lines, 453–454
Business contingency planning, 338
minimizing upstream business disruptions, 339
protecting data and vital records, 339–340
Business continuity planning, 330
Businesses embrace sustainable redevelopment, 320
Business impact analysis, 331, 333
downstream losses, 335
factors, 334
upstream losses, 335
Business interruption insurance, 345
Business preparedness, 416–417
Business property protection, 336
McDonalds franchise in Festus, 336
nonstructural mitigation measures, 338
physical retrofitting measures, 337
Business protection
business interruption insurance, 345
extra expense insurance, 345
through insurance, 343
through mitigation and preparedness, 320
plans types, 330
Business relocation plan preparation, 340–341
Business resilience, community resilience depends on, 319–320, 328–329
Business risk assessment
business impact analysis, 333–335
business protection plans types, 330
elements, 331
hazard identification, 331–333
and impact analysis, 329
vulnerability assessment, 333
Buyout program, 285
C
CAD, see Cold air damming (CAD)
California Climate Adaptation Strategy, 239
CAMA, see Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA)
Capital improvement, 292
budget, 292
Capital improvement program (CIP), 292, 448, 449
local governments, 448
to protecting public facilities from hazards, 449
to steering private development from hazard areas, 449
Catastrophe bond, New York City developing, 350–351
Catchments, see River basin
CBRA, see Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA)
CBRS, see Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS)
CDBG, see Community development block grants (CDBG)
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 209
CEQ, see Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
CERT, see Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)
CFR, see Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
Check valves, see Backflow valves
Chelyabinsk meteor, 4
Chemical agents, 145
Cinder cones, 115
CIP, see Capital improvement program (CIP)
City commission plan, 304
City of Newport News, 346
Civil unrest, 149
incidents, 136
public order events on college and university campuses, 150–151
race riots, 151
Clean Water Act (CWA), 203
Climate adaptation plan, 209, 239, 240, 299–301
Climate change, 480
climate change around globe, 17–18
on flooding, 63
inclusion, 240
on natural hazards, 16
on severe winter weather, 81–82
Climate change adaptation, 32, 209
case for adaptation, 33
DoD climate change adaptation roadmap, 210–211
EPA climate change adaptation programs, 211–212
green roofs, 34
policies, 264
president’s climate action plan, 210
reducing risk by, 208
USDA regional climate hubs, 213–214
USGCRP, 209
Climate Data Initiative, 210, 411, 494
Climate.gov, 374
Climate Prediction Center (CPC), 212
Climate Program Office (CPO), 213
Climate Resilience Toolkit, 210
Climate-smart nation, 212
Coalition to Save the Preserves (CSP), 148
Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA), 242
Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA), 201
coastal barrier islands, 201
effectiveness, 202
Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS), 202
Coastal development decisions, factors in, 322–323
Coastal engineers, 55
effect of climate change on, 121–122
coastal inlet hazard areas, 121
eroding bluffs, 120
shifting sands, 120
Coastal flooding, 66
Coastal high hazard areas, 67
Coastal inlet hazard areas, 121
Coastal management, office for, 212
Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), 203, 205–207
flexible program, 206
hazard mitigation, 207
incentives for state participation, 206
Coastal Zone Management Program, 206
Code enforcement process, 249
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 238
COGs, see Councils of Government (COGs)
Cold air damming (CAD), 80
Collapse, 122
pits, 124
sinkholes, 125
Columbine school shooting, 153
Commercial preparedness, 416–417
Communicating hazards with pictograms, 157–158
Community, 265
capabilities, 466
community-based risk reduction initiatives, incentives for, 348
counting number of people in, 378–379
engagement mechanisms in disaster policy making, 491
estimating value of asset in, 378
growth and development, managing, 36–37
impacts, 154
inventorying assets and populations in, 377
Community development block grants (CDBG), 184, 200
Community Emergency Response Team (CERT), 421
Community mitigation; see also Hazard mitigation
incentives for community-based risk reduction initiatives, 348
incentives to promoting community resilience, 347–348
New York City developing catastrophe bond, 350–351
private insurance participation in community mitigation, 349–350
private sector participation in, 346
public-private partnerships, 346
Community Rating System (CRS), 195–196
Community resilience, 318; see also Disaster resilience; Economic resilience
business contingency planning, 338–340
business property protection, 336–338
business protection through insurance, 343–345
business relocation plan preparation, 340–341
on business resilience, 319–320, 328–329
business risk assessment and impact analysis, 329–335
preparing plan to minimizing losses, 336
private land ownership in United States, 321–325
protecting employees and families, 341–343
Composite volcanoes, 115
Comprehensive emergency management, 24, 403; see also Emergency management (EM)
relationship between preparedness and response, 404
Comprehensive plan, 297
Condemnation, see Eminent domain
Conflicting and complementary interests at local level, 271–272
economic pressures on local governments, 272
Conservation protection organizations, 490, 491
Constant wrestling match, 98
Construction techniques, 451–452
Contagion effect, 152
Contingency planning, 330
Continuity of operations planning, 330
Copycatting, 152
Core, 96
Corps, 179
Cost savings, 446
Coulees, 115
Council-city manager, 304
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), 208
Councils of Government (COGs), 307
Counterterrorism, 146
County
board, 302
council-administrator, 303
council-elected executive, 303
functions, 302
CPC, see Climate Prediction Center (CPC)
CPO, see Climate Program Office (CPO)
Crater, bowl-shaped, 115
Crippling functions, see Destroying government functions
Critical facilities, community’s, 378
CRS, see Community Rating System (CRS)
CSP, see Coalition to Save the Preserves (CSP)
Cumulative impact assessment, 291
CWA, see Clean Water Act (CWA)
CZMA, see Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)
D
Dams, 436
break hazards, 437
environmental costs associated with, 437
failures in United States, 437
below Lake Delhi Dam view, 438
ownership in United States, 436–437
Data
and vital records protection, 339–340
Decision-making process, 318
Decreasing density, see Down-zoning
Department of defense (DoD), 179
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 136, 187
Department of Interior (DOI), 209
Destroying government functions, 146
Developer, 279
Developers/investors, 321
factors in coastal development decisions, 322–323
hazard awareness in investment decision making, 323–324
hazard mitigation into investment decisions, 324
DHS, see Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Differential assessment, 288
Dikes, 438
Dillon’s rule, 269
Direct impacts of hazards, 333
coastal environment, 8
costs, 10
data, 493
disaster-proof, 285
environmental costs, 13
experience in Roseville, 369
hazards and, 5
human lives lost, 14
Hurricane Sandy, 12
long-term economic costs, 11–13
policy making, 491
prevention, 267
Stafford Act, 6
in United States, 7
Disaster life cycle, see Emergency management cycle
Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA), 197, 237–238, 240, 307, 362, 463, 468
Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 5–6
Disaster resilience, 39–41, 482–483; see also Community resilience; Economic resilience
acceptable level of risk, 495–498
community, 40
investing in our future, 481–482
people’s responsibility, 483–491
pre-and post-disaster opportunities for redevelopment, 503–507
strategy implementation, 498–503
Divergent approaches, 230
climate change adaptation, state agencies role in, 232–233
Hawaiian policy tool kit, 231
hazards management, state agencies role in, 231–233
DIY, see Do-it-yourself (DIY)
DMA, see Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA)
DoD, see Department of defense (DoD)
DOI, see Department of Interior (DOI)
Do-it-yourself (DIY), 459
Domestic terrorism, 143
DOT, see U.S Department of Transportation (DOT)
Downstream losses, 335
Down-zoning, 280
Drain system maintenance, 444
Drought, 69
classification, 70
effects of climate change on, 70–71
impacts, 71
Due process clauses, 270
Dune(s), 440
stabilization, 442
Dynamic/state characteristics, 375
E
EA, see Environmental assessments (EA)
Earth Liberation Front (ELF), 148
Earthquakes, 97; see also Tsunamis; Volcanoes
aftershocks, 99
experience in United States, 102–104
impacts on people and property, 102
measuring acceleration with PGA, 100–102
measuring intensity with MMI scale, 100
measuring magnitude with Richter scale, 99–100
motion, 98
rating, 99
tectonic plate movement, 98
Easement, 286
Easements, acquisition of, 286
Economic loss, 493
Economic resilience, 318; see also Community resilience
economic impacts of natural hazards, 326–328
private land ownership, 319
Ecoterrorism, 144
Education and training programs, 421; see also Volunteer programs
Ready Kids!, 422
Education strategies, 35
EIS, see Environmental impact studies (EIS)
Elevation, 451
elevating buildings above flood level, 450–451
elevation-in-place, 451
ELF, see Earth Liberation Front (ELF)
EM, see Emergency management (EM)
EMAC, see Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC)
Emergency management (EM), 234, 269; see also State emergency management
during Cold War, 182
functional, logistical, and operational elements, 29
Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC), 146
Emergency management cycle, 26
comprehensive emergency management, 24
Federal preparedness programs, 28–29
hazard mitigation, 29
Jersey Shore rebuilding, 31–32
preparedness vs. mitigation, 29–31
Emergency Management Department, 414
Emergency management evolution, 180
disaster mitigation act, 186–187
early federal involvement, 181–183
explosion of federal aid (1980 and 1990), 183–185
Hurricane Katrina, 187
project impact, 186
threat of terrorism initiates agency reorganization, 187
Emergency Management Institute (EMI), 421–422
Emergency managers, 480
mitigation functions by, 485
Emergency medical technicians (EMTs), 28
Emergency operations plans (EOP), 298, 413
Emergency planning zones, 162–163
Emerging adaptation plan component, 299
EMI, see Emergency Management Institute (EMI)
EMTs, see Emergency medical technicians (EMTs)
Engineering projects
dikes, levees, floodwalls, and berms, 438
disadvantages of structural engineered mitigation projects, 435–436
mitigation through, 434
reducing coastal hazard impacts, 440–443
Enhanced Fujita scale, 76
Enhanced plan, 238
Environmental assessments (EA), 208
Environmental costs, 13
Environmental impact studies (EIS), 208
Environmental protection organizations, 490, 491
EOP, see Emergency operations plans (EOP)
EPA, see U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Episodic erosion, 120
Epsilon, 61
Equal protection clauses, 270
Eroding bluffs, 120
Essential facilities, 378
Evacuation, 417
National Guard, 418
NOAA NWS forecasters, 417
participants, 419
Exacerbating conditions, 375
Exercise programs, 422
Great ShakeOut Earthquake Drills, 422–423
Tornado exercises, 423
Extra expense insurance, 345
Extraordinary disaster losses, 481
Extraterrestrial hazards, 4
Extraterritorial jurisdiction, 269
Extra-tropical cyclones, 77
impacts, 84
National Weather Service Heat Index, 84
urban heat island, 85
Extremely hazardous substances, 155–156
F
False sense of security, 435
Families and individuals, 414
emergency management functions, 414
family’s basic disaster supplies kit, 415–416
preparedness for vulnerable populations, 416
FBI, see Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Federal aid explosion, 183
FEMA incapable of major disaster response, 184
Midwest floods, 185
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 143
Federal coordination of preparedness activities, 407
National Mitigation Framework, 407–408
National Prevention Framework, 410
NDRF, 408
NRF, 408
Federal Disaster Activity (1970), 183
Federal disaster assistance, 217
federal subsidies of hazard risks, 217–219
subsidizing risk through mitigation programs, 219
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 28, 39, 146, 187, 188, 193, 235, 238, 244, 247, 264, 283, 307, 465
BCAs, 468
creation, 183
developing FIRMs, 191
emphasis on hazard mitigation, 186
FEMA-approved hazard mitigation plan, 239
incapable of major disaster response, 184
Mitigation Grant Programs, 494–495
NFIP, 67
official mission, 190
test for, 185
Federal funds, 436
Federal government role in disaster management
climate change adaptation, reducing risk by, 208–214
development in hazard areas, federal incentives for, 214–216
evolution of EM at federal level, 180–189
federal disaster assistance, 217–219
federal hazard mitigation programs, 189–202
federal programs indirectly managing hazard impacts, 203–208
Federal hazard mitigation programs, 189
CDBG, 200
DMA of 2000, 197
National Hurricane Program, 200
NEHRP, 200
role of FEMA, 190
Federal hazardous materials transportation law, 159
Federal incentives for development in hazard areas, 214
federal infrastructure programs, 215–216
IRC as De Facto management tool, 214–215
U.S. army corps of engineers, 216
Federal involvement, 181
EM during Cold War, 182
Federal Disaster Activity (1970), 183
National Flood Insurance Act, 182
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 181
Federal preparedness programs, 28–29
Federal preparedness resources, 410
Climate Data Initiative, 411
NWR All Hazards Network, 410
Federal programs
managing hazard impacts, 203
Federal programs, 296
Federal property management
federal buildings, 179
federal infrastructure, 179–180
federal lands, 178
FedEx, 328
Fee simple acquisition of land and damaged structures, 286
FEMA, see Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
52-acre training campus, 28–29
Findings of no significant impact (FONSI), 208
FIRMs, see Flood insurance rate maps (FIRMs)
First responders, 413
500-year flood floodplain, 67
Flood Hazard Area Act, 244
Flood(ing), 13, 62–64, 66, 246
effects of climate change on, 63
flood control structures, environmental damage caused by, 438
floodplains, river basins, and watershed, 63–64
fringe, 63
preparedness activities, 196
protection activities, 196
Flood insurance rate maps (FIRMs), 67–68
Flood mapping, 66
Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA program), 198, 199, 460
funding, 199
Floodproofing, 451
Floodwalls, 438
FMA program, see Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA program)
FONSI, see Findings of no significant impact (FONSI)
Foreshock, 99
404 Flaws, 204
Freeboard, 247
Free speech zone, 150
Freezing drizzle, see Freezing rain
Frostbite, 82
Fujita–Pearson tornado scale, 75–76
Funnel clouds, 74
Funnel storms, 74
Future build-out into flood risk determinations, 501–502
G
General awareness campaigns, 458
General-purpose local governments, 302
Geographic factors, 332
Geographic information systems (GIS), 365, 456
to project flooding from future development, 457
Geological hazards, 96
human-caused geo-hazards, 125–126
landslides/debris flows, 117–119
subsidence and collapse, 122–125
GHG emissions, see Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions)
GIS, see Geographic information systems (GIS)
Global Terrorism Database (GTD), 146, 147
Goals, 467
Gravity (g), 100
Great ShakeOut Earthquake Drills, 422–423
Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions), 33–34
Green Infrastructure or Low Impact Development techniques, 444
Groin fields, 441
Groins, 441
Ground motion, 98
Growth management and development in hazard areas, 273
local government planning, 295–301
using power of acquisition, 284–288
using power of education, 294–295
using power of spending, 291–294
using power of taxation and fees, 288–291
regulatory power to hazard impact mitigation, 276–284
Growth shapers, 293
GTD, see Global Terrorism Database (GTD)
Guaranty fund, 254
H
Hawaiian Islands, 114
Hawaiian policy tool kit, 231
Hazard(s), 2; see also Hydrological hazards
awareness in investment decision making, 323–324
Chelyabinsk meteor, 4
and disasters, 5
Earth’s dynamic equilibrium, 2–3
extraterrestrial hazards, 4
hazard-prone property, 286
hazard-resilient community, 266
human-made hazards, 5
impacts of climate change on natural
loss reduction, 287
management effectiveness, 236
types of natural hazards, 3
Hazard City, 389
acceptable level of risk, 394
asset and population inventory, 392
asset and population inventory, 393
future land use and development, 392, 394
hazard identification, 390–391
hazard mitigation plan, 390
loss estimate, 392
Hazard identification, 36, 331, 367
gathering hazard information, 332–333
Hazard impact mitigation
local government planning, 295–301
using power of acquisition, 284–288
using power of education, 294–295
using power of spending, 291–294
using power of taxation and fees, 288–291
regulatory power to hazard impact mitigation, 276–284
Hazard insurance state regulation, 251
insuring catastrophic losses, 252–253
state insurance regulation, 253–254
Hazard mitigation, 29, 264, 431; see also Community mitigation
and adaptation strategies, 34
assessments for, 289
choosing right mitigation strategy to fitting problem, 433–434
climate adaptation plan, 239–240
coverage expansion, 255
divergent approaches overview, 230–233
effectiveness of CIP, 293
through engineering projects, 434–443
expanding hazard mitigation coverage, 255–256
hazard insurance state regulation, 251–254
increasing state mitigation capabilities, 254–256
infrastructure strategies, 34–35
into investment decisions, 324
local mitigation planning, 463–470
managing community growth and development, 36–37
through natural resource protection, 454–455
to preparing for climate change, 434
through property protection, 450–454
through public information, 456–459
risk assessment and mapping, 36
through state coastal management programs, 207
state mandates for local land use planning, 240–241
state provision of infrastructure, 245–246
state regulation of environmentally sensitive areas, 242–245
stormwater management systems, 443–445
strategies, 433
strategies for human-made hazards, 461–462
terrorism and technological hazard mitigation strategies, 462
Hazard Mitigation Assistance grant programs (HMA grant programs), 198
HMGP, 198
Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), 184, 198, 239
Hazard Mitigation Plan, 374, 378, 388
Hazard mitigation planning, 237, 297; see also Local mitigation planning
consequences of not preparing State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 239
Disaster Mitigation Act (2000), 237–238
planning principles, 238
Hazardous, 154
chemicals, 156
wastes, 156
Hazard profile, 369
climate change resources, 374–375
creating hazard history, 370–371
determining probability of hazard, 372–373
hazard mapping, 376
identifying extent of hazard, 371–372
identifying location of hazard, 373
likelihood of hazard, 372
profiling climate change impacts, 373–374
profiling human-made hazards, 375–376
Hazards management
executive order for floodplain management, 180
federal appropriations, 176–178
federal government involvement in, 176
hurricane sandy in 2012, 177
managing federal property, 178–180
programs, 203
state agencies role in, 231–233
Hazards U. S. (HAZUS), 364, 378, 493
HazMat
releases during natural hazard events, 163
transportation accidents, 159–160
HAZUS, see Hazards U.S. (HAZUS)
HAZUS-Multi-Hazard (HAZUS-MH), 364–365, 493
Heat engines, 53
Heating, ventilating, and cooling (HVAC), 338
“Heat island” effect, 33
Heat wave, see Extreme heat
High-resolution models, 55
High Water Mark initiative, 370–371
Historical factors, 332
HMA grant programs, see Hazard Mitigation Assistance grant programs (HMA grant programs)
HMGP, see Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
Home-buying process, 457
Home Depot, 327
Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP), 422
Home Rule, 269
Hot-button issues, 459
Hot spots, 114
HSEEP, see Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP)
Human-caused geo-hazards, 125–126
Human error, 332
Human lives lost, 14
Human loss calculation, 383
Human-made events, 138
man-made hazard events in U.S, 139–141
mitigation strategies for, 461–462
technological hazards, 154–163
Human management of wildfire, 73
100-year floodplain, 36, 62, 67, 295, 373, 488
risk, 511
100-year flood, see 100-year floodplain
Hurricanes, 52
category damage examples, 58–59
formation, 53
impacts of climate change on, 60–61
landfall, 57
and patterns of human activity, 57–60
NASA image, 53
HVAC, see Heating, ventilating, and cooling (HVAC)
Hydrological drought, 70
Hydrological hazards, 50; see also Hazard(s)
weather-related natural hazards, 50–52
Hypothermia, 82
I
IBC, see International Building Code (IBC)
IBHS, see Insurance Institute for Building and Home Safety (IBHS)
ICC, see International Code Council (ICC)
Icelandic eruption, 117
IEMSs, see Integrated Emergency Management Systems (IEMSs)
IFG, see Individual and Family Grant Program (IFG)
Incidents of national significance, 409
Indigenous populations, 366
Indirect impacts of terrorism, 333
Individual and family assistance, 183
Individual and Family Grant Program (IFG), 239
Individual responsibility, 489–490
Infill, 445
Infrastructure strategies, 34–35
Inherent vulnerability, 380
In-kind contributions, 460
Inland flooding, 54
Insurance industry, 349
private insurance participation in community mitigation, 349–350
Insurance Institute for Building and Home Safety (IBHS), 248
Insuring catastrophic losses, 252–253
Integrated Emergency Management Systems (IEMSs), 146
Intensity, 100
Intentional human-made hazards, inventorying assets for, 379–380
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 16
Internal Revenue Code (IRC), 214
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 214
International Building Code (IBC), 248
International catastrophes, 109
International Code Council (ICC), 248
International Residential Code (IRC), 248
International terrorism, 143
Inventorying vulnerable assets and populations, 376
calculating proportion of assets, 379
inventorying assets for intentional humanmade hazards, 379–380
mapping assets and populations, 380–382
sources of information, 377
tasks in, 377
Investment decision making
hazard mitigation into, 324
IPCC, see Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
IRC, see Internal Revenue Code (IRC); International Residential Code (IRC)
IRS, see Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
J
Jersey Shore rebuilding, 31–32
Jetties, 441
Jordan Commons, 506
“Just compensation”, 270
K
Karst topography, 125
Keetch–Byram drought index (KBDI), 73, 74
Kent state massacre, 151
Knowing environment, 492
Climate Data Initiative, 494
Digital Coast, 494
disaster data, 493
HAZUS, 493
local mitigation planning, 494
National Climate Assessment, 493
Ready.gov, 494
state climatologists, 495
State Hazard Mitigation Officers, 494–495
U.S. Census, 492
L
Land
ownership, 286
use planning and site selection, 340–341
use strategies, 35
Landfall, 57
Landslides, 117
risk areas, 119
triggers, 118
Land use regulation, 447
subdivision ordinances, 448
zoning ordinances, 447
Large-scale nourishment programs, 442
Lateral spreads, 98
Lava, 112
domes, 115
flows, 116
Laze, 117
Left-wing terrorism, 143
Legislation, 187
Legitimacy, 142
Levees, 438
Lifeline
services, 292
utilities, 378
Limits on police power, 269
Liquefaction, 98
Lithosphere, 97
Littoral drift, 441
Local champion, 309
Local code enforcement, state support for, 250–251
Local government planning, 295
climate change adaptation plans, 298–301
EOP, 298
hazard mitigation planning, 297–298
land use and comprehensive plans, 296–297
Local government powers
characteristics of resilient community, 265–266
conflicting and complementary interests at local level, 271–272
exercising police power, 268–271
local solutions for increasing resiliency, 266–267
managing growth and development in hazard areas, 273
unsustainable land uses lead to vulnerability, 266
Local governments, 36, 264–265, 301, 464
counties, 302
county government organization, 302–303
local government departments, 304–305
municipalities, 303
organization of municipalities, 303–304
structure, 301
towns and townships, 305
types, 302
Local mitigation planning, 463, 494; see also Hazard mitigation planning
area and resources, 464
Disaster Mitigation Act, 463
mitigation strategy development, 467–468
outreach strategy creation, 465–466
review and adopting plan, 469–470
review community capabilities, 466
safe and resilient community, 470
Local real estate boards, 457
Local zoning ordinance, 447
Loma Prieta, California Earthquake, 103
Long-term economic costs, 11–13
Loss estimate calculation, 382–383
Louisa County, 469
M
Magma, 112
Managing growth in hazard areas, 274–276
Mantle, 96
Mapping
and regulatory activities, 196
Mass shootings, 151
patterns, 152
Matching funds, 460
at home, 461
Material Safety Data Sheets, see Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
Mayor-council, 303
Meteorological drought, 70
Meteorological hazards, 50
weather-related natural hazards, 50–52
“Meteotsunami”, 110
Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), 350
Microearthquake, 100
Midwest floods, 185
Ministerial function, 282
Mississippi Department of Employment Security, 327
Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet (MRGO), 205
Mitigation, 32–33, 403–404, 503
actions, 467
conditions, 375
functions, 485
Mitigation funding, 459
combining mitigation with other goals, 460
finding matching funds, 460–461
finding mitigation funds at home, 461
hot-button issues, 459
state and federal funding sources, 460
Mitigation strategy development, 467
BCA, 468
“brick and mortar” projects, 467–468
goals and objectives, 467
MMI, see Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI)
Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI), 99
earthquake intensity, 101
measuring intensity with, 100
Moral hazard, 218
Moratorium, 283
Motion, 98
MRGO, see Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet (MRGO)
MTA, see Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)
Multijurisdictional planning process, 464
Municipal improvements, 453
burying utility lines, 453–454
planting, 454
pruning, 454
N
Narco-terrorism, 143
“Nashville Naturally” open space plan, 501
Nassau County, 507
National Climate Assessment, 493
National Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF), 408
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), 200
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 203, 207
draft guidance for evaluating climate change, 208
toothless ogre, 208
National Flood Insurance Act, 182
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), 67, 190, 236, 283, 344
attempts to halt flood of losses, 194–195
borrowing from treasury to stay afloat, 193
flood insurance rate maps, 191–192
floodplain management under, 191
keeping FIRMs current, 192–193
problem of repetitive losses, 193–194
regulations, 338
National Incident Management System (NIMS), 408–409
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 200
Nationalist terrorism, 143
National Mitigation Framework, 407–408
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 108, 212
CPO, 213
NWS forecasters, 417
TsunamiReady program, 111
National preparedness, 188–189
National Preparedness Directorate, 28
National Prevention Framework, 410
National Response Framework (NRF), 408
National Science Foundation (NSF), 200
National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters (NVOAD), 420
National Weather Service (NWS), 27, 212
Heat Index, 84
Nation’s wetlands, demise of, 455
Natural hazards, 2, 9–10, 136, 138, 182, 322
in New England, 4
types, 3
Natural mitigation function, 242
Natural resource protection, 454; see also Property protection
demise of Nation’s wetlands, 455
mitigation through, 454
soil conservation and steep slope preservation, 455
Natural resource strategies, 35
Nature’s kidneys, 244
NDRF, see National Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF)
Negative Action, 249
NEHRP, see National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP)
NEPA, see National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
NESIS, see Northeast snowfall impact scale (NESIS)
New Orleans levees, failure of, 439–440
NFIP, see National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)
NIDIS, see U.S. National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS)
NIMS, see National Incident Management System (NIMS)
NIST, see National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
NOAA, see National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards Network (NWR All Hazards Network), 410
No Action, 249
Nonconstruction projects, 468
Nonfederal match, 460
Nonprofit conservation organizations, 255
Nontraditional stormwater management, 444–445
Northeast snowfall impact scale (NESIS), 79
Northridge earthquake, 103–104
NRC, see Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
NRF, see National Response Framework (NRF)
NSF, see National Science Foundation (NSF)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 161
Nuee ardent, see Pyroclastic flow
NVOAD, see National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters (NVOAD)
NWR All Hazards Network, see NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards Network (NWR All Hazards Network)
NWS, see National Weather Service (NWS)
O
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 468
OSHA, see U.S.Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)
Other regulated materials (ORM), 155
Outreach strategy creation, 465–466
P
PA, see Public assistance program (PA)
Pacific Tsunami Warning System, 110–111
Parishes, 302
Partnership development with multiple stakeholders, 255
PDM program, see Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM program)
PDR, see Purchase of development rights (PDR)
Peak ground acceleration (PGA), 99
measuring acceleration with, 100–102
Perpetrators, 142
PGA, see Peak ground acceleration (PGA)
PHMSA, see Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)
Physical damage, 493
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), 159
Planting, 454
Political terrorism, 144
Pop tart preparedness, 417
Posing solutions, 219
break cycle by reducing federal disaster dollars, 220
federal dollars for permanent solutions, 220
make new development pay for its safety, 220
Post-disaster redevelopment, 503–505
Post-storm reconstruction, 244
learning about natural hazards, 295
Power of spending to hazard impact mitigation, 291
annual operating budgets, 291
capital improvements, 292
CIP, 292
effectiveness of CIP for hazard mitigation, 293–294
influencing private development, 293
not all spending decisions are made locally, 294
standards for government buildings and facilities, 292–293
Power of taxation and fees, 288
special assessments and fees, 289–290
Power types, 264
PPD-8, see Presidential Policy Directive-8 (PPD-8)
Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM program), 198, 199, 460
Pre-FIRM structures, 194
business and commercial preparedness, 416–417
education and training programs, 421–422
Emergency Management Department, 414
everyone’s responsibility, 405–420
examples of activities, 26
families and individuals, 414–416
federal coordination of preparedness activities, 407–410
Governor of Indiana, Mitch Daniels, meets members of National Guard, 412
key federal preparedness resources, 410–411
through public-private partnerships, 346
role in comprehensive emergency management, 403–404
state level preparedness, 411–412
“Turn Around Don’t Drown” program, 27
Presidential Policy Directive-8 (PPD-8), 188, 407
Prevention
acquisition and relocation, 446–447
capital improvement programming, 448–449
disasters, 445
mitigation through, 445
setback regulations, 448
Private
insurance participation in community mitigation, 349–350
property, 269
Private land ownership
developers and investors, 321–324
“location, location, location”, 321
public sector actions, 325
in United States, 321
Private sector, 318
incentives for community-based risk reduction initiatives, 348
incentives to promoting community resilience, 347–348
New York City developing catastrophe bond, 350–351
participation in community mitigation, 346
private insurance participation in community mitigation, 349–350
public-private partnerships, 346
Property
development rights, 286
Property protection, 330; see also Natural resource protection
mitigation through, 450
municipal improvements, 453–454
strengthening buildings and facilities, 450–452
Pruning, 454
Public assistance program (PA), 183, 218
Public information
activities, 196
community awareness campaigns, 458–459
hazard mapping, 456
mitigation through, 456
real estate disclosure laws, 457
Public perception of human-made hazards, 164
individual experience, 164–165
media coverage, 164
mitigation and preparation, 165–166
range of strong responses, 165
Public-private partnerships, 346
Public safety functions, 269
Public sector actions, 325
Purchase of development rights (PDR), 286
Pyroclastic flow, 116
Q
Quality services, 272
R
Race riots, 151
Racist terrorism, 143
Rain bands, 52
RATES, see Regulation, Acquisition, Taxation, Education, and Spending (RATES)
Ready.gov Campaign, 410–411, 494
“Ready Kids!”, 422
Real estate disclosure laws, 457
Receiving zones, 287
Regional agencies, 306
Regional governance, 306
multijurisdictional planning, 307
mutual aid agreements, 308
Regulation, Acquisition, Taxation, Education, and Spending (RATES), 273–274
local government powers, 274
managing growth in hazard areas, 274–276
Regulatory power to hazard impact mitigation, 276–277
bonus and incentive zoning, 279
flood damage prevention ordinance, 283–284
nonconforming uses, 279
overlay zones, 279
police power through zoning, 277
post-disaster building moratoria, 283
strengths of using zoning for hazard mitigation, 280
subdivision buffers for flood hazards, 281–282
subdivision ordinances, 281
Relative sea level rise, 62
Religious terrorism, 143
Repetitive loss properties (RLPs), 194
Residential structures, 451
Resilience, see Disaster resilience
Resilient community, 293, 402, 470
Resilient economies, see Economic resilience
Resilient redevelopment, 505–507
Resolution, 470
Response, 404
Responsibility of people about resilience, 483
art of emergency management, 483, 485
building “whole community” coalition, 490–491
individual responsibility, 489–490
responsibilities, challenges, and opportunities, 484
Retrofitting, 452
“Reverse aquarium” concept, 486
Richter scale, measuring magnitude with, 99–100
Right-wing terrorism, 143
Risk assessment, 238, 361, 362, 466–467
base map creation, 367
community, 362
estimating potential losses, 382–383
FEMA regulations, 363
future land use and development trends, 384–386
hazard identification, 367–369
inventorying vulnerable assets and populations, 376–382
using knowledge of indigenous populations, 366
and mapping, 36
mapping and data collection, 364–365
Risk factors, 267
Risk reduction requires policy implementation, 37
management, 500
Riverine flooding, 66
RLPs, see Repetitive loss properties (RLPs)
Runoff, 443
S
Safe community, 470
Safety and health plan, 330
Safety Data Sheets (SDS), 157
Saffir–Simpson Scale, 56–57, 371
Sand dunes, construction and stabilization of, 442
Sand-trapping structures, 441
Sandy hook elementary school shooting, 152
San Francisco Earthquake, 103
Scheduled infrastructure, 385–386
SDS, see Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
Sea level rise, 61
on flooding and storm surge, 62
global sea level, 61
relative, 62
and saltwater intrusion, 62–63
Secondary hazard, 163
Sediment-trapping structures, 440–441
Seismology, 97
seismic construction, 452
seismic waves, 98
seismograph, 99
Sending area, 287
Sending zones, 287
Setback regulations, 448
Setback rules, 121
Severe blizzard, 78
Severe winter weather, 77
blizzards, 78
effects of climate change on, 81–82
SFHA, see Special flood hazard area (SFHA)
Shield volcanoes, 115
Shifting sands, 120
SHMO, see State Hazard Mitigation Officer (SHMO)
Shoddy workmanship, 453
Shoreline protection works, 440
Single-jurisdictional plan, 464
Single-purpose local governments, 302
Sleet, 80
“Snaggle-tooth” approach, 447
Social impacts, 493
Social Vulnerability Index (SOVI), 374
Socioeconomic drought, 70
Soil conservation, 455
Soil slumps, 118
Soldier’s Grove, Wisconsin, 506
SOVI, see Social Vulnerability Index (SOVI)
SPCC, see Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures (SPCC)
Special flood hazard area (SFHA), 67
Speed bump, 443
Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures (SPCC), 330
Standard plan, 238
START, see Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START)
State(s), 230
approaches, 247
climatologists, 495
DOT, 245
and federal funding sources, 460
hazards management effectiveness, 236–237
mitigation planning process, 255
plans levels, 238
state-mandated insurance pool, 253
state hazard mitigation and preparedness activities, funding for, 235–236
terrorism, 143
State building codes, 246
freeboard requirements, 247
state approaches, 247
state support for local code enforcement, 250–251
updates, 248
State emergency management, 234
effectiveness of state hazards management, 236–237
funding for state hazard mitigation and preparedness activities, 235–236
State Hazard Mitigation Officer (SHMO), 234, 236, 494–495
State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 238
consequences of not preparing, 239
inclusion of climate change, 240
State mitigation capabilities, 254
developing partnerships with multiple stakeholders, 255
expanding hazard mitigation coverage, 255–256
State regulation of environmentally sensitive areas, 242
post-storm reconstruction, 244
wetland protection, 244
Steep slope preservation, 455
Storm tide, 54
Stormwater management systems, 443
building drainage systems with adequate
drain system maintenance, 444
moving away from structural engineered mitigation projects, 444–445
nontraditional stormwater management, 444–445
Strategic retreat, 243
Strategy implementation, 498
future build-out into flood risk determinations, 501–502
Stratovolcanoes, see Composite volcanoes
Strengthening buildings and facilities, 450
elevating buildings above flood level, 450–451
floodproofing, 451
seismic construction and retrofitting, 452
Strong mayor-council, 303
Strong responses, range of, 165
Structural engineered mitigation projects, 435
construction and stabilization of sand dunes, 442
false sense of security, 435
groins, 441
jetties, 441
potential expense of structural mitigation projects, 435–436
reducing coastal hazard impacts through, 440
reducing mitigation function of natural
resources, 435
sediment-trapping structures, 440–441
shoreline protection works, 440
Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), 136
Subdivision
regulations, 448
Subsidence, 122
causes of land subsidence, 123
sinkholes, 125
in United States, 122
Substantially damaged structures, 244
Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake, 99–100
Surface faulting, 98
sustainable development, 39–40, 265
T
Tactical vulnerability, 380
Takings clause, 270
Target, 142
Target-hardening strategies, 462
TDR, see Transfer of development rights (TDR)
Technological factors, 332
Technological hazards, 154
community impacts, 154
emergency planning zones, 162–163
HazMat releases during natural hazard events, 163
HazMat transportation accidents, 159–160
leaks during storage and disposal, 160–161
mitigation strategies, 462
OSHA safety data sheets, 157–158
sources of hazardous materials, 156–157
symptoms of toxic poisoning, 156
Tectonic plate movement, 98
Tectonic plates, 97
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), 148
Temporary boost, 327
Temporary business locations, 341
Terrorism, 136, 138; see also Antiterrorism
biological and chemical weapons, 144–145
elements, 142
hazard mitigation strategies, 462
role of FEMA, 146
tactics and weapons, 144
Terrorist attacks, 146
“Think Globally—Act Locally”, 265
Tidal waves, see Tsunamis
Tornadoes, 74
activity in United States, 76–77
exercises, 423
Fujita–Pearson tornado scale, 75–76
Toxic chemicals, 156
Toxic poisoning symptoms, 156
Transfer of development rights (TDR), 287
Tropical cyclones, 53
Tsunamis, 107; see also Earthquakes; Volcanoes
fast and furious, 107
impact of climate change, 111–112
international catastrophes, 109
readiness, 111
risk for United States, 109–110
TTP, see Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)
Tulsa, Oklahoma, 506
“Turn Around Don’t Drown” program, 27
U
intersection with hazardous areas, 386
United States Geological Survey (USGS), 118
Upstream business disruptions, minimizing, 339
Upstream losses, 335
Urban flooding, 66
Urban heat island, 85
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 179, 181
U.S. Census, 492
U.S Department of Transportation (DOT), 136
U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 136
U.S.Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), 209, 493
U.S.Global Change Research Program, 374
USGS, see United States Geological Survey (USGS)
U.S. National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS), 72
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 373
U.S.Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), 136
V
Variances, 448
Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTrans), 246
Violence, 142
Virginia tech shooting, 153
ash, 116
fog, 117
mudflows, 116
Volcano–earthquake connection, 114
Volcanoes, 112; see also Earthquakes; Tsunamis
hot spots, 114
impacts on people and property, 116–117
reaching boiling point, 112
types of volcanic structures, 115
volcanic eruptions types, 113
volcano–earthquake connection, 114
Volunteer programs, 420; see also Exercise programs
CERT, 421
VTrans, see Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTrans)
Vulnerability, 481
to hazards, 377
vulnerable populations, preparedness for, 416
W
Water force, 54
Waterspouts, 74
Wave action, 54
Weak mayor-council, 304
Weather-related natural hazards, 50
awareness, 52
coastal communities, 51
in United States, 51
mitigation, 245
protection, 244
“Whole community” coalition, 490
conservation and environmental protection organizations, 490, 491
mechanisms for community engagement in disaster policy making, 491
fire regime time periods, 73
human management, 73
measuring wildfire risk conditions, 73–74
Willing buyers, 285
Willing sellers, 285
factor, 80
temperature, 81
Winter weather down on farm, 82–83
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 16, 61
Z
code, 277
districts, 278
zone in, 277