Notas
[1] C. S. Lewis, A Grief Observed, Nueva York, Harper & Row, 1961. [Hay trad. cast.: Una pena en observación, Barcelona, Anagrama, 2006.]
[2] Véase, por ejemplo, Timothy J. Biblarz y Greg Gottainer, «Family Structure and Children’s Success: A Comparison of Widowed and Divorced Single-Mother Families», Journal of Marriage and Family, 62 (2000), pp. 533-548; Kenneth S. Kendler, Michael C. Neale, Ronald C. Kessler, et al., «Childhood Parental Loss and Adult Psychopathology in Women: A Twin Study Perspective», Archives of General Psychiatry, 49 (1992), pp. 109-116; Jane D. McLeod, «Childhood Parental Loss and Adult Depression», Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32 (1991), pp. 205-220.
[3] George A. Bonanno, Camille B.Wortman, Darrin R. Lehman, et al., «Resilience to Loss and Chronic Grief: A Prospective Study from Preloss to 18 Months Postloss», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 (2002), pp. 1150-1164. Para conocer más, véase George A. Bonanno, The Other Side of Sadness: What the New Science of Bereavement Tells Us About Life After Loss, Nueva York, Basic Books, 2010.
[4] Véase Geoff DeVerteuil y Oleg Golubchikov, «Can Resilience Be Redeemed?», City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 20 (2016), pp. 143-151; Markus Keck y Patrick Sakdapolrak, «What Is Social Resilience? Lessons Learned and Ways Forward», Erdkunde, 67 (2013), pp. 5-19.
1. RESPIRAR DE NUEVO
[1] Samuel Beckett, The Unnamable, Nueva York, Grove Press, 1958. [Hay trad. cast.: El innombrable, Madrid, Alianza, 2010.]
[2] Véase Steven F. Maier y Martin E. P. Seligman, «Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights from Neuroscience», Psychological Review, 123 (2016), pp. 349-367; Martin E. P. Seligman, Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life, Nueva York, Pocket Books, 1991.
[3] Véase Tracy R. G. Gladstone y Nadine J. Kaslow, «Depression and Attributions in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analytic Review», Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23 (1995), pp. 597-606.
[4] Angela Lee Duckworth, Patrick D. Quinn y Martin E. P. Seligman, «Positive Predictors of Teacher Effectiveness», The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4 (2009), pp. 540-547.
[5] Martin E. P. Seligman, Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, Nort Thornton y Karen Moe Thornton, «Explanatory Style as a Mechanism of Disappointing Athletic Performance», Psychological Science, 1 (1990), pp. 143-146.
[6] Martin E. P. Seligman y Peter Schulman, «Explanatory Style as a Predictor of Productivity and Quitting Among Life Insurance Sales Agents», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50 (1986), pp. 832-838.
[7] Matt J. Gray, Jennifer E. Pumphrey y Thomas W. Lombardo, «The Relationship Between Dispositional Pessimistic Attributional Style Versus Trauma-Specific Attributions and PTSD Symptoms», Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17 (2003), pp. 289-303; Ronnie Janoff-Buman, «Characterological Versus Behavioral Self-Blame: Inquiries into Depression and Rape», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 (1979), pp. 1798-1809.
[8] Las mujeres suelen disculparse más que los hombres. «Why Women Apologize More than Men: Gender Differences in Thresholds for Perceiving Offensive Behavior», Psychological Science, 21 (2010), pp. 1649-55; Jarrett T. Lewis, Gilbert R. Parra y Robert Cohen, «Apologies in Close Relationships: A Review of Theory and Research», Journal of Family Theory and Review, 7 (2015), pp. 47-61.
[9] Robert W. Van Giezen, «Paid Leave in Private Industry over the Past 20 Years», U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Beyond the Numbers, 2 (2013), <www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-2/paid-leave-in-private-industry-over-the-past-20-years.htm>. Es inaceptable que, en Estados Unidos, un padre o una madre tengan doce semanas libres cuando nace un niño y solo tres días si muere, y que casi el 30 por ciento de las madres no puedan acceder a una baja remunerada: véase <http://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1170&context=carsey>. Para una definición de baja remunerada, véase Kristin Smith y Andrew Schaefer, «Who Cares for the Sick Kids? Parents’ Access to Paid Time to Care for a Sick Child», Carsey Institute Issue Brief, 51 (2012), consultado del 16 de diciembre de 2016: <http://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1170&context=carsey>.
[10] Jane E. Dutton, Kristina M. Workman y Ashley E. Hardin, «Compassion at Work», Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1 (2014), pp. 277-304.
[11] Darlene Gavron Stevens, «The Cost of Grief», Chicago Tribune, 20 de agosto de 2003: <http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-08-20/business/0308200089_1_pet-loss-grief-emotions>.
[12] James H. Dulebohn, Janice C. Molloy, Shaun M. Pichler y Brian Murray, «Employee Benefits: Literature Review and Emerging Issues», Human Resource Management Review, 19 (2009), pp. 86-103. Véase también Alex Edmans, «The Link Between Job Satisfaction and Firm Value, with Implications for Corporate Social Responsibility», Academy of Management Perspectives, 26 (2012), pp. 1-19; James K. Harter, Frank L. Schmidt y Theodore L. Hayes, «Business-Unit-Level Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Business Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis», Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (2002), pp. 268-279.
[13] Daniel T. Gilbert, Elizabeth C. Pinel, Timothy D. Wilson y Stephen J. Blumberg, «Immune Neglect: A Source of Durability Bias in Affective Forecasting», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75 (1998), pp. 617-638.
[14] Timothy D. Wilson y Daniel T. Gilbert, «Affective Forecasting: Knowing What to Want», Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14 (2005), pp. 131-134; Daniel T. Gilbert, Stumbling on Happiness, Nueva York, Knopf, 2006. [Hay trad. cast.: Tropezar con la felicidad, Barcelona, Destino, 2006.]
[15] Gilbert, et al., «Immune Neglect».
[16] Elizabeth W. Dunn, Timothy D. Wilson y Daniel T. Gilbert, «Location, Location, Location: The Misprediction of Satisfaction in Housing Lotteries», Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29 (2003), pp. 1421-1432.
[17] Véase el Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy: <www.beckinstitute.org>.
[18] C. S. Lewis, Una pena en observación, Barcelona, Anagrama, 2006.
[19] Pema Chödrön, When Things Fall Apart: Heart Advice for Difficult Times, Boston, Shambhala, 1997.
[20] Alex M. Wood, Jeffrey J. Froh y Adam W. A. Geraghty, «Gratitude and Well- Being: A Review and Theoretical Integration», Clinical Psychology Review, 30 (2010), pp. 890-905; Laura J. Kray, Katie A. Liljenquist, Adam D. Galinsky, et al., «From What Might Have Been to What Must Have Been: Counterfactual Thinking Creates Meaning», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98 (2010), pp. 106-118; Karl Halvor Teigen, «Luck, Envy, and Gratitude: It Could Have Been Different», Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 38 (1997), pp. 313-323; Minkyung Koo, Sara B. Algoe, Timothy D. Wilson y Daniel T. Gilbert, «It’s a Wonderful Life: Mentally Subtracting Positive Events Improves People’s Affective States, Contrary to Their Affective Forecasts», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95 (2008), pp. 1217-1224.
[21] Robert A. Emmons y Michael E. McCullough, «Counting Blessings Versus Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being in Daily Life», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84 (2003), pp. 377-389.
[22] Emily C. Bianchi, «The Bright Side of Bad Times: The Affective Advantages of Entering the Workforce in a Recession», Administrative Science Quarterly, 58 (2013), pp. 587-623.
[23] Luc Cohen y Lisa Shumaker, «Argentina Poverty Reaches 32.2 Pct in First Data Release in Years», Reuters, 28 de septiembre de 2016: <www.reuters.com/article/argentina-economy-poverty-idUSL2N1C41JC>; Lisa Von Ahn, Anahi Rama y Anna Yukhananov, «Mexican Government Says Poverty Rate Rose to 46.2 Percent in 2014», Reuters, 23 de julio de 2015: <www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-poverty-idUSKCN0PX2B320150723>; «Population Below Poverty Line», The World Fact Book, consultado el 1 de junio de 2017 en: <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html>.
[24] «Americans’ Financial Security: Perception and Reality», The Pew Charitable Trusts, consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2016: <www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/02/americans-financial-security-perceptions-and-reality>.
[25] Mariko Lin Chang, Shortchanged: Why Women Have Less Wealth and What Can Be Done About It, Nueva York, Oxford University Press, 2010.
[26] Alicia H. Munnell y Nadia S. Karamcheva, «Why Are Widows So Poor?», Center for Retirement Research en Boston College Brief IB#7-9, consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2016: <http://crr.bc.edu/briefs/why-are-widows-so-poor/>.
2. ECHAR AL ELEFANTE DE LA HABITACIÓN
[1] Tim Urban, «10 Types of Odd Friendships You’re Probably Part Of», Wait but Why, diciembre de 2014: <http://waitbutwhy.com/2014/12/10-types-odd-friendships-youre-probably-part.html>. Para más pruebas sobre la buena aceptación de las personas cuando hacen más preguntas, véase Karen Huang, Mike Yeomans, Alison Wood Brooks, et al., «It Doesn’t Hurt to Ask: Question-Asking Encourages Self-Disclosure and Increases Liking», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (en prensa).
[2] Mitch Carmody, citado en Linton Weeks, «Now We Are Alone: Living On Without Our Sons», All Things Considered, NPR, 3 de septiembre de 2010: <www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128977776>.
[3] Sidney Rosen y Abraham Tesser, «On Reluctance to Communicate Undesirable Information: The MUM Effect», Sociometry, 33 (1970), pp. 253-263.
[4] Joshua D. Margolis y Andrew Molinsky, «Navigating the Bind of Necessary Evils: Psychological Engagement and the Production of Interpersonally Sensitive Behavior», Academy of Management Journal, 51 (2008), pp. 847-872; Jayson L. Dibble, «Breaking Bad News in the Provider-Recipient Context: Understanding the Hesitation to Share Bad News from the Sender’s Perspective», en Benjamin Bates y Rukhsana Ahmed, eds., Medical Communication in Clinical Contexts, Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing, 2012. Véase también Walter F. Baile, Robert Buckman, Renato Lenzi, et al., «SPIKES— A Six-Step Protocol for Delivering Bad News: Application to the Patient with Cancer», The Oncologist, 5 (2000), pp. 302-311.
[5] Timothy D. Wilson, David A. Reinhard, Erin C. Westgate, et al., «Just Think: The Challenges of the Diseganged Mind», Science, 345 (2014), pp. 75-77.
[6] Lynn C. Miller, John H. Berg y Richard L. Archer, «Openers: Individuals Who Elicit Intimate Self-Disclosure», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44 (1983), pp. 1234-1244.
[7] Daniel Lim y David DeSteno, «Suffering and Compassion, and Prosocial Behavior», Emotion, 16 (2016), pp. 175-182. Se debe señalar que cuando una persona ha superado un acontecimiento desgarrador y otros no logran hacerlo, será menos compasiva con ellos: Rachel L. Ruttan, Mary-Hunter McDonell y Loran F. Nordgren, «Having “Been There” Doesn’t Mean I Care: When Prior Experience Reduces Compassion for Emotional Distress», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108 (2015), pp. 610-622.
[8] Anna Quindlen, «Public and Private: Life After Death», The New York Times, 4 de mayo de 1994: <www.nytimes.com/1994/05/04/opinion/public-private-life-after-death.html>.
[9] Darrin R. Lehman, John H. Ellard y Camille B. Wortman, «Social Support for the Bereaved: Recipients’ and Providers’ Perspectives on What Is Helpful», Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54 (1986), pp. 438-446.
[10] Jeanne L. Tsai, «Ideal Affect: Cultural Causes and Behavioral Consequences», Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2 (2007), pp. 242-259.
[11] David Caruso, citado por Julie Beck, «How to Get Better at Expressing Emotions», The Atlantic, 18 de noviembre de 2015: <www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/11/how-to-get-better-at-expressing-emotions/416493/>.
[12] Quindlen, «Public and Private».
[13] Sheryl Sandberg, post en Facebook, 3 de junio de 2015: <www.facebook.com/sheryl/posts/10155617891025177:0>.
[14] Para saber más, véase James W. Pennebaker y Joshua M. Smyth, Opening Up by Writing It Down: How Expressive Writing Improves Health and Eases Emotional Pain, Nueva York, Guilford, 2016. Para más detalles, véase el capítulo 4.
[15] Anthony C. Ocampo, «The Gay Second Generation: Sexual Identity and the Family Relations of Filipino and Latino Gay Men», Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40 (2014), pp. 155-173; Anthony C. Ocampo, «Making Masculinity: Negotiations of Gender Presentation Among Latino Gay Men», Latino Studies, 10 (2012), pp. 448-472.
[16] Emily McDowell, citado por Kristin Hohendal, «A Cancer Survivor Designs the Cards She Wishes She’d Received from Friends and Family», The Eye, 6 de mayo de 2015: <www.slate.com/blogs/the_eye/2015/05/06/empathy_cards_by_emily_ mcdowell_are_greeting_cards_designed_for_cancer_patients.html>.
[17] <http://emilymcdowell.com/>. Véase también Kelsey Crowe y Emily McDowell, There Is No Good Card for This: What to Say and Do When Life Is Scary, Awful, and Unfair to People You Love, Nueva York, HarperOne, 2017.
[18] Tim Lawrence, «8 Simple Words to Say When Someone You Love Is Grieving», Upworthy, 17 de diciembre de 2015: <www.upworthy.com/8-simple-words-to-say-when-when-someone-you-love-is-grieving>.
3. LA REGLA DE PLATINO DE LA AMISTAD
[1] David C. Glass y Jerome Singer, «Behavioral Consequences of Adaptation to Controllable and Uncontrollable Noise», Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7 (1971), pp. 244-257; David C. Glass y Jerome E. Singer, «Experimental Studies of Uncontrollable and Unpredictable Noise», Representative Research in Social Psychology, 4 (1973), pp. 165-83.
[2] Brian R. Little, Me, Myself, and Us: The Science of Personality and the Art of Well-Being, Nueva York, Public Affairs, 2014.
[3] C. Daniel Batson, Jim Fultz y Patricia A. Schoenrade, «Distress and Empathy: Two Qualitatively Distinct Vicarious Emotions with Different Motivational Consequences», Journal of Personality, 55 (1987), pp. 19-39.
[4] Allen Rucker, The Best Seat in the House: How I Woke Up One Tuesday and Was Paralyzed for Life, Nueva York, HarperCollins, 2007.
[5] Loran F. Nordgren, Mary-Hunter McDonnell y George Loewenstein, «What Constitutes Torture? Psychological Impediments to an Objective Evaluation of Enhanced Interrogation Tactics», Psychological Science, 22 (2011), pp. 689-694.
[6] Se han dado diferentes orígenes a este concepto. Una de las mejores descripciones proviene de los escritos de Karl Popper: «La regla de oro es una buena convención que incluso se puede mejorar aplicándola a los demás, siempre que sea posible, como si se la aplicasen ellos mismos». Karl Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, vol. 2, Nueva York, Routledge, 1945/1966. [Hay trad. cast.: La sociedad abierta y sus enemigos, Barcelona, Paidós, 2010.]
[7] Bruce Feiler, «How to Be a Friend in Deed», The New York Times, 6 de febrero de 2015: <www.nytimes.com/2015/02/08/style/how-to-be-a-friend-in-deed.html>.
[8] Megan Devine, Refuge in Grief: Emotionally Intelligent Grief Support, consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2016: <www.refugeingrief.com/>.
[9] Jessica P. Lougheed, Peter Koval y Tom Hollenstein, «Sharing the Burden: The Interpersonal Regulation of Emotional Arousal in Mother-Daughter Dyads», Emotion, 16 (2016), pp. 83-93.
[10] Susan Silk y Barry Goldman, «How Not to Say the Wrong Thing», Los Angeles Times, 7 de abril de 2013: <http://articles.latimes.com/2013/apr/07/opinion/la-oe-0407-silk-ring-theory-20130407>.
[11] Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying, Nueva York, Routledge, 1969. [Hay trad. cast.: Sobre la muerte y los moribundos, Barcelona, Random House, 2000.]
[12] Holly G. Prigerson y Paul K. Maciejewski, «Grief and Acceptance as Opposite Sides of the Same Coin: Setting a Research Agenda to Study Peaceful Acceptance of Loss», The British Journal of Psychiatry, 193 (2008), pp. 435-437. Véase también Margaret Stroebe y Henk Schut, «The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement: Rationale and Description», Death Studies, 23 (1999), pp. 197-224. Como nos explicó la trabajadora social Carole Geithner, los modelos de fases «también minimizan la individualidad y la diversidad de las formas de pasar la pena. Hay diferentes estilos de aflicción y de estrategias para gestionarla. Los modelos crean problemas cuando se convierten en prescriptivos. Algunos más actuales enfatizan la individualidad. Existe una demanda comprensible de modelos porque queremos sentirnos seguros, saber que hay un punto final, un plan, algún tipo de previsibilidad, pero genera un inconveniente: no se corresponden con la realidad de la pena. Proporcionan una tranquilidad ilusoria. La pérdida de cada persona es diferente».
[13] Laura L. Carstensen, Derek M. Isaacowitz y Susan T. Charles, «Taking Time Seriously: A Theory of Socioemotional Selectivity», American Psychologist, 54 (1999), pp. 165-181.
[14] Cheryl L. Carmichael, Harry T. Reis y Paul R. Duberstein, «In Your 20s It’s Quantity, in Your 30s It’s Quality: The Prognostic Value of Social Activity Across 30 Years of Adulthood», Psychology and Aging, 30 (2015), pp. 95-105.
[15] Es un poema alegórico con varias versiones. Véase, por ejemplo, <http://www.footprints-inthe-sand.com/index.php?page=Main.php>.
4. AUTOCOMPASIÓN Y CONFIANZA EN UNO MISMO
[1] Matthew Friedman, «Just Facts: As Many Americans Have Criminal Records as College Diplomas», Brennan Center for Justice, 17 de noviembre de 2015: <www.brennancenter.org/blog/just-facts-many-americans-have-criminal-records-college-diplomas>; Thomas P. Bonczar y Allen J. Beck, «Lifetime Likelihood of Going to State or Federal Prison», Bureau of Justice Statistics, special report NCJ 160092, 6 de marzo de 1997: <www.nij.gov/topics/corrections/reentry/Pages/employment.aspx>.
[2] Solo el 40 por ciento de los empleadores contratarían «sin duda» o «probablemente» a solicitantes con un historial criminal. Y, en un experimento en el que se utilizaron currículums iguales, los solicitantes con un historial criminal tenían la mitad de posibilidades de recibir respuesta. Véase John Schmitt y Kris Warner, «Ex-Offenders and the Labor Market», Journal of Labor and Society, 14 (2011), pp. 87-109; Steven Raphael, The New Scarlett Letter? Negotiating the U. S. Labor Market with a Criminal Record, Kalamazoo, Upjohn Institute Press, 2014.
[3] <www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/81R/billtext/html/HR00175I.htm> y <www.kbtx.com/home/headlines/7695432.html?site=full>. Junto con las entrevistas con Catherine Hoke, los detalles y las citas los hemos extraído de Kris Frieswick, «Ex-Cons Relaunching Lives as Entrepreneurs», Inc., 29 de mayo de 2012: <www.inc.com/magazine/201206/kris-frieswick/catherine-rohr-defy-ventures-story-of-redemption.html>; Leonardo Blair, «Christian Venture Capitalist Defies Sex Scandal with God’s Calling», The Christian Post, 31 de octubre de 2015: <www.christianpost.com/news/christian-venture-capitalist-defies-sex-scandal-with-gods-calling-148873/>; Ryan Young, «CCU’s Moglia Teaching “Life After Football”» Myrtle Beach Online, 22 de agosto de 2015: <www.myrtlebeachonline.com/sports/college/sun-belt/coastal-carolina-university/article31924596.html>; Jessica Weisberg, «Shooting Straight», The New Yorker, 10 de febrero de 2014: <www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/02/10/shooting-straight>.
[4] Kristin D. Neff, «The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self- Compassion», Self and Identity, 2 (2003), pp. 223-250. Véase también Kristin Neff, Self-Compassion: The Proven Power of Being Kind to Yourself, Nueva York, William Morrow, 2011.
[5] David A. Sbarra, Hillary L. Smith y Matthias R. Mehl, «When Leaving Your Ex, Love Yourself: Observational Ratings of Self-Compassion Predict the Course of Emotional Recovery Following Marital Separation», Psychological Science, 23 (2012), pp. 261-269.
[6] Regina Hiraoka, Eric C. Meyer, Nathan A. Kimbrel, et al., «Self- Compassion as a Prospective Predictor of PTSD Symptom Severity Among Trauma-Exposed U. S. Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans», Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28 (2015), pp. 127-133.
[7] Kristin D. Neff, «Self-Compassion, Self-Esteem, and Well-Being», Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5 (2011), pp. 1-12; Angus Macbeth y Andrew Gumley, «Exploring Compassion: A Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Self-Compassion and Psychopathology», Clinical Psychology Review, 32 (2012), pp. 545-552; Nicholas T. Van Dam, Sean C. Sheppard, John P. Forsyth y Mitch Earleywine, «Self-Compassion Is a Better Predictor than Mindfulness of Symptom Severity and Quality of Life in Mixed Anxiety and Depression», Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 25 (2011), pp. 123-130; Michelle E. Neely, Diane L. Schallert, Sarojanni S. Mohammed, et al., «Self-Kindness When Facing Stress: The Role of Self-Compassion, Goal Regulation, and Support in College Students’ Well-Being», Motivation and Emotion, 33 (2009), pp. 88-97.
[8] Lisa M. Yarnell, Rose E. Stafford, Kristin D. Neff, et al., «Meta-Analysis of Gender Differences in Self-Compassion», Self and Identity, 14 (2015), pp. 499-520; Levi R. Baker y James K. McNulty, «Self-Compassion and Relationship Maintenance: The Moderating Roles of Conscientiousness and Gender», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100 (2011), pp. 853-873. Es importante resaltar que la autocompasión no ayuda a las relaciones (y puede dañarlas) si las personas no tienen motivación para enmendar sus errores.
[9] Mark Leary, «Don’t Beat Yourself Up», Aeon, 20 de junio de 2016: <https://aeon.co/essays/learning-to-be-kind-to-yourself-has-remarkable-benefits>. Véase también Meredith L. Terry y Mark Leary, «Self-Compassion, Self-Regulation, and Health», Self and Identity, 10 (2011), pp. 352-362.
[10] Paula M. Niedenthal, June Price Tagney e Igor Gavanski, «If Only I Weren’t Versus If Only I Hadn’t: Distinguishing Shame and Guilt in Counterfactual Thinking», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67 (1994), pp. 585-595.
[11] Ronnie Janoff-Bulman, «Characterological Versus Behavioral Self-Blame: Inquiries into Depression and Rape», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 (1979), pp. 1798-1809.
[12] Erma Bombeck, Motherhood: The Second Oldest Profession, Nueva York, McGraw-Hill, 1983.
[13] June Price Tangney y Ronda L. Dearing, Shame and Guilt, Nueva York, Guilford, 2002.
[14] Ronda L. Dearing, Jeffrey Stuewig y June Price Tangney, «On the Importance of Distinguishing Shame from Guilt: Relations to Problematic Alcohol and Drug Use», Addictive Behaviors, 30 (2005), pp. 1392-1404.
[15] Daniela Hosser, Michael Windzio y Werner Greve, «Guilt and Shame as Predictors of Recidivism: A Longitudinal Study with Young Prisoners», Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35 (2008), pp. 138-152. Véase también June P. Tangney, Jeffrey Stuewig y Andrés G. Martínez, «Two Faces of Shame: The Roles of Shame and Guilt in Predicting Recidivism», Psychological Science, 25 (2014), pp. 799-805.
[16] June Price Tangney, Patricia E. Wagner, Deborah Hill-Barlow, et al., «Relation of Shame and Guilt to Constructive Versus Destructive Responses to Anger Across the Lifespan», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70 (1996), pp. 797-809.
[17] Bryan Stevenson, Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption, Nueva York, Spiegel & Grau, 2014.
[18] Mark R. Leary, Eleanor B. Tate, Claire E. Adams, et al., «Self-Compassion and Reactions to Unpleasant Self-Relevant Events: The Implications of Treating Oneself Kindly», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92 (2007), pp. 887-904.
[19] Para más información, véase James W. Pennebaker y Joshua M. Smyth, Opening Up by Writing It Down: How Expressive Writing Improves Health and Eases Emotional Pain, Nueva York, Guilford, 2016; Joanne Frattaroli, «Experimental Disclosure and Its Moderators: A Meta-Analysis», Psychological Bulletin, 132 (2006), pp. 823-865; Joshua M. Smyth, «Written Emotional Expression: Effect Sizes, Outcome Types, and Moderating Variables», Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66 (1998), pp. 174-184. Sobre por qué empeora antes de mejorar, véase Antonio Pascual-Leone, Nikita Yeryomenko, Orrin-Porter Morrison, et al., «Does Feeling Bad Lead to Feeling Good? Arousal Patterns During Expressive Writing», Review of General Psychology, 20 (2016), pp. 336-347. Todas estas investigaciones también sugieren que escribir un diario es mejor cuando lo hacemos de forma privada, solo para nosotros, y describimos hechos y sentimientos; que los hombres suelen beneficiarse un poco más que las mujeres porque tienden más a no expresar sus sentimientos; y que las personas con más problemas de salud y antecedentes de trauma o estrés tienen más beneficios. Y lo más importante a tener en cuenta es que hay una gran diferencia entre organizar nuestros pensamientos y sentimientos sobre una experiencia adversa y reflexionar sobre ellos, es decir, intentar encontrarles sentido, que simplemente regodearse en ellos. «Muchas personas se ven pensando, soñando o hablando demasiado sobre un acontecimiento del pasado. También se dan cuenta de que los demás no quieren escucharles —nos dijo el psicólogo Darrin Lehman—. Son precisamente estas personas las que deberían intentar expresar estos sentimientos con la escritura. No es una panacea, es un acto libre, y los efectos son modestos. Si no parece que ayuda, deberían dejar de escribir y probar con otro tratamiento.»
[20] Matthew D. Lieberman, Naomi I. Eisenberger, Molly J. Crockett, et al., «Putting Feelings into Words», Psychological Science, 18 (2007), pp. 421-428; Lisa Feldman Barrett, «Are You in Despair? That’s Good», The New York Times, 3 de junio de 2016: <www.nytimes.com/2016/06/05/opinion/sunday/are-you-in-despair-thats-good.html>.
[21] Katharina Kircanski, Matthew D. Lieberman y Michelle G. Craske, «Feelings into Words: Contributions of Language to Exposure Therapy», Psychological Science, 23 (2012), pp. 1086-1091.
[22] Junto con Opening Up By Writing It Down de Pennebaker y Smyth, véase la literatura acerca de los informes sobre estrés causado por un incidente importante: Timothy D. Wilson, Redirect: The Surprising New Science of Psychological Change, Nueva York, Little, Brown, 2011; Jonathan I. Bisson, Peter L. Jenkins, Julie Alexander y Carol Bannister, «Randomised Controlled Trial of Psychological Debriefing for Victims of Acute Burn Trauma», The British Journal of Psychiatry, 171 (1997), pp. 78-81; Benedict Carey, «Sept. 11 Revealed Psychology’s Limits, Review Finds», The New York Times, 28 de julio de 2011: <www.nytimes .com/2011/07/29/health/research/29psych.html>.
[23] Karolijne van der Houwen, Henk Schut, Jan van den Bout, et al., «The Efficacy of a Brief Internet-Based Self-Help Intervention for the Bereaved», Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48 (2010), pp. 359-367.
[24] James W. Pennebaker y Janel D. Seagal, «Forming a Story: The Health Benefits of Narrative», Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55 (1999), pp. 1243-1254.
[25] Alexander D. Stajkovic, «Development of a Core Confidence-Higher Order Construct», Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (2006), pp. 1208-1224; Timothy A. Judge y Joyce E. Bono, «Relationship of Core Self-Evaluation Traits —Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional Stability— with Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis», Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (2001), pp. 80-92.
[26] Mark R. Leary, Katharine M. Patton, Amy E. Orlando y Wendy Wagoner Funk, «The Impostor Phenomenon: Self-Perceptions, Reflected Appraisals, and Interpersonal Strategies», Journal of Personality, 68 (2000), pp. 725-756.
[27] Sheryl Sandberg, «Why Do We Have Too Few Women Leaders», TED Women, diciembre de 2010: <www.ted.com/talks/sheryl_sandberg_why_we_have_too_few_women_leaders>.
[28] Edna B. Foa y Elizabeth A. Meadows, «Psychological Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Critical Review», Annual Review of Psychology, 48 (1997), pp. 449-480. Véase también Patricia A. Resick y Monica K. Schnike, «Cognitive Processing Therapy for Sexual Assault Victims», Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60 (1992), pp. 748-756.
[29] Søren Kierkegaard, Papers and Journals: A Selection, Nueva Yok, Penguin, 1996; Daniel W. Conway y K. E. Gover, Søren Kierkegaard, vol. 1, Nueva York, Taylor & Francis, 2002.
[30] Karl E. Weick, «Small Wins: Redefining the Scale of Social Problems», American Psychologist, 39 (1984), pp. 40-49; Teresa Amabile y Steven Kramer, The Progress Principle: Using Small Wins to Ignite Joy, Engagement and Creativity at Work, Boston, Harvard Business Review, 2011.
[31] Martin E. P. Seligman, Tracy A. Steen, Nansook Park y Christopher Peterson, «Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions», American Psychologist, 60 (2005), pp. 410-421.
[32] Joyce E. Bono, Theresa M. Glomb, Winny Shen, et al., «Building Positive Resources: Effects of Positive Events and Positive Reflection on Work Stress and Health», Academy of Management Journal, 56 (2013), pp. 1601-1627.
[33] Adam M. Grant y Jane E. Dutton, «Beneficiary or Benefactor: Are People More Prosocial When They Reflect on Receiving or Giving?», Psychological Science, 23 (2012), pp. 1033-1039. Cuando los recaudadores de fondos de las universidades escribieron un diario durante unos días detallando en qué eran útiles a sus colegas, su rendimiento por hora aumentó un 29 por ciento en las siguientes dos semanas.
[34] Larry R. Martinez, Craig D. White, Jenessa R. Shapiro y Michelle R. Hebl, «Selection BIAS: Stereotypes and Discrimination Related to Having a History of Cancer», Journal of Applied Psychology, 101 (2016), pp. 122-128.
[35] OCDE, «Unemployment rate (indicator)», consultado el 1 de junio de 2017 en: <https://data.oecd.org/unemp/unemployment-rate.htm>; Taos Turner, «Argentina Unemployment Rate Fell to 7.6% in Fourth Quarter», The Wall Street Journal, 16 de marzo de 2017: <www.wsj.com/articles/argentina-unemployment-rate-fell-to-7-6-in-fourth-quarter-1489701636>.
[36] Richard H. Price, Jin Nam Choi y Amiram D. Vinokur, «Links in the Chain of Adversity Following Job Loss: How Financial Strain and Loss of Personal Control Lead to Depression, Impaired Functioning, and Poor Health», Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7 (2002), pp. 302-312.
[37] Eileen Y. Chou, Bidhan L. Parmar y Adam D. Galinsky, «Economic Insecurity Increases Physical Pain», Psychological Science, 27 (2016), pp. 443-454.
[38] Amiram D. Vinokur, Richard H. Price y Robert D. Caplan, «Hard Times and Hurtful Partners: How Financial Strain Affects Depression and Relationship Satisfaction of Unemployed Persons and Their Spouses», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71 (1996), pp. 166-179.
[39] Amiram D. Vinokur, Michelle van Ryn, Edward M. Gramlich y Richard H. Price, «Long-Term Follow-Up and Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Jobs Program: A Preventive Intervention for the Unemployed», Journal of Applied Psychology, 76 (1991), pp. 213-219; «The Jobs Project for the Unemployed: Update», Michigan Prevention Research Center, consultado el 15 de diciembre de 2016: <www.isr.umich.edu/src/seh/mprc/jobsupdt.html>.
[40] Songqi Liu, Jason L. Huang y Mo Wang, «Effectiveness of Job Search Interventions: A Meta-Analytic Review», Psychological Bulletin, 140 (2014), pp. 1009-1041.
[41] Sarah Jane Glynn, «Breadwinning Mothers, Then and Now», Center for American Progress, 20 de junio de 2014: <www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2014/06/20/92355/breadwinning-mothers-then-and-now/>.
[42] Child Care Aware of America, «Parents and the High Cost of Child Care: 2015 Report»: <http://usa.childcareaware.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Parents-and-the-High-Cost-of-Child-Care-2015-FINAL.pdf>.
[43] Institute for Women’s Policy Research, «Status of Women in the States», 8 de abril de 2015: <http://statusofwomendata.org/press-releases/in-every-u-s-state-women-including-millennials-are-more-likely-than-men-to-live-in-poverty-despite-gains-in-higher-education/>. Institute for Family Studies and Social Trends Institute, «World Family Map 2015: Mapping Family Change and Child Well-Being Outcomes», consultado el 10 de junio de 2017: <http://worldfamilymap.ifstudies.org/2015/articles/world-family-indicators/family-structure>; Kai Ruggeri y Chloe E. Bird, «Single parents and employment in Europe: Short Statistical Report No. 3» (Santa Monica, CA, RAND Corporation, 2014), consultado el 11 de abril de 2017: <https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR362.html>.
[44] United States Department of Agriculture, «Key Statistics & Graphics», consultado el 16 de diciembre de 2016: <www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx>.
[45] Después del reparto de comida a las familias, la escuela experimentó una reducción del absentismo escolar, año tras año, del 32 por ciento, y las quejas de salud mensuales se redujeron un 72 por ciento. La presentación de Sonia Arriola, presidenta de Sacred Heart Nativity Schools, se consultó el 19 de diciembre de 2016.
[46] Organización Internacional del Trabajo, Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the World, Ginebra, OIT, 2014; consultado el 11 de marzo de 2017: <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_242615.pdf>.
[47] Adam M. Grant, Jane E. Dutton y Brent D. Rosso, «Giving Commitment: Employee Support Programs and the Prosocial Sensemaking Process», Academy of Management Journal, 51 (2008), pp. 898-918.
5. UN SALTO HACIA DELANTE
[1] Albert Camus, Lyrical and Critical Essays, Nueva York, Vintage, 1970.
[2] Joseph E. Kasper, «Co-Destiny: A Conceptual Goal for Parental Bereavement and the Call for a “Positive Turn” in the Scientific Study of the Parental Bereavement Process», tesis de máster inédita, Universidad de Pennsylvania, 2013.
[3] Viktor Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning, Nueva York, Pocket Books, 1959. [Hay trad. cast.: El hombre en busca de sentido, Barcelona, Herder, 2002.]
[4] Richard G. Tedeschi y Lawrence Calhoun, Helping Bereaved Parents: a Clinical’s Guide, Nueva York, Routledge, 2003.
[5] Para más información, véase Richard G. Tedeschi y Lawrence Calhoun, «Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence», Psychological Inquiry, 15 (2004), pp. 1-18; Vicki S. Helgeson, Kerry A. Reynolds y Patricia L. Tomich, «A Meta-Analytic Review of Benefit Finding and Growth», Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74 (2006), pp. 797-816; Gabriele Prati y Luca Pietrantoni, «Optimism, Social Support, and Coping Strategies as Factors Contributing to Posttraumatic Growth: A Meta-Analysis», Journal of Loss and Trauma,14 (2009), pp. 364-388.
[6] Patricia Frazier, Ty Tashiro, Margit Berman, et al., «Correlates of Levels and Patterns of Positive Life Changes Following Sexual Assault», Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72 (2004), pp. 19-30; Amanda R. Cobb, Richard G. Tedeschi, Lawrence G. Calhoun y Arnie Cann, «Correlates of Posttraumatic Growth in Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence», Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19 (2006), pp. 895-903.
[7] Steve Powell, Rita Rosner, Will Butollo, et al., «Posttraumatic Growth After War: A Study with Former Refugees and Displaced People in Sarajevo», Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59 (2003), pp. 71-83; Zahava Solomon y Rachel Dekel, «Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Growth Among Israeli Ex-POWs», Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20 (2007), pp. 303-312.
[8] Tanja Zoellner, Sirko Rabe, Anke Karl y Andreas Maercker, «Posttraumatic Growth in Accident Survivors: Openness and Optimism as Predictors of Its Constructive or Illusory Sides», Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64 (2008), pp. 245-263; Cheryl H. Cryder, Ryan P. Kilmer, Richard G. Tedeschi y Lawrence G. Calhoun, «An Exploratory Study of Posttraumatic Growth in Children Following a Natural Disaster», American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76 (2006), pp. 65-69.
[9] Sanghee Chun y Youngkhill Lee, «The Experience of Posttraumatic Growth for People with Spinal Cord Injury», Qualitative Health Research, 18 (2008), pp. 877-890; Alexandra Sawyer, Susan Ayers y Andy P. Field, «Posttraumatic Growth and Adjustment Among Individuals with Cancer or HIV/AIDS: A Meta-Analysis», Clinical Psychology Review, 30 (2010), pp. 436-447.
[10] Richard G. Tedeschi y Lawrence G. Calhoun, «The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the Positive Legacy of Trauma», Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9 (1996), pp. 455-471.
[11] National Center for PTSD, U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs, «How Common Is PTSD?», calculado a partir de las estadísticas que se presentan en el informe, consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2016: <www.ptsd.va.gov/public/PTSD-overview/basics/how-common-is-ptsd.asp>.
[12] Friedrich Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols, traducción de R. J. Hollingdale, Nueva York, Penguin, 1889/1977. [Hay trad. cast.: El crepúsculo de los ídolos, Madrid, Alianza, 1996.]
[13] Lawrence G. Calhoun y Richard G. Tedeschi, Handbook of Posttraumatic Growth: Research and Practice, Nueva York, Routledge, 2014.
[14] Camille B. Wortman, «Posttraumatic Growth: Progress and Problems», Psychological Inquiry, 15 (2004), pp. 81-94.
[15] Martin E. P. Seligman, Tracy A. Steen, Nansook Park y Christopher Peterson, «Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions», American Psychologist, 60 (2005), pp. 410-421. Véase también Fabian Gander, René T. Proyer, Willibald Ruch y Tobias Wyss, «Strength-Based Positive Interventions: Further Evidence for Their Potential in Enhancing Well-Being and Alleviating Depression», Journal of Happiness Studies, 14 (2013), pp. 1241-1259.
[16] Patricia Frazier, Amy Conlon y Theresa Glaser, «Positive and Negative Life Changes Following Sexual Assault», Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69 (2001), pp. 1048-1055; J. Curtis McMillen, Susan Zuravin y Gregory Rideout, «Perceived Benefit from Childhood Sexual Abuse», Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63 (1995), pp. 1037-1043.
[17] Darrin R. Lehman, Camille B. Wortman y Allan F. Williams, «Long-Term Effects of Losing a Spouse or Child in a Motor Vehicle Crash», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52 (1987), pp. 218-231.
[18] Glen H. Elder Jr. y Elizabeth Colerick Clipp, «Wartime Losses and Social Bonding: Influence Across 40 Years in Men’s Lives», Psychiatry, 51 (1988), pp. 177-198; Glen H. Elder Jr. y Elizabeth Colerick Clipp, «Combat Experience and Emotional Health: Impairment and Resilience in Later Life», Journal of Personality, 57 (1989), pp. 311-341.
[19] Matthew J. Cordova, Lauren L. C. Cunningham, Charles R. Carlson y Michael A. Andrykowski, «Posttraumatic Growth Following Breast Cancer: A Controlled Comparison Study», Health Psychology, 20 (2001), pp. 176-185; Sharon Manne, Jamie Ostroff, Gary Winkel, et al., «Posttraumatic Growth After Breast Cancer: Patient, Partner, and Couple Perspectives», Psychosomatic Medicine, 66 (2004), pp. 442-454; Tzipi Weiss, «Posttraumatic Growth in Women with Breast Cancer and Their Husbands: An Intersubjective Validation Study», Journal of Psychosocial Orthopsychiatry, 20 (2002), pp. 65-80; Keith M. Bellizzi y Thomas O. Blank, «Predicting Posttraumatic Growth in Breast Cancer Survivors», Health Psychology, 25 (2006), pp. 47-56.
[20] Frankl, El hombre en busca de sentido.
[21] Joseph Linley y P. Alex Linley, «Religion, Spirituality, and Posttraumatic Growth: A Systematic Review», Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 8 (2005), pp. 1-11.
[22] Vernon Turner, «Letter to My Younger Self», The Players’ Tribune, 3 de mayo de 2016: <www.theplayerstribune.com/vernon-turner-nfl-letter-to-my-younger-self/>.
[23] Paul T. P. Wong, The Human Quest for Meaning: Theories, Research, and Applications, Nueva York, Routledge, 2013; Jochen I. Menges, Danielle V. Tussing, Andreas Wihler y Adam Grant, «When Job Performance Is All Relative: How Family Motivation Energizes Effort and Compensates for Intrinsic Motivation», Academy of Management Journal (en prensa), <http://amj.aom.org/content/early/2016/02/25/amj.2014.0898.short>.
[24] Brent D. Rosso, Kathryn H. Dekas y Amy Wrzesniewski, «On the Meaning of Work: A Theoretical Integration and Review», Research in Organizational Behavior, 30 (2010), pp. 91-127; Adam M. Grant, «The Significance of Task Significance: Job Performance Effects, Relational Mechanisms, and Boundary Conditions», Journal of Applied Psychology, 93 (2008), pp. 108-124; Adam M. Grant, «Relational Job Design and the Motivation to Make a Prosocial Difference», Academy of Management Review, 32 (2007), pp. 393-417; Ada M. Grant, «Leading with Meaning: Beneficiary Contact, Prosocial Impact, and the Performance Effects of Transformational Leadership», Academy of Management Journal, 55 (2012), pp. 458-476; Yitzhak Fried y Gerald R. Ferriss, «The Validity of the Job Characteristics Model: A Review and MetaAnalysis», Personnel Psychology, 40 (1987), pp. 287-322; PayScale, «The Most and Least Meaningful Jobs», consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2016: <www.payscale.com/data-packages/most-and-least-meaningful-jobs/>.
[25] Adam M. Grant y Sabine Sonnentag, «Doing Good Buffers Against Feeling Bad: Prosocial Impact Compensates for Negative Task and Self- Evaluations», Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 111 (2010), pp. 13-22; Adam M. Grant y Elizabeth M. Campbell, «Doing Good, Doing Harm, Being Well and Burning Out: The Interactions of Perceived Prosocial and Antisocial Impact in Service Work», Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80 (2007), pp. 665-691. Véase también Thomas W. Britt, James M. Dickinson, DeWayne Moore, et al., «Correlates and Consequences of Morale Versus Depression Under Stressful Conditions», Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12 (2007), pp. 34-47; Stephen E. Humphrey, Jennifer D. Nahrgang y Frederick P. Morgeson, «Integrating Motivational, Social, and Contextual Work Design Features: A Meta-Analytic Summary and Theoretical Extension of the Work Design Literature», Journal of Applied Psychology, 92 (2007), pp. 1332-1356.
[26] Sabine Sonnentag y Adam M. Grant, «Doing Good at Work Feels Good at Home, but Not Right Away: When and Why Perceived Prosocial Impact Predicts Positive Affect», Personnel Psychology, 65 (2012), pp. 495-530.
[27] Abby Goodnough, «More Applicants Answer the Call for Teaching Jobs», The New York Times, 11 de febrero de 2002: <www.nytimes.com/learning/students/pop/20020212snaptuesday.html>.
[28] Amy Wrzesniewski, «It’s Not Just a Job: Shifting Meanings of Work in the Wake of 9/11», Journal of Management Inquiry, 11 (2002), pp. 230-234.
[29] J. Curtis McMillen, Elizabeth M. Smith y Rachel H. Fisher, «Perceived Benefit and Mental Health After Three Types of Disaster», Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65 (1997), pp. 733-739.
[30] Philip J. Cozzolino, Angela Dawn Staples, Lawrence S. Meyers y Jamie Samboceti, «Greed, Death, and Values: From Terror Management to Transcendence Management Theory», Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30 (2004), pp. 278-292; Adam M. Grant y Kimberly Wade-Benzoni, «The Hot and Cool of Death Awareness at Work: Mortality Cues, Aging, and Self-Protective and Prosocial Motivations», Academy of Management Review, 34 (2009), pp. 600-622.
[31] Robin K. Yabroff, «Financial Hardship Associated with Cancer in the United States: Findings from a Population-Based Sample of Adult Cancer Survivors», Journal of Clinical Oncology, 34 (2016), pp. 259-267; Echo L. Warner, Anne C. Kirchhoff, Gina E. Nam y Mark Fluchel, «Financial Burden of Pediatric Cancer Patients and Their Families», Journal of Oncology Practice, 11 (2015), pp. 12-18.
[32] National Alliance for Cancer Caregiving, «Cancer Caregiving in the U.S.: An Intense, Episodic, and Challenging Care Experience», junio de 2016, consultado el 18 de diciembre de 2016: <www.caregiving.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/CancerCaregivingReport_FINAL_June-17-2016.pdf>; Alison Snyder, «How Cancer in the Family Reverberates Through the Workplace», The Washington Post, 11 de diciembre de 2016: <www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/how-cancer-in-the-family-reverberates-through-the-workplace/2016/12/09/08311ea4-bb24-11e6-94ac-3d324840106c_story.html>.
[33] David U. Himmelstein, Deborah Thorne, Elizabeth Warren y Steffie Woolhandler, «Medical Bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: Results of a National Study», The American Journal of Medicine, 122 (2009), pp. 741-746.
[34] Scott Ramsey, David Blough, Anne Kirchhoff, et al., «Washington State Cancer Patients Found to Be at Greater Risk for Bankruptcy than People Without a Cancer Diagnosis», Health Affairs, 32 (2013), pp. 1143-1152. Véase también Robin Yabroff, Emily C. Dowling, Gery P. Guy, et al., «Financial Hardship Associated with Cancer in the United States: Findings from a Population-Based Sample of Adult Cancer Survivors», Journal of Clinical Oncology, 34 (2015), pp. 259-267.
[35] Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, «Report on the Economic Well-Being of U. S. Households in 2015», mayo de 2016, consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2016: <www.federalreserve.gov/2015-report-economic-well-being-us-households-201605.pdf>.
[36] Sally Maitlis, «Who Am I Now? Sense making and Identity in Posttraumatic Growth», en Laura Morgan Roberts y Jane E. Dutton, eds., Exploring Positive Identities and Organizations: Building a Theoretical and Research Foundation, Nueva York, Psychology Press, 2009.
[37] Hazel Marcus y Paula Nurius, «Possible Selves», American Psychologist, 41 (1986), pp. 954-969; Elizabeth A. Penland, William G. Masten, Paul Zelhart, et al., «Possible Selves, Depression and Coping Skills in University Students», Personality and Individual Differences, 29 (2000), pp. 963-969; Daphna Oyserman y Hazel Rose Markus, «Possible Selves and Delinquency», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59 (1990), pp. 112-125; Chris Feudtner, «Hope and the Prospects of Healing at the End of Life», The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 11 (2005), pp. S23-S30.
[38] Helen Keller, We Bereaved, Nueva York, Leslie Fulenwider Inc., 1929, consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2016: <https://archive.org/stream/webereaved00hele#page/22/mode/2up>.
[39] Trenton A. Williams y Dean A. Shepherd, «Victim Entrepreneurs Doing Well by Doing Good: Venture Creation and Well-Being in the Aftermath of a Resource Shock», Journal of Business Venturing, 31 (2016), pp. 365-387.
[40] Atribuida a Lucio Anneo Séneca; Semisonic, «Closing Time», Feeling Strangely Fine (MCA, 1998).
[41] Stephen Schwartz, Wicked, grabación original de Broadway (Broadway, Decca, 2003).
6. RECUPERAR LA ALEGRÍA
[1] Margaret Shandor Miles y Alice Sterner Demi, «A Comparison of Guilt in Bereaved Parents Whose Children Died by Suicide, Accident, or Chronic Disease», OMEGA: Journal of Death and Dying, 24 (1992), pp. 203-215.
[2] Joel Brockner, Jeff Greenberg, Audrey Brockner, et al., «Layoffs, Equity Theory, and Work Performance: Further Evidence of the Impact of Survivor Guilt», Academy of Management Journal, 29 (1986), pp. 373-384; Barbara Kiviat, «After Layoffs, There’s Survivor Guilt», Time, 1 de febrero de 2009: <http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1874592,00.html>.
[3] Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D. Vohs, Jennifer L. Aaker y Emily N. Garbinsky, «Some Key Differences Between a Happy Life and a Meaningful Life», The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8 (2013), pp. 505-516.
[4] Adam M. Grant, Elizabeth M. Campbell, Grace Chen, et al., «Impact and the Art of Motivation Maintenance: The Effects of Contact with Beneficiaries on Persistence Behavior», Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103 (2007), pp. 53-67; Adam M. Grant, «Does Intrinsic Motivation Fuel the Prosocial Fire? Motivational Synergy in Predicting Persistence, Performance, and Productivity», Journal of Applied Psychology, 93 (2008), pp. 48-58; Nicola Bellé, «Experimental Evidence on the Relationship Between Public Service Motivation and Job Performance», Public Administration Review, 73 (2013), pp. 143-153.
[5] Bono, citado en Brian Boyd, «Bono: The Voice of Innocence Experience», The Irish Times, 18 de septiembre de 2015: <www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/bono-the-voice-of-innocence-and-experience-1.2355501>; en la cita se ha cambiado, con permiso, «un acto de desafío» por «el máximo gesto de desafío».
[6] Ed Diener, Ed Sandvik y William Pavot, «Happiness Is the Frequency, Not the Intensity, of Positive Versus Negative Affect», en Fritz Strack, Michael Argyle y Norbert Schwartz, eds., Subjective Well-Being: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Nueva York, Pergamon, 1991.
[7] Frank J. Infurna y Suniya S. Luthar, «The Multidimensional Nature of Resilience to Spousal Loss», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: <http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2016-33916-001>.
[8] Annie Dillard, The Writing Life, Nueva York: Harper & Row, 1989. [Hay trad. cast.: Vivir, escribir, Madrid, Fuentetaja, 2002.]
[9] Tim Urban, «How to Pick Your Life Partner—Part 2», Wait but Why, febrero de 2014: <https://waitbutwhy.com/2014/02/pick-life-partner-part-2.html>.
[10] Paul Rozin y Edward B. Royzman, «Negativity Bias, Negativity Dominance, and Contagion», Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5 (2001), pp. 296- 320; Roy F. Baumeister, Ellen Bratslavsky, Catrin Finkenauer y Kathleen D. Vohs, «Bad Is Stronger than Good», Review of General Psychology, 5 (2001), pp. 323-370.
[11] Anita DeLongis, James C. Coyne, Gayle Dakof, et al., «Relationship of Daily Hassles, Uplifts, and Major Life Events to Health Status», Health Psychology, 1 (1982), pp. 119-136; Vivian Kraaij, Ella Arensman y Philip Spinhoven, «Negative Life Events and Depression in Elderly Persons: A Meta- Analysis», The Journals of Gerontology Serie B, 57 (2002), pp. 87-94.
[12] Michele M. Tugade, Barbara L. Fredrickson y Lisa Feldman Barrett, «Psychological Resilience and Positive Emotional Granularity: Examining the Benefits of Positive Emotions on Coping and Health», Journal of Personality, 72 (2004), pp. 1161-1190.
[13] Chad M. Burton y Laura A. King, «The Health Benefits of Writing About Intensely Positive Experiences», Journal of Research in Personality, 38 (2004), pp. 150-163; Joyce E. Bono, Theresa M. Glomb, Winny Shen, et. al., «Building Positive Resources: Effects of Positive Events and Positive Reflection on Work Stress and Health», Academy of Management Journal, 56 (2013), pp. 1601-1627.
[14] Anthony D. Ong, C.S. Bergeman, Toni L. Bisconti y Kimberly A. Wallace, «Psychological Resilience, Positive Emotions, and Successful Adaptation to Stress in Later Life», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91 (2006), pp. 730-749.
[15] Cassie Mogilner, Sepandar D. Kamvar y Jennifer Aaker, «The Shifting Meaning of Happiness», Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2 (2011), pp. 395-402.
[16] Reverenda Verónica Goines, citada en Anne Lamott, Plan B: Further Thoughts on Faith, Nueva York, Riverhead, 2006; Robert Lee Hill, The Color of Proclamations and Prayers for New Beginnings, Pasadena, Hope Publishing House, 2007.
[17] Shelly L. Gable, Harry T. Reis, Emily Impett y Evan R. Asher, «What Do You Do When Things Go Right? The Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Benefits of Sharing Positive Events», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87 (2004), pp. 228-245.
[18] Shannon Sedgwick Davis, «Joy Is a Discipline», To My Boys, 18 de mayo de 2014: <www.2myboys.com/joy-discipline>.
[19] Nicholas Hobbs, «The Psychologist as Administrator», Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25 (1959), pp. 237-240; John Habel, «Precipitating Myself into Just Manageable Difficulties: Constructing an Intellectual Biography of Nicholas Hobbs», en Kathleen B. de Marrais, ed., Inside Stories: Qualitative Research Reflections, Mahwah (NJ), Erlbaum, 1998.
[20] Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life, Nueva York, Basic Books, 1998 [Hay trad. cast.: Aprender a fluir, Barcelona, Kairós, 1998]; Ryan W. Quinn, «Flow in Knowledge Work: High Performance Experience in the Design of National Security Technology», Administrative Science Quarterly, 50 (2005), pp. 610-641.
[21] Citado en Jason Zinoman, «Patton Oswalt: «I’ll Never Be at 100 Percent Again»», The New York Times, 26 de octubre de 2016: <https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/arts/patton-oswalt-ill-never-be-at-100-percent-again.html?_r=0>. En la cita se ha sustituido, con permiso, «héroe cincelado» por «héroe musculoso».
[22] Personal de la Clínica Mayo, «Exercise: 7 Benefits of Regular Physical Activity», Clínica Mayo, 13 de octubre de 2016: <www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/exercise/art-20048389>.
[23] Georgia Stahopoulou, Mark B. Powers, Angela C. Berry, et al., «Exercise Interventions for Mental Health: A Quantitative and Qualitative Review», Clinical Psychology, 13 (2006), p. 193.
[24] James A. Blumenthal, Michael A. Babyak, Kathleen A. Moore, et al., «Effects of Exercise Training on Older Patients with Major Depression», Archives of Internal Medicine, 159 (1999), pp. 2349-2356.
[25] ACNUR, Agencia de Refugiados de las Naciones Unidas, «Figures at a Glance», consultado el 18 de diciembre de 2016: <www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance.html>; Scott Arbeiter, «America’s Duty to Take in Refugees», The New York Times, 23 de septiembre de 2016: <www.nytimes.com/2016/09/24/opinion/americas-duty-to-take-in-refugees.html>.
7. EDUCAR A NIÑOS CON CAPACIDAD DE RESILIENCIA
[1] <www.iguanaacademy.com/timothy-chambers/>.
[2] Adam Grant, «The Surprising Habits of Original Thinkers», TED, abril de 2016: <https://www.ted.com/talks/adam_grant_the_surprising_habits_of_original_thinkers>.
[3] Jorge Paz, «Bienestar y pobreza en niñas, niños y adolescentes en Argentina», UNICEF, consultado el 5 de junio de 2017: <www.unicef.org/argentina/spanish/monitoreo_Pobreza_Completo.pdf>; UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, «Measuring Child Poverty: New League Tables of Child Poverty in the World’s Rich Countries», Innocenti Report Card, 10, Florencia, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, consultado el 11 de abril de 2017: <https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc10_eng.pdf>; UNICEF, «The Rights of Children and Adolescents in Mexico: A Present Day Agenda», consultado el 2 de junio de 2017: <www.unicef.org/sitan/files/SitAn_Mexico_Eng_Jan_2011.pdf>.
[4] National Poverty Center, «Poverty in the United States», consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2016: <www.npc.umich.edu/poverty/>.
[5] Bernadette D. Proctor, Jessica L. Semega y Melissa A. Kollar, «Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015», Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos, septiembre de 2016: <https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p60-256.pdf>.
[6] Katie Reilly, «Sesame Street Reaches Out to 2.7 Million American Children with an Incarcerated Parent», Pew Research Center, 21 de junio de 2013: <www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/06/21/sesame-street-reaches-out-to-2-7-million-american-children-with-an-incarcerated-parent>.
[7] Katie A. McLaughlin y Margaret A. Sheridan, «Beyond Cumulative Risk: A Dimensional Approach to Childhood Adversity», Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25 (2016), pp. 239-245.
[8] Gregory Camilli, Sadako Vargas, Sharon Ryan y William Steven Barnett, «Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Early Education Interventions on Cognitive and Social Development », Teachers College Record, 122 (2010), pp. 579-620.
[9] <www.nursefamilypartnership.org/>.
[10] Nicholas Kristof y Sheryl WuDunn, «The Way to Beat Poverty», The New York Times, 12 de septiembre de 2014: <www.nytimes.com/2014/09/14/opinion/sunday/nicholas-kristof-the-way-to-beat-poverty.html>.
[11] Lynn A. Karoly, M. Rebecca Kilburn y Jill S. Cannon, «Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Future Promise», RAND Labor and Population 2005: <http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG341.pdf>.
[12] Ann S. Masten, «Ordinary Magic: Resilience Processes in Development», American Psychologist, 56 (2001), pp. 227-238; Carolyn M. Youssef y Fred Luthans, «Positive Organizational Behavior in the Workplace: The Impact of Hope, Optimism, and Resilience», Journal of Management, 33 (2007), pp. 774-800; Salvatore R. Maddi, Hardiness: Turning Stressful Circumstances into Resilient Growth, Nueva York, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
[13] Brian R. Little, Katariina Salmela-Aro y Susan D. Phillips, eds., Personal Project Pursuit: Goals, Action, and Human Flourishing, Mahwah (NJ), Erlbaum, 2006.
[14] Emmy E. Werner, «High-Risk Children in Young Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study from Birth to 32 Years», American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59 (1989), pp. 72-81.
[15] Mary Karapetian Alvord y Judy Johnson Grados, «Enhancing Resilience in Children: A Proactive Approach», Professional Psychology: Research in Practice, 36 (2005), pp. 238-245.
[16] Kathy Andersen comenzó este programa y lo convirtió en un Círculo Lean In. Para obtener más información, puede consultarse: <https://leanincircles.org/chapter/change-your-shoes>.
[17] Carol S. Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, Nueva York, Random House, 2006. [Hay trad. cast.: La actitud del éxito, Málaga, Editorial Sirio, 2016.]
[18] Claudia M. Mueller y Carol S. Dweck, «Praise for Intelligence Can Undermine Children’s Motivation and Performance», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75 (1998), pp. 33-52.
[19] David Paunesku, Gregory M. Walton, Carissa Romero, et al., «Mindset Interventions Are a Scalable Treatment for Academic Underachievement», Psychological Science, 26 (2015), pp. 784-793.
[20] David S. Yeager, Gregory M. Walton, Shannon T. Brady, et al., «Teaching a Lay Theory Before College Narrows Achievement Gaps at Scale», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113 (2016), pp. 12111-12113.
[21] Kyla Haimovitz y Carol S. Dweck, «What Predicts Children’s Fixed and Growth Mind-Sets? Not Their Parents’ Views of Intelligence but Their Parents’ Views of Failure», Psychological Science, 27 (2016), pp. 859-869.
[22] Julie Lythcott-Haims, How to Raise an Adult: Break Free of the Overparenting Trap and Prepare Your Kid for Success, Nueva York, Holt, 2015.
[23] Carol Dweck, «Carol Dweck Revisits the Growth Mindset», Education Week, 22 de septiembre de 2015: <www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2015/09/23/carol-dweck-revisits-the-growth-mindset.html>.
[24] Morris Rosenberg y B. Claire McCullough, «Mattering: Inferred Significance and Mental Health Among Adolescents», Research in Community and Mental Health, 2 (1981), pp. 163-182; Login S. George y Crystal L. Park, «Meaning in Life as Comprehension, Purpose, and Mattering: Toward Integration and New Research Questions», Review of General Psychology, 20 (2016), pp. 205-220.
[25] Gregory C. Elliott, Melissa F. Colangelo y Richard J. Gelles, «Mattering and Suicide Ideation: Establishing and Elaborating a Relationship», Social Psychology Quarterly, 68 (2005), pp. 223-238.
[26] Laura Kann, Emily O’Malley Olsen, Tim McManus, et al., «Sexual Identity, Sex of Sexual Contacts, and Health-Risk Behaviors Among Students in Grades 9-12», Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 10 de junio de 2011: <www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss60e0606.pdf>.
[27] Jessica Alexander, «Teaching Kids Empathy: In Danish Schools, It’s… Well, It’s a Piece of Cake», Salon, 9 de agosto de 2016: <www.salon.com/2016/08/09/teaching-kids-empathy-in-danish-schools-its-well-its-a-piece-of-cake>; Jessica Joelle Alexander y Iben Dissing Sandahl, The Danish Way of Parenting: What the Happiest People in the World Know About Raising Confident, Capable Kids, Nueva York, TarcherPerigee, 2016.
[28] Martin L. Hoffman, Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, 2001. [Hay trad. cast.: Desarrollo moral y empatía: implicaciones para la atención y la justicia, Barcelona, Idea Books, 2002.]
[29] <http://corstone.org/girls-first-bihar-india>.
[30] Kate Leventhal, «Ritu’s Story: A New Advocate for Peace and Women’s Rights», CorStone, 19 de noviembre de 2015: <http://corstone.org/ritus-story-peace-rights/>.
[31] Lee Jussim y Kent D. Harber, «Teacher Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Knowns and Unknowns, Resolved and Unresolved Controversies», Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9 (2005); Robert Rosenthal y Lenore Jacobson, «Teachers’ Expectancies: Determinants of Pupils’ IQ Gains», Psychological Reports, 19 (1966), pp. 115-118; Monica J. Harris y Robert Rosenthal, «Mediation of Interpersonal Expectancy Effects: 31 Meta-Analyses», Psychological Bulletin, 97 (1985), pp. 363-386.
[32] David S. Yeager y Carol S. Dweck, «Mindsets That Promote Resilience: When Students Believe That Personal Characteristics Can Be Developed», Educational Psychologist, 47 (2012), pp. 302-314.
[33] Adam M. Grant y Francesca Gino, «A Little Thanks Goes a Long Way: Explaining Why Gratitude Expressions Motivate Prosocial Behavior», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98 (2010), pp. 946-955.
[34] Social Security Administration, «Benefits Paid by Type of Beneficiary», consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2016: <www.ssa.gov/oact/progdata/icp.html>.
[35] «Life with Grief Research», Comfort Zone News, consultado el 14 de diciembre de 2016: <www.comfortzonecamp.org/news/childhood-bereavement-study-results>.
[36] Joan Stiles, «Neural Plasticity and Cognitive Development», Developmental Neuropsychology, 18 (2000), pp. 237-272. Véase también Dante Ciccheti, «Resilience Under Conditions of Extreme Stress: A Multilevel Perspective», World Psychiatry, 9 (2010), pp. 145-154.
[37] Kenneth J. Doka y Joyce D. Davidson, eds., Living with Grief: Who We Are, How We Grieve, Nueva York, Routledge, 1998.
[38] Christopher M. Barnes, Cristiano L. Guarana, Shazia Nauman y Dejun Tony King, «Too Tired to Inspire or Be Inspired: Sleep Deprivation and Charismatic Leadership», Journal of Applied Psychology, 101 (2016), pp. 1191-1199; Brett Litwiller, Lori Anderson Snyder, William D. Taylor y Logan M. Steele, «The Relationship Between Sleep and Work: A Meta- Analysis», Journal of Applied Psychology: <http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2016-57450-001>.
[39] <https://girlsleadership.org/>.
[40] Robyn Fivush, Jennifer Bohanek, Rachel Robertson y Marshall Duke, «Family Narratives and the Development of Children’s Emotional Well-Being», en Michael W. Pratt y Barbara H. Fiese, eds., Family Stories and the Life Course: Across Time and Generations, Mahwah (NJ), Erlbaum, 2004; Bruce Feiler, «The Stories That Bind Us», The New York Times, 15 de marzo de 2013: <www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/fashion/the-family-stories-that-bind-us-this-life.html>.
[41] Jennifer G. Bohanek, Kelly A. Marin, Robyn Fivush y Marshall P. Duke, «Family Narrative Interaction and Children’s Sense of Self», Family Process, 45 (2006), pp. 39-54.
[42] Constantine Sedikides, Tim Wildschut, Jamie Arndt y Clay Routledge, «Nostalgia: Past, Present, and Future», Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17 (2008), pp. 304-307.
[43] Rachel A. Haine, Tim S. Ayers, Irwin N. Sandler y Sharlene A. Wolchik, «Evidence-Based Practices for Parentally Bereaved Children and Their Families», Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39 (2008), pp. 113-121. Véase también Margaret Stroebe y Henk Schut, «Family Matters in Bereavement: Toward an Integrative Intra-Interpersonal Coping Model», Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10 (2015), pp. 873-879. Pueden conocerse más detalles sobre este programa en: <https://reachinstitute.asu.edu/programs/family-bereavement>.
[44] Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Nueva York, Farrar, Straus y Giroux, 2012. [Hay trad. cast.: Pensar rápido, pensar despacio, Barcelona, Debate, 2012.]
[45] Kristin Diehl, Gal Zauberman y Alixandra Barasch, «How Taking Photos Increases Enjoyment of Experiences», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111 (2016), pp. 119-140.
8. FORTALECERNOS JUNTOS
[1] Martin Luther King Jr., «Letter from a Birmingham Jail», 16 de abril de 1963, citado en: <https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/04/martin-luther-kings-letter-from-birmingham-jail/274668/>.
[2] «The Role of Hope in Organizing: The Case of the 1972 Andes Flight Disaster» (documento de trabajo, 2016); Piers Paul Read, Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors, Filadelfia, Lippincott, 1974 [Hay trad. cast.: ¡Viven! El triunfo del espíritu humano, Barcelona, Punto de Lectura, 2010.]; Nando Parrado, Milagro en los Andes: mis 72 días en la montaña y mi largo regreso a casa, Barcelona, Planeta, 2006; Roberto Canessa y Pablo Vierci, Tenía que sobrevivir: cómo un accidente aéreo en los Andes inspiró mi vocación para salvar vidas, Barcelona, Editorial Alrevés, 2016; Michael Useem, The Go Point: How to Get Off the Fence by Knowing What to Do and When to Do It, Nueva York, Three Rivers Press, 2006; Pablo Vierci, La sociedad de la nieve: por primera vez los 16 sobrevivientes de los Andes cuentan la historia completa, Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana, 2008.
[3] James D. Ludema, Timothy B. Wilmot y Suresh Srivastava, «Organizational Hope: Reaffirming the Constructive Task of Social and Organizational Inquiry», Human Relations, 50 (1997), pp. 1015-1052.
[4] C. R. Snyder, «Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Nurturing Hope», Journal of Counseling and Development, 73 (1995), pp. 355-360; C. R. Snyder, Handbook of Hope, San Diego, Academic Press, 2000.
[5] David B. Feldman y Lee Daniel Kravetz, Supersurvivors: The Surprising Link Between Suffering and Success, Nueva York, Harper Wave, 2014.
[6] «Chile Miners Get Support from “Alive” Crash Survivors», BBC News, 4 de septiembre de 2010: <www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-11190456>; «“Alive” Survivors Reach Out to Trapped Chilean Miners», Weekend Edition Sunday, NPR, 5 de septiembre de 2010: <www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129662796>; «A Survivor’s Message to Miners», YouTube, consultado el 15 de diciembre de 2016: <www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLHhTLbjtkY>.
[8] «Testimony of Former SHU Inmate Steven Czifra at the Joint Legislative Hearing on Solitary Confinement in California», 9 de octubre de 2013, consultado el 23 de diciembre de 2016: <www.whatthefolly.com/2013/10/22/transcript-testimony-of-former-shu-inmate-steven-czifra-at-the-joint-legislative-hearing-on-solitary-confinement-in-california-oct-9-2013/>; «Steven Czifra Speaks on Solitary Confinement in North Berkeley», YouTube, 6 de noviembre de 2013, consultado el 23 de diciembre de 2016: <www.youtube.com/watch?v=aodLBlt1i00>.
[9] Larissa MacFarquhar, «Building a Prison-to-School Pipeline», The New Yorker, 12 de diciembre de 2016: <www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/12/the-ex-con-scholars-of-berkeley>; Jessie Lau, «Incarceration to Convocation», The Daily Californian, 10 de mayo de 2015: <www.dailycal.org/2015/05/10/incarceration-to-convocation/>.
[10] <www.possefoundation.org>.
[11] Michèle Lamont, Graziella Moraes Silva, Jessica S. Welburn, et al., Getting Respect: Responding to Stigma and Discrimination in the United States, Brazil, and Israel, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2016.
[12] Michael Johns, Toni Schmader y Andy Martens, «Knowing Is Half the Battle: Teaching Stereotype Threat as a Means of Improving Women’s Math Performance», Psychological Science, 16 (2005), pp. 175-179.
[13] Claude M. Steele y Joshua Aronson, «Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69 (1995), pp. 797-811. Puede leerse una reflexion crítica en: Hannah-Hanh D. Nguyen y Ann Marie Ryan, «Does Stereotype Threat Affect Test Performance of Minorities and Women? A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Evidence», Journal of Applied Psychology, 93 (2008), pp. 1314-1134.
[14] Claude M. Steele, «A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance», American Psychologist, 52 (1997), pp. 613-629; Jenessa R. Shapiro y Steven L. Neuberg, «From Stereotype Threat to Stereotype Threats: Implications of a Multi-Threat Framework for Causes, Moderators, Mediators, Consequences, and Interventions», Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11 (2007), pp. 107-130.
[15] Tina Rosenberg, «Beyond SATs, Finding Success in Numbers», The New York Times, 15 de febrero de 2012: <https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/15/beyond-sats-finding-success-in-numbers/?scp=1&sq=fixesstereotypethreat&st%20=cse>.
[16] Dan S. Chiaburu y David A. Harrison, «Do Peers Make the Place? Conceptual Synthesis and Meta-Analysis of Coworker Effects on Perceptions, Attitudes, OCBs, and Performance», Journal of Applied Psychology, 93 (2008), pp. 1082-1103; Chockalingam Viswesvaran, Juan I. Sánchez y Jeffrey Fisher, «The Role of Social Support in the Process of Work Stress: A Meta-Analysis», Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54 (1999), pp. 314-334.
[17] Geoff DeVerteuil y Oleg Golubchikov, «Can Resilience Be Redeemed?», City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 20 (2016), pp. 143-151; Markus Keck y Patrick Sakdapolrak, «What Is Social Resilience? Lessons Learned and Ways Forward», Erdkunde, 67 (2013), pp. 5-19.
[18] Antoine Leiris, You Will Not Have My Hate, Nueva York, Penguin Press, 2016. [Hay trad. cast.: No tendréis mi odio, Barcelona, Península, 2016.]
[19] Jonathan Haidt, «Elevation and the Positive Psychology of Morality», en Corey L. M. Keyes y Jonathan Haidt, eds., Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well- Lived, Washington D. C., American Psychological Association, 2003; Rico Pohling y Rhett Diessner, «Moral Elevation and Moral Beauty: A Review of the Empirical Literature», Review of General Psychology, 20 (2016), pp. 412-425; Sara B. Algoe y Jonathan Haidt, «Witnessing Excellence in Action: The “Other-Praising” Emotions of Elevation, Gratitude, and Admiration», The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4 (2009), pp. 105-127; Simone Schnall, Jean Roper y Daniel M. Fessler, «Elevation Leads to Altruistic Behavior», Psychological Science, 21 (2010), pp. 315-320.
[20] Primer discurso inaugural de Abraham Lincoln, 4 de marzo de 1861, consultado el 15 de diciembre de 2016: <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lincoln1.asp>.
[21] Dan Freeman, Karl Aquino y Brent McFerran, «Overcoming Beneficiary Race as an Impediment to Charitable Donations: Social Dominance Orientation, the Experience of Moral Elevation, and Donation Behavior», Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35 (2009), pp. 72-84; Karl McFerran y Marjorie Laven, «Moral Identity and the Experience of Moral Elevation in Response to Acts of Uncommon Goodness», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100 (2011), pp. 703-718; Jane Monica C. Worline, Peter J. Frost y Jacoba Lilius, «Explaining Compassion Organizing», Administrative Science Quarterly, 51 (2006), p. 96.
[22] Martin Luther King Jr., citado en Clayborne Carson y Peter Holloran, eds., A Knock at Midnight: Inspiration from the Great Sermons of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr, Nueva York, Grand Central, 2000.
[23] Elahe Izadi, «The Powerful Words of Forgiveness Delivered to Dylann Roof by Victims’ Relatives», The Washington Post, 19 de junio de 2015: <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/06/19/hate-wont-win-the-powerful-words-delivered-to-dylann-roof-by-victims-relatives/?utm_term=.b75398d5c4f3>; John Eligon y Richard Fausset, «Defiant Show of Unity in Charleston Church That Lost 9 to Racist Violence», The New York Times, 21 de junio de 2015: <https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/us/ame-church-in-charleston-reopens-as-congregation-mourns-shooting-victims.html>; Alexis Simmons, «Families Impacted by Gun Violence Unite at Mother Emanuel Calling for Gun Reform», KCTV News, 24 de abril de 2016: <http://www.kctv5.com/story/31804155/families-impacted-by-gun-violence-unite-at-mother-emanuel-calling-for-gun-reform>; Michael S. Schmidt, «Background Check Flaw Let Dylann Roof Buy Gun, F.B.I. Says», The New York Times, 10 de julio de 2015: <https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/11/us/background-check-flaw-let-dylann-roof-buy-gun-fbi-says.html>.
[24] «President Obama Sings “Amazing Grace”», YouTube, consultado el 13 de enero de 2017: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IN05jVNBs64>.
[25] Richard Fausset y John Eligon, «Charleston Church Reopens in Moving Service as Congregation Mourns», The Charlotte Observer, 21 de junio de 2015: <http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article25113397.html>.
[26] <http://thedartcenter.org/>.
[27] Dean A. Shepherd y Trenton A. Williams, «Local Venturing as Compassion Organizing in the Aftermath of a Natural Disaster: The Role of Localness and Community in Reducing Suffering», Journal of Management Studies, 51 (2014), pp. 952-994.
[28] Véase Daniel P. Aldrich y Michelle A. Meyer, «Social Capital and Community Resilience», American Behavioral Scientist, 59 (2015), pp. 254-269; Stevan E. Hobfoll, Patricia Watson, Carl C. Bell, et al., «Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid-Term Mass Trauma Intervention: Empirical Evidence», Psychiatry, 70 (2007), pp. 283- 315. Las comunidades que cuentan con más recursos económicos también suelen ser más resilientes. Después de que el huracán Andrew golpeara Florida en agosto de 1992, las personas que habían perdido sus hogares y no encontraban financiación para reconstruirlos tenían más posibilidades de sufrir síndrome de estrés postraumático: Gail Ironson, Christina Wynings, Neil Schneiderman, et al., «Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Intrusive Thoughts, Loss, and Immune Function After Hurricane Andrew», Psychosomatic Medicine, 59 (1997), pp. 128-141. Los psicólogos subrayan que «las medidas que adopte el estado de Mississippi para obligar a las compañías de seguros a pagar los daños de acuerdo con la ley estatal suponen una intervención crucial en términos de salud mental»: Hobfoll, et al., «Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid-Term Mass Trauma Intervention».
[29] J. P. De Jong, Wilma F. Scholte, Maarten Koeter y Augustinus A. M. Hart, «The Prevalence of Mental Health Problems in Rwandan and Burundese Refugee Camps», Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102 (2000), pp. 171-177.
[30] Joop de Jong, ed., Trauma, War, and Violence: Public Mental Health in Socio-Cultural Context, Nueva York, Springer, 2002.
[31] Brooke Larmer, «The Price of Marriage in China», The New York Times, 9 de marzo de 2013: <www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/business/in-a-changing-china-new-matchmaking-markets.html>; A. A., «“Leftover” and Proud», The Economist, 1 de agosto de 2014: <http://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2014/08/womens-voices>.
[32] Clarissa Sebag-Montefiore, «Romance with Chinese Characteristics», The New York Times, 21 de agosto de 2012: <https://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/21/romance-with-chinese-characteristics/?_r=0>.
[33] Jenni Risku, «Reward Actors Who Promote Diversity: Lean In China’s Virginia Tan», e27, 19 de septiembre de 2016: <https://e27.co/reward-actors-who-promote-diversity-lean-in-chinas-virginia-tan-20160916/>.
9. FRACASAR Y APRENDER EN EL TRABAJO
[1] Peter M. Madsen y Vinit Desai, «Failing to Learn? The Effects of Failure and Success on Organizational Learning in the Global Orbital Launch Vehicle Industry», Academy of Management Journal, 53 (2010), pp. 451-476.
[2] Trenton A. Williams, Daniel A. Gruber, Kathleen M. Sutcliffe, et al., «Organizational Response to Adversity: Fusing Crisis Management and Resilience Research Streams», Academy of Management Annals (en prensa).
[3] Edie Lutnick, An Unbroken Bond: The Untold Story of How the 658 Cantor Fitzgerald Families Faced the Tragedy of 9/11 and Beyond, Nueva York, Emergence Press, 2011.
[4] «We Asked People to Tell Us Their Biggest Regrets — But What They All Had in Common Was Heartbreaking», A Plus, 22 de enero de 2016: <http://aplus.com/a/clean-slate-blackboard-experiment>.
[5] Thomas Gilovich y Victoria Husted Medvec, «The Experience of Regret: What, When, and Why», Psychological Review, 102 (1995), pp. 379-395.
[6] Patrice François, Frédéric Prate, Gwenaëlle Vidal-Trecan, et al., «Characteristics of Morbidity and Mortality Conferences Associated with the Implementation of Patient Safety Improvement Initiatives, An Observational Study», BMC Health Services Research, 16 (2015), Juliet Higginson, Rhiannon Walters y Naomi Fulop, «Mortality and Morbidity Meetings: An Untapped Resource for Improving the Governance of Patient Safety?», BMJ Quality and Safety, 21 (2012), pp. 1-10.
[7] Amy C. Edmondson, «Learning from Mistakes Is Easier Said Than Done: Group and Organizational Influences on the Detection and Correction of Human Error», The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32 (1996), pp. 5-28.
[8] Melanie Stefan, «A CV of Failures», Nature, 468 (2010), p. 467; C. V. de Johannes Haushofer, consultado el 15 de diciembre de 2016: <www.princeton.edu/~joha>.
[9] Jack Deming, «Native Son Suffers Loss from Western Mountain Flooding», The Deerfield Valley News, 2013: <www.dvalnews.com/view/full_story_obits/23695561/article-Native-son-suffers-loss-from-western-mountain-flooding>.
[10] Cathy van Dyck, Michael Frese, Markus Baer y Sabine Sonnentag, «Organizational Error Management Culture and Its Impact on Performance: A Two-Study Replication», Journal of Applied Psychology, 90 (2005), pp. 1228-1240.
[11] Susan J. Ashford, Ruth Blatt y Don VandeWalle, «Reflections on the Looking Glass: A Review of Research on Feedback-Seeking Behavior in Organizations», Journal of Management, 29 (2003), pp. 773-799. Mucha gente duda en pedir que se le hagan comentarios, pues les preocupa que con ello se destaquen sus debilidades. Estos temores son infundados: pedir críticas generalmente desemboca en evaluaciones más positivas por parte de supervisores, subordinados y compañeros.
[12] <https://mba-inside.wharton.upenn.edu/class-of-1984-awardees/> y <https://mba-inside.wharton.upenn.edu/excellence-in-teaching-class-of-1984-awards/ >.
[13] Atul Gawande, «The Coach in the Operating Room», The New Yorker, 3 de octubre de 2011: <http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/03/personal-best>.
[14] Gregg Popovich, citado en J. A. Adande, «Spurs’ Fortitude Fueled Title Run», ESPN, 19 de noviembre de 2014: <http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/11901128/spurs-2014-title-run-started-game-7-2013-finals>.
[15] Theo Epstein, citado en Bill Pennington, «Cubs’ Theo Epstein Is Making Lightning Strike Twice», The New York Times, 29 de septiembre de 2016: <https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/sports/baseball/theo-epstein-chicago-cubs-boston-red-sox-world-series.html>.
[16] Douglas Stone y Sheila Heen, Thanks for the Feedback: The Sciencie and Art of Receiving Feedback Well, Nueva York, Viking, 2014.
[17] David S. Yeager, Valerie Purdie-Vaughns, Julio Garcia, et al., «Breaking the Cycle of Mis-trust: Wise Interventions to Provide Critical Feedback Across the Racial Divide», Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143 (2014), pp. 804-824.
10. AMAR Y REÍR DE NUEVO
[1] Richard E. Lucas, Andrew E. Clark, Yannis Georgellis y Ed Diener, «Reexamining Adaptation and the Set Point Model of Happiness: Reactions to Changes in Marital Status», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84 (2003), pp. 527-539. Mientras tanto, la felicidad de las parejas que terminaron divorciándose estaba en decadencia ya antes de que se casaran y se disparó después del divorcio.
[2] Richard E. Lucas y Portia S. Dyrenforth, «The Myth of Marital Bliss?», Psychological Inquiry, 16 (2005), pp. 111-115; Maike Luhmann, Wilhelm Hofmann, Michael Eid y Richard E. Lucas, «Subjective Well-Being and Adaptation to Life Events: A Meta-Analysis», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102 (2012), pp. 592-615.
[3] Bella DePaulo, Singled Out: How Singles Are Stereotyped, Stigmatized, and Ignored, and Still Live Happily Ever After, Nueva York, St. Martin’s Press, 2006.
[4] Aaron Ben-Zeév, «Love After Death: The Widows’ Romantic Predicaments», The Center for Behavioral Health, 12 de abril 2012: <http://www.njpsychologist.com/blog/love-after-death-the-widows-romantic-predicaments/>.
[5] Deborah Carr, «The Desire to Date and Remarry Among Older Widows and Widowers», Journal of Marriage and Family, 66 (2004), pp. 1051-1068; Danielle S. Schneider, Paul A. Sledge, Stephen R. Schuchter y Sidney Zisook, «Dating and Remarriage over the First Two Years of Widowhood», Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 8 (1996), pp. 51-57; Karin Wolff y Camille B. Wortman, «Psychological Consequences of Spousal Loss Among Older Adults», en Deborah S. Carr, Randolph M. Nesse y Camille B. Wortman, eds., Spousal Bereavement in Late Life, Nueva York, Springer, 2005.
[6] Kevin Kinsella y Victoria Averil Velkoff, An Aging World: 2001, U. S. Census Bureau, Series P95/01-1, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 2001.
[7] «If You’re and Indian Widow, Your Children Could Kick You Out and Take Everything», Time, 7 de octubre de 2013: <http://world.time.com/2013/10/07/if-youre-an-indian-widow-your-children-could-kick-you-out-and-take-everything/>.
[8] Osai Ojigho, «Scrape Her Head and Lay Her Bare: Widowhood Practices and Culture», Gender Across Borders, 28 de octubre de 2011: <http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2011/10/28/scrape-her-head-and-lay-her-bare-widowhood-practices-and-culture/>.
[9] Haider Rizvi, «RIGHTS: Mistreatment of Widows a Poorly Kept Secret», IPS, 23 de junio de 2008: <www.ipsnews.net/2008/06/rights-mistreatment-of-widows-a-poorly-kept-secret/>.
[10] Mary Kimani, «Women Struggle to Secure Land Rights», Africa Renewal, abril de 2008: <http://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april-2008/women-struggle-secure-land-rights>; UN Women, «Empowering Widows: An Overview of Policies and Programs in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka», consultado el 15 de diciembre de 2016: <www.unwomen.org/~/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2015/09/final_empowering%20widows_report%202014.pdf?v=1&d=20150908T104700>.
[11] <http://www.abelkeogh.com/blog>.
[12] Véase Arthur Aron, Helen Fisher, Debra J. Mashek, et al., «Reward, Motivation, and Emotion Systems Associated with Early-Stage Intense Romantic Love», Journal of Neurophysiology, 94 (2005), pp. 327-337; Helen Fisher, Arthur Aron y Lucy L. Brown, «Romantic Love: An fMRI Study of a Neural Mechanism for Mate Choice», The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 493 (2005), pp. 58-62.
[13] Arthur Aron, Meg Paris y Elaine N. Aron, «Falling in Love: Prospective Studies of Self-Concept Change», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69 (1995), pp. 1102-1112; Elaine N. Aron y Arthur Aron, «Love and the Expansion of the Self: The State of the Model», Personal Relationships, 3 (1996), pp. 45-58.
[14] James Rotton y Mark Shats, «Effects of State Humor, Expectancies, and Choice on Postsurgical Mood and Self-Medication: A Field Experiment», Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26 (1996), pp. 1775-1794. Este fue el caso cuando se habían informado sobre los beneficios del humor para la salud y elegían sus películas.
[15] Smadar Bizi, Giora Keinan y Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, «Humor and Coping with Stress: A Test Under Real-Life Conditions», Personality and Individual Differences, 9 (1988), pp. 951-956.
[16] Dacher Keltner y George A. Bonanno, «A Study of Laughter and Dissociation: Distinct Correlates of Laughter and Smiling During Bereavement», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73 (1997), pp. 687-702.
[17] John Mordechai Gottman y Robert Wayne Levenson, «The Timing of Divorce: Predicting When a Couple Will Divorce over a 14-Year Period», Journal of Marriage and Family, 62 (2000), pp. 737-745.
[18] Michelle Gayle Newman y Arthur A. Stone, «Does Humor Moderate the Effects of Experimentally-Induced Stress?», Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 18 (1996), pp. 101-109.
[19] Mel Brooks, citado en Forrest Wickman, «Watch the New Documentary About Mel Brooks», Slate, 28 de mayo de 2013: <http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/05/28/_mel_brooks_make_a_noise_the_pbs_american_masters_documentary_is_now_available.html>.
[20] Blake E. Ashforth y Glen E. Kreiner, «“How Can You Do It” Dirty Work and the Challenge of Constructing a Positive Identity», Academy of Management Review, 24 (1999), pp. 413-434.
[21] «Tragicomedia with Comic Janice Messitte on Being a Newly Wedded Widow», Art for Your Sake, 20 de marzo de 2014: <http://artforyoursake.com/tragicomedia-with-comic-janice-messitte-on-being-a-newly-wedded-widow/>.
[22] Robert Woodruff Anderson, I Never Sang for My Father, Nueva York, Random House, 1968.
[23] Anita L. Vangelisti y Daniel Perlman, eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
[24] John M. Gottman, James Coan, Sybil Carrere y Catherine Swanson, «Predicting Marital Happiness and Stability from Newlywed Interactions», Journal of Marriage and Family, 60 (1998), pp. 5-22; John Gottman, The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work, Nueva York, Three Rivers Press, 2000.
[25] Jane E. Dutton y Emily Heaphy, «The Power of High-Quality Connections», en Kim S. Cameron, Jane E. Dutton y Robert E. Quinn, eds., Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline, San Francisco, Berrett-Koehler, 2003.
[26] Arthur Aron, Christina C. Norman, Elaine N. Aron, et al., «Couples’ Shared Participation in Novel and Arousing Activities and Experienced Relationship Quality», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78 (2000), pp. 273-284.
[27] John M. Gottman, Janice Driver y Amber Tabares, «Repair During Marital Conflict in Newlyweds: How Couples Move from Attack-Defend to Collaboration», Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 26 (2015), pp. 85-108.
[28] Eli J. Finkel, Erica B. Slotter, Laura B. Luchies, et al., «A Brief Intervention to Promote Conflict Reappraisal Preserves Marital Quality over Time», Psychological Science, 24 (2013), pp. 1595-1601.
[29] Allen Rucker, The Best Seat in the House: How I Woke Up One Tuesday and Was Paralyzed for Life, Nueva York, Harper-Collins, 2007.