Adolphus, Gustavus, 95
Alexander I (Tsar), 92, 151, 153, 182, 189
American Naval War Colleges, 69
American Revolution, 16, 72, 83, 90
Anglo-Portuguese army, 131, 150–51
Anglo-Russian campaign in Holland, 40–41
Anglo-Spanish army, 135
Annihilative strategy (Neiderwehrfungsstrategie), 3
Antietam, 118
Attrition strategy of exhaustion (Ermattungsstrategie), 3
Augereau, Charles-Pierre, 22, 100, 155
Aulic Council, 24
Austria: Austrian-Piedmontese coalition, 25–30; defeat in War of the First Coalition, 45, 76; French war against, 17, 47; Italian campaign, 24; war aims of, 65
Austrian Netherlands (Belgium), 18
Austrian-Piedmontese coalition, 25–30, 37
Austro-Prussian War (1866), 4
Barclay de Tolly, Michael Baron, 154, 157, 159–63, 182, 212
Bautzen, Battle of, 176, 181, 185, 186, 198
Beauharnais, Eugene, 138, 155–56, 178, 179, 207
Bellegarde, Heinrich, 50–51, 58
Beresford, William Carr, 133, 149, 152
Berlin Decree, 124
Bernadotte, Jean: 1814 Campaign, 207; offensives by, 36, 103, 113–14; Reichenbach Plan, 189, 197–201
Berthier, Louis-Alexandre, 14, 20, 138
Blücher, Gebhard von: alliance with Bohemia, 187; command conflicts, 186, 189; 1814 Campaign, 207; offensives by, 113–14, 179; Reichenbach Plan, 195–96, 199–200; reorganization of Prussian Army, 106; Waterloo, 209, 210–12
Bohemian Army, 187, 191–94, 198
Bonaparte, Jerome, 120, 155–56
Bonaparte, Napoleon: annihilation campaigns by, 3–4; combined arms organizations, 8; divorce and remarriage, 148; in Egypt, 76–81; 1803–1805 naval campaigns, 81–89; Italian campaign, 20, 21–25; offensive against Austrian-Piedmontese coalition, 25–30. See also Napoleonic total war; War of the First Coalition; War of the Second Coalition
Bonaparte, Napoleon, ascendancy: chronology, 91–92; Eylau and Friedland campaigns, 115–20; introduction, 92; Jena-Auerstadt campaign, 105–15; overview, 92–97; Ulm-Austerlitz campaign, 97–105
Bonaparte, Napoleon, principle adversaries: chronology, 121–22; on the Danube, 136–44; overview, 122–23; Peninsular War, 125–27; Wellsley, Arthur, 127–36
Bourcet, Pierre-Joseph, 15
Boyd, John, 45
Boyen, Hermann von, 192–93
Brueys, Francois-Paul, 77–78, 80
Brusilov Offensive (1916), 4–5
Bucharest, Treaty of, 153
Bülow, Friedrich von, 179, 182–84, 189, 192–97, 203, 207
Caesar, Julius, 95
Calder, Robert, 84–85
Campaign of 1813. See 1813 Campaign
Campaign of 1814. See 1814 Campaign
Campo Formio, Treaty of, 36, 37, 41
Cape Trafalgar, battle of, 67–69
Cape Vincent, battle of, 72–76
Castanos, Javier, 152
Catherine the Great, 40
Caulaincourt, Armand de, 154
Cavalry Reserve, 95
Chancellorsville, Battle of, 7
Chandler, David, 171
Charles (Archduke): around Zurich, 54; on the Danube, 137–40; War of the First Coalition, 34–35; War of the Second Coalition, 43–44, 62–63; War of the Third Coalition, 98–101
Charles IV (King), 125
Chasteler, Jaques Gabriel, 51
Churchill, John, 95
Churchill, Winston, 210
Clausewitz, Carl von: assessment of Barclay’s army, 160–61; assessment of Napoleon’s forces in Russia, 166, 167, 169–72; 1814 Campaign and Waterloo, 209; introduction, 2; Napoleon, ascendancy, 92, 112; Prussian negotiations, 174; in Russian army, 176; Scharnhorst’s reforms, 175; strategies of, 96–97
Colli-Marchini, Freiherr von, 23
Command and control (C2), 185, 202–3
Congress of Vienna, 206
Consular Guard, 94
Continental System, 90, 126, 144, 153
Continuous logistics element, 7
Convention of Cintra, 129
Convention of Taurrogen, 174
Convention of Trachenberg. See Trachenberg Convention
Cordoba, Don Jose de, 73
Corps d’Armée, 94–95, 111–12, 134
Cossacks: against Napoleon, 177, 183–84, 199; prisoners from Lithuania, 162; rearmament of, 185; strategies with, 44, 53, 58, 60
Counterinsurgency (COIN) campaigns, 9, 123
Craig, Gordon, 190
Cuesta, Don Gregorio, 134–35
Cumulative strategy, 70
Dallemagne, Claude, 28
D’Alvintzy, Joseph, 33–34, 37, 45–46
Danish Army, 155
Danish sea power, 90
The Danube, campaign, 136–44
Davout, Louis-Nicolas: against Bagration’s Second Army, 162; I Corps, 160; recapturing of Hamburg, 184; strategic campaigns by, 103–4, 112, 116
Decentralized executions, 68
Decrés, Denis, 82
Deep battle idea, 5
Delbrück, Hans, 2–4, 23, 115, 146, 185
D’Hilliers, Louis Baraguey, 95
Distributed campaign element, 7
Distributed deployment element, 8–9, 203
Distributed enemy element, 8, 203
Distributed operation element, 6–7, 202
Dumouriez, Charles-François, 17–18
Du Teil, Jean, 15–16
1813 Campaign: chronology, 173–74; operational art in, 176–86; overview, 174; Prussian reforms against Napoleon threat, 174–76; Trachenberg and Reichenbach, 187–204
1814 Campaign, 205–9
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 40, 190
Ermattungsstrategie (strategy of exhaustion), 115
Eylau and Friedland campaigns, 115–20
Fabian strategy of Russians, 158
Ferdinand (Archduke), 98–100, 106
Ferdinand (Prince), 125
Ferdinand, Louis, 110
Foley, Thomas, 79
Fox, Charles James, 105
Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), 4
Frederick of Orange, 51
Frederick the Great, 3, 16, 23, 105, 106
Frederick William II, 16
Frederick William III (King), 178, 182
French Military Districts, 19
French Revolution: competence and effectiveness in, 93; development of, 13; fiscal crisis leading to, 15; introduction, 2; period of wars, 69
French-Spanish fleet, 88
Friedland campaign. See Eylau and Friedland campaigns
George III (King), 128
German Naval War Colleges, 69
Germany: 1813 Campaign, 179; French armies in, 35–37, 48–49; liberation of, 174, 178, 181, 186–88; Napoleon’s loss of, 201; Napoleon’s strategy against, 25, 30; Prussian revolt in, 140; Russian armies in, 46; strategic stalemate in, 21–22; Third Coalition in, 98
Glorious Revolution (1688), 71
Gneisenau, Neidhart: Reichenbach Plan, 203; Russian weakness, 177; strategic maneuvers, 115, 200; trained reserve, 175; Waterloo, 209–10
Godoy, Manuel de, 124–25
Graham, Thomas, 65
Grande Armée: challenges to, 137, 182–83; destruction of, 169–70; losses by, 118, 205; military plans, 92–96, 111; reconstitution of, 179; in Russia, 168; strength of, 108, 120, 192, 198; Waterloo, 209–10
Great Britain: agreements with Prussia and Russia, 178; introduction, 9; Napoleon’s peace attempts with, 155; Napoleon’s strategy against, 144; treaty of alliance with Sweden, 154; war aims of, 65; War of the Second Coalition, 41–42
Great Britain, Royal Navy: Battle of the Nile, 76–81; Cape Vincent, battle of, 72–76; chief players in, 69–72; 1803–1805 naval campaigns, 81–89; overview, 67–69
Grolman, Karl, 192–93
Grouchy, Emmanuel de, 210
Guard Artillery, 94–95
Guibert, Comte de, 16
Habsburg dynasty, 65
Hanover, 98
Hohenlöhe, Friederich, 107, 110–11
Holland, 40–41, 46, 98, 132, 143
Hood, Samuel, 70
Howe, Richard “Black Dick,” 69, 72
Hungary, 143
Hussars de la Liberté (volunteer units), 18
Iberian Peninsula, 90
I Corps, 160
Imperial French Headquarters, 81
Imperial Guard, 94, 168, 170, 192, 207
Imperial Russian Army, 4, 7, 158
Instantaneous command and control element, 7
Invention and operational art, 9–10
Isserson, G.S., 5–6
Italy: defeat in, 48–54; French armies in, 35–37, 48–49; strategic stalemate in, 21–22; Third Coalition in, 98
Jena-Auerstadt campaign, 7, 105–15, 180
Jervis, John, 69, 70, 72–76, 81–89
Jomini, Antoine: charges against, 182; introduction, 2–3; Napoleon, ascendancy, 92; strategies of, 44–45, 96
Joseph (King), 188
Kellerman, François, 18
Kleist, Friedrich von, 115, 179, 193, 197
Krasnoe (Krasny), Battle of, 94
La Harpe, A.E.F., 22
Latour-Maubourg, Marie-Victor, 95
Lecourbe, Jacques, 62
Levée en masse, 19
Lines of Torres Vedras, 147, 149, 150, 153–54
Lützen, Battle of, 180–81
Macdonald, Etienne-Jacques, 43, 49, 54–58, 155, 159, 165, 174, 196, 197, 204
Marmont, Auguste-Frederic: 1814 Campaign and Waterloo, 208–9; military strategies, 142, 152–53, 195; under Napoleon, 22, 151
Masséna, Andre: on the Danube, 141; defense of Portugal, 148–51; field army under, 94; military strategies, 36; under Napoleon, 22; operations in Switzerland, 40, 47, 54; War of the Second Coalition, 61–65
Melas, Michael Frederich, 53, 60
Metternich, Clemens von, 187–88, 193
Military strategies: Davout, Louis-Nicolas, 103–4, 112, 116; Jomini, Antoine, 44–45, 96; Marmont, Auguste-Frederic, 142, 152–53, 195; Masséna, Andre, 36; Murat, Joachim, 99, 114–18, 177–78; Nelson, Horatio, 45; Ney, Michel, 109, 111, 113, 118–19, 151
Miloradovitch, Mikhail, 167
Mission command operations, 68
Moltke, Helmut von, 4
Moore, John, 129
Moreau, Jean Victor, 49, 53–55, 58–59, 191
Mortier, Edouard, 101, 136, 208
Müffling, Carl von, 106, 110, 175, 180–81, 186, 189, 212
Murat, Joachim: military strategies, 99, 114–18, 177–78; Napoleon’s forces in Russia, 22, 95, 166–68; Peninsular War, 125
Napoleon. See Bonaparte, Napoleon
Napoleonic total war: build-up and overview, 153–68; chronology, 145–46; introduction, 146–53; retreat of forces, 169–72
Naval campaign (1803–1805), 81–89
Nelson, Horatio: apprenticeship of, 72–76; death of, 89; 1803–1805 naval campaigns, 81–89; military strategies, 45; naval warfare legacy of, 89–90; operational command at the Nile, 76–81. See also Great Britain, Royal Navy
Newton, Isaac, 9
Ney, Michel: 1813 Campaign, 181–82; military strategies, 109, 111, 113, 118–19, 151; offensives against, 117, 170; Reichenbach Plan, 197
Nietzsche, Frederich, 92
The Nile, battle, 76–81
Observe, orient, decide, act (OODA) loop, 27, 45
Oman, Charles, 8
On War (Clausewitz), 2–3
Operational art: defined, 1–2; discovery of, 2–3; 1813 Campaign, 176–86; evolution of, 17–21; invention and, 9–10; Napoleon in Italy, 21–25; Schneider’s framework for, 6–9; Soviet model, 3–6; tools of the trade, 13–17
Operational durability, 7–8, 203
Operational-level units, 1–2, 4
Operational vision element, 8
Paul I (Tsar), 42
Peninsular War in Spain (1808–1814), 8, 125–27, 147–53
Phull, Ernst von, 158–60
Poland: Allied strategic plan, 46; campaigns in, 92; introduction, 17; Napoleon’s army in, 171, 178; new army of, 187, 199; political resurrection of, 153; preemptive offensive against, 158
Poniatwoski, Josef, 140
Popham, Home, 69
Portugal: defense of, 132–33, 148–49; Duke of Wellington’s victory in, 54, 158; French retreat from, 8; invasion of, 135–36, 146–51; military engagements in, 73, 122. See also Peninsular War in Spain
Prussia, 98, 105, 154, 174–76, 188
Prussian Army: on the Danube, 140; military reform concerns, 106, 175; mobilization and performance of, 186; Napoleon conflict with, 110–15; Russo-Prussian troops, 118–19, 180–81, 188; troop increases, 176, 202
Prussian General Staff system, 192
Pyramids, Battle of, 77
Radetzky, Joseph, 53, 137, 212
Reichenbach Plan, 187–204
Reynier, Jean-Louise-Ebenezer, 148, 163–64, 195
Rochambeau, Comte de, 14
Roman Empire, 143
Rosinski, Herbert, 69–70
Ross, Steven, 13–14
Rossbach, Battle of, 107
Russia: Fourth Coalition and, 124; Imperial Russian Army, 4, 7, 158; military success, 16, 154, 177; Napoleonic campaigns against, 92, 146, 155–58, 176; Napoleon’s forces in, 22, 95, 166–68; Napoleon’s withdrawal from, 170–72, 191; in Poland, 46–47; Second Coalition, withdrawal from, 41; Third Coalition and, 85; war aims of, 65
Savary, Jean-Marie, 127
Savary, René, 96
Saxon Corps (VII), 163
Scharnhorst, Gerhard, 106, 114, 175, 178
Schlieffen, Alfred von, 4
Schwarzenberg, Karl zu, 164–65, 167, 193–94, 212
Scorched-earth campaign, 157
Ségur, Philippe Henri de, 15
Sequential strategy, 70
Serurier, Jean, 22, 27, 49, 53
Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), 8, 16, 23
Siege of Mantua, 30–34
Sieyès, Abbé, 41
Silesian army, 191
Soult, Jean-de-Dieu, 8, 62–3, 103–4, 108, 110–116, 119–20, 133–34, 136, 148, 151, 152, 153, 192
South Germany, 98
Soviet military officers, 2
Soviet operational art model, 3–6
Spain. See Peninsular War in Spain
St. Cyr, Gouvion, 164–65, 167, 199
St. Germain, Comte de, 14
St. Priest, Louis de, 208
Staff adjutants (adjutants-generaux), 15
Stewart, Charles, 183, 188, 199
Strategy of exhaustion, 115
Strategy/strategies: Allied strategic plan for Poland, 46; Cossacks, 44, 53, 58, 60; defined, 2–3; Fabian strategy of Russians, 158; Napoleon’s strategy against Great Britain, 144; sequential strategy, 70. See also Military strategies
Sun Tzu (Sunzi), 68
Suvorov, A.V., 40, 43–46, 51–65
Svechin, A.A., 4
Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice de, 40
Tilsit, Treaty of, 122
Tormassov, A.P., 157
Trachenberg Convention, 187–204, 215–16
Trafalgar, Battle of, 87–89, 93
Trebbia, battle of, 56–59
Triandafillov, V.K., 5
Tukachevsky, Mikhail, 5
Wagram, Battle of, 136, 142–43, 147, 190
War and Peace (Tolstoy), 92
War of the Fifth Coalition, 135
War of the First Coalition: Austrian defeat in, 45, 76; against Austrian-Piedmontese coalition, 25–30; chronology, 11–13; end of, 37; renewed offensive, 34–37; siege of Mantua, 30–34
War of the Fourth Coalition, 108, 115–20, 124
War of the Second Coalition: causes of, 41–47; chronology, 39–41; closing chapter of, 61–65; operations around Zurich and Trebbia, 54–61; success in Switzerland, 48–54
War of the Sixth Coalition, 174, 178, 180, 186, 191
War of the Third Coalition, 97–99, 137
Waterloo Battle (1815), 7, 94, 209–13
Wellesley, Arthur (Duke of Wellington), x, 8, 21, 54, 103, 146, 154, 157–58, 188, 207–12; operational command by, 123, 210–12; in Spain and Portugal, 127–36, 147–53
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 161, 164, 170–72, 176–80
Wolfe, James, 73
Wolzogen, Ludwig, 158–59
World War II, 40
Wrede, Karl Philippe von, 201