Notes
Abbreviations Used in the Notes
BL = British Library
NA = National Archives
REM = Royal Engineers’ Museum
WD = Wellington’s Dispatches
WSD = Wellington’s Supplementary Dispatches
Acknowledgements
1. Page, Intelligence Officer in the Peninsula: Letters & Diaries of Major the Hon. Edward Charles Cocks 1786-1812.
2. Pen & Sword, 2006.
Introduction
1. NA WO55/977, Letter from Captain Howard Elphinstone, dated 31 July 1808.
2. This is the establishment number, not the actual number of officers serving.
3. Forbes, History of the Army Ordnance Services, Vol. 1, p. 173.
4. Ward, The School of Military Engineering 1812-1909, Chatham, 1909, p. 4.
5. Pasley, Course of instruction originally composed for the use of the Royal Engineer Department, Vol. 2, p. iv.
Chapter 1
1. REM 4201-274, Elphinstone to his wife, 27 July 1808.
2. REM 4201-274, Elphinstone to his wife, 6 August 1808.
3. Landmann, Recollections of Military Life, Vol. 2, pp. 93–5.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid, p. 126.
6. Ibid, p. 127.
7. Ibid, p. 300.
8. REM 4201-274, Elphinstone to his wife, 21 August 1808.
9. NA WO55/977, Landmann to Morse, 17 August 1808 (should be 18 August).
10. NA WO55/977, Landmann to Morse, Vimeiro, 21 August 1808.
11. Landmann, Recollections of Military Life, Vol. 2, pp. 310–12.
12. NA WO55/977, Fletcher to Morse, 7 September 1808. A British Pound (£) was made up of 20 Shillings (s).
13. Burnham & McGuigan, The British Army against Napoleon, p. 146. Also, Haldane, Official Letters, p. 125.
14. NA WO55/977, Fletcher to Morse, Amity Transport, 27 July 1808.
15. NA WO55/977, Fletcher to Morse, Oeyras, 7 September 1808.
16. Most references to Fletcher’s children mention five, not six. I have used six on the basis that Fletcher himself mentions six in a letter dated 27 July 1808. Two of the children died young and this may account for the discrepancy.
17. NA WO55/977, Fletcher to Morse, 8 October 1808.
18. NA WO55/1561, Fletcher to Morse, 22 October 1808.
19. NA WO55/1561/4.
20. NA WO55/1561, Fletcher to Morse, 22 October 1808.
21. NA WO55/1561/9 Burgoyne’s report en route from Alhandra to Almeida.
22. NA WO55/958 Fletcher to Mann, Abrantes, 1 November 1808.
23. NA WO55/977, Fletcher to Morse, 26 November 1808.
24. NA WO55/958, Burgoyne to Fletcher, 23 November 1808.
25. BL Add63106, ff. 9-10, Squire to Bunbury, 10 September 1810.
26. Castlereagh, Correspondence, Vol. 6, pp. 371–2, 381. The original order from Castlereagh to Dyer, Roche and Patrick dated 19 June 1808. Doyle ordered out 2 July 1808 to accompany released Spanish prisoners.
27. These details taken from Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, pp. 256–60. These officers included Colonel Sir Thomas Dyer, Major Roche, Captain Patrick, Colonel Charles Doyle, Captain Whittingham and Major Cox.
28. Castlereagh, Correspondence, Vol. 6, pp. 416–18.
29. Castlereagh, Correspondence, Vol. 6, p. 413.
30. Leith-Hay, Narrative of the Peninsular War, 2nd edition, London, 1834.
31. Ibid, Vol. 1, pp. 16–17.
32. BL Add MS41961, f. 92, Pasley to Yorke, 30 August 1808, Castlereagh’s letter was dated 26 August 1808. NA WO55/977 Pasley to Morse (probably), 1 September 1808. NA WO55/977 C.W. Pasley to Morse (probably), 1 September 1808.
33. BL Add MS41962, f. 184, Pasley to his brother, 10 February 1809.
34. Leith-Hay, Narrative of the Peninsular War, Vol. 1, p. 19.
35. Ibid, p. 22.
36. Ibid, pp. 28–32.
37. NAM 7004-16 f. 4, Pasley to Baird, 1? October 1808.
38. Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, p. 270.
39. NA WO55/977, Lefebure to Morse, Santander, 7 September 1808.
40. Leith-Hay, Narrative of the Peninsular War, Vol. 1, p. 33
41. NA WO55/977, Pasley to Handfield, 21 October 1808.
42. Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, p. 277.
43. Ibid, pp. 300–3.
44. NA WO30-35-1, Carmichael-Smyth to Baird, 24 November 1808.
45. NA WO55/977, Pasley to Handfield, 21 October 1808.
46. NA WO55/977, Jones to Handfield, 6 November 1808.
47. BL ADD41962, f. 98, Pasley Papers.
48. NAM 7004-16 f. 2, Birch to unknown correspondent, 3 November 1808.
49. NA WO55/977, Jones to Handfield, 6 November 1808.
50. NA WO55/977, Pasley to Lefebure, 4 November 1808.
51. NA WO55/977, Pasley to Handfield, 7 November 1808.
52. NA WO55/977, Pasley to Handfield, 11 November 1808.
53. Moore, A Narrative of the Campaign of the British Army in Spain, pp. 59–60.
54. NA WO55/977, Jones to Handfield, 17 November 1808.
55. Jones, Autobiography, pp. 22–6; NA WO55/977, Pasley to Handfield, Villa Franca, 6 December 1808.
56. Moore, Narrative of the Campaign of the British Army in Spain, p. 63.
57. Ibid, pp. 66–7.
58. Boothby, Under England’s Flag, pp. 193–5.
59. Ibid, p.195.
60. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 30.
61. Boothby, Under England’s Flag, pp. 200–1; Mulcaster diary, 28 December 1808.
62. Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, p. 368.
63. NAM 7004-15 f. 16, Birch to Leith, Corunna, 20 December 1808.
64. Boothby, Under England’s Flag, p. 203.
65. Mulcaster diary, 11 January 1809.
66. Lipscombe, Wellington’s Guns, p. 68.
67. Boothby, Under England’s Flag, p. 218.
68. NA WO55/978 Chapman to Morse, Isle of Wight, 16 January 1809.
Chapter 2
1. NA WO55/1561/9, Mulcaster to Fletcher, 19 October 1808, and NA WO55/978, Landmann to Patton, 8 December 1808.
2. BL ADD MS57544, f. 204, Mackenzie to Moore, 13 December 1808.
3. NA WO55/977, Fletcher to Morse, St Julian, 23 September 1808.
4. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Landmann, Salamanca, 26 November 1808.
5. NA WO55/978, Landmann to Patton, 8 December 1808. Landmann signed his letter, Commanding Royal Engineer.
6. NA WO55/958, Patton to Morse, 21 January 1809.
7. BL ADD MS39201, Mackenzie diary, entry dated 22 February 1809.
8. BL ADD MS39201, Frere to McKenzie, 25 February 1809.
9. NA WO55/958, Liverpool to Landmann, 7 November 1811. WO55/958, Landmann to Morse, 25 November 1811.
10. NA WO55/958, Drummond to Holloway, Gibraltar, 30 January 1809.
11. BL ADD MS39199, Evatt to Mackenzie, Seville, 15 February 1809.
12. NA WO55/958, Neville to Morse, South Street, London, 1 February 1809.
13. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, Lisbon, 9 April 1809.
14. NA WO55/958, Chapman to Morse, Lisbon, 5 March 1809.
15. NA WO55/958, Chapman to Morse, Lisbon, 22 March 1809.
16. NA WO55/958, Chapman to Morse, Lisbon, 22 March 1809.
17. Rice Jones, An Engineer Officer under Wellington, p. 11.
18. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 34.
19. NA WO55/978, Fletcher to Morse, London, 22 February 1809.
20. NA WO55/978, Fadden to Slater, 26 February 1809.
21. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, Lisbon, 3 April 1809.
22. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, Lisbon, 9 April 1809.
23. WD, Wellesley to Richmond, 14 April 1809. Although Wellesley saw this as a key task, it was not actually done for 18 months.
24. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, Lisbon, 13 April 1809.
25. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, Lisbon, 11 April 1809.
26. Rice Jones, An Engineer Officer under Wellington, p. 17
27. Mulcaster diary, entry dated 18 April 1809.
28. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Handfield, Leyria, 24 April 1809.
29. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Rowley, 4 May 1809.
30. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 4 May 1809 and WD, Wellington to Villiers, 7 May 1809.
31. REM 4601-57-1, Emmett’s Journal entry dated 4 May 1809.
32. Mulcaster diary, entry for 12 May 1809.
33. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 24 May 1809. Connolly, History of the Corps of Royal Sappers and Miners, Vol.1, p. 165.
34. REM 4601-74, Fletcher to Burgoyne, 23 May 1809. The report is REM 4601-72.
35. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 26 June 1809.
36. NA WO55/978, Fletcher to Morse, 31 May 1809
37. NA WO55/978, Morse to Fyers, 6 July 1809
38. Mulcaster diary, entry for 4 July 1809.
39. Fortescue, British Army, Vol.7, p. 213.
40. Mulcaster diary, entry dated 26 July 1809.
41. Rice Jones, An Engineer Officer under Wellington, p. 35.
42. Boothby, A Prisoner of France, pp. 4–5.
43. NA WO55/1561/6, Report on the defence of Lisbon, 18 August 1809.
44. WD, Wellington to Castlereagh, 25 August 1808; NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 28 August 1809.
45. WD, Wellington to Castlereagh, Merida, 25 August 1809.
46. WD, Memorandum of the Defence of Portugal, dated 9 March 1809.
47. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, Merida, 28 August 1809.
48. Mulcaster diary, entry dated 7 October 1809.
Chapter 3
1. Esdaile, The Peninsular War, pp. 311–39.
2. WD, Wellington to Castlereagh, 28 August 1809.
3. Thompson (ed), An Ensign in the Peninsular War, The Letters of John Aitchison, p. 67.
4. Mulcaster diary, diary entry for 28 April 1809.
5. Rice Jones, An Engineer Officer under Wellington, pp. 45–6, entry for 22 October 1809.
6. WSD, Vol. 6, p. 403, Fletcher to Wellington, 15 October 1809.
7. Grehan seems to have missed off the twenty 24-pounders at St Julian.
8. REM 4601-57-1, Emmett’s diary, entry for 8 October 1809.
9. There appears to be an error in the printed edition of Jones’ book on the Lines. He records the start date of work at Ponte do Rol as 26 March 1810, whereas his diary records the start date as 26 February 1810. Mulcaster’s diary notes visiting Thompson as Ponte do Rol on 4 March, so 26 February appears correct.
10. Rice Jones, An Engineer Officer under Wellington, p. 47.
11. REM 2001-149-2, Goldfinch to Beresford, Report of the defences of Lisbon.
12. WSD, Vol. 6, pp. 451–8, Fletcher to Wellington, 25 December 1809 and pp. 459–62, 31 December 1809.
13. REM 4601-74, Mulcaster to Burgoyne, 2 January 1810.
14. REM 4201-68, Burgoyne’s diary, Vol. 2, 1809, 20 December 1809.
15. REM 4601-74, Mulcaster to Burgoyne, 7 January 1810.
16. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 3, p. 125, 18 February 1810.
17. Ibid, p. 19. Fletcher to Jones, dated 6 July 1810, and also p. 229, where two others (engineers?) were mentioned
18. REM 4601-74, Mulcaster to Burgoyne, 12 November 1810.
19. WSD, Vol. 6, pp. 538–46.
20. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 4 July 1810.
21. REM 5501-59-18, Jones to Fletcher, 12 July 1810 and 18 July 1810.
22. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 3, pp. 226–7.
23. Ibid, pp. 230–1.
24. Ibid, p. 92.
25. Ibid, p. 37.
26. Ibid, p. 101.
27. Ibid, p. 122.
28. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 2 February 1811.
29. NA WO55/958, Chapman to Morse, 22 March 1809.
30. WD, Wellington to Liverpool, 21 October 1810.
31. Connolly, History of the Corps of Royal Sappers and Miners, Vol. 1, p. 170; Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 2, p. 611; Robertson, Commanding Presence, p. 172.
32. NA WO55/977, Fletcher to Morse, 29 September 1808.
33. WO55/958, Chapman to Morse, 22 March 1809.
34. WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 3 April 1809.
35. WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 24 April 1809.
36. WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 9 April 1809.
37. WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 4 May 1809.
38. WO55/958, Fletcher to Rowley, 4 May 1809.
39. WSD, Vol. 3, p. 219, Coimbra, 7 May 1809.
40. REM 4601-57-1, diary entry for 4 May 1809.
41. NA WO55/1562/2, Fletcher to Morse, 17 October 1808.
42. WSD, Vol. 6, pp. 401–2, Wellington to Castlereagh, 14 October 1809.
43. Rice Jones, An Engineer Officer under Wellington, p. 54.
44. REM 5501-59-18, Jones to Fletcher, 18 July 1810.
45. REM 5501-59-18, Jones to Fletcher, 20 July 1810.
46. 7 Sep 1810, Navy decides to withdraw sailors manning signal station; 11 Sep 1810, may need to revert to simple Portuguese telegraph; 2 Oct 1810, Wellington is asking ‘are new telegraphs complete’?; 5 Oct 1810 ‘I am very anxious about our signal posts’; 6 Oct 1810 ‘Lord W says he will not part with the seamen now, if they are not gone’.
47. Jones, Journal of Sieges, p.124, n3.
48. Thompson (ed), An Ensign in the Peninsular War, The Letters of John Aitchison, p. 67.
49. Uffindel, The National Army Museum Book of Wellington’s Armies, p. 85.
50. REM 4601-74, Mulcaster to Burgoyne, 12 November 1809.
51. REM 4501-68, Ross to Dalrymple, 25 April 1810.
52. Royal Military Chronicle, Vol. 1, p. 238.
53. Pelet, The French Campaign in Portugal, p. 222.
54. BL ADD63106 ff. 3-4, Squire to Bunbury, 27 May 1810.
55. REM 4501-86, Ross to Dalrymple.
56. BL Add63106 ff. 11-12, Squire to Bunbury, 10 October 1810.
57. REM 4201-68, Burgoyne’s diary, entry for 1 November 1810.
58. BL Add63106 ff. 13-15.
59. 59. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 3, p. 41.
Chapter 4
1. REM 4201-68, Burgoyne’s Journal 1809, Vol. 2, 25 December 1809.
2. REM 4601-72, 2 January 1810, Report by Todd.
3. REM 4601-72, Murray to Burgoyne, 11 January 1810.
4. Wrottesley, Life and Correspondence of Burgoyne, p. 94.
5. Perrett, A Hawk at War p. 24.
6. Wrottesley, Life and Correspondence of Burgoyne, p. 88.
7. Rice Jones, An Engineer Officer under Wellington, p. 59.
8. Mulcaster diary, entries for 8 and 9 August 1810.
9. Rice Jones, An Engineer Officer under Wellington, p. 65.
10. Mulcaster diary, entries for 19–21 September 1810.
11. WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 30 September 1810.
12. REM 4601-72, Burgoyne’s papers, Fletcher to Burgoyne, 22 September 1810.
13. Boutflower, The Journal of an Army Surgeon, p. 64.
14. BL Add MS63106, ff. 11-12.
15. Wellington to Liverpool, 21 October 1810. This extract taken from Royal Military Chronicle, Vol. 1, p. 228.
16. WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 4 September 1810.
17. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 3, pp. 28–9.
18. WD, 2nd ed, Vol. 4, p. 317.
19. REM 5501-59-18, diary entry for 19 October 1810. There are a few weeks’ diary entries in this folder and this is amongst them.
20. Kincaid, Adventures in the Rifle Brigade, p. 17.
21. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 26 October 1810.
22. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 3, p. 159, Wellington to Wedekind.
23. Ibid, p. 172, Wellington to Berkeley, 10 November 1810.
24. REM 5501-79, Squire to Fletcher, 20 October 1810.
25. Information from Wikipedia and other sources.
26. John Squire, A Short Narrative of the late campaign of the British Army under the orders of the Earl of Chatham, London, 1810.
27. NA WO55/958, Squire to Fletcher, Chamusca, 24 December 1810 and WO55/958, Fletcher to Squire, Cartaxo, 4 January 1811.
28. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, Cartaxo, 5 January 1811.
29. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, Cartaxo, 28 February 1811 and 2 March 1811.
30. NA WO55/979, Williams to Fletcher, 8 November 1810.
31. There were several pamphlets produced on their various disagreements, the most notable being, ‘Strictures on Napier’s History’, ‘Further Strictures …’ (both published anonymously in defence on Beresford), Napier’s, ‘Justification of his third volume’, Beresford’s refutation of this justification, and Napier’s final reply to the refutation.
32. Napier, History of the War in the Peninsula, Vol. III, p. 393.
33. Ibid, 1 March 1811, quoted in Appendix X
34. Rousseau, Journal of D’Urban, 6 January 1811, p. 173.
35. Ibid, 1 January 1811, p. 171.
36. WD, 2nd Edition, to Beresford, 5 January 1811.
37. Pelet, Journal, p. 336.
38. Ibid, p. 351.
39. Rousseau, Journal of D’Urban, 20 January 1811, p. 178.
40. REM 5501.59. 1, 2, 3, Jones’ Diary, 21 December 1810.
41. All of these are taken from REM 5501.59. 1, 2, 3, Jones’ Diary.
Chapter 5
1. WD, Wellington to Liverpool, 7 May 1811. It is interesting to note that Wellington did not have any great desire to take Almeida at this time. It was circumstance, not planning, that led to the blockade.
2. Stanhope, Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington, p. 90.
3. F. S. Garwood, ‘The Royal Staff Corps’, RE Journal, June 1943.
4. WD, Wellington to Beresford, 20 March 1811.
5. REM 5501-59, Jones’ diary, entry dated, Thomar, 8 March 1811. Also mentioned in REM 4201-68 Burgoyne’s diary, 15 March 1811; REM 4601-71, Squire to?, Arronches, 23 March 1811.
6. McGuffie, Peninsular Cavalry General, p. 84.
7. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 3, p. 376.
8. Ibid, p. 377.
9. REM 4601-71, Squire to [Fletcher?], Jerumenha, 11 April 1811.
10. Cole’s dispatch to Beresford, 16 April 1811, quoted in Dispatches.
11. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 4, p. 274. More recently, Robertson, A Commanding Presence, also suggests that Wellington did not have access to a siege train.
12. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, 16 April 1811.
13. REM 4601-86, Ross to Dalrymple, Olivenza, 25 April 1811.
14. WD, Memorandum 23 April 1811, Vol. 8, pp. 494–6.
15. WD, Wellington to Beresford, 6 May 1811.
16. WD, Wellington acknowledged Castaños’ acceptance in a letter to him dated 13 May 1811.
17. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, 3rd edition, Vol. 1, p. 12. Unless otherwise stated references to Jones will be from this edition.
18. Ibid, p. 13.
19. REM 5501-59-1, Jones’ diary, 8 May 1811. The original diaries are very difficult to read. Copious notes from them were taken by John Hancock, the ex-Curator of the Royal Engineers Museum. Many of my comments are from his notes, not the original diaries.
20. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, pp. 22, 26; REM 5501-59-1, Jones’ diary, various entries from 8 to 14 May 1811.
21. Muir, At Wellington’s Right Hand, p. 193.
22. Ibid, p. 205.
23. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 4, pp. 282–3.
24. Ibid, facing p. 286.
25. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 3, Letter to Maj-Gen Macleod, 21 March 1811, p. 364.
26. Ibid, map of Badajoz and surrounding areas. This map is loose in the 1987 facsimile edition.
27. Rice Jones, Engineer Officer under Wellington, p. 100.
28. Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 8, p. 143.
29. WD, Wellington to Beresford, Elvas, 20 April 1811.
30. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 4, pp. 273–4.
31. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 3, Letter to Maj-Gen Macleod, p. 364.
32. WD, Wellington to Beresford, Gouvea, 27 March 1811.
33. WD, Wellington to Beresford, Villar Maior, 6 April 1811.
34. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 3, pp. 374–5.
35. REM 4601-71 Misc Letters, f. 13. Squire writing on 11 April 1811 dates that ‘there are no means at Elvas, and we have not a single platform at our disposal’.
36. WD, Memorandum for Col. Fletcher and Commissary Gen, 9 April 1911. The stores list is detailed in J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 345.
37. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 351. The requisition was for fifteen 24-pounder and five 18-pounder guns, with 8,000 roundshot.
38. WD, Wellington to Beresford, Villa Formoso, 10 April 1811.
39. REM 4601-71, Hardinge to Squire, Albuera, 12 April 1811.
40. REM 4601-71, Squire to Hardinge, Olivenza, 13 April 1811.
41. Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 8, p. 143.
42. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 18.
43. BL, ADD63106, Squire letters, f. 28, Squire to Bunbury, 30 April 1811.
44. WD, Wellington to Beresford, Celorico, 30 March 1811.
45. WD, Wellington to Beresford, Elvas, 21 April 1811.
46. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 3, p. 384, 17 April 1811.
47. REM 4601-71, Squire to Hardinge, Olivenza, 10 April 1811.
48. REM 4601-71, Misc Letters, f.14, Squire to Hardinge, 10 April 1811; f.19, Hardinge to Squire, 20 April 1811.
49. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 348.
50. WSD, Beresford to Wellington, Almendralejo, 3 May 1811.
51. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 3, p. 389, letter to Macleod, 1 May 1811; BL, ADD63106, f. 28, Squire Letters, Squire to Bunbury, 30 April 1811.
52. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 3, p. 390.
53. Ibid, pp. 389–90.
54. For example, REM 4501-86-4, Ross letters, Ross to Dalrymple, 25 April 1811; BL, ADD63106, Squire letters, f. 28, Squire to Bunbury, 30 April 1811.
55. REM 5501-59-1, Jones’ diary, 4–8 May 1811.
56. BL, ADD63106, Squire letters, ff. 31-33, Squire to Bunbury, 17 May 1811.
57. REM 4501-86-4, Ross letters, Ross to Dalrymple, 20 May 1811.
58. REM 4201-68, Burgoyne’s diary, 19 May 1811.
59. REM 4601-57-1, Emmet’s diary, 7 May 1811.
60. REM 5501-59-1, Jones’ diary, 7 May 1811.
61. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 26
62. Rice Jones, Engineer Officer under Wellington, pp. 100–3, records the same story as John T. Jones. One was Brigade-Major and the other was the Adjutant for the Royal Engineers at the siege. They would have been working together. The similarity in words is too close for coincidence and clearly one of them has copied their diary from the other.
63. REM 5501-59-1, Jones’ diary.
64. REM 4601-71, Squire to Fletcher, 10 May 1811.
65. REM 4501-86-4, Ross letters, Ross to Dalrymple, 20 May 1811.
66. REM 4201-68, Burgoyne’s diary, 19 May 1811.
67. Rousseau, Journal of D’Urban, p. 213, Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 4, p. 286. Did Oman take this from D’Urban’s journal? D’Urban was not actually at Badajoz. He was with Beresford’s army.
68. REM 4501-86-4, Ross letters, Ross to Dalrymple, 20 May 1811.
69. REM 5501-59-1, Jones’ diary, 11 May 1811.
70. Duncan, Royal Artillery, Vol. 2, p. 293.
71. Rice Jones, An Engineer Officer under Wellington, p. 103.
72. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 4, p. 280.
73. Ibid, p. 284.
74. Fortescue says they reported they were ready on 3 May 1811 but there does not appear to be any specific communication to this effect.
75. WSD, Beresford to Wellington, Almendralejo, 3 May 1811.
76. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 4, pp. 282–3.
77. Three 24-pounders and two 8in howitzers.
78. BL, ADD63106, Squire Letters, f.31, Squire to Bunbury, 17 May 1811.
79. Boutflower, The Journal of an Army Surgeon, p. 91.
80. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 4, p. 286, says that six were injured, but there were only five; Dickinson and Melville killed, and Boteler, Reid and Ross wounded.
81. Rice Jones, An Engineer Officer under Wellington, p. 105.
82. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, pp. 30–1.
83. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, Elvas, 23 May 1811.
84. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 31. Jones provides much of the detail in the following paragraphs.
85. REM 5501-59-1, Jones’ diary.
86. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 3, p. 394, Dickson to Maj-Gen. Macleod.
87. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 31.
88. Ibid, p. 39 and p. 351, n4.
89. Four field guns were added later to enfilade the bridge and discourage sorties.
90. Three guns were held in reserve.
91. This includes the guns allocated for the attacks on the Pardaleras to Picurina.
92. WSD, Fletcher to Wellington, 3 June 1811.
93. REM 4201-68, Burgoyne’s diary, 5 June 1811.
94. BL, ADD63106, Squire Letters, ff. 35-6.
95. WD, letter dated 6 June 1811.
96. Page, Intelligence Officer in the Peninsula, p. 115.
97. REM 5501-59-1, Jones’ diary, 6 June 1811.
98. Numbers taken from Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 4, p. 429.
99. BL Add MS63166, Squire Letters, 9 March 1811.
100. BL Add MS63106, Squire Letters, 11 March 1811.
101. WD, Wellington to Liverpool, 13 June 1811.
102. Myatt, British Sieges, p. 45.
103. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, 1st edition, London, 1814, p. 298.
104. Rousseau, Journal of D’Urban, p. 222.
105. REM 4501-86-4, Ross Letters, Ross to Dalrymple, 9 June 1811. Lieutenant-General Hew Dalrymple was Ross’ great-uncle.
106. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 4, p. 425; Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 8, p. 223.
107. WD, Wellington to Liverpool, 6 June 1811.
108. WD, Wellington to C. Stuart, 8 June 1811.
109. Rousseau, Journal of D’Urban, p. 219, notes that a letter from the French Governor of Badajoz was intercepted which said that on 29 May 1811, he had three weeks’ bread left.
110. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 4, p. 419.
111. Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 8, p. 221.
112. Ibid, p. 223. Surprisingly, Burgoyne also calls them ‘English’ in his diary, REM 4201-68, 7 June 1811.
113. REM 4201-68, Burgoyne’s diary, entry dated 21 June 1811; Shore, Engineer Officer under Wellington, p. 109.
114. Page, Intelligence Officer in the Peninsula, p. 124.
115. BL Add MS63106, Squire Letters, 18 June (July?) 1811.
116. F. S. Garwood, ‘The Royal Staff Corps’, RE Journal, June 1943.
117. NA WO55/958, Fletcher to Morse, Elvas, 20 June 1811.
118. REM 4601-74, Burgoyne to Squire, 21 September 1811.
119. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 136.
120. REM 4601-72, Burgoyne to Squire, 20 September 1811.
121. REM 4601-57-1, Emmett’s diary, 25 September 1811.
122. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 252.
123. REM 4601-57-1, Emmett’s diary, 29 November 1811.
124. BL Add MS63106, note at end of folios, 30 November 1811. Also, Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 151.
125. BL Add MS63106, Squire to Bunbury, Portalegre, 4 October 1811.
Chapter 6
1. REM 4501-86, Ross to Dalrymple, 7 January 1812.
2. WD, Wellington to Howarth, 14 May 1811.
3. WD, Wellington to Framingham, Fletcher and Kennedy, 19 July 1811.
4. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 3, p. 440. Letter to Wellington dated 9 August 1811. He mentions 115 boats having been dispatched and that another 30–40 are required.
5. Ibid, p. 500.
6. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 89.
7. Ibid, p. 91. Also mentioned in Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 4, p. 562. This would not affect the attack on the fortress walls, but would stop any sort of counter-battery fire which would increase casualties.
8. Cocks, An Intelligence Officer in the Peninsula, p. 162.
9. Although at least two arrived late. Captain Williams and Lieutenant De Salaberry did not arrive until 15 January 1812. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 118.
10. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 91. They eventually arrived on 15 January 1812: J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 118.
11. Jones said Fletcher recommended storming the redoubt to Wellington, who agreed. REM 5501-59-2 Jones’ diary, 8 January 1812.
12. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 99.
13. Ibid, p. 103.
14. REM 4601-72, Burgoyne to Squire, 16 January 1812.
15. WSD, Vol. 7, p. 153.
16. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 4, p. 562, Dickson to MacLeod. The reasons and consequences of the French moves are discussed at length in Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 5, pp. 187–95.
17. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 3, p. 534, Dickson to Beresford.
18. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 4, p. 562.
19. REM 5501-59-2, Jones’ diary, 28 December 1811.
20. REM 4501-86-4, Ross letters, 7 January 1812.
21. WD, Wellington to Richmond, 29 January 1812.
22. Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 8, p. 356.
23. Colville, Portrait of a General, pp. 83–4.
24. BL, ADD57544, f. 184. Burgoyne to Moore, 10 December 1808.
25. BL, ADD63106, Squire Letters, ff.3-4, Squire to Bunbury, 27 May 1810.
26. BL, ADD41963, ff. 13-16. Squire to Pasley, 3 March 1812. Portalegre.
27. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 5, p. 165. Fortescue also comments that Dorsenne had no confidence in Barrie. Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 8, p. 355.
28. REM 5501-139-1 f. 4. Burgoyne to Pasley, 12 February 1812.
29. Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 8, p. 367.
30. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 161. Burgoyne to Squire, 7 February 1812.
31. Ibid, p. 161. Burgoyne to Squire, 7 February 1812.
32. REM 5501-59-2, Jones’ diary, 14 January 1812.
33. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 164., and REM 5501-139-1, Burgoyne to Pasley, 12 February 1812.
34. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 164.
35. Ibid, p. 160, 19 January 1812.
36. REM 4601-72 f. 1813/1. Burgoyne to Squire, 16 January 1812.
37. REM 5501-139-1, Burgoyne to Squire, 12 February 1812.
38. Pasley Papers, Add41962, f.197, Burgoyne to Pasley, 26 March 1810.
39. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p.163. Burgoyne to Squire, 7 February 1812.
40. REM 5501-139, Burgoyne to Squire, 12 February 1812.
41. For example, REM 5501-139-1, Burgoyne to Squire, 12 February 1812; REM 5501-59-2, Jones’ diary, 3 January 1812.
42. J. T. Jones, Autobiography, p. 48.
43. Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 8, p. 365.
44. NA WO3/601, Torrens to Wellington, 21 February 1812. Thanks to Rory Muir for bringing this to my attention.
45. WD, Wellington to Liverpool, 11 February 1812.
46. J. T. Jones, Autobiography, p. 51.
47. Ross and Skelton killed. E. R. Mulcaster, Marshall, Macculloch, A. Thompson and Reid wounded. Thompson and Macculloch returned to England.
48. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 4, p. 571.
49. Confusingly called 5½in howitzers and 24-pounder howitzers at various times. See WD, Wellington to Hill, 28 Jan 1812 for a description of the pieces. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 4, p. 580.
50. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 144.
51. Ibid, pp. 139, 371.
52. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 4, p. 585, footnote on letter to Wellington.
53. Myatt, British Sieges, p. 82; J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 374; Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 4, p. 599.
54. WSD, Wellington to Wellesley, Elvas, 12 March 1812.
55. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, 1st edition, p. 298.
56. REM 5501-59-3, Jones’ diary, 25 February 1812.
57. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 376.
58. Vetch and two or three other officers were ordered up from Cadiz. Vetch’s letters says two other officers, Jones’ Journal says three. Vetch did not arrive until 5 April 1812. RE Journal, 1 February 1881, p. 26.
59. REM 5501-59-3, Jones’ diary, 15 March 1812. Squire in a letter to Bunbury noted that thirteen out of nineteen officers were killed or wounded. This would support the argument that the Cadiz officers arrived late or not at all. BL, ADD63106, Squire letters, ff. 54-55.
60. WSD, Wellington to Piper, 22 and 26 March 1812.
61. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 376.
62. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 5, p. 239.
63. RE Journal, February 1881, p. 30.
64. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 5, p. 243; J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 193.
65. May, A Few Observations on the mode of attack at Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz in 1812 and St Sebastian in 1813, p. 23. Sunset on 4 April 1812 was 7.06 p.m.
66. RE Journal, February 1881, p. 29.
67. MacLeod and Holloway never returned to the Peninsula. Emmett returned in November 1813.
68. Colville, Portrait of a General, p. 93.
69. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 5, p. 270. Oman describes the situation at great length to show that the primary cause of the loss of Badajoz was Napoleon’s long-distance meddling.
70. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 403.
71. Colville, Portrait of a General, p. 94.
72. WD, Wellington to Liverpool, 7 April 1812 (the dispatch informing Liverpool of the successful assault).
73. Athenaeum, 27 April 1889, p. 537, quoting letter from Wellington to Liverpool, 7 April 1812.
74. BL, ADD63106, Squire letters, ff. 54-55, Squire to Bunbury, 8 April 1812
75. WD, Wellington to George Murray, 28 May 1812. Also quoted in Glover, Peninsular Preparation, p. 106.
76. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 377; see also pp. 222–6.
77. BL, ADD63106 ff. 54-5, Squire to Bunbury, 8 April 1812.
78. WD, Wellington to Liverpool, 7 April 1812.
79. WO3/601, pp. 276–9, Torrens to Wellington, 21 February 1812.
80. BL, ADD38326 ff. 30-31, Liverpool to Wellington, 28 April 1812.
81. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 5, p. 256.
82. Myatt, British Sieges, p. 116.
83. For example, see Fletcher, Badajoz, 1812, p. 20, and Uffindel, Wellington’s Armies, p. 107, where the inference is that the infantry would be excused duty in the trenches when there were sufficient artificers trained.
84. WSD, Vol. 7, p. 311, Jones to Chapman, 7 April 1812.
85. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p.182
86. NA WO/55/1561/12, Wedekind to Beresford, 1 March 1812
87. BL, Add MS63106, Squire to Bunbury, 27 April 1812. This was Squire’s last letter before he died at Truxillo on 17 May 1812.
Chapter 7
1. REM 4601-74, Burgoyne to Squire, 22 April 1812.
2. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 189.
3. Rousseau, Journal of D’Urban, p. 254.
4. A detailed description of the construction of the repair is available in Douglas, Essay on Military Bridges, 3rd edition, pp. 353–9.
5. WD, Wellington to Liverpool, 28 May 1812.
6. Estimated at four for each howitzer and limber; two for each cart and eight for the ladders carriages. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 3, pp. 245–6.
7. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 247. Burgoyne used almost identical words in his journal, Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 313.
8. Porter, History of the Royal Engineers, Vol. 1, p. 313.
9. WD, Wellington to Liverpool, 30 June 1812.
10. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 194.
11. NA, WO55/959, Burgoyne’s journal of the siege of Fort San Vicente at Salamanca.
12. REM 4601-72, Burgoyne Letters, f. 1812/17, Burgoyne’s criticism of the 24-pounder carronades in his report on Burgos is similar to Jones’, ‘they could not be fired with any accuracy or force’.
13. REM 4601-72, Burgoyne Letters, 1812/17, f.1.
14. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 6, p. 27.
15. J. T. Jones, Autobiography, p. 68.
16. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol.1, p. 213.
17. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 6, p. 27, confusingly says the battery was armed on the night of 23 September 1812. Jones’ Journal of Sieges and Dickson, Manuscripts, say the night of the 22nd/23rd. From reading on in Oman’s account from this point the escalade of the same night (22nd) can be believed to also have happened on the 23rd.
18. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 283.
19. Porter, History of the Royal Engineers, Vol. 1, p. 322.
20. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 4, p. 746.
21. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 297.
22. Ibid, p. 296.
23. J. T. Jones, Autobiography, pp. 73–5.
24. BL Add MS41963, Pasley papers, Burgoyne to Pasley, 30 March 1813.
25. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 333.
26. Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 8, p. 584.
27. Ibid, p. 226.
28. Ibid, p. 584
29. WD, Wellington to Bathurst, 26 October 1812.
30. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 292.
31. Ibid, p. 335.
32. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne.
33. REM 4601-72, Burgoyne Letters, 1812/17, f.13.
34. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 236.
35. REM 4601-72, Burgoyne Letters, 1812/17, f.13.
36. Porter, History of the Royal Engineers, Vol. 1, p. 330.
37. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 242.
38. RE Journal, January 1890, p. 3.
39. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 246.
40. NA WO55/981, Rhodes to Fletcher, 25 November 1812.
41. NA WO55/981, Piper to Fletcher, 25 October 1812.
42. WD, Wellington to Hill, 5 October 1812.
43. NA WO55/981, Hulme to Fletcher, 1 October 1812 and Hulme to Fletcher, 3 December 1812.
44. WD, 2nd Edition, Wellington to Fletcher, Badajoz, 20 December 1812. The names of the officers come from the Wellington Papers, WP1/355.
45. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 5, p. 851.
46. WO55/981, Fletcher to Goldfinch, 5 December 1812.
Chapter 8
1. WD, Wellington to Piper, Badajoz, 20 December 1812.
2. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 5, p. 830.
3. Ibid, pp. 830–5.
4. WD, Wellington to Dickson, 29 February 1813, Wellington to Beresford 18 April 1813 and 24 April 1813.
5. Made up of six 18-pounders, two spare carriages, six platform wagons, two forges, eighteen ammunition wagons, three store wagons and twenty bullock carts. The brigade was manned by two RA companies, Morrison’s and Glubb’s. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 5, pp. 872–3.
6. WD, Wellington to Conde de la Bispal, 1 May 1813.
7. RE Journal, January 1890, p. 7.
8. WD, Wellington to Fisher, Freneda, 4 May 1813.
9. Lipscombe, Wellington’s Guns, p. 275. Taken from Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 5, p. 882.
10. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 5, p. 882.
11. WD, Wellington to Fletcher, 14 May 1813.
12. WD, Wellington to Graham, 18 May 1813. Thomas Livingstone Mitchell was attached to the QMG’s department and employed on surveying and reconnaissance. After the war he was employed for four years sketching the scenes of the many actions for the British government. These maps and drawings were eventually published as Wyld’s Atlas, the best atlas of the Peninsular War.
13. REM 2001-149-22, Letter from Wright dated 29 May 1813.
14. WD, Wellington to Bathurst, Villadiego, 13 June 1812. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 5, p. 908.
15. WSD, Hill to Wellington, Vol. 8, p. 33.
16. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 2, p. 6.
17. WD, Wellington to Graham, 26 June 1813.
18. WD, Wellington to Dalhousie, 2 July 1813.
19. WSD, Fletcher to Wellington, 11 July 1813.
20. Smith was the senior engineer with Graham’s force was before San Sebastian. Fletcher was still coming up from Pamplona. Burgoyne arrived with him on 15 July 1813.
21. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 5, p. 960. Dickson clearly records at the end of his diary entry for 12 July 1813, that ‘This plan of attack was the proposition of Major Smith.’
22. WSD, Graham to Wellington, 22 July 1813.
23. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 5, p. 952.
24. As previously, Jones’ Journal is misleading. He lists the full eighteen officers as present throughout the siege, but at least two did not arrive until well into the second siege. Captain Collyer and Lieutenant Wortham did not arrive until 19 August 1813 with a company of RSM. These are all counted in Jones’ totals.
25. REM 5501-108-4, Burgoyne’s report on the siege, and WSD, Fletcher to Graham, 25 July 1813.
26. WSD, Graham to Wellington, 21 July 1813.
27. Frazer was one who disagreed that the fires would have caused an obstruction. Sabine, Frazer Letters, p. 204.
28. Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 9, pp. 230–2.
29. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 6, pp. 583–4.
30. Myatt, British Sieges, pp. 162–4.
31. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 6, pp. 565, 578; Myatt, British Sieges, p. 156; Sabine, Frazer Letters, p. 185.
32. WSD, Fletcher to Wellington, 29 July 1813.
33. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 6, p. 585; Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 9, p. 232; Sabine, Frazer Letters, p. 206; Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 270.
34. WSD, Fletcher to Wellington, 29 July 1813.
35. Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 6, pp. 575, 578fn.
36. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 269.
37. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 5, p. 971. RE Journal, February 1890, p. 34.
38. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 5, p. 973.
39. Sabine, Frazer Letters, pp. 198–9. H. D. Jones also thought the breach should have been stormed the first night and waiting for the second breach would add no value. ‘Delays are dangerous!!’. RE Journal, February 1890, p. 34.
40. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 271.
41. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 2, p. 31; Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 268.
42. WSD, Graham to Wellington, 29 July 1813.
43. Burgoyne complains about this in his manuscript account of the siege, but it did not make its way into Wrottesley’s account. REM 5501-108-4, p. 111.
44. WD, Graham to Wellington, 27 Jul 1813; WSD, Fletcher to Graham, 27 July 1813.
45. Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 5, p. 973.
46. Sabine, Frazer Letters, p. 204.
47. WSD, Graham to Wellington, 24 July 1813.
48. Aspinal-Oglander, Freshly Remembered, pp. 256–7.
49. Quoted in Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 6, p. 583.
50. Ibid, p. 584.
51. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, pp. 269–70.
52. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 2, p. 45.
53. RE Journal, January 1890, p. 34. H. D. Jones’ journal.
54. Carr-Gomm, Letters and Journals of Field-Marshal Gomm, pp. 311–12.
55. Ibid, pp. 314–16.
56. There are similar outspoken comments in the correspondence of most of the key engineers, including Elphinstone, Jones, Pasley, Squire, Burgoyne and Ross.
57. Connolly, History of the Corps of Sappers and Miners, pp. 194–7.
58. REM 5501-59-7, p. 65, Wright to Burgoyne, not dated.
59. WD, Wellington to Fletcher, Lesaca, 6 August 1813.
60. WSD, Graham to Wellington, Oyarzun, 14 August 1813.
61. WSD, Graham to Wellington, 28 August 1813 and 28 August 1813.
62. Sabine, Frazer Letters, p. 228. Burgoyne makes no mention of this advance battery being ordered.
63. Fletcher, Rhodes and Collyer killed. Burgoyne, Barry and Marshall wounded.
64. There were two officers senior to Burgoyne in the Peninsula, Elphinstone was at Lisbon and Goldfinch was at Pamplona.
65. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 273. The footnote on this page suggests that Burgoyne did not like the original plan and offered an alternative to Wellington on 25 July 1813, presumably after the failed assault. I can find no details of this alternate plan, but as mentioned above both Jones and Fletcher were of the view that Wellington wanted to persevere with the original plan of attack. Unfortunately, no-one has explained the reasoning behind the decision to persevere.
66. For example, WD, Wellington to Graham, 16 July 1813, 8:30 p.m.; 20 July 1813, 2 p.m.; 22 July 1813, 9 a.m.
67. RE Journal, January 1890, p. 32.
68. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 274.
69. REM 5501-79, Burgoyne to Rowley, 14 October 1813.
70. BL Add MS41963, Pasley Papers, Burgoyne to Pasley, 31 October 1813.
71. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 282.
72. WO55/959 Burgoyne to Mann, 10 September 1813.
73. REM 355.486, Jones Autobiography, manuscript, p. 58.
74. REM 4201-274, Elphinstone Letters, 22 March 1813.
75. BL Add41963 f. 131-2, Pasley papers, Burgoyne to Pasley, 24 November 1813.
76. REM 4201-274, Elphinstone to his wife, 13 October 1813.
77. REM 4201-274, Elphinstone to his wife, 16 October 1813.
78. REM 5501-79, Stanway to Burgoyne, 1 November 1813.
79. REM 5501-79, W. Reid to J. T. Jones, 3 November 1813.
80. Porter, History of the Royal Engineers, Vol. 1, p. 333.
81. WD, Wellington to Graham, 1 August 1813.
82. WD, Wellington to Bathurst, 8 August 1813.
83. WD, Wellington to Fletcher, Lesaca, 21 August 1813.
84. WSD, Murray to Fletcher Lesaca, 22 August 1813.
85. REM 5501-59-7, Pitts to Burgoyne, Lesaca, 25 August 1813.
86. WD, Wellington to Graham, 9 September 1813.
87. WD, Wellington to Graham, 17 September 1813.
88. WD, Wellington to Bathurst, 19 September 1813.
89. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 285.
90. WSD, Wellington to Wellesley, Lesaca, 12 September 1813.
91. Beatson, The Bidassoa and the Nivelle, pp. 60–1.
Chapter 9
1. Smith, Autobiography of Harry Smith, Vol. 1, p. 142.
2. Beatson, The Bidassoa and the Nivelle, p. 67.
3. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 286.
4. WSD, Hope to Wellington, Hendaye, 8 October 1813.
5. REM 5501-79, Reid to Jones, 3 November 1813. REM 5501-139, Reid to Burgoyne, 30 November 1813.
6. REM 4201-274, Elphinstone Letters, 23 October 1813.
7. WSD, Hope to Wellington, 1 November 1813.
8. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 287.
9. WSD, Hope to Wellington, Guethary, 12 November 1813.
10. WD, Wellington to Hope, St Pe, 14 November 1813.
11. Connolly, History of the Royal Corps of Sappers and Miners, Vol. 1, p. 198.
12. REM 5501-59-7, Pitts to Burgoyne, 1 December 1813.
13. REM 4201-274, 3 November 1813.
14. WSD, Wellington to Hope, 8 December 1813.
15. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, pp. 287–8.
16. ADD MS41963, Pasley Papers, Burgoyne to Pasley, 17 January 1814.
17. Anton, Retrospective of a Military Life, p. 88.
18. Sabine, Frazer Letters, p. 357.
19. WSD, QMG to Cole, 15 December 1813.
20. REM 5501-59-7, Wright to Burgoyne, 13 December 1813.
21. REM 5501-59-7, H. D. Jones to J. T. Jones, 9 January 1814.
22. REM 4201-274, Elphinstone Letters, 23 January 1814 and 6 February 1814.
23. REM 4201-274, Elphinstone Letters, 16 January 1814. Also see Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 5, p. 1148.
24. Larpent, Private Journal, 3rd Edition, p. 405.
25. WSD Hope to Wellington, 23 February 1814.
26. WSD, Hope to Wellington, 24 February 1813; Penrose to Wellington, 24 February 1814.
27. WSD, Hope to Wellington, 25 February 1813.
28. WD, Wellington to Penrose, 7 February 1813.
29. Porter, History of the Royal Engineers, Vol. 1, p. 355.
30. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 2, pp. 122–3.
31. WD, Wellington to Hope, 2 March 1814.
32. WD Wellington to Hope, 25 February 1814.
33. Larpent, Private Journal, pp. 414–15.
34. Havard, Wellington’s Welsh General, p. 219.
35. WD, Wellington to Bathurst, St Sever, 4 March 1814.
36. WD, Wellington to Hope, St Lys, 26 March 1814
37. Larpent, Private Journal, p. 458 (NB not p. 488 as stated in Fortescue). Oman, Peninsular War, Vol. 7, p. 48. Fortescue, History of the British Army, Vol. 10, p. 67.
38. Sabine, Frazer Letters, p. 447.
39. REM 5501-59-7, Wright to Burgoyne, 28 March 1814.
40. REM 5501-59-7, Wright to Burgoyne, 13 April 1814.
41. NA WO55/959, Goldfinch to Elphinstone, 12 April 1814.
42. REM 5501-59-7, Wright to Burgoyne, 13 April 1814.
43. WD, QMG to officer commanding on right bank, 5 April 1814.
44. REM 5501-59-7, Wright to Burgoyne, 13 April 1814.
45. REM 5501-79, Wright to Burgoyne, 10 April 1814.
46. REM 5501-79, Reid to Burgoyne, 8 May 1814.
47. WD, Wellington to Hope, 5 March 1814.
48. WD, Wellington to Hope, 5 March 1814 and 8 March 1814.
49. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, p. 297fn.
Appendix 3
1. C. Raeuber, ‘Military Topographical Reconnaissance in Portugal, 1810’ in Berkeley (ed.), New Lights on the Peninsular War, pp. 165–77.
2. Hewitt, Map of a Nation.
3. Raeuber, ‘Military Topographical Reconnaissance in Portugal, 1810’ in Berkeley (ed.), New Lights on the Peninsular War, p. 174
4. See Gomez, Velilla and Aguglario, Tomas Lopez’s Geographic Atlas of Spain in the Peninsular War.
5. Thomas Jefferys, A New Map Of The Kingdoms Of Spain And Portugal With Their Principal Divisions, London, 1790.
6. WO55/958, Neville to Rowley, 17 March 1809.
7. BL Add63106, ff.9-10, Squire to Bunbury, 10 September 1810.
8. This is referring to W. G. Elliot RA – Treatise on the Defence of Portugal. REM 4601-86, Ross to Dalrymple, 14 December 1810.
9. Taken from Dr John Peaty’s presentation to Wellington Congress 2010, ‘Wellington’s Surveyors and Map-Makers in the Peninsula’.
10. NA 37/10, Scovell Papers. Not dated or signed.
11. Rice Jones, An Engineer Officer under Wellington, p. 13.
12. BL Add MS57544, f.204. Mackenzie to Moore, 13 December 1808.
13. Foster, Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell and his World.
14. NA WO55/1561/9, dated 9 November 1808.
15. Centeno, O Exercito Aliado Anglo-Português 1808-14, p. 339.
16. NA WO37/10, Murray to Scovell, 26 September 1808.
17. Centeno, O Exercito Aliado Anglo-Português 1808-14, pp. 338–43.
Appendix 4
1. RE Journal, January 1890, p. 4.
2. RE Journal, June 1943, Article on the Royal Staff Corps 1800–37, pp. 83–4.
3. Leith-Hay, Narrative of the Peninsular War, Vol. 1, pp. 300–10.
4. WD, Wellington to Liverpool, Niza, 18 April 1811.
5. NA WO55/959, Fletcher to Morse, 17 October 1811.
6. Based on the details in Dickson, Manuscripts, Vol. 5, p. 830.
7. RE Journal, January 1890, p. 6.
8. RE Journal, 1870, p. 14.
Appendix 5
1. Royal Military Chronicle, Vol. 1, part, 1, November 1810, p. 40.
2. Guggisberg, The Shop, pp. 1–2.
3. Ibid, pp. 264–5.
4. Ibid, p. 4.
5. Connolly & Edwards, Roll of Officers of the Corps of Royal Engineers, p. 10; Guggisberg, The Shop, p. 258.
6. W. D. Jones, Records of the Royal Military Academy, p. 81.
7. Guggisberg, The Shop, pp. 12–13.
8. W. D. Jones, Records of the Royal Military Academy, p. 91.
9. Guggisberg, The Shop, p. 14.
10. Ibid, p. 15.
11. Ibid, p. 44.
12. W. D. Jones, Records of the Royal Military Academy, p. 97.
13. Guggisberg, The Shop, p. 15.
14. James, The Regimental Companion, p. 38.
15. Duncan, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Vol. 1, p. 110.
16. Guggisberg, The Shop, pp. 54–5.
17. Ibid, p. 33.
18. W. D. Jones, Records of the Royal Military Academy, p. 53.
19. Guggisberg, The Shop, p. 35.
20. W. D. Jones, Records of the Royal Military Academy, p. 54, 11 March 1795.
21. Ibid, p. 65.
22. Ibid, p. 75.
23. For example, Birch 1793; Lefebure 1793; Elphinstone 1793; Thackeray 1794; Squire 1797; Burgoyne 1798; Goldfinch 1798; J. T. Jones 1798; Pasley 1799; G. C. Ross 1799; Fanshawe 1801; Nicholas 1801; Boothby 1804; E. R. Mulcaster 1804.
24. REM 5501-79, Pasley to J. T. Jones, 3 February 1811.
25. Ward, The School of Military Engineering, p. 5.
26. Connolly, History of the Royal Sappers and Miners, Vol. 1, pp. 183–4. Warrant for increase signed 28 May 1811.
27. REM 5501-59-1, Jones diary, Vol. 1, entry dated 25 April 1811.
28. Connolly, History of the Royal Sappers and Miners Vol. 1, p. 179; J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, Vol. 1, p. 10.
29. BL, ADD63106, Squire letters, f. 28. Squire also makes mention of artificers (i.e. RMA) and junior officers being trained in a letter of 30 April 1811.
30. REM 5501-59-2, Jones’ diary, 9 November 1811.
31. BL, ADD41963, ff.13-16. Squire to Pasley, 3 March 1812. Portalegre.
32. BL, ADD41963, ff. 38-40, Pasley to his sister, 2 May 1812.
33. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 166, Pasley to Burgoyne, 2 March 1812.
34. WD, Wellington to Liverpool, 11 February 1812.
35. Athenaeum, 27 April 1889, p. 537, Wellington to Liverpool, 7 April 1812.
36. BL, ADD63106, Squire Letters, ff. 54-5, 8 April 1812.
37. BL, ADD41962, f. 149. Pasley Papers, Pasley to Fyers, 12 May 1809.
38. REM 4601-79, f. 49, John Rowley to Pasley, 6 August 1811.
39. BL, ADD41962, Pasley Papers, ff. 359-60, Pasley to Lord Mulgrave, 11 December 1811.
40. BL, ADD41963, Pasley Papers, ff. 1-2, Pasley to Gother Mann, 18 January 1812.
41. BL, ADD41963, Pasley Papers, ff. 9-10, John Rowley to Pasley, 17 February 1812.
42. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 164, Fletcher to IGF, 29 January 1812.
43. Ward, The School of Military Engineering, p. 5.
44. Royal Military Chronicle, May 1812, Gazette dated 24 April 1812, announcing dispatch received previous day.
45. See WO54/252 for officers commissioned in 1812.
46. BL, ADD41962, Pasley papers, ff. 38-40, Pasley to his sister, 2 May 1812.
47. Wrottesley, Life of Burgoyne, Vol. 1, p. 166, Pasley to Burgoyne, 2 March 1812.
48. WO47/291, 11 May 1812.
49. REM 4501-65, ‘Memoir relative to the Royal Sappers and Miners No 1, 1813’.
50. BL, ADD41963, Pasley papers, ff.60-61, Dickens to Pasley, 4 September 1812. Dickens had been CRE at Malta from 1800 to 1812, then returning to England. According to the returns, he was on leave at this time, before returning to Malta in February 1813.
51. REM 4501-65. These comments are taken from Pasley’s ‘Memoir relative to the Sappers and Miners’.
52. Kealey, General Sir Charles William Pasley, p. 13, quoting Pasley, talking about planned content of second part of his Essay.
53. J. T. Jones, Journal of Sieges, 1st edition, p. ix.
54. Kealey, General Sir Charles William Pasley, p. 9.
55. REM 5501-79, Burgoyne to Squire, 4 January 1811.
56. REM 2201-79, Dickenson to Burgoyne, 9 January 1811.