1. Pomegranate tree, mosaic detail, Umm Al-Rasas, Jordan
3. The Egyptian fertility god Min seen in his temple
4. Detail of Osiris in white mummy wrappings
5. Barley seeds were sown in wooden or ceramic Osiris Beds
6. Circular tree/plant pits for a sacred grove beside the pyramid of Pharaoh Sneferu, Dahshur
7. Reconstruction of three funerary temples at Deir el-Bahari
8. Relief depicting the transport of incense trees from Punt
9. ‘The Botanical Garden’, Karnak Temple
10. Hathor emerging from the side of a mountain through papyrus
11. Middle Kingdom relief depicting water-carriers and gardeners
12. Gardeners pick cucumber-like melons; the lettuce symbol of the fertility god Min
13. Detail of a vintage scene, a process undertaken in many gardens
15. Wooden model of a part of a house and garden
16. A flower filled garden around a well stocked fish pool at Amarna
17. Plan of the house and garden of Meryre, High Priest of Amarna
18. Sycomore fig tree with tree goddess dispensing nourishment for eternity
19. Plan of Sennefer’s garden. Tomb of Sennefer, Thebes
20. Doum palm tree (Hephaene thebaica). Silsila, Upper Egypt
21. Argun palm tree (Medemia argun). Tomb of Pasedu, Deir el-Medinet
22. Visitors arrive through the garden. Tomb of Neferhotep, Thebes
23. Flame coloured flowers of Pomegranate (Punica granatum), Cyprus
24. Ipuy’s house and garden. Tomb of Ipuy, Thebes
25. Carob tree represented in the Tomb of Menena, Thebes
26. Nebamun’s fruitful garden, Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes
27. Irrigation channels provide water for a row of trees and flowers next to a crop of wheat
28. Details of flowers painted in the Tomb of Ramesses III, Thebes
29. Nakht, the court florist, with one of his finest bouquets
30. The River Euphrates and the Mesopotamian Plain, seen from Syria
31. Map of Mesopotamia and the Levant
32. Seal stone depicting divinities and a snake on either side of a sacred tree
34. Ninhursag (Ki) the Sumerian goddess of vegetation and fecundity
35. Detail of the goddess Inanna and her symbolic standard of reeds
36. Detail from a large fresco from Mari
37. Akkadian gardeners tending trees and irrigating the plants in the garden
38. Impression from a seal stone depicting women in a garden picking dates
39. An Assyrian minor deity is seen fertilising a sacred date palm tree
40. Sargon’s garden at Khorsabad, with a bitanu pavilion and boating lake
41. Sennacherib’s garden at Nineveh
42. Assurbanipal and his queen quaffing wine and feasting in their garden
43. Reconstruction of the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon
44. A reconstruction of the large formal gardens at Cyrus’s palace
45. Relief at Persepolis representing cypress trees
46. A Persian style paradeisos game park depicted in a fresco at Pompeii
47. The great Mother goddess sitting under a tree, holding poppies
48. Impressions from seal rings with scenes of a tree cult
49. A selection of flower motifs on Minoan pottery
50. Drawing of lilies in a slender banded vase from Akrotiri/Thera, Santorini
51. Mycenaen goblet with a motif depicting a plant growing in a container
52. Reconstruction showing the lily frescoes in Room 7 at Amnisos, Crete
53. Sand lilies on the Island of Santorini
54. Fresco fragment showing dianthus-like flowers
55. Reconstruction of flower garlands from a Minoan fresco
56. Minoan fresco depicting a garden landscape with tame monkeys
57. Circular enclosure with two trees, Room 5 of the West House, Thera
58. Reconstruction suggesting a rock garden for crocus and other plants
59. Details of men from Keftiu from an Ancient Egyptian fresco
60. Hercules in the Gardens of the Hesperides
61. An olive tree sacred to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis, Athens
62. Detail showing Dionysus from a Greek red-figure vase
63. Narcissus hopelessly gazing at his own image
65. Flowers depicted on 5th–4th century BC Greek coinage
66. Rose flower depicted on the reverse of a coin from Rhodes
67. Landscaped gardens such as at Stourhead were inspired by the Classical world
68. Roman marble relief depicting a lady making a sacrifice in front of a cave sacred to Pan
69. The Temple of Hephaestus in Athens: two rows of tree pits with plant pots in each
70. Myrtles and pomegranates have been replanted in the pits
71. Roman mosaic illustrating Plato discussing in his Akademy grove
72. Red-figure vase with girls picking fruit
73. Eros offering a bowl of seedlings to his mother Aphrodite
74. Adonis flowers (Adonis annua) in northern Cyprus
75. Plan of the Palace at Aigai, northern Greece
76. Plan of the Hellenistic palace at AÏ Khanoum
77. Palace of Hyrcanus at Araq el Amir, Jordan
78. Leopard fountain at the Palace of Hyrcanus at Araq el Amir, Jordan
79. Bust of Theophrastus, Greek philosopher
80. Dioscorides examining a mandrake plant
81. Garden scenes and stylised plants engraved on Etruscan bronze mirrors
82. Detail of a stylised plant, possibly an arum
83. Detail from an Etruscan mirror depicting crown grafting on a tree
84. Venus accompanied by cupids and her sacred flowers roses
85. Detail of a sacrifice before an altar and statue of a goddess
86. Plan showing three different forms of a Roman house with garden
87. Reconstruction of the peristyle garden at the House of the Vettii
88. Map of central Rome showing several public portico gardens
89. Two miniature frescoes depicting trellis fences forming ‘garden rooms’
90. Simple reed fences line a garden path at the House of the Chaste Lovers
92. The remnants of a biclinium al fresco dining area and shrine
93. Terminal busts of a janiform herm
94. An oscillum which mimics the form of a pelta shield
96. Terracotta amphorae were used to provide fish refuges at the House of the Triconch Hall
98. Restored garden with a gutter water-basin running around three sides
99. A water garden, House of the Water Jets
101. A freestanding water-stair fountain
102. Mosaic and shell covered shrine to a water nymph, Pompeii
103. A sea cave that was converted into a dining area for the Emperor Tiberius
104. An arboritor grafting trees in a mosaic of the calendar year
105. Sinuous lines of the topiary hedge bordering a path at Fishbourne Roman Palace
106. The verdant frescos from Livia’s Garden Room at Primaporta
107. Reconstruction of a gardener’s bench with facsimile Roman flowerpots
108. The sweet rocket or dame’s violet (Hesperis matronalis)
109. Hadrian’s luxurious dining area beside a vast pool
110. Miniature fresco of climbing plants
112. St Phocas, the market gardener from Sinope, northern Turkey
113. Early Christian Church with atrium garden
114. Fresco of Jonah reclining under a gourd tree
115. Detail from a mosaic depicting a Paradise filled with trees and animals
116. Mosaic showing white marble walls in a garden setting with a tree, and arching foliage
117. Pinecone fountain in a marble cantharus bowl
118. Mosaic showing Isaac blessing his son Jacob in his garden
120. A deputation of elders meet Caiaphas in his ornamental garden
121. House and garden of Egdon, king of Moab
123. Christ and Apostles reclining on a stibadium dining couch
124. Gladiolus byzantinus, Crete
125. The Garden of St Anne, mother of Mary
126. A two-tiered shallow, rectangular, box-like fountain
127. Aspects of agriculture and horticultural husbandry in the Homilies of Gregory Nazianzos
128. Horticultural workers using bident forks and pruning hooks
130. Abbasid Palace beside the River Tigris, Samarra
131. Detail of a Persian gardener using a long handled spade with foot rest
132. Plan of an Islamic house with courtyard gardens at Valencia
133. Umayyad palace at Madinat al-Zahra, near Cordoba
134. A woman looks out over her garden
135. Walkways surround an elongated pool flanked by sunken garden beds
136. Reflecting pool, Court of the Myrtles, Alhambra, Grenada
137. Reconstruction of the layout of a Timurid garden of the 15th century
138. A prince seated in his garden
140. Part of the plan of the monastic gardens at St Gall, c.AD 820
141. The Physic garden at St Gall
142. Eighteen plant beds in the vegetable garden at St Gall
143. Recreated rustic garden at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum
144. Details of a hortus conclusus enclosed by a lattice fence
145. Detail showing a walled hortus conclusus of a manor or dower house
146. Maugis and La belle Oriande in a scene of courtly love in a garden
147. Violets growing in the bas de page scene
148. A cartwheel frame used to support plants in a garden with raised beds
149. Lady holding a finger pot to water choice plants
150. A Rhenish painting depicting The Garden of Paradise
151. Manuscript border filled with realistic flowers
152. Detail of a castellated hortus conclusus in Love’s Game of Chess
153. Woodcut from the Roman de la Rose
154. Illustration from the Roman de la Rose
155. Garden fresco, House of the Marine Venus
156. Fresco detail with garden plants, House of the Golden Bracelet