INDEX

Note: Richard J. Daley is sometimes referred to as RJD. Richard M. Daley is sometimes referred to as RMD. Page numbers in italics indicate an illustration.

Abbott Laboratories, 97

Abbott, Robert Sengstacke, 62, 79, 84; and black capitalism, 64, 66–67, 78–79, 90; and BSCP union, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83. See also Chicago Defender

Aberdeens (Irish gang), 44

ABLA (public housing), 310, 311, 372n109

ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union): and drug testing of subsidized housing residents, 312; and political surveillance by Chicago, 197, 212; and South Deering, 132–133

ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now), 292

Action Now Institute, 329

ACT organization, 182, 183, 184–185, 186, 195, 197

Addams, Jane (Hull House), 16, 18–19, 24, 29, 31, 33

Adler, Jeffrey, 17

Adler Planetarium, 285

advertising industry, 204, 228

affirmative action, 236, 275, 288, 363n45

AFL (American Federation of Labor), 56–57, 83, 96

African American community of Chicago: black-Latino dissimilarity index (segregation), 313–314; black-Latino social distance, 336–337; Jane Byrne and, 250–251; cabinet of RMD including, 288; as center of national black life, 117, 137; clubwomen and black liberal politics, 87; clubwomen and mobilization for the BSCP, 80, 84–85; credit card debt and, 289; early 20th century locations throughout the city, 24; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27; fatalism/pessimism/nihilism of, 74–75, 154, 276–277, 293–294, 333; in labor force, 63; map of ethnic Chicago (2000), 316; median income, 117, 266; mental health clinic closures and, 325–326; mortality rate of, 75; mural movement and, 219–220, 220; school closures and, 271, 326–327; school reforms as leaving behind, 270–271, 272–273; school suspensions and expulsions and, 270–271; service economy and, 286–287; strikebreaking laborers from, 25–26, 27–28, 29, 110; support for R.M. Daley, 7; support for R.J. Daley, 135, 136–137; support for R.M. Daley, 273, 278, 280–281, 287–289; support for Rahm Emanuel, 334–335; unemployment among, 266, 270, 331; veterans returning from wars, 38, 106, 109, 112; Harold Washington mobilization by, 243–244, 249. See also black capitalism; black church; black cultural expression; black gangs; black ghettos; black middle class; black power movement; black press; black resistance to racial oppression; black submachine politics; civil rights movement; culturalization of politics; migration of African Americans from the South; police (CPD)—violence against African Americans; violence/racial violence

African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 80, 81. See also Carey, Archibald

Afro-American Student Association, 197

Airport Homes (public housing), 156

Albany Park, 315

Albert, Derrion, 268–269, 270, 282

Alford, Alfonso, 196

Algren, Nelson, City on the Make, 140–141, 294

Alinsky, Saul: Archdiocese of Chicago as major donor of, 159–160, 161–162; background of, 160; Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council (BYNC), 158–159; Harrison-Halsted organization and tradition of, 157; Industrial Areas Foundation, 159; and intergroup relations, 58; Organization for a Southwest Community (OSC), 160; and organized labor, limitations of, 160–161; Reveille for Radicals, 158–159; and state-sponsored countersubversion, 12; and Temporary Woodlawn Organization (TWO), 162–164, 179, 180; and University of Chicago, 211; UNO claim to be modeled on, 301–302

Alliance to End Repression, 212

All-Negro radio show, 71

Alpha Suffrage Club, 80

alterity, strategies of, 175

Altgeld Gardens (public housing), 257–258, 268

Alvarez, Anita, 337

Alvarez, David, 261

Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen (AMCBW), 25

Amalgamated Transit Union, 325

American Civil Liberties Union. See ACLU

American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 293

Americanization, 27, 40, 42, 43, 44–45

American Nazi Party, 201, 203

American Protective Association, 43

Ameritech, 283

Amoco, 233, 283

Amoco Building, 362n25

Anderson, Louis B., 77

Andersonville neighborhood, 320

Anglo-Saxonism, 29, 51, 114. See also whiteness and white identity

Ann Arbor, MI, 204

anti-Catholicism, 41, 43, 52

antilynching movement, 80, 89–90

anti-Semitism, 208, 275–276

antiwar movement, 204, 205, 207

Aon Center, 362n25

Apex Club, 67, 70

Appomattox Club, 80, 85, 87

Arab and Assyrian community, 317, 318, 373n123

Aramark, 330, 331

architecture, 6; Beaux Arts, 23; Chicago School, 6, 21–22; International Style, 232; Mies van der Rohe, 137, 228, 232; Prairie School, 47; sense of place, and tourism, 297–298. See also Burnham, Daniel; skyscrapers

Area 2 police torture of black suspects, 7, 279, 335

Arendt, Hannah, On Violence, 218, 219

Argyle (aka New Chinatown, Little Vietnam), 315, 319

Armour, 20

Armour, J. Ogden, 28, 30

Armour, Philip, 31

Armour Square: antiblack violence, 111–112; Chinese community in, 315

Armstrong, Frank H., 30

Armstrong, Louis, 65, 66, 89, 90, 91, 91, 92; “(What Did I Do to Be So) Black and Blue,” 92, 351n70; “Big Butter and Egg Man,” 92; “Heebie Jeebies,” 92; “S.O.L. Blues,” 92; “Struttin’ with Some Barbecue,” 92; “Sunset Café Stomp,” 92

arson and bombings: against African Americans, 38, 46, 78, 112, 124; against Puerto Ricans, 175; “shoot to kill” order of RJD, 138, 203, 208, 210; by white gangs, and ethnoracial hierarchy, 45

art: community mural movement, 219–220, 220, 302, 314, 362n18; public art, skyscrapers and, 232, 363n38. See also music

Art Institute of Chicago, 31, 329

Arvey, Jacob “Jack,” 55, 113–114

Asian community: cabinet of RMD including, 288; ethnoracial enclaves of, 314–315, 317, 318–319; Latino-Asian dissimilarity (segregation), 314; nationwide, 172

Associated Business Club (ABC) of Chicago, 64, 67, 69

Associated Negro Press (newswire), 67, 79, 117

Assyrian and Arab community, 317, 318, 373n123

AT&T, 233

Atlanta, GA, 249

Atlantic Era, 16

Auditorium Hotel, 30, 31

Auditorium Theater, 31

Austin (neighborhood), 47

Austin High School, 284

Austin, Junius C., 59–60, 64, 82, 84, 88

Avondale, 317–318

Axelrod, David, 265, 365n78

Ayers, Thomas G., 234

Bach, Ira, 146–147

backlash. See white backlash

Back of the Yards: Canaryville hostility to, 41; heterogeneity of, 24; mental health clinic closures, 326; Mexican community and, 313

Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council (BYNC), 158–159

Baker, Houston, 90

Baldwin, Davarian, 66, 70

Baldwin, James, 109; urban renewal as “Negro removal,” 142, 143, 310

Baltimore, 266, 345n19, 366n14

Bangladesh, immigrants from, 319

barbecue, right to, 299

Barksdale, David, 196

Barnett, Claude A., 67, 79

Barrett, James, 27

baseball, 46, 71

basketball, 285, 289–290, 331–332

Bates, Beth Tompkins, 84

Bates, David H., 26

Bauler, Matthias “Paddy,” 55

Baxter Laboratories, 97

beautification: R.M. Daley and, 266, 285, 289, 305, 308; and Plan of Chicago (1909), 33; and uplift of the laboring classes, 33

Begin, Menachem, 253

Bell, Lamar, 196

Ben Franklin store, 60, 61

Benito Juárez High School, 297

Benito Pablo Juárez García (mural), 314

Bennett, Larry, 287, 344n10

Bennett, William, 269, 273

Benson, Al, 116

Berkeley, CA, 204

Bernhardt, Sarah, 1

Bernstein, David, 239

Berry, Chuck: “Johnny B. Goode,” 119; “Maybellene,” 119; “Rock and Roll Music,” 119; “Roll Over Beethoven,” 119

Best, Wallace, 64

Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 82

Bevel, James, 190

Big Star (restaurant), 304–305

Bilandic, Michael, 242, 250, 261

Billboard magazine, coining “rhythm & blues,” 118

Bill Haley and the Comets, 119, 166

binary racial order, development of, 45–46, 47, 58, 173

Bindman, Aaron, 123–124

Binga, Jesse, 60, 70–71, 80, 86; and black capitalism, 62, 64, 67, 69, 75–76, 82, 90

Binga State Bank, 67

Birmingham, AL, 177, 178

Black Belt: location of, 24, 38; map of, 39; and 1919 race riot, 38, 40; and WWII housing shortage, 104, 108–109, 112. See also Black Metropolis

Blackboard Jungle, The (1955), 166

black capitalism: antiunionism of, 79–85; banks, 62, 67; black church alliance with, 64, 81–82; corruption and embezzlement in, 60; and culturalization of politics, 69, 78–79, 85, 87; and economization of the Black Metropolis, 75–76, 79–80, 81–82, 85, 349n32; and entrepreneurial spirit, 62–63, 78; and individualism vs. collective strategies of racial struggle, 61–62, 75; insurance business, 71, 74–75; lack of progress in white business world, 60–61; and linked fate, 75, 349n31; Negro Business Exposition (1938), 59–60, 62, 64, 88; and public assistance, lack of, 78; and race men/race heroes, black businessmen as, 60, 61, 66–67, 67, 69, 71, 74–75, 78, 80; Southern migrants and, 116–117; types of businesses in, 61, 63, 348nn1,10; as uplifting the race, 59, 61, 64–65, 67, 69, 75, 81, 86; and white-owned businesses patronized by black community, 62. See also Black Metropolis; Bronzeville; minority-owned businesses; real estate market

black church: alliances with black businesses, 64, 81–82; as critical of civil rights movement, 178, 189; and National Negro Congress (1936), 88; openness to Randolph and working-class solidarity, 82; opposition to Randolph and the BSCP union, 80–82; social justice movement and, 82; storefront churches, 63–64, 115, 222

black cultural expression: black middle-class disapproval of, 65–67, 69, 72, 90–91; Chicago as fountain of, 65, 117; policy wheel revenues as funding, 71; white stereotyping of, 69. See also music

Black Disciples. See Disciples (gang)

black gangs: ACT organization and, 186; antimachine activities of, 197; Black Panthers and, 197, 214–215; and black power movement, 182–183, 185–186, 187, 190, 192, 192, 194–195, 197, 199–200; federal funding for youth services and projects, 196–197, 198–199, 210; female branches of, 187; First Annual Gangs Convention (1966), 190; junior/midget divisions of, 187, 188; Martin Luther King and Chicago Freedom Movement attempt to enlist help of, 187–188, 189–195, 200; and labor protests, 236, 364n46; leadership talents in, 187, 195–196; LSD alliance, 236, 364n69; membership numbers and recruitment, 186–187, 188; nation added to names of, 187; and nonviolence vs. militancy as philosophy, 185; police brutality and, 186–187; police/government sabotage of youth/community service programs of, 197–199; police Red Squad warnings to stay away from Democratic Convention, 213; and political organizations, transformation into, 277–278; and youth services and projects, 196–200. See also gangs; white gangs and athletic clubs

Black Gangster Disciples. See Gangster Disciples (gang)

black ghettos: businesses remaining in, 153; and defiance, posture of, 108; and heat wave (1995), 261–262; hyperghettos contrasted to, 354n52; middle-class housing as barrier to encroachment of, 149–150, 154, 228, 234–235, 301; 1919 race riot and centrality of, 45; postwar geographical and demographic growth of, 101–102; white identify formation and, 47. See also hyperghettos; public housing

Black Lives Matter movement, 334, 336–337

Black Metropolis: economization of, 75–76, 79–80, 81–82, 85, 349n32; as inspiration during Great Depression, 64–65; insurance business, 71, 74–75; location of, 61; map of, 68; and migrants, 66; and “old settler” vs. “new settler” ideologies, 66; policy wheels (illicit lotteries), 70–74, 75, 105, 130; population growth and, 61. See also black capitalism; music; Stroll, the

black middle class: as critical of the civil rights movement, 178; disapproval of black cultural expression, 65–67, 69, 72, 90–91; gentrification by, 13–14, 288–289, 298–299, 301; homeownership, 13–14, 85–86, 288–289, 361n71; incorporating via neoliberal policies, 288–289. See also black capitalism

black nationalism: and Black Metropolis, 61; in local positions of authority, 297; and multiethnic coalition of Howard Washington, 253. See also black power movement

Black Panther Party: assassination of Fred Hampton, 12, 184, 215–217; and black gangs, 197, 214–215; breakfast programs of, 217; Fred Hampton as chairman of, 214–215; perceived as threat by RJD and police, 217; “rainbow coalition” of, 12, 214–215, 217, 221, 250; reading lists of, 215; susceptibility to FBI infiltration, 215, 217; viewed as derailing civil-rights movement, 169

black power movement: and black gangs in Chicago, 182–183, 185–186, 187, 190, 192, 192, 194–195, 197, 199–200; black nationalism, 61, 253; context of, 203; and failure of integrationist approaches, 180; Martin Luther King as opposing use of term, 190, 192; and nonviolence vs. militancy as philosophy, 180, 182–183, 185; police and FBI countersubversion of, 213–214, 215–218; and racial divide as increasing, 204; viewed as derailing civil-rights movement, 169, 180. See also black nationalism; Black Panther Party; countersubversion, state-sponsored

black press: development of, 117; and Emmett Till murder, 137. See also Associated Negro Press (newswire); Chicago Defender

Black P-Stones (gang), 122. See also Blackstone Rangers

black resistance to racial oppression: bebop jazz and, 121; and election of Barack Obama, 293–294; as structure of feeling, 109; WWII and development of, 107–108, 109, 111–112. See also black power movement; civil rights movement

Black’s Blue Book, 63, 85, 348n10

Blackstone Rangers (gang): Martin Luther King’s attempt to enlist in nonviolence movement, 190–195, 200; leadership of, 187–188, 195–196; Main 21 governing body, 195, 214–215; membership of, 186, 187, 188; nation added to name of, 187; and police/government investigations, 197–199, 210; and protests for minority union membership, 236; and “rainbow coalition” of Black Panthers, 214–215; and youth services/community improvement projects, 196–200. See also Black P-Stones (gang)

black submachine politics: and bread-and-butter political style, reproduction of, 77–78, 131; Anton Cermak as establishing patronage distribution to, 52; and Daley’s actions during MLK assassination riots, 208–209; William Dawson as boss of, 188–189; death of Benjamin Lewis and, 189; Oscar DePriest as boss of, 76–77, 349n35; integration/civil rights as threat to power of, 130–131, 189; Martin Luther King opposed by, 188–189; “silent six” aldermen (Dawson), 188–189; Big Bill Thompson support, 40–41, 47–48, 71, 112–113; and Harold Washington replacement election, 256–257. See also Dawson, William; machine politics

Black Youth Project 100 (BYP100), 335

Blagojevich, Rod, 291

Blighted Areas Redevelopment Act (1947), 143

blight, redefined as “proper and productive economic use,” 148

Blocks Together, 328

blues and jazz: blues as white tourist attraction/niche market, 118, 119, 120; Chicago blues sound, 117–119; Chicago “melting pot” of, 65–66; classical black musicians forced into jazz, 120; Delta blues, 117; dress code of respectability and, 90–91, 91; entrepreneurial ethos and, 118–121; as floating signifier, 118; Harlem and bebop jazz, 120–121; lack of anticapitalist critique in, 92–93; lyrical content of, 89–90, 91–93; Maxwell Street flea market, as venue, 301; as morphing into other black music forms, 118–120; oppositional power of, 88–90, 92, 351n70; Southern migrants and, 116, 117–118. See also music

Board of Education (CBOE): the Art Institute and, 31; Jane Byrne appointments to, 250–251; closure of schools rubber stamped by, 333; minority appointees as president of (RMD), 288; and the politics of identity, institutionalization of, 221–222; and privatization of custodial and building maintenance services, 330; TWO lawsuit charging segregation, 180–181; TWO movement protests, 163. See also schools (Chicago Public Schools, CPS)

Bobo, Lawrence, 236

Boeing, 283

bond issues, 35, 238, 295

Bontemps, Arna, 88

Boston, MA, 181, 320

boxing, 46, 59, 245

Boystown neighborhood, 295, 296, 320, 370n80

Brach’s Confections, Inc., 283–284, 369n56

Bradley, Tom, 249

Bradley, Wallace “Gator,” 277–278, 280–281

Brazier, Arthur, 163, 164, 197

Breaking the Chains (mural), 220, 362n18

Brennan, George, 47, 52

Bretton Woods agreement (1945), 224, 240

Bridgeport neighborhood: and black support for “Big Bill” Thompson, 40–41; Chinese community and, 315; and R.J. Daley, 134, 151; and Dan Ryan Expressway route, 151; Irish community and, 40, 41–44, 112, 134; and Edward J. Kelly, 112; Martin H. Kennelly and, 114; Mexican community and, 315; and packinghouse workers, 41; and Harold Washington election, 245

Bridgeview (suburb), 317

Brighton Park Neighborhood Council, 329

Bronzeman magazine, 71

Bronzeville: R.M. Daley and exploitation of cultural heritage, 295; mayor of (honorary), 114–115; mural movement and, 219–220, 220; name of, 115; Harold Washington and, 241–242. See also Black Metropolis

Brooks, Deton, 209

Brooks, Gwendolyn, 187; “The Blackstone Rangers,” 187; “We Real Cool,” 154

Broonzy, Bill Bill, 118

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), 79–85, 87–88

Brotherhood of Teamsters, 25–26, 28, 293

Brown, H. Rap, 169, 220

Brown, Oscar, 198

Brown, Wendy, 11, 148, 344n12, 349n32

Bryce, James, 1

Bucktown neighborhood, 299

Buddy Guy’s Legends (club), 118

Bungalow Belt: R.J. Daley and management of reactions from, 200, 201, 208; development in the 1920s, 47; and housing segregation, 47, 201, 208; and middle-class backlash against New Deal, 57; and school segregation, 181; and white backlash politics, 134, 201; and white identity formation, 47

Burge, Jon, 279

Burgess, Ernest, 294, 343n4

Burke, Edward, 252, 256

Burnham, Daniel: in Chicago School (architecture), 21–22; in City Beautiful movement, 33; First Regiment Armory, 18; Baron Haussmann/Paris as influence on, 16, 32; and Plan of Chicago, 32–36

Burroughs, William, 207, 212

Bush, Earl, 188

Bush, George H.W., 269, 273

Bush, George W., 133, 269, 311

business community: antiunionist/antilabor, 26, 28–29, 30–31; and cultural institutions, 31; and progressivism, spirit of, 29–30, 31; progrowth agenda prior to RJD, 9–10, 53–58, 143–146; race-baiting by, 26, 29. See also deindustrialization; downtown agenda; global cities/global-city agenda; neoliberalization/neoliberalism

Byrne, Jane: and black community, 250–251; defeated by Washington in primaries, 242–244, 256; election of 1977, 243–244; redrawing of ward map, 255

Cabrini-Green Homes (public housing), 228, 251, 280, 308, 309, 310

Café Lura, 318

Calder, Alexander, Flamingo, 232

California, TIF funds, 368n49

Calloway, Cab, 66, 90; “Minnie the Moocher,” 92

Calumet Community Religious Conference (CCRC), 257

Calumet Park riot (1957), 168, 176, 358n21

Cambodia, immigrants from, 315

Campbell, William, 189

Canaryville neighborhood, 41–44

Canaryville School of Gunmen, 41

capitalism: disaster capitalism, 327; spectacle of protest and, 227. See also black capitalism; downtown agenda; neoliberalization/neoliberalism

Capone, Al, and gang, 53, 128, 130

CAPS (Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy), 263, 289, 305

Carby, Hazel, 90

Carey, Archibald, 77, 80, 81, 82

Carey, Archibald Jr., 144–145, 149

Carl Sandburg Village (housing development), 227–228, 229

Carmichael, Stokely, 169, 180, 195, 220

Carney, Frank, 165–166, 170, 172

Carson Pirie Scott, 22, 30

Castells, Manuel, 171

Castle, Barton and Associates, 358n16

Catholic Church: anti-Catholicism, 41, 43, 52; as integrationist, 159, 161–162; and Irish control of political machine, 122; as major donor to Saul Alinsky, 159–160, 161–162; nomination of Al Smith, 52; Polish community and, 317; and production of white identity, 46; as pro-union, 121–122; as segregationist, 124, 159–160

Cayton, Horace, 3, 60–66, 70–71, 73, 102

CBOE. See Board of Education

CCAC (Chicago Central Area Committee), 146–147, 149–150, 234–235

CCCO. See Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO)

Cermak, Anton: assassination of, 53; and Great Depression, 53–54; and multiethnic political machine, 52–53, 55, 57; and Pilsen, 52; policy wheel shutdown campaign (1931), 72; progrowth, antilabor agenda of, 9–10, 53–55; victory over Thompson, 52–53

CHA. See Chicago Housing Authority

Chagall, Marc, Four Seasons mosaic, 363n38

charter schools: crisis induced to validate privatization, 327; definition of, 367n26; Latino charter schools, 330–331; Renaissance 2010 plan for, 50, 271, 305, 328; scandals and, 330; school closures and establishment of, 271, 326–328, 330, 333; teachers union and fight against, 293, 326, 327, 331

Chase corporation, 13

Chase Tower, 223, 233

Checkerboard Lounge, 118

Cheetah Gym, 304

Chess, Leonard and Phil, 119–120

Chess, Marshall, 120

Cheung, George, 318

Chew, Charles, 200, 201

Chicago: as center of national black life, 117, 137; civic pride, maintenance of, 226–227; as quintessentially American town, 1–3, 5; working-class identity of, 1–2, 13, 232. See also civil service, municipal; downtown agenda; gentrification; infrastructure; urban renewal; urban services provision

NICKNAMES FOR: Beirut on the Lake, 253, 264; City of Neighborhoods, 3, 294–295, 318–319; City of the Big Shoulders, 2, 22, 204, 225, 294; City on the Make, 140–141, 294; City that Works, 2, 231, 294; Hog Butcher for the World, 2, 20, 140, 225; the known city, 117; Second City, 294; White City, 23; Windy City, 2, 294

PLANS: Chicago Central Area Plan (2002), 286; Chicago Plan (1970), 236; Chicago 21 Plan (1973), 234–235; Development Plan for the Central Area of Chicago (1958), 147, 148, 154, 227; Plan of Chicago (1909), 32–36

Chicago Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression, 335

Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), 263, 289, 305

Chicago American Giants (black baseball team), 46, 71

Chicago Association of Commerce and Industry, 49, 50

Chicago Bears, 255, 285

Chicago Bee, 62

Chicago B.L.U.E.S. Bar, 118

Chicago Board of Education. See Board of Education (CBOE)

Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), 239, 240. See also commodities exchanges of Chicago

Chicago Board Options Exchange, 271

Chicago Building Trades Council: loyalty to RMD, 293; and 1921 labor dispute, 49; protests for black union admission, 236, 364n46

Chicago Bulls, 285, 289

Chicago Butter and Egg Board, 364n48

Chicago Central Area Committee (CCAC), 146–147, 149–150, 234–235

Chicago Children’s Choir, 324

Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce, 318

Chicago City Club, 271

Chicago Civic Center (Richard J. Daley Center), 232

Chicago Commission on Human Relations (CCHR), 175

Chicago Commission on Race Relations (CCRR), 38, 40, 42

Chicago Crime Commission, 42, 268

Chicago Daily Journal, 40–41

Chicago Daily News, 29, 30, 49, 167, 177, 181

Chicago Defender: advertising in, 86; and black capitalism, 67, 75–76, 81; and the Black Metropolis, 65, 66, 69–70, 78–79; on black music and musicians, 90–91; and black real estate investment, 85, 86; and Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 79, 80, 83, 84; on civil rights movement, 178; R.J. Daley endorsement by, 134; and Double-V campaign, 206; and emancipatory promise of black capitalism, 81; Rahm Emanuel endorsed by, 334; and Emanuel reelection, 334; ignoring cooperative black businesses, 82; location of offices, 67; and mayor of Bronzeville election, 114–115; on National Negro Congress, 88; nationwide influence of, 117; opposition to BSCP, 81; on policy wheel shutdown campaign, 72; on private accountability, 235–236; Pullman Company as donor to, 80; on segregation, 178, 235; on South Deering, 133; support for BSCP, 83; on youth violence, 167; and zoot suit dances, 108

Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs and Special Events, 370n79

Chicago Federation of Labor (CFL): opposition to RMD, 293; and race-baiting tactics of RMD, 292; and school board, 48–49

ChicagoFest boycott (1982), 251

Chicago Forward (super-PAC), 333

Chicago Freedom Movement (CFM, alliance of SCLC and CCCO): and gangs, 189–195, 200; open-housing campaign of, 193–195, 200, 208; shadow programs created by RJD, 200–201; West Side riot blamed on, 192–193

Chicago Giants (black baseball team), 46

Chicago Housing Authority (CHA): Admissions and Continued Occupancy Policy, 311–312; bypassed by CLCC, 144; Jane Byrne appointments to, 250–251; citing statistics on population density of South Side, 104; formation of (1937), 112; and hyperghettoization, 127; integration as policy of, 126–127, 132, 149; Plan for Transformation (2000), 309–311; policing of low-income residents of mixed-income housing, 311–312; in receivership by order of federal court, 310; ruled guilty of racial discrimination, 237; transformed to redevelopment facilitator, 148–149; Elizabeth Wood as first executive director, 113, 126–127, 132, 149. See also public housing

Chicago Land Clearance Commission (CLCC), 144, 146

Chicago Lawn neighborhood, 47, 193, 317

Chicago Mercantile Exchange (Merc, CME), 239–241, 329–330, 336, 364n48

Chicago Merchants Club, 32

Chicago Mural Group, 220, 362n18

Chicago Neighborhood Tours program, 295

Chicago People’s Church, 218

Chicago Plan (1970), 236

Chicago Plan Commission, 32, 34–35, 145, 147

Chicago Police Department. See police (CPD)

Chicago Public Library, 308, 326, 372n104

Chicago Public Schools. See schools (Chicago Public Schools, CPS)

Chicago Reader, 282

Chicago Real Estate Board, 46, 202

Chicago Record-Herald, 29

Chicago Review (UC literary magazine), 211–212

Chicago River, 23

Chicago Sanitary District, 17, 55

Chicago School architecture, 6, 21–22

Chicago School of sociology, 3, 19, 69, 113, 153, 211, 274, 294, 343n4

Chicago School of urbanism, 4–5, 6

Chicago Seed, The, 205

Chicago Skyway tolls, privatization of, 291

Chicago Spire, 323

Chicago Sun-Times, 180, 256, 279, 300

Chicago Symphony Orchestra, 31

Chicago Teachers Federation (CTF), 48, 50, 53, 54

Chicago Teachers Union (CTU): Caucus of Rank-and-File Educators (CORE), 293, 328–329; charter school teachers as barred from, 271; and R.M. Daley school closings, 328–329; William Dever and, 50; and Rahm Emanuel’s austerity program, 326, 327–329, 332, 333; fight against charter schools, 293, 326, 327, 331; and Grassroots Collaborative, 329; strike (2012), 326, 332, 333, 336; United Progressive Caucus of, 328

Chicago Title and Trust, 143–144

Chicago Transit Authority (CTA): antimachine sentiments and Byrne election, 250; R.M. Daley austerity measures and, 325; elevated municipal railway (“L”), 22, 222, 280; Rahm Emanuel austerity measures and, 325; municipal ownership of mass transit, 15; privatized fare collection system, 331; state bailout of, 291

Chicago Tribune: as antilabor, 29, 30, 56; on black strikebreakers, 26, 29; on Cermak’s patronage reform, 54; crusade against Larry Hoover, 278; on education, 50; on Emanuel inauguration, 324; investigation into misappropriation of funds, 237; on juvenile delinquency, 167; on juvenile delinquency during WWII, 98–99; on murder rate, 17; Obama interview (2003), 265; on race riots, 37–38; on “rainbow cabinet” of RMD, 288; on strikes, 25–26; on Washington election (1983), 241, 245; white backlash and, 209; on zoning process, 307

Chicago 21 Corporation, 234–235

Chicago 21 Plan, 234–235

Chicago Whip, 80, 87

Chicago Women’s Club, 31

Chicago Workers’ Committee on Unemployment, 53

Chicago Youth Development Project, 165–166

Chico, Gerry, 269, 325

Chinatown, 314–315, 318

Chinatown Gate, 315, 318

Chinese-American Civic Council, 318

Chinese community, 314–315, 318; map (2000), 316

Choose Chicago, 370n79

Cicero (Illinois) riot, 128–129, 129

CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), 56–58, 83, 104–105

Citizens’ Committee to Enforce the Landis Award, 49–50

Citizens for a Democratic and Diverse Albany Park, 319

City Beautiful movement, 33

city council: R.M. Daley and living wage ordinance, 292–293; R.M. Daley appointments to, and lack of opposition from, 281, 301; R.J. Daley reducing to rubber-stamp advisory board, 141–142; R.J. Daley severing from the planning process, 8–9, 146–147; and early urban renewal opposition, 146; and Rahm Emanuel, 332–333; gang member running for (Wallace “Gator” Bradley), 277–278; Gray Wolves, 15, 34; Progressive Reform Caucus, 332; and segregation of public housing, 126; and Harold Washington “council wars,” 252–253, 254–256, 344n11; zoning changes controlled by individual aldermen, 305

City Homes Association, Tenement Conditions in Chicago, 19

Civic Music Association, 31

Civil Rights Act (1964), 188

civil rights movement: black veterans returning from WWII and, 106, 107, 109; and gangs, 185; guerilla tactics and, 182–183; March on Washington (1963), 180; “militants/extremists”, defined, 182; and nonviolence vs. militancy as philosophy, 179–180, 182–183, 185; policy brutality protests, 183–185, 296–297; school protests, 179–180, 181–182, 184, 187, 221–222, 250, 271–272, 297, 359n29; southern movement in consciousness of Chicago, 177–178; as threat to black submachine politics, 130–131, 189; as threat to machine politics, 131–132; Emmett Till murder as “moment of simultaneity” for, 137; top-down historical perspectives on, 168–169; and TWO movement of Woodlawn, 162–163; UAW Local 600 in Detroit and, 106; white backlash as counterforce to, 131–132; zoot suiters and, 106–108

civil service, municipal: black participation in, 77, 287; Cermak and reform of, 54; Latino participation in, 287; public pension funds, gap in, 323–324; Shakman case ruling preventing firing for political affiliations, 237; under RJD, 139–140; under RMD, 280, 282–283

Civil Service Commission, 77

Civil Works Administration (CWA), 57

Clark, Mark, 215

Clark, Terry Nichols, 321

class. See middle class; working class

CLCC (Chicago Land Clearance Commission), 144, 146

Cleveland, OH, 181

Clinton, Bill, 263, 269, 273–275

Cloud Gate sculpture, 285

Club DeLisa, 118

CME (Chicago Mercantile Exchange), 13, 239–241, 329–330, 336, 364n48

Coalition for Youth Action, 198

Coalition of United Community Action (CUCA), 236, 364n46

Cobraettes (gang), 187

Cobras. See Egyptian Cobras (gang)

COGLI (Mayor’s Committee on Gay and Lesbian Issues), 255

Cohen, Adam, 151

Cohen, Cathy, 293–294, 335

COINTELPRO, 213–214, 215, 217

Cole, Robert, 71, 74–75

Collins, John, 29

Collins, Richard, 54

color line, 173

Commercial Club of Chicago, 30–32, 48, 54, 271; and Plan of Chicago, 32–36

commercial sex industry, 111

Commission on Latino Affairs, 252

Committee for Patriotic Action, 100

commodities exchanges of Chicago, 13, 239–241, 328, 329–330, 336, 364n48

Commonwealth Edison Company, 234, 261

Communist Party: anticommunism and, 79, 83, 212, 213; black presidential candidates of, 88; concerns about black capitalism, 61; membership numbers, 87; and National Negro Congress, 83, 88; social justice actions led by, 53, 76, 78, 79, 87

Communities United for Affordable Housing (CUFAH), 302

Community Action Program (CAP), 196, 209

“community areas” as term, becoming “neighborhoods,” 294

community mural movement, 219–220, 220, 302, 314, 362n18

condominium development, 301, 304, 305, 308, 309

Condon, Eddie, 65

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 144, 179, 182, 183

Conlisk, James, 208, 238

Connolly, N.D.B., 86

Conservative Vice Lords. See Vice Lords (gang)

construction industry: affirmative action, 236, 275, 288, 363n45; Chicago Plan (1970) integrating, 236, 364n46; R.J. Daley and, 140; Rahm Emanuel and, 332; Great Depression and halt on, 104; minority-owned contractors, exclusion of, 235, 236–237, 279, 363n45; skyscrapers, 21–22, 147. See also Chicago Building Trades Council

consumerism: advertising industry, 204, 228; credit card debt as masking inequalities, 289; of professional sports, as diversion from inequalities, 289–290

Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust, 234

Cook, William Decatur, 82, 83–84

Cook County, 233. See also Democratic Party (Cook County); machine politics of Cook County Democratic Party; suburbanization

Cook County Hospital, 172

Cooperative Business League, 82

Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO), 179, 181–182, 184, 188, 189. See also Chicago Freedom Movement

corporate headquarters, 22, 143; suburbanization and, 232–234

corruption. See scandals and corruption

countersubversion, state-sponsored: overview, 12; ACLU lawsuit and destruction of files, 212; FBI (COINTELPRO), 213–214, 215, 217; frame-ups, 217–218; and gang member candidate (Bradley) for city council, 278, 280–281; Fred Hampton assassination, 12, 184, 215–217; racial tensions stirred up by, 213; Red Squad division of Police Department, 12, 212–214, 345n19; sabotage of gangs, 197, 199; as stunting development of the left, 212, 216–218

CPD. See police (CPD)

CPS. See schools (Chicago Public Schools, CPS)

crack cocaine, 267–268

Crane High School student demonstration, 169–170

Crate and Barrel, 205

creative class, 320–321

credit card debt, 289

crime and criminality: early 20th century and, 16–17, 18–19; rehabilitation model for, 19; Bill Thompson and gangsters, 53. See also crime rates; gangs; organized crime; scandals and corruption; underground economy

crime rates: Englewood neighborhood and, 122; gang activity and, 268; gang participation in lowering, 198; and heat wave of 1995, 262; lowering of in 2000s, generally, 366n14. See also homicide rates

crime syndicates. See organized crime

Crown Fountain, 285

CTA. See Chicago Transit Authority

CTF. See Chicago Teachers Federation

CTU. See Chicago Teachers Union

Cuban community, 302

culturalization of politics: overview, 246–247; antiwelfare rhetoric as, 273–274; black capitalism and, 69, 78–79, 85, 87; black intellectuals and perpetuation of, 274–275; and blaming the victims (heat wave 1995), 263–264; conservatives as tending toward, 122, 364n54; defined as attributing issues to cultural vs. political causes, 11; and Rahm Emanuel election (2015), 336; Great Depression and, 54–55; “liberal” intellectuals and basis for, 274–275, 364n64; and military schools and programs, 272; Million Man March rhetoric of, 275–276; nihilism and, 276–277; racist ideology justifying police violence, 218; shattered dreams of basketball glory and, 290

cultural sensitivity training programs, 243

culture-of-poverty arguments. See culturalization of politics

“culture wars,” 246

Cupid (Vice Lord member), 191

currency valuation, 224, 240

Czech community: in Back of the Yards, 158; and Bungalow Belt, 47; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 40, 45, 114; in heterogeneous neighborhoods, 24; and 1919 race riot, 40, 45; Pilsen neighborhood, 24, 52; size of, 23; and white flight, 153; and whiteness/white identity, 114

Daley, John, 237, 279–280

Daley, Richard J., 229; background and education of, 41, 43, 134, 138; bungled phrases of, 138, 177; as chair of Cook County Democratic Party, 11–12, 133–134, 141; and city council, 8–9, 141–142, 146–147; death of, 231, 237; and Democratic National Convention (1968), 138, 208; “good government is good politics,” 138; in Hamburg Athletic Club (gang), 41–42, 134, 150, 151; and Irish Bridgeport, 134, 151; litter anecdote, 141; and neighborhoods, claims to support, 294; and New Deal liberalism, 137–138; nomination for Mayor, 133; and police expansion, 167; as “proto-neoliberal,” 8–9, 147–149; as “quasi-Keynesian,” 149; rhetorical talents of, 134–135, 150; and segregated racial order, preservation of, 150–151; “shoot to kill” order, during riots following MLK assassination, 138, 203, 208, 210; as “the builder,” 229, 233; as white backlash mayor, 135–136, 209–211, 238. See also global cities/global-city agenda; machine politics—R.J. Daley; patronage—of R.J. Daley machine; public housing—R.J. Daley and; urban renewal

Daley, Richard M., 296; accounting tricks to veil financial straits of city, 281–282; advisors on culture-of-poverty arguments, 274–275; on background of RJD, 138; and beautification, 266, 285, 289, 305, 308; budget deficits and, 290–291; bungled phrases of, 260–261; and “City of Neighborhoods,” 294–295; entrepreneurial state of, 8, 13, 262–263; influence on Obama administration, 264–265; and LGBT community, 295, 321, 370n80; and Carol Moseley Braun, 277; national influence of, 264–265; Olympic Games bid, 291–292; primary loss to Harold Washington (1983), 242, 244, 251; privatization program of, 290–291; “rainbow cabinet”/minority appointments by, 287–288; and school reform, 50, 271, 286–287, 305, 328. See also gentrification; global cities/global-city agenda; political machine—R.M. Daley; TIF funds; tourism, R.M. Daley and development of

Daley, William, 265

Dan Ryan Expressway, as barrier, 150–151, 152

Davis, Angela, 90

Davis, James “Gloves,” 184

Davis, Mike, 343n5

Davis, Rennie, 205–206

Dawson, Michael, 349n31

Dawson, William: civil rights/integration as threat to, 130–131; and R.J. Daley election, 136; Kelly as kingmaker of, 105; and Kennelly’s reform zeal, 129–130, 133; lack of resistance to displacement of black working class, 149; Ralph Metcalfe as successor to, 238; policy wheels and jitney cabs underground economy, 129–130. See also black submachine politics

“Days of Rage” riot (1969), 231

Deacons of Defense, 197

Dean, James, 167

Dearborn, MI, 226

Dearborn Park project (mixed income development), 234–236

Dear, Michael, 3–4

death sentences, George Ryan commuting, 279

de Blasio, Bill, 333

Debord, Guy, The Society of the Spectacle, 204, 226

defensive localism. See white backlash

deindustrialization: black Chicago as hardest hit by, 223; downtown development and, 147; economy of the 1970s and, 223, 224–225; and gentrification as source of new revenues, 298; number of jobs lost, 147, 172, 222, 223, 225, 286; and subsidies via TIF funds, 283–284, 369n56; suburbanization and, 222–223; as threat to patronage, 140–141; tourism as replacing industry, 286

DeKoven Bowen, Louise, 49

De La Salle High School, 41, 43

Dellinger, Dave, 205–206

De Luxe Café, 67

Democratic National Convention protests (1968): overview, 12, 203–205; awarding of convention to Chicago, 208; and backlash context of political violence, 218; R.J. Daley and, 138, 208; demonstrations and marches, 206, 207–208; “Festival of Life” concert, 206–207; media and, 206, 207–208, 210–211; organizing of, 205–206; and Police Red Squad countersubversion, 213; police violence and, 207–208, 210–211, 218; as spectacle, 226; turnout as disappointing, 205–206, 207

Democratic Party (Cook County): and Jacob “Jack” Arvey, 113; and black civil rights agitation vs. white backlash, 131–132; and Anton Cermak, 52; R.J. Daley as chair of, 11–12, 133–134, 141; and William Dawson, 131; and William Dever, 47–48; Irish domination, resentment of, 51, 52; and Kennelly, 133. See also machine politics of Cook County Democratic Party

Democratic Party (national): first Catholic presidential candidate, 52; postwar strategy as defender of the disadvantaged, 101, 137–138; turn of African Americans to, 131; Vietnam War, support for, 205; welfare reform and crime bills of 1990s, 273–274. See also Democratic National Convention protests (1968)

demographics. See population

Deneen, Charles, 37

Department of City Planning, 146–147

department stores, 22, 140

DePaul University basketball arena, 331–332

DePriest, Oscar, 76–77, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 105, 349n35

DePriest and DePriest, 85

Despres, Leon, 200

Detroit: black mayors and, 249; and black poverty, 266; and CIO programs for interracial recreational activities, 105; hate strikes by white auto workers, 104; homicide rates, 366n14; labor disputes, 96, 212; median black income, 117; as “Motor City,” 226; and music, 121; police “red squad,” 345n19; race riots in WWII, 100, 101, 103; riots in 1967, 209; and spectacle of rioting, 226; wildcat strikes by black workers, 105–106; and WWII, 96, 212; zoot suit riots, 101, 102, 103

Detroit Free Press, 103

Dever, William, 47–48, 49–51, 54–55

Devil’s Disciples, 196. See also Disciples (gang)

Dewey, John, 18, 19

Diddley, Bo, 301

Dies Committee, 83

DiMaggio, Paul, 31

Dirksen Federal Building, 232

Disciples (gang), 122, 186, 190, 194, 196, 364n46; and youth services/community improvement projects, 196–200

dissimilarity index, 78, 313–314, 350n37

Division Street riot (1966), 219, 250, 296–297

Dixon, Willie, 119, 120

Dodge-Chicago, 97

Dolphy, Eric, 120

domestic workers, Puerto Ricans recruited as, 358n16

Donnelley, Thomas, 49

Donner, Frank J., 212, 345n19

Don’t Spend Your Money Where You Can’t Work boycott (1930), 62, 87

Dorenzo, Nick, 196

Dorsey, Thomas A., 59–60, 89

Double-V campaign, 106

Douglas Aircraft, 97

Douglass League of Women Voters, 84

Douglass National Bank, 62, 67

Dowell, Pat, 332

downtown agenda, 229; CAC plan for, 146–147; city government reconfigured to support, 8–9, 146–147, 148–149; deindustrialization via, 147; infrastructure and funding for, 231–232; investment in, 147; lifestyle and, 229, 231; maps of development, 152, 230; neoliberal turn and, 147–148; profits from, 147. See also Chicago—plans; global cities/global-city agenda; skyscrapers; urban renewal—downtown development projects as beneficiary under RJD

Doyle, Tommy, 41–42

Drake, St. Clair, 3, 60–66, 70–71, 73

Dreamland Ballroom, 67, 70

drugs: crack cocaine distribution, 267–268; testing of subsidized housing residents, 312; War on Drugs, 218, 337

Du Bois, W.E.B., 88, 110

Duff, James M., 279

Duffy, Terrence, 329–330

Dukies (gang), 40

Duncan, Arne, 264–265, 271, 326

Dunn, “Sonny,” 42

DuPage County, 223, 232–233. See also suburbanization

Dwight D. Eisenhower Expressway, 153, 217

Earwax (café), 304

East Garfield Park Community Organization, 194

East Garfield Park neighborhood: anti-Mexican violence in, 175–176; original plan for University of Illinois campus in, 156, 262; Puerto Rican community and, 174; as thriving middle-class neighborhood, 153

East Garfield Union to End Slums (EGUES), 194

East Pilsen, 301

East Saint Louis, IL, 37–38

Ebony magazine, 117

Economic Research and Action Project (ERAP), 204

economization of Black Metropolis by black capitalism, 75–76, 79–80, 81–82, 85, 349n32

economy: of the 1970s, 223, 224–226; credit card debt and, 289; as diversion from structural inequalities, 290; globalized, 225; Great Recession, 323–324; monetarism, 240; power index of, Chicago and, 374n1. See also Great Depression; neoliberalization/neoliberalism; service economy; service industries (global city); underground economy

Edgewater neighborhood, 214, 317, 320

education policy of President Obama, 273

Education-to-Career Academies (ETCs), 286–287

Egyptian Cobras (gang), 186, 190

Eighth Regiment Armory, 88

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 150–151

Elite No. 1, 67, 70

Elite No. 2, 67, 70

elite social inclusivity, 287–289

Ellington, Duke, 66, 89

Ellison, Ralph, 89

Emanuel, Rahm: as advisor to RMD, 265, 324, 325; and austerity, 325–328; budget deficits and, 323–324; and crises, use of, 327; election of 2011, 325, 329; election of 2015 challenge by Jesús “Chuy” García, 333–336; inauguration of (2011), 323–325; as Obama’s White House chief of staff, 265, 327; Office of Tourism and Culture eliminated by, 370n79; opposition to, 328–330, 331–336; pinstripe patronage and, 325; and the politics of identity, 330–331, 337; scandals of, 330, 331; school privatization and austerity program of, 325, 326–328, 330–331, 333; and TIF funds, 328, 329–330, 331–332

emergency services, outsourcing of, 263

employers: exploiting racially motivated violence, 26, 28–29; race-baiting by, 26, 29; racism as tool of, 110; union breaking by, 26. See also business community; labor force; labor unions and unionization

Employers Association of Chicago, 26, 28–29

Englewood neighborhood: black population of, 127; and Catholic Church, 121–122; gangs and, 122, 277–278; and labor unions, 121–122, 123–124; of 1920s and 1930s, 121–122; and Peoria Street riot (1949), 123–124; school protests in, 179; and urban crisis, 122–124

Enright, “Moss,” 42

entrepreneurialism: black capitalism and, 62–63, 78; blues music and, 118–121

entrepreneurial state, 8, 262–263. See also neoliberalization/neoliberalism

Epton, Bernard, 241, 245–246, 247, 248–249

Equal Rights Amendment, 242

Erdmans, Mary Patrice, 318

ethnoracial enclaves (post 1970): immigrants and growth/creation of, 313–318, 316, 373nn121,123; reluctance of City Hall to embrace, 318–319. See also neighborhoods

eugenics, 45

European immigrants. See immigrants and immigration; southern and eastern European immigrants; whiteness and white identity; specific communities

Evans, Timothy, 256, 324, 366n1

eviction, antieviction riot (August 1931), 76, 78, 79

Ewald, François, 75

Executive Order No. 11246 (affirmative action), 236

Exelon Corporation, 271

Fanon, Frantz, 215

Fansteel Metallurgical Corp, 56

Farber, David, 207

Farley Candy Company, 369n56

Far North Side, 214

Farrakhan, Louis, 275–276

Far South Side, 331

Far Southwest Side, 114

Farwell, John V. Jr., 30

Farwell & Company, 30

FBI: and black power, 213–218; COINTELPRO (Counterintelligence Program) of, 213–214, 215, 217; fear of Black Panther–gang coalition, 215; Operation Silver Shovel (investigation of RMD corruption), 278–279, 284; state-sponsored repression by, 216–218. See also countersubversion, state-sponsored

Fearless Leading by the Youth (FLY), 335

federal courts: Byrne’s redrawing of ward map declared illegal, 255; Gautreaux order mandating any new public housing to be located outside of ghetto, 237, 309–310; Housing Authority antiblack discrimination, 237

Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 57

Federal Employment Practices Commission, 104

federal funding: affirmative action requirements for, 236, 363n45; antipoverty programs, 209, 237; blighted land bought by government and sold to private developers, 143–144; Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), 263; Community Development block grants, 255; credits for urban renewal, 157; and Daley patronage expansion, 149; directed into downtown projects, 142; as drying up, 236, 238, 274, 368n34; and gang involvement in youth services (OEO), 196–197, 198–199, 210; for government building complex, 232; Great Depression and, 53, 57; homeownership housing subsidies, 127, 140, 222–223; for law enforcement initiatives, 218, 274; No Child Left Behind program, 269; in the Sun Belt, 4; for transportation and infrastructure upgrades, 231–232; World War II and, 97. See also federal funding for public housing

federal funding for public housing: conditioned on building outside black ghettos, 310; conditioned on maintaining racial composition of neighborhoods, 112; cuts to, and maintenance backlog, 309–310; and high-rise architecture, 138; and mixed-income approach, 310; New Deal and, 112; in postwar years, 126

Federal Furnace Company, 21

Federal Plaza office complex, 232

Federal Steel. See Illinois Steel

Fenger High School, 268, 270

Ferguson, Missouri, police violence, 334, 335

Fernwood Park Homes (public housing), 124

“Festival of Life” (Lincoln Park, 1968), 206–207

Field, Marshall, 28, 31–32, 146, 158

Field Museum of Natural History, 285

Fiesta del Sol (street festival), 302

fighting gangs. See gangs

Figueroa, Raymond, 256

Filipino community, 319

films: Great Depression films, 54–55; and Los Angeles, 1; and Wicker Park neighborhood, 374n130; WWII films, 95

financial sector: futures exchanges and, 239–241, 329–330, 364n48. See also service industries (global city)

financial transaction tax (FTT), 328, 336

Fioretti, Robert, 283, 311

fire department: and heat wave of 1995, 261, 263–264; and police brutality protests, 185

First Annual Gangs Convention (1966), 190

First National Bank Building (Chase Tower), 223, 233

First National Bank Building (old), 363n38

First Presbyterian Church of Woodlawn, 195

First Regiment Armory, 18

Fisher, Walter L., 15

Fish, John Hall, 197–198

Fitzpatrick, John, 48–49

Five Soul Stirrers Cleaners, 116

Flag Day, 94, 95

Flanagan, Maureen, 29

Flores, Manuel, 305

Florida, Richard, 320–321, 374n1

food deserts, 283

Ford, James W., 88

Ford company, 106

Fordism, 225, 226

Forest Preserve District of Cook County, 35

Fort Dearborn project, 146

Fort, Jeff, 195, 199–200, 215

Foxx, Kim, 337

Frances Cabrini Homes (public housing), 112

Frears, Stephen, High Fidelity, 374n130

Freedom Riders, 162

“Freedom Schools,” 181

Friedman, Milton, 240, 241

Frost, Wilson, 256–257

Fry, John, 195

FTT (financial transaction tax), 328, 336

Fuerzas Armadas para la Liberacion Nacional (FALN), 254, 372n98

funeral services, insurance for, 71, 74–75

futures markets, 239–241, 329–330, 364n48

Gage Park, 47, 193, 195, 317

Gamson, William, 74

gangs: Daley’s machine threatened by, 196–199; Daley’s membership in Hamburg gang, 41–42, 134, 150, 151; Daley’s offensive against, 184, 186–187; Daley’s “war on gangs” (1969), 198–199, 218; and drug trafficking in the 1990s, 267–268; early 20th century formation of, 24–25; and Englewood, 122, 277–278; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 43; ethnoracial identity as focus of, 170–171, 296; fighting gangs, emergence of, 170; gentrification and, 302, 303; infiltration and harassment by FBI, 12, 215; labor union violence, 24; map of (ca. 1919), 39; and masculinity, 25, 43–44; nihilism of, 168; number of, 268; and “rainbow coalition” of Black Panthers, 12, 214–215, 250; Reagan administration and criminalization of youth, 218; respect and honor as factor in, 172; school closures and violence between, 271; segregation reinforced by violence of, 46; space as produced via, 170–171; supergangs, 197, 215, 364n46; turf as focus of, 170; violence against Puerto Ricans, 175; violent crime and homicide rates and, 268–269; World War II and, 108. See also black gangs; white gangs and athletic clubs

Gangster Disciples (gang), 122, 215, 236, 267, 277–278, 280

García, Jesús “Chuy,” 256, 333–336

garment making, 22

Garvey, Marcus, and Garveyism, 61–62, 82

Gary, Indiana, 21, 86

Gary Works, 21

gay community. See LGBT community

Geary, Eugene, 42

Geary, J.V., 54

Gehry, Frank, 153, 285

Gellman, Erik, 88

gender, blues singers and challenges to, 90. See also women

Genet, Jean, 207

Gentleman brothers, 42

gentrification: overview, 10–11, 308; bohemians/hipsters and entrepreneurs and, 302–305, 320–321; bricolage and, 304–305; City Hall policies fueling, 298, 305, 307–308, 312, 371n84; and desirability of Chicago’s urban lifestyle, 320; “disorder” as commodity in, 321; “edge” as commodity in, 303–304; ethnoracial identity and, 300, 302–303; at expense of working-class and low-income residents, 298–302, 311–312, 317, 371n94; global third wave of, 298, 299, 301; map of, 306; middle-class minority homeowners and, 13–14, 288–289, 298–299, 301; middle-class white displacement of residents, 298, 300–301, 302, 303, 304–305, 311–312, 320; New York City and, 307

George Cleveland Hall Library, 61

German community: and Bungalow Belt, 47; and Englewood, 121–122; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 114; Kelly-Nash machine and, 55; location of, 24; size of, 23; and whiteness/white identity, 114

Gillespie, Dizz, 121

Gilroy, Paul, 219

Gingrich, Newt, 274

Gitlin, Todd, 216

Giuliani, Rudolph, 283

global cities/global-city agenda: overview, 13, 225–226; accounting “gimmicks” used to maintain appearance of, 239; and centralization of business district, 225; Chicago as business traveler destination, 286; “City of Neighborhoods” under RMD and, 295, 318–319; and commodities markets, 13, 239–241, 329–330; definition of, 225; and donations to campaigns of RMD, 281; local context and development of, 4; “multiplier effects” of, 283; neighborhoods excluded from recognition, 318–319; subsidies via TIF funds for, 282–284, 331–332, 369n56; successes of RMD with, 264, 284–286; tax revenues and, 225; tourism and, 285–286; and “two Chicagos,” 7; white-collar employment rates and, 225. See also service industries (global city)

globalization, 4, 225

Goins, Irene, 84

Gold Coast neighborhood, 153, 228, 229, 231, 280

Goldwater, Barry, 361n6

Gore, Bobby, 196, 199, 217–218

Grace Abbott Homes (public housing), 154. See also ABLA (public housing)

Graham, Donald M., 234

Granger, Lester, 88

Grant, Madison, 45

Grant Park, 35, 206, 291, 293, 324

Grassroots Collaborative, 329

Grassroots Illinois Action (GIA), 333

grassroots organizations, citywide coalition of: difficulty of sustaining, 333, 336–337; and election of 2015, 333; mayoral forum held by (2010), 329; and opposition to school closures, 328–329; TIFs and pinstripe patronage opposed by, 328, 329–330, 331–332. See also multiethnic coalitions

Great Depression: antieviction riot (August 1931), 76, 78, 79; black capitalism and, 59–60, 62, 63–64; demonstrations, 53; and need for WWII jobs, 98; and strikes, 56; unemployment rate and, 53, 78. See also New Deal

Greater Grand Crossing, 102

Great Fire (1871), 22–23

Great Railroad Strike (1877), 28

Great Recession, 323–324

Great Society project, 196, 209–210

Greek community, 18, 23, 114, 295, 345n13

“Greek Delta/Greektown,” 24

Green, Adam, 117, 118–119, 137

Green, Dwight, 57

Gregory School (Garfield Park), 179

Grimshaw, William, 244

Grossman, James, 40, 79

Group of Eight (G8) meeting, 330

Gutiérrez, Luis, 256, 334

Guy, Buddy, 118, 119

Habitat Company, 310

Hairston, Eugene, 196

Haley, Bill, “Rock Around the Clock,” 119, 166

Haley, Margaret, 50–51, 328

Half-Century Magazine, 85

Hall, Stuart, 177

Hamburg Athletic Club (gang), 41–42, 134, 150, 151

Hamburg neighborhood, 40, 41–42, 43–44

Hampton, Fred: assassination by police, 12, 184, 215–217; as “Chairman Fred,” 214; and FBI informants/infiltrators, 215, 217; as leader of Illinois Black Panther Party, 214–215; “rainbow coalition” work of, 12, 214–215, 217, 221

Hanrahan, Edward, 215, 216, 218

Harlem Renaissance, 61

Harris, “Duck” James, 194

Harrison, Carter II, 15

Harrison-Halsted Community Group, 155–157

Harrison High School, 221–222, 297

Harris, R.H., 116

Harvey, David, 8, 148, 225, 226

Harvey, IL, 310

Harvey, William, 189

Haussmann, Baron, 16

Hawkins, Coleman, 121

Haymarket bombing (1886), 18, 28, 30

health department, and growth of tenements, 19

Heath, Monroe, 28

heat wave (1995), 260–264, 366n4

Hebdige, Dick, 304

Hefner, Hugh, 229, 231

Heimoski, Frank J., 212

Helgeson, Jeffrey, 84, 87

high schools: college prep magnet schools, 270; corporate-style reforms of RMD, 269–273; Mexican community pressuring for, 297; military high schools and programs, 272, 368n32; national rankings, 269–270; school protests, 169–170, 221–222, 250; vocational, for tourist services sector, 286–287; white resistance to integration and, 124. See also schools (Chicago Public Schools, CPS)

highways. See streets/highways/expressways

Hill, T. Arnold, 79

Hines, Earl “Fatha,” 66

hippie scene, 205

Hired Truck Program scandal, 279–280, 281, 284

Hirsch, Arnold, 40, 45, 52, 128; Making the Second Ghetto, 173

Hispanic Democratic Organization (HDO), 280

Hodes, Barnet, 55

Hoffman, Nicholas von, 161, 162, 164

Holliday, Billie, 89–90; “Strange Fruit,” 89–90

Holman, Claude, 189

Holman, Lucien, 177

Holy Family Church, 165

homeowners and homeownership: cheap credit for rehabilitation of homes, 159; minority homeowners, 13–14, 85–86, 288–289, 361n71; mortgage rip-offs, 361n71; neoliberalism and transformation to financial investment, 86–87, 307–308; and political power, 311; suburbanization following federal subsidies for, 127, 140, 222–223; white homeowner associations, 46, 78; and white identity, formation of, 46; white ownership and fear of black invasion, 87. See also gentrification; restrictive covenants

home sphere, 85, 350n51

homicide rates: early-20th century, 16–17, 25; in early 2000s, 265, 279, 366n14; of Englewood, 122; gang-motivated, 268; immigrants blamed for, 29; in 2016, 337. See also crime rates

homophobia, 275–276

Honeywell, 233

Hoover, Herbert, 53

Hoover, J. Edgar, 98, 213–214, 215. See also countersubversion, state-sponsored; FBI

Hoover, Larry, 277–278

Hope IV program, 310

Horner, Henry, 55

Hot Doug’s, 304

Hotel Grand, 61

House of Blues, 118

housing: affordable housing movement, 301, 302; Section 8 vouchers, 310, 372n110; shortage of, WWII and, 104, 108–109, 112. See also Chicago Housing Authority (CHA); housing developments (middle class); housing segregation; public housing; renters and rent increases

Housing Act (1949), 126, 139, 142

Housing Act (1954), 142

housing developments (middle class): overview, 227–229; as barrier to encroaching ghetto, 149–150, 154, 228, 234–235, 301; and civic pride, 227; Dearborn Park, 234–236; federal funding and, 227; “mixed income,” 234–236, 309, 310–312; urban renewal and creation of, 144–146, 227–228. See also gentrification; public housing

housing segregation: blockbusting tactics, 76, 87, 110, 160; block-by-block implementation of (1917), 46; catering to middle class as de facto, 154; dissimilarity index of, 78, 313–314, 350n37; gang violence reinforcing, 46; gentrification and, 311–312; “kitchenette” apartments resulting from, 76; open-housing marches to protest, 12, 47, 161, 193–195, 200–202, 208; public housing, 124–127, 125; Puerto Ricans and, 174; restrictive covenants and homeowners associations, 46, 51, 78, 131; white identity and whiteness and, 47, 58; and WWII housing shortage, 104, 108–109, 112

Houston, service industries and, 225

Howard, Betty, 132

Howlin’ Wolf, 118

HUD (Department of Housing and Development), 309, 310

Hughes, Langston, 65, 88

Hull House settlement, 16, 18, 19, 24, 31

Humboldt Park neighborhood: African American population in, 300, 371n90; Division Street riot (1966), 219, 250, 296–297; gentrification and, 300–301, 302, 303; Mexican population in, 300, 313–314, 371n90; mural movement and, 220, 362n18; physical landmarks built to identify “Paseo Boricua,” 294–295, 303; police brutality in, 297; Puerto Rican community and, 174, 214, 219, 252, 254, 296, 297, 300–301, 302, 303, 372n98; rainbow coalition and, 214

Humphrey, Hubert, 207

Hungarian community, and whiteness/white identity, 114

Hunter, Alberta, 89

Hunter, Robert, 18

Hutchinson, Charles, 31, 50

Hyde Park: racial tensions during WWII, 102–103; urban renewal resistance in, 155, 161

Hyde Park Neighborhood House, 102–103

hyperghettos: Chicago Housing Authority contributing to, 127; commercial activity of, 222; R.J. Daley and, 137; definition of, 354n52; deindustrialization and, 222; recession of 1970s and, 223; white flight and, 222–223. See also black ghettos

Ice Cube, 276

Ida B. Wells Homes (public housing), 112

identity. See politics of identity

Igoe, Michael, 48

Illinois (state): Arab and Assyrian immigration to, 373n123; bailout of Chicago Transit Authority, 291; charter school funding by, 330; charter school rules, 367n26; Chicago schools handed to RMD, 269; death penalty halt in, 279; defense contract losses (1960s-70s), 224–225; eminent domain powers granted by, 143; Great Depression and, 53; John F. Kennedy election, 158; minimum wage of, 292; no state funds to be used to subsidize public housing, 144; and Plan of Chicago funding, 34; and privatization of schools, 326; urban renewal subsidy funds, 143

Illinois Bankers Association, 75–76

Illinois Central Railroad, 147

Illinois Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (IFCWC), 84

Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), 144

Illinois Steel, 21, 175

immigrants and immigration: anti-immigrant rhetoric of restrictionists and Prohibitionists, 45, 51, 52; and binary racial order, development of, 45–46, 173; and ethnoracial community growth and formation (post-1970), 313–318, 316, 373nn121,123; ethnoracial enclaves (post-1970), and lack of political power, 318–320; foreign-born population, 23, 313, 320; percentage of population as, 313; physical markings of population of, 313, 315, 317; Thompson’s anti-immigrant stance, 52; and urban crisis, RMD and avoidance of, 290; and WWII, 95. See also southern and eastern European immigrants; specific communities

Immigration and Nationality Act (1965), 172, 313

income: median (2000 census), 266; median black income, 117, 266; per capita, the 1970s and, 223; for service jobs vs. industrial jobs, 287

income inequality: census of 1980 and poorest neighborhoods, 223; census of 2000 and white/black disparities, 286–287; and spatial proximity of extremes, 222

Industrial Areas Foundation (Alinsky), 159

industrial sector: defense contracts and, 97–98, 224–225; as key driver of growth in early 20th century, 19–21; nostalgia for, 2; and “the city that works” as nickname, 2. See also deindustrialization

infrastructure: funding for Plan of Chicago (1909), 34–35; gentrification and, 305, 308; Great Fire of 1871 and destruction of, 22–23; and patronage rewards via TIF funds, 282, 287, 289; upgrade by end of 1970s, 231–232. See also streets/highways/expressways

Inland Steel, 283

Insull, Samuel, 49, 84

insurance: burial/funeral in black community, 71, 74–75; as sector of service industries, 225–226; white-owned companies, 74, 75

integration: of construction industry, 236, 364n46; Edward J. Kelly and, 113–114; Martin Luther King and open-housing marches, 12, 47, 161, 193–195, 200–202, 208; of leisure activities for workers in WWII, 104–105; as threat to machine politics, 130–132; of war industries in WWII, 104–105. See also housing segregation; school desegregation

International Amphitheater, 207

International Harvester, 21, 55, 97, 262

International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union, 123

International Style, 232

Interstate and Defense Highway Act (1956), 150–151

Interstate Iron and Steel Company, 21

Investigative Committee of the City Homes Association, 18–19

Invisible Institute, 335

Iraqi immigrants, 317, 373n123

Irish community: and Americanization, 27, 40, 42, 43, 44–45; and anti-Catholicism, 41, 43; as “aristocracy of gangland,” 27; and Bungalow Belt, 47; domination of Democratic Party by, resentment of, 51, 52; and Englewood, 121–122; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 40, 43, 114, 173; in heterogeneous neighborhoods, 24; and 1919 race riot, 38, 40, 43, 45; size of, 23; and Harold Washington election, 245; white-collar work, movement toward, 43. See also white gangs and athletic clubs; whiteness and white identity

Iroquois Steel, 21

Italian community: antiblack violence and, 111–112; and Bungalow Belt, 47; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 40, 45, 114, 173; gangs, 175; and Near West Side, 176; and 1919 race riot, 40; and Puerto Ricans, 175; relative segregation of, 24, 155; settlement house movement and, 18; size of, 23; and urban renewal, 154–155; and Harold Washington, 245; and whiteness/white identity, 114, 173

Jackowo neighborhood, 317–318

Jackson, Dan, 71, 75

Jackson, Jesse, 190, 200–201, 236, 251, 253, 334

Jackson, Joseph H., 178, 189

Jackson, Maynard, 249

Jackson Park, 23

Jackson, Robert, 77

Jane Addams Homes (public housing), 154. See also ABLA (public housing)

Janitors International Union, 228

Japanese community, 228

Jarrett, Valerie, 265

Jet magazine, 137

Jewish community: anti-Semitism, 208, 275–276; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 40, 45, 55; Jesse Jackson and, 253; Kelly-Nash machine and, 55, 113–114; and labor organizing, 123–124; location of, 24; and Logan Square neighborhood, 302; and 1919 race riot, 40; settlement house movement and, 18; size of, 23, 345n13; and West Devon Avenue, 315, 319; and white flight, 153; and whiteness/white identity, 114

“Jew Town,” 24

Jimenez, Jose “Cha-Cha,” 214, 218, 252

jitney cabs, 129–130

Joe’s DeLuxe, 118

John F. Kennedy Expressway (Northwest Expressway), 231–232

John Hancock Center, 9, 223, 225–226, 286

John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, 13, 226

Johnson, Bruce and Eugenia, 218

Johnson, Charles S., 88

Johnson, Eddie, 337

Johnson, Eudora, 71

Johnson, Jack (boxer), 46, 245

Johnson, James Weldon, 88

Johnson, John Jr., 117

Johnson, John “Mushmouth,” 71

Johnson, Lyndon B., 196; affirmative action requirements by, 236, 363n45; ties of RJD to, 138; War on Poverty, 201, 209, 263

Jones Act (1917), 358n16

Jones brothers (syndicate kingpins), 60

Joravsky, Ben, 282

Jordan, Louis, 120

Jordan, Michael, 289

Jordanian immigrants, 317, 373n123

Jordon, Lewis, 312

Judd, Dennis, 286

juvenile court, 19

juvenile delinquency: cultural fascination with, 166; CYDP prevention and research program, 165–166; World War II and issues of, 98–99

Kahan, Paul, 304–305

Kansas City, MO, 181

Katz, Michael, 288, 289

Keane, Thomas, 189, 238

Kelley, Robin D.G., 107, 276

Kelly, Edward J.: background of, 112–113; and black policy wheel (illicit lotteries), 105; and black submachine, 105; and federal work relief funds, 57; and fisticuffs, 17; and labor relations, 56–58, 96, 106; and multiethnic political machine (Kelly-Nash machine), 55, 57–58, 112–114; and organized crime, tolerance of, 96, 105; and patronage, 57; progrowth, antilabor agenda of, 9–10, 56–58; and race relations, 102, 103–104, 105–106, 111–114; and Roosevelt 1936 election, 57, 113; scandals and, 56, 113; and WWII black veterans, 106, 112; and WWII contracts/labor, 95–96, 97, 99; and WWII mobilization, 96–97, 99, 105

Kennedy, John F.: and civil rights, 131; ties of RJD to, 138, 158

Kennedy, Robert, 209

Kennelly, Martin H.: anticorruption campaigns of, 140; and Dawson, 129–130, 133; and the Democratic machine, 133, 134; independent mayoral bid against RJD, 134; Kelly replaced by, 114; progrowth, antilabor agenda of, 9–10; reform crusade of black underground economy, 129–130, 133; and segregation of public housing, 126; and urban renewal, 145, 146

Kenwood neighborhood: gangs and, 190; mural movement and, 219–220

Kenwood-Oakland Community Organization (KOCO), 328

Kerner Commission, 122

Kerouac, Jack, 212

Keynesianism, 149, 225, 226, 240

Kimpton, Lawrence, 211–212

King, Martin Luther Jr.: assassination of, riots following, 138, 198, 208–209; black opposition to, 188–189, 201; CCCO and, 184, 188; and gangs, attempt to enlist help of, 188, 189–195, 200; and March on Washington, 180; open-housing marches in Chicago, 12, 47, 161, 193–195, 200–202, 208; residence in Chicago, 190; and state-sponsored countersubversion, 12; and summit with RJD, 200, 201–202, 208; and trust for RJD machine, 188; viewed as center of civil-rights story, 169; Wall of Respect as not including, 220; and white violence, 193

“kitchenette” apartments, 73, 73, 76, 84–85, 87

Klein, Naomi, The Shock Doctrine, 327, 328

Klinenberg, Eric, 8, 261–263

Kluczynski Federal Building, 232

Kohl, Helmut, 264

“Korea Town” (Seoul Drive), 315, 317, 318, 319, 373n126

Kramer, Ferd, 144, 145, 146, 149

“L” (elevated municipal railway), 22, 222, 280

labor force: black population statistics, 63; heavy industries, 21; job losses between 1955 and 1963, 172; job losses due to deindustrialization, 147, 172, 222, 223, 225, 286; job losses in Great Recession, 323; manufacturing, 20–21; meatpacking sector, 20; skyscraper construction, 22; steel workers, 21. See also deindustrialization; economy; labor unions and unionization; service economy; service industries (global city); unemployment

labor strikes: Chicago Teachers Union (2012), 326, 332, 333, 336; hate strikes by white workers, 104, 110; Memorial Day massacre (1937), 56–57, 94, 96, 212; Pinkerton thugs hired to attack, 18; strikebreakers and antiblack violence, 25–26, 27–28, 29, 110; violence and, 18; wildcat strikes to protest racial discrimination, 105–106; World War II and, 96, 212

labor unions and unionization: Alinsky and limitations of, 160–161; Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), 79–85, 87–88; Catholic Church support for, 121–122; company unions, 80, 83; R.M. Daley austerity measures and, 325; deindustrialization and difficulty of joining, 172; Landis Award limiting, 49–50; living wage ordinance activism, 292–293; opposition to RMD, 292–293; Bill Thompson and, 48–49; work stoppages to demand more black participation in, 236, 364n46. See also labor strikes; specific unions

ANTIUNIONISM: black capitalism and, 79–83; black church and, 80–82; William Dever and, 49–50; Employers Association of Chicago and, 26, 28–29; Edward J. Kelly and, 56–57; Landis Award contractors, 49–50; Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 161

lakefront: beautification and tourism infrastructure improvements, 266, 285–286; filling and landscaping, 35; as reserved for the public, 34, 36

Lakefront neighborhoods and Harold Washington, 249, 256

Lake Meadows (housing complex), 144–145, 146

Lake Point Tower, 223, 228–229

Lakeview neighborhood, 153, 173, 280, 295, 320, 370n80

Landesco, John, 42

Landis, Kennesaw Mountain, 49

Landry, Lawrence, 181, 182, 183, 184–185

Laos, immigrants from, 315

latchkey children, WWII and, 98–99

Latin American Defense Organization (LADO), 362n18

Latin Kings (gang), 267–268, 302, 303

Latino community: black-Latino dissimilarity index (segregation), 313–314; black-Latino social distance, 336–337; cabinet of RMD including, 288; charter schools for, 330–331; immigrants, percentage of total immigration, 313; lack of support for Black Lives Matter, 336–337; and Lakeview, 320; Latinismo, 254; Latino-Asian dissimilarity (segregation), 314; and Logan Square neighborhood, 302–304, 305, 372n97; median income (2000 census), 266; Mexican-Puerto Rican dissimilarity index (segregation), 314; migration to Chicago, 172–173; nationwide, 172; school protests and, 221–222; school reforms as leaving behind, 272–273; service economy and, 286–287; support for R.M. Daley, 7, 273, 278, 280–281, 287–289; and Harold Washington, 252–254. See also Mexican community; minority-owned businesses; Puerto Rican community

Latino United Community Housing Association (LUCHA), 302

Lawndale neighborhood: and gangs, 188, 198; Martin Luther King residence in, 190

Lawrence Avenue Korean Business Association, 318

Lawson, Victor, 30, 49

Lebanese immigrants, 317

Lefebvre, Henri, 170, 295–296, 297–298

Lesbian/Gay Voter Impact, 370n80

Levi, Julian, 157

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 118

Lewis, Benjamin, 189

Lewis, Earl, 350n51

Lewis, Karen, 326, 328–329, 334

Lewis, Robert, 35

LGBT community: R.M. Daley and, 295, 321, 370n80; gentrification and, 320–321; incorporation vs. resistance to state power, 296; physical landmarks built to identify neighborhood, 295; voter registration campaign of, 370n80; Harold Washington and, 255, 370n80

Life magazine, 96

Lincoln Park neighborhood, 280, 320; Puerto Rican community and, 173, 214, 218; and rainbow coalition, 214; urban renewal in, 218

Lincoln Square, 317

Lincolnwood, IL, 315

linked fate, 75, 349n31

Lithuanian community: in Back of the Yards, 41, 44–45, 158; and Bungalow Belt, 47; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 40, 44–45; in heterogeneous neighborhoods, 24; and 1919 race riot, 40, 45; and white identity, 45

Little Hell District, 112

Little Italy, 24, 154–155, 165, 169–170

“Little Sicily,” 24

Little Tokyo neighborhood, 228

Little Vietnam, 319

Little Village neighborhood, 290, 330

Little Walter, 118, 301

Little Zion Baptist Church, 111–112

living wage ordinance, 292–293

Lloyd, Richard, 303–304

Lloyd, Willie, 277

Loab, Jacob, 48

Local School Councils (LSCs), 269, 271

Locke, Alain, 31

loft conversions, 147

Logan Square neighborhood, 302–305, 307, 326, 372n97

Logan Square Neighborhood Association, 329

London, England, 16, 17, 19

Loop business district: black presence in, deemed a problem, 227; retailers, 22; size of, 225. See also downtown agenda; global cities/global-city agenda; skyscrapers; suburbanization; TIF funds (tax increment financing)

Lopez, José E., 300

Los Angeles: black-Latino dissimilarity index of, 313–314; black mayors and, 249; and black musicians forced into jazz, 120; foreign-born population of, 320; homicide rates, 366n14; migration to, 320; police “red squad,” 345n19; population of, 223; service industries and, 225; skyscrapers of, 362n26; Watts rebellion (1965), 123, 184, 185, 186, 189, 190, 192, 196; Zoot Suit Riots (1943), 101, 102

Los Angeles School of urbanism, 3–4, 343n5

Louis, Joe, 59

Lozano, Rudy, 221, 252

LSD (gang alliance), 364n46

Lucas, Robert, 200

Lula Cafe, 302–303

Lyne, Sheila, 261

McAndrew, William, 48, 50, 50–51, 54

McBain, Hughston, 146

McCaffrey, Bill, 330

McCarthy, Eugene, 207

McCarthy, Garry, 337

McClellan, John, 198

McCormick Blaine, Anita, 18–19, 29

McCormick, Cyrus, 31

McCormick, Cyrus Jr., 18

McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, 18, 21

McCormick Place convention center, 143, 232, 285, 286

McCormick Place West building, 286

McCormick, Robert, 17, 56

McCormick, Ruth Hanna, 84

McDonald, Laquan, 334–335, 336

McDonald’s Corporation, 232–233, 271

McDonough, Joe, 42

McDowell, Mary, 44, 84

McFetridge, William, 228

McGovern, George, 208

machine politics of Big Bill Thompson (Republican), 71

machine politics of Cook County Democratic Party: “automatic eleven” wards, 136; and biracial political order, 58; and black power, rise of, 180–181; Anton Cermak and, 52–53, 55, 57; Daley dynasty, interregnum between administrations, 344n11; Daley dynasty, length of, 6–7; integration/civil rights as threat to, 131–132; Edward J. Kelly and, 55, 57–58, 112–114; vs. national reform of, generally, 11, 53, 134; and neoliberalization, advance of, 7–8; opposition to, Red Squad neutralization of, 212–214; Harold Washington’s antimachine activism, 10, 243–244, 246, 255, 259, 364n55; white gangs and, 41–42, 43; World War II mobilization eased by structure of, 96–97. See also black submachine politics; multiethnic machine

R. J. DALEY: “accounting gimmicks” used to hide mounting deficits, 239; black power organizations as threat to, 213–214, 216–217; city services vs. social justice, provision of, 149; coded language of, 136, 150; divide and rule logic of, 213; as dynasty, 6–7; election of 1955, 134–137, 136; election of 1961, 157–158; election of 1963, 201; election of 1967, 197, 208; federal antipoverty programs hijacked by, 209, 237; gang services to youth as threat to, 196–199; Martin Luther King’s misunderstanding of, 188; middle-class housing developments and, 227, 228; private development as shield from political fallout, 235–237; rise of, 133–134; scandals of, 136, 237–238; and white backlash, 212. See also patronage—of R.J. Daley machine

R. M. DALEY: city-council appointments by, and lack of opposition to, 281; compared to machine of RJD, 281, 284; donations to campaigns, 281; as dynasty, 6–7; election of 1989, 366n1; election of 1999, 266; election of 2007, 7; and general prosperity of U.S. economy, 290; lack of opposition among African Americans and Latinos, 7, 273, 278, 280–281, 287–289; “management of marginalization” by, 288–289; Mexican immigration as benefit to, 290; opposition to, development of, 292–293, 328–329; pinstripe patronage of, 281, 282; the politics of identity and, 10–11, 287–289, 297–298, 301, 312; scandals of, 7, 278–281, 284. See also TIF funds (tax increment financing)

McKinley Park neighborhood, 245

MacNeal, A.C., 87

Macomba Lounge, 119

Madden, Martin B., 349n35

Madison, WI, 204

Magnificent Mile, 153, 227–228

Mailer, Norman, 203–204, 207

Majerczyk, Aloysius, 245

Malcolm X (Malcolm Little), 106–107, 169, 180, 182, 183, 220; “The Ballot or the Bullet,” 180

Mamdani, Mahmood, 11

Maniac Latin Disciples, 302

manufacturing: early 20th century expansion of, 20–21; ethnoracial hierarchy in, 27; interests favoring rehabilitation of neighborhoods vs. downtown agenda, 145–146, 147; salaries for, 287. See also deindustrialization

March on Washington (1963), 180

March on Washington movement (1941), 83

Marina City (housing development), 228, 229

Maritain, Jacques, 158–159

Marquette Park neighborhood, 193–194, 203

Marshall Field and Company, 22, 26, 143, 143–144, 146, 147

Marshall High School, 284

Marx, Karl, 215

Marzullo, Vito, 245, 247

masculinity, gangs and, 25, 43–44

mass incarceration of African Americans, 337

mass transit. See Chicago Transit Authority (CTA)

Maxwell Street flea market, 301

Mayor’s Commission on Human Relations, 108, 130

Mayor’s Committee on Gay and Lesbian Issues (COGLI), 255

Mayor’s Committee on Race Relations (1943), 103, 108

MC5 (band), 206

meatpacking sector, 20–21, 20, 159. See also packinghouses

media. See press/media coverage

Medill McCormick, Joseph, 29–30

Meeker, Arthur, 30

Meigs Field, 292, 370n75

Melamed, Leo, 240

Mell, Richard, 318, 319

Memorial Day massacre (1937), 56–57, 94, 96, 212

Mencken, H.L., 1

Mendell, David, 265

mental health clinics, 325–326

Merriam, Robert, 134–137, 140

The Messenger magazine, 81

Metcalfe, Ralph, 189, 238, 246

Metcalf, Gordon, 234, 262

Metropolitan Community Center, 81

Metropolitan Community Church, 82, 83–84

Metropolitan Funeral Parlors, 71

Metropolitan Funeral System Association (MFSA), 71, 74–75

Metropolitan Housing and Planning Council (MHPC), 143–144, 145

Mexican community: in Back of the Yards, 158; and black-Latino dissimilarity index (segregation), 313–314; and black-Latino social distance, 337; in Bridgeport, 315; as buffer between white and black, 175; cultural nationalism and, 254; gangs, 175; and Humboldt Park neighborhood, 300, 313–314, 371n90; immigration to Chicago, 173, 176, 290; in Jackowo neighborhood, 318; La Raza as term used by, 176, 297; and Little Village neighborhood, 290; and Logan Square neighborhood, 302; map of ethnic Chicago (2000), 316; mural movement and, 219, 220, 314; and Pilsen neighborhood, 176, 296, 297, 300, 301–302, 313–314, 314, 371nn88,94; population of, 313; and Puerto Rican community, 176, 254, 314; and race riots, 102, 175, 176, 358n21; reracialization of, 176; and school protests, 297; and Seoul Drive, 315; strikebreaking laborers, 176; urban renewal and, 176; violence against, 175–176; and Harold Washington, 249–250, 251–252; and whiteness, 175, 176. See also Latino community

Meyer, Albert, 159, 161–162

MHPC (Metropolitan Housing and Planning Council), 143–144, 145

Michael Reese Hospital, 144

middle class: catering to, as de facto segregation, 154; R.M. Daley and retention of, 266; as euphemism for “white,” 150, 227; needs of, as focus of downtown agenda, 227; neighborhoods created for aspirations of, 46–47; New Deal backlash by, 57; school reforms favoring, 270; support for Rahm Emanuel by, 336. See also black middle class; gentrification; global cities/global-city agenda; housing developments (middle-class)

Middle Eastern community, 315, 317, 373n123

Midway, the, 157, 163, 241

Midway Airport, 286, 291

Midwest Generation, 371n94

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 137, 228, 232

migration: of Latinos, 172–173; of middle-class professionals and creative class, 320–321; working-class whites from the South, and Young Patriots (gang), 214

migration of African Americans from the South: between 1890 and 1910, 23; in the 1930s, and settling in existing black neighborhoods, 51–52; and black middle-class ambivalence toward black cultural expression, 66, 115–117; during the 1920s, 46; economic influence of, 116–117; fear of competition from, 41; foodways of, 115–116; population numbers and, 46, 51, 61, 101, 117, 173; and whiteness/white identity, 114; WWI and, 38, 41; WWII and (Second Great Migration), 100, 101, 104, 109, 114

Millennium Park, 153, 265, 285, 286, 291, 321, 324

Miller, Robert, 189

“Millionaire’s Row,” 18

Million Man March on Washington (1995), 275–276

Milwaukee, WI, 181

minimum wage/living wage, 292–293, 369n56

Minnie, Memphis, 118

minority-owned businesses: affirmative action meant to support, 236, 279, 363n45; exclusion from patronage, 235, 236–237, 252–253, 279; patronage of RMD and, 287; patronage of Harold Washington and, 287. See also black capitalism

Minton’s Playhouse (NYC), 121

Mitchell, Arthur, 105

Model Cities (federal program), 237

Mondale, Walter, 248

Monk, Thelonious, 121

Monroe’s Uptown (club), 121

Montgomery Bus boycott, 119, 136

Montgomery Ward, 22, 25–26

Moody’s bond rating of Chicago, 225, 258, 332

Morales, Jorge, 252

Morgan, J.P., 21

Morgan Park neighborhood, 102

Morgan Stanley, 291

Morris, 20

mortality rates of black vs. white Chicagoans, 75

Mortenson, Peter, 49

Morton, Jelly Roll, 66

Moseley Braun, Carol, 277, 325

Motley, Archibald, 65

Motorola, 233

Motts Pekin Theater, 67

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 364n54

Muhammad, Elijah, 189

multiethnic coalitions: difficulty of sustaining, 333, 336–337; Harrison High School protests and hope for, 221; the politics of identity as inhibiting, 220–221; POWER organization, 251–252; of Harold Washington, 249–250, 251–254, 255–257, 334. See also grassroots organizations, citywide coalition of

RAINBOW COALITIONS: of Black Panthers, 12, 214–215, 217, 221, 250; as first tried in Chicago, 176–177; Jesse Jackson and, 253; Harold Washington and, 254, 255

multiethnic machine: of Anton Cermak, 52–53, 55, 57; Kelly-Nash, 55, 57–58, 112–114

Mumford, Milton C., 143–144, 145

Mundelein, Archbishop George Cardinal, 46

Municipal Voter’s League (MVL), 15, 34

mural movement, community, 219–220, 220, 302, 314, 362n18

Murderers (Polish gang), 44, 45

murder rate. See homicide rates

music: blues as morphing into other forms of, 118–120; classical, exclusion of African Americans from, 120; middle-class black civic leaders disapproving of, 65–66, 90–91; race records industry, 89, 118; rap, 255, 276; rhythm & blues, 118, 119; rock íní roll, 119–120, 166; and the Stroll, 65–66, 89. See also blues and jazz

MVL (Municipal Voter’s League), 15, 34

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People): clubwomen activist support for, 87; and concerns about black capitalism, 61; Daley addressing national convention (1963), 177–178; derision of black critics of civil rights movement, 178; Hyde Park chapter and resistance to urban renewal, 155; Operation Transfer campaign, 179; pro-machine leadership of, 155; Youth Council, 169, 214

Nash, Pat, 52, 53, 113

National Guard troops, 128, 192, 207–208

National League of Cities, 264

National Mobilization Committee to End the War (MOBE), 205–206

National Negro Congress (NNC), 83, 88

Nation of Islam (NOI), 179–180, 189, 275–276

Native Americans, 175–176

Navy Pier renovation, 285

Near North Side: hippie scene and, 205; race riots and, 37; and rainbow coalition, 214; settlement house movement and, 18; Swedish community and, 24; urban renewal and, 146, 227–228, 309

Near Northwest Neighborhood Network (NNNN), 302

Near Northwest Side, gangs and, 171

Near South Side, 144, 320

Near West Side: black population of, 154; early 20th century ethnic neighborhood formation, 24; ethnoracial diversity of, 24, 165–166; gentrification of, 320; Italian community and, 176; juvenile delinquency program of, 165–166; Mexican community and, 176; Puerto Rican community and, 173–174; race riots and, 37, 102–103; settlement house movement and, 18; urban renewal of, 154–155, 172, 176; urban renewal resistance and, 155–157

Near West Side Planning Board, 146

Negro Business Exposition (1938), 59–60, 62, 64, 88

Negro Business League, 64

neighborhood effects, 4

neighborhoods: “community areas” as term for, 294; diversity lost to gentrification, 298, 300–301, 302, 303, 304–305, 311–312, 320; diversity of, and tourism, 297–298, 300; division of city into, 294; early 20th century development of, 24; effects of, Chicago Schools and, 4; heterogeneity of ethnic neighborhoods, 24, 315, 319; map of communities and gangs (ca. 1919), 39; and nickname “City of Neighborhoods,” 3, 294–295, 318–319; physical landmarks built to identify, 294–295, 303, 315, 318; “right to the city,” 297; and space, production of, 170–171, 295–296, 297–298, 312, 319. See also ethnoracial enclaves (post-1970); housing developments (middle-class); housing segregation; specific neighborhoods

“Neighborhoods Alive!” program, 295

neoliberalization/neoliberalism: advancement in Chicago as rapid, aggressive, and early, 7–8; black capitalism and economization of the Black Metropolis, 75–76, 79–80, 81–82, 85, 349n32; and blight redefined as “proper and productive economic use,” 148; classical liberalism distinguished from, 371n84; conventional view of turn to, 147–148; R.M. Daley and, 264, 371n84; R.J. Daley as proto-neoliberal, 147–148; definition of, 8, 344n12, 371n84; democratic governance diminished under, 13, 148; Rahm Emanuel and, 325, 327–328, 330–331, 332–333, 337; and heat wave of 1995, 263–264; and home ownership as financial investment, 86–87, 307–308; Plan of Chicago (1909) and, 33–34; the politics of identity incorporated into, 9–10, 288–289; populism and, 10; and primary role of city government as a mechanism to unleash private enterprise, 34, 148–149, 371n84; and public interest realigned with downtown agenda, 148, 238–239; public unaccountability bestowed by, 235–237, 330; Reagan administration and, 8, 264; restructuring of city government to favor downtown agenda, 148, 238–239; school reform and logic of, 271–272, 289; and the state in direct service to the economy, 148–149; structural inequalities reinforced by, 236; of the underground drug economy, 267–268. See also downtown agenda; gentrification; global cities/global-city agenda; privatization; tourism, R.M. Daley and development of

Newark, black unemployment rate, 266

New Breed, 221

New Chicago 2011 (mayoral candidate forum), 4, 329

New Chicago School of urbanism, 4–5, 6, 344n10

New Chinatown, 315, 319

New Deal: blight defined as unsafe and unhealthy living conditions, 148; and Chicago patronage, 57; and immigrants, 95; middle-class backlash against, 57; municipal swimming pools built, 111; public housing, 112; Republican hostility to, 144. See also Great Depression

New Friendship Baptist Church, 193

New Haven, riots in, 209

Newhouse, Richard, 364n55

New Left: and backlash context, exposing, 218; extremist politics, move toward, 216; fractures dividing, 206; Old Left workerist vision vs., 204

New Negro ideology, 61

New Negro spirit, 81

New Orleans, 261, 266, 311, 327

Newport Jazz Festival (1960), 120

New York (state), Al Smith, governor, 52

New York City: bailout of mid-1970s, neoliberalism viewed as beginning with, 148; bankruptcy difficulties, 224; and bebop jazz, 120–121; black-Latino dissimilarity index of, 313–314; black leadership in, 188; and Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 79; and counterculture, 204; de Blasio election, 333; and “edge” of Lower East Side, 303; fighting-gang subcultures in, 170; foreign-born population of, 320; and gentrification, 307; Giuliani subsidies to NYSE, 283; as “great” American city, 1; high schools, 270, 367n23; homicide rates, 16, 366n14; insurance industry and, 225; numbers game in, 71–72; police “red squad,” 345n19; Puerto Rican migration to, 173, 358n16; race riots in WWII, 101, 107–108; school boycotts, 181; tenement conditions, 19; West Side Story, 166

New York Life Insurance Company, 145

New York Stock Exchange, 283

nihilism, 276–277

Nixon, Richard M., 133, 361n6; white backlash/”silent majority” and, 123, 133, 209, 210

No Child Left Behind program, 269

NOI (Nation of Islam), 179–180, 189, 275–276

Noise Abatement Commission, 99

nonviolence: Martin Luther King’s attempt to enlist gangs into, 190–195, 200; as philosophy, vs. militancy, 179–180, 182–183, 185; Bayard Rustin’s “intensified nonviolence,” 180. See also civil rights movement

North Halsted. See Boystown

North Kenwood–Oakland neighborhood, 265, 288–289, 298–299

North Lawndale neighborhood: crime rate in, 262; deindustrialization and, 262; and heat wave (1995), 262; population of, 262; white flight and transformation of, 153

Northrup Defense Systems, 233

North Shore suburbs, 223

North Side: gentrification and, 320; Puerto Rican community and, 173–174, 358n16; South Asian Indian community and, 315; Harold Washington election and, 245

Northwest Expressway (John F. Kennedy Expressway), 231–232

Northwest Side, 317

NWA (Niggas With Attitude), 276

Oak Lawn (suburb), 317

Obama, Barack: on Chicago, 1; as community organizer, 253, 257–258; in congregation of Jeremiah Wright, 276; education policy of, 273; Rahm Emanuel endorsed for Chicago mayor by, 334; links between Daley’s City Hall and White House of, 264–265, 273, 365n76; and loss to Bobby Rush, 214, 266; meeting Michelle, 281; and “Obama effect,” 293–294; and Olympic bid of Chicago, support for, 292; reelection as president, 249; and relocation of Group of Eight (G8) meeting, 330; state senate seat, Blagojevich scandal of, 291; as state senator, 265; victory speech at Grant Park, 293; on Harold Washington’s impact, 257, 258–259

Obama, Michelle, 265, 276, 281, 292

Occupy Wall Street, 329

O’Connor, Patrick, 291

Office of Civilian Defense (Chicago), 94, 96–97, 99

Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), grants to youth projects, 196, 197, 198, 199

Office of Tourism and Culture, 295, 370n79

O’Hare International Airport, improvements to, 143, 231–232, 252–253, 285–286

oil embargo (1973), 223, 224

Okey Records, 89

Old Town neighborhood, 153, 205

Old Town School of Folk Music, 213

Oliver, Joe “King,” 66, 89, 90

Olivet Baptist Church, 80, 178

Olympic Games, unsuccessful bid for, 291–292

O’Neal, William, 217

OPEC oil embargo, 223, 224

open housing. See integration

Open Society Foundation, 335

Operation Bootstrap, 196

Operation Breadbasket, 200–201, 236

Operation Lite, 200–201

Operation PUSH, 253

Operation Silver Shovel (FBI), 278–279, 284

Operation Transfer campaign of NAACP, 179

Opportunity Please Knock, 198

Orange, James, 191

Organization for a Southwest Community (OSC), 160

organized crime: Canaryville and ties to, 42; and corruption of RMD machine, 279; Edward J. Kelly tolerance for, 96; white gangs as manpower for, 42, 43; white takeover bid of black syndicates, 130. See also crime and criminality; underground economy

Organizing Neighborhoods for Equality: Northside (ONE Northside), 329

Orozco, Raymond, 261, 263

Orsi, Robert, 175

Our Lady of Nativity Parish School, 41

outsourcing of city services, 8, 13, 262–263. See also privatization

Overton, Anthony, 70, 74, 80, 85, 86; and black capitalism, 62, 67, 90; and Bronzeville, naming of, 115

Overton Hygienic Building, 67, 69

Overton Hygienic Company, 62

Owen, Chandler, 81

packinghouses: ethnoracial hierarchy in, 27, 43; size of labor force, 20; street violence and, 17; strikes and strikebreakers, 25; Taylorism and, 42–43; white fear of black migrant competition, 41. See also stockyards

Packinghouse Workers Organizing Committee (PWOC), 57

Packingtown. See Back of the Yards

Pacyga, Dominic and Ellen Skerrett, Chicago: City of Neighborhoods, 294

Pacyga, Dominic, Chicago: A Biography, 233n10

Pakistani community, 315, 319

Palestinian immigrants, 317, 373n123

Palmer, Alvin, 167–168

Palmer, Lu, 251

Palmolive Building, 231

Parents Council for Integrated Schools and the Chicago Area Friends of SNCC (CAFSNCC), 179–180, 181, 182

Paris (France), 263; as influence, 16, 32, 285

Park, Paul, 318

Park, Robert, 3, 69, 343n4

Parker, Charlie, 121

parking garages, 143; privatization of income from, 291, 323

parking meters, privatization of, 291, 323, 324

Parks, Rosa, 119

Parkway Ballroom, 106, 108

Parkway Community House, 61

Patel, Amisha, 329

patronage: Anton Cermak’s multiethnic machine and, 52, 55; R.M. Daley and pinstripe patronage, 281, 282; disaster capitalism as source of, 327; Rahm Emanuel and pinstripe patronage, 325, 327; national reform of, 140; and New Deal, 57; A. Philip Randolph critique of, 81, 84; Big Bill Thompson and, 53–54, 76–77, 349n35

OF R. J. DALEY MACHINE: as chair of Cook County Democratic Party, 11–12, 141; and minority-owned businesses, exclusion of, 235–237; private development as shelter from political fallout of, 235; public housing as source of, 138–140; and quasi-Keynesian side of Daley machine, 149; and reduction of city council to rubber-stamp advisory board, 141–142; shares of pie, as substance of politics, 213; suburbanization and deindustrialization as threat to, 140–141; and urban renewal focus on property value increases, 150

Pattillo, Mary, 288–289, 298–299

Peck, Ferdinand, 31

Pekin, 70

People Organized for Welfare and Employment Rights (POWER), 251–252

People’s Church, 81

People’s Movement Club, 82

Peoria Street riot (1949), 123–124, 127

Pepper, Claude, 100

Perlstein, Rick, 271

Pershing ballroom, 106, 108

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996), 263, 273–274

Pettibone, Holman, 143–144, 145, 146

Peyton, Dave, 90–91

Pfizer, 233

Philadelphia, 188, 270, 327, 345n19, 367n23

Phillips, Kevin, 361n6

Picasso, Pablo, 232

Pilgrim Baptist Church, 59–60, 82, 84, 89

Pilsen Alliance, 302, 328

Pilsen neighborhood: charter schools, 330–331; coal plant pollution and, 301, 371n94; Czech community and, 24, 52; gentrification of, 300, 301–302, 303; Mexican community and, 176, 296, 297, 300, 301–302, 313–314, 314, 371nn88,94; Polish community and, 24; population of, 372n97; as tourist destination, 300, 301

Pistilli, Anthony, 146

Pittsburgh, PA, 82

Pittsburgh Courier, 82, 106

place, sense of, 297–298

planning, placed under mayor’s control, 8–9, 146–147. See also Chicago—plans

Plan of Chicago (1909), 32–36

“plantation politics,” 189

Playboy Club, 13, 229

Playboy Magazine and offices, 231

police (CPD): black officer recruitment, 184; Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), 263, 289, 305; countersubversion at Democratic National Convention (1968), 213; expansion under RJD, 167; frame-ups of black leadership, 199–200, 217–218; Gang Intelligence Unit (GIU), 184, 193, 197, 199; Gang Intelligence Unit sabotage of gang-led youth services projects, 197, 199; Fred Hampton murder/assassination by, 215–217; harassment of gang-supported city council campaign, 278; and King marches, 201; lack of protection for black victims of white violence, 38, 126, 130; Memorial Day massacre (1937), 56–57, 94, 96, 212; public housing projects and new stations for, 151; racist ideology and, 218; Red Squad and countersubversion by, 12, 212–214, 345n19; stop-and-frisk policy, 183–184; tavern shakedowns by, 238; violence against protesters at Democratic National Convention (1968), 207–208, 210–211, 218; violence against Puerto Ricans, 296–297; and World War II violence, monitoring for, 108. See also countersubversion, state-sponsored

VIOLENCE AGAINST AFRICAN AMERICANS: Area 2 torture of black suspects, 7, 279, 335; black police officers and, 184; complicity with white mob violence, 38, 126, 130; and Rahm Emanuel election (2015), 334–335; federal investigation and indictment (late 1950s), 183; gangs and, 186–187; national awareness of, 334–335; pattern of physical and verbal abuse against black population, 238; police brutality protests, 183–185, 297, 335; racist ideology as justification of, 218; stop-and-frisk policy and, 183–184; and World War II, 102

policy wheels (illicit lotteries), 70–74, 75, 105, 130

Polish community (Chicago Polonia): in Back of the Yards, 41, 44–45, 158; and Bungalow Belt, 47; ethnic enclaves of (post 1970), 317–318; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 40, 44–45, 114; gang violence and, 44; gentrification and, 317–318; in heterogeneous neighborhoods, 24, 318; and Logan Square neighborhood, 302, 305; map of ethnic Chicago (2000), 316; and 1919 race riot, 40, 45; and Pilsen, 24; and Puerto Ricans, 175; settlement house movement and, 18; size of, 23; suburbanization and, 318; and Harold Washington candidacy, 245; and white flight, 153; and whiteness/white identity, 45, 114, 317

Polish Downtown, 24

Polish Museum of America and Library, 317–318

political correctness, 247

political surveillance. See countersubversion, state-sponsored

politics of identity: antimachine activism and, 10; cultural envy and, 247; R.M. Daley policies and, 10–11, 287–289, 297–298; and difficulty of uniting for social justice, 176–177; as distraction from structural inequalities, 298; ebb and flow during 1930s, 51–52; Rahm Emanuel policies and, 330–331, 337; and failure of working-class resistance in 1920s, 51; and fracturing of the left, 216, 219; institutionalization/mainstreaming of, 221–222; the machine as not affected by, 297; and neoliberal policies, incorporation into, 9–10, 288–289; power of collective identities, 219–220; as reinforcing a logic of ethnoracial difference, 220–221, 253–254; and resentment, politics of, 247; Harold Washington and, 253–254. See also ethnoracial enclaves (post-1970); whiteness and white identity

population: changes in ethnic group proportions, 23; current Chicago area, 1; decrease in (2000s), 323; gentrification and displacement of, 298, 300–301, 302, 303, 304–305, 311–312, 320; immigrants, 23, 313; Korean community, 317; living below the poverty line, 266–267; numbers of Second Great Migration, 101; urban renewal and displacement of, 146–147, 309, 310

population growth: 1990s and overall, 320; African American community, 27–28, 46, 51, 61, 117, 127, 143, 173, 178; early 20th century, 23; last quarter of the 19th century, 19; Mexican community, 173, 290; Puerto Rican community, 173

populism: antistatism, 201; neoliberalism and, 10; Bill Thompson and, 51; and urban renewal opposition, 156–157; white identity and, 10. See also white backlash (defensive localism/reactionary populism)

Potter, Jackson, 328

poverty: black/white disparity in, 266–267; blaming the victims of, 263–264; decline of (2000 census), 266; percentage of public school students in, 270; uplift of the poor, mixed-income housing developments and rhetoric of, 310–311. See also black ghettos; culturalization of politics; migration of African Americans from the South; neoliberalization/neoliberalism; public housing; renters and rent increases

Powell, Adam Clayton Jr., 88

“power to the people,” 214

Prairie School Architecture, 47

Prairie Shores (housing complex), 144

Preckwinkle, Toni, 337

President’s Council on Youth Opportunity, 196

Presley, Elvis, 119, 166

press/media coverage: antilabor, and antiblack violence, 28–29; and the Black Metropolis, 78–79; on civil rights movement, 177; on crime, 17; and Democratic National Convention protests (1968), 206, 207–208, 210–211; Rahm Emanuel and investigative journalism, 332–333, 375n15; and gangmember candidate for city council, 278; and gangs, 198–199; and heat wave (1995), 260–261; hippie scene press (Chicago Seed), 205; on labor strikes and demonstrations, 25–26; on patronage reform, 140; race-baiting, 26; on race riots, 37–38, 40, 103; on scandals of RJD, 237–238; Lincoln Steffens, 15–16; and “the city that works,” 231; and white backlash politics, 209, 210; and WWII, 98–99, 100. See also black press; Chicago Defender; Chicago Tribune

Printing House Row, 147

printing sector, destruction of, 147

Pritzker Pavilion, 323, 324, 325

private accountability, neoliberalism and lack of, 235–237, 330

privatization: overview, 13, 290–291; Chicago Skyway tolls, 291; Chicago Transit Authority fare collection system, 331; disaster capitalism and, 327; Rahm Emanuel budgetary problems and, 323, 324; Rahm Emanuel scandals of, 330, 331; and entrepreneurial state, 8, 13; of New Orleans’ school system, 327; outsourcing of urban services, 8, 13, 262–263; parking garage fees, 291, 323; parking meters, 291, 323, 324; of public school custodial and building maintenance services, 330, 331; public unaccountability and, 325–327, 330; of tourism development, 370n79. See also charter schools

producer services. See service industries (global city)

Progressive Party, 29–30

Prohibition/Prohibitionism, 48, 51, 52, 53

Property Conservation and Human Rights Committee of Chicago, 144

property taxes: downtown agenda and increases in revenues from, 150, 235; global-city agenda and, 225; increases in, to offset suburbanization, 233; as proportion of city budget, 233; rejection of RJD bond issue, 238. See also TIF funds

Provident Hospital, 61, 80

Prudential Building, 140

“psychological wage” granted to whiteness, 110

Public Enemy, 276

Public Enemy (1931 film), 55

public housing: and federal requirement not to disrupt racial composition of neighborhoods, 112; integration as Housing Authority policy for, 126–127, 132, 149; Kennelly and segregation of, 126; mismanagement and maintenance problems of, 309–310; mixed-income housing developments taking the place of, 234–236, 309, 310–312; temporary housing and riot against (1946), 114; white mob rule and segregation of, 124–127, 125

R. J. DALEY AND: barriers created to isolate from downtown, 151; evasive rhetoric and, 135; federal funding as essential to, 138, 139, 140; high-rise architecture of, 137, 138–139; map of, 152; as patronage source, 138–140. See also urban renewal

public interest: Carter Harrison II and, 15; neoliberal realignment of, with downtown agenda, 148, 238–239; Plan of Chicago (1909) and expansive notions of, 34, 36; redefined to favor private interests, 144, 148; TIF program subsidies and disconnect from, 284

public participation, Plan of Chicago (1909) and, 34–36

public unaccountability, 325–327, 330

Pucinski, Roman, 247

Puerto Rican Agenda (activist group), 301

Puerto Rican community: African American identification and, 174; alterity, strategies of, 175; barrio along Division Street, 174, 300; black-Latino dissimilarity index (segregation), 313–314; as buffer between white and black, 174; Division Street barrio riot (1966), 219, 250, 296–297, 303; housing discrimination and, 174; independence movement for Puerto Rico and, 253–254, 372n98; lack of racial antagonism in Puerto Rico, 165; and Logan Square neighborhood, 302; map of ethnic Chicago (2000), 316; Mexican community and, 176, 254, 314; migration to Chicago, 173–174, 358n16; mural movement and, 219, 220, 362n18; police violence against, 296–297; the politics of identity and, 253–254; racialization of and discrimination against, and consolidation into neighborhoods by, 173–175; urban renewal and displacement of, 174, 228; violence and arson against, 175; and Harold Washington, 249–250, 251–252, 253–254. See also Latino community; Young Lords (gang)

Puerto Rican Cultural Center, 300, 302, 371n91

Pullman, George, 28, 31–32, 80

Pullman Company, 21, 79–80, 83, 97

Pullman neighborhood, 21

Pullman porter job, 63, 79; union of (BSCP), 79–85, 87–88

Pullman Porters’ Benefit Association of America, 80

Pullman Strike (1894), 18, 28

Quinn Chapel, 80

Raby, Albert, 184, 188, 189–190, 244

race-baiting: by antiunion employers, 26, 29; by R.M. Daley, 292; and housing segregation, 47–48; by the press, 26. See also racism

race politics. See politics of identity

race riots: East Saint Louis, IL (1917), 37; of 1919, 27, 36–38, 37, 40, 43, 45, 79; Peoria Street riot (1949), 123–124, 127; as spectacle, 226; temporary housing for African Americans (1946), 114; Trumbull Park Homes (1954), 132, 156; during World War II, 101, 102–103, 107–108; Zoot Suit Riots (1943 Los Angeles), 101, 102

racial order: binary racial order, development of, 45–46, 47, 58, 173; ethnoracial hierarchy, 26–27, 40, 43, 44–45, 55, 114, 173; southern and eastern Europeans as third tier within, 45. See also politics of identity; racism; segregated racial order; structural inequalities; whiteness and white identity

racism: culture-of-poverty rhetoric and, 274–275; and election of 1927, 47–48, 51; and fear of class position being undermined, 109–110; general desire to minimize appearance of, 243; laissez-faire, 236; police terror and ideology of, 218; and rumors of robberies and rapes, 110–111; as tool of the ruling class for exploitation of workers, 110; and Harold Washington election, 242–243, 246–248, 364n54. See also culturalization of politics; police (CPD)—violence against African Americans; race-baiting; race riots; racial order; structural inequalities; white backlash

radio, 116, 118

Ragen, Frank, 38

Ragen’s Colts (Irish athletic club), 38, 42, 44

railroad, national, and Chicago as “gateway,” 22

Rainbow Beach, 169

rainbow coalitions. See under multiethnic coalitions

Rainey, Ma, 66, 89, 90

Rakove, Milton, 138, 139, 246

Randolph, A. Philip, 79–82, 83, 88, 104

Rangel, Juan, 330–331

Rangerettes (gang), 187

rape, rumors of interracial, 110–111

rap music, 255, 276

Rauner, Bruce, 325

Razaf, Andy, 92

RCA Victor, 119, 166

reactionary populism. See white backlash

Reagan, Ronald, and administration: antiwelfare crusade of, 242–243, 250, 263, 273; criminalization of youth, 218, 276; law-and-order focus of, 196, 274, 276; neoliberalism and, 8, 264; rap critiques of, 276; shift of federal funds from social spending to law enforcement, 274; War on Drugs, 218

real estate market: black ownership touted, 85–86; blockbusting tactics, 76, 87, 110, 160; rising values of, as increasing city revenue, 150; World War II and decline of values, 140. See also gentrification; homeowners and homeownership; renters and rent increases; service industries (global city)

Rebels (Polish youth gang), 167

Rebel Without a Cause (1955), 166, 167

Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 53

red-baiting tactics, BSCP union and, 83

Redmond, James, 221–222

Reed, Adolph Jr., 258, 311

Reed, Christopher Robert, 62

Reid, Murdoch & Company, 30

Related Midwest, 323

religious community: opposition to civil rights struggle, 189. See also black church; Catholic Church

Rendell, Edward, 264

renters and rent increases: gentrification and, 299–300; “kitchenette” apartments, 73, 73, 76, 84–85, 87; mixed-income housing developments and, 311–312; urban renewal and, 144; urban renewal and displacement of, 146–147, 309, 310

Republican Party (Illinois): Bernard Epton campaign against Washington, 241, 245–246, 247, 248–249; hostility to state funds used to subsidize public housing, 144; machine politics of, 76–78

Republican Party (national): antiwelfare crusade of, 242–243, 250, 263, 272, 273–274; law enforcement vs. social services and, 274; postwar strategy of, 101; “southern strategy” of, 210, 361n6. See also culturalization of politics; Reagan, Ronald, and administration

Republic Steel mill, 56, 94

resistance to racial oppression. See black resistance to racial oppression

respectability, as Afrian American community concern, 66, 90–91, 91

restaurants, hipster aesthetic and, 302–303, 304–305

Restoration Act (1947), 143

restrictive covenants, 46, 51, 78, 131

retail: department stores, 22; mail-order, 22; national economy of 1970s and loss of, 223; salaries of jobs in, 287. See also service economy

Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), 182–183, 197

Reyes, Victor, 280

Rhumboogie (club), 118

rhythm and blues, 118, 119

Ribicoff, Abraham, 208

Richard J. Daley Center (Chicago Civic Center), 232

Ricoeur, Paul, 221

Riis, Jacob, How the Other Half Lives, 19

riots: antieviction (August 1931), 76, 78, 79; police brutality protests and (1965), 185; as spectacle, 226. See also arson and bombings; race riots

Rittenberg, Ivan, 245

Rivera, Diego, 219

Riverview Amusement Park, 49

Robert Brooks Homes (public housing), 154. See also ABLA (public housing)

Roberto Clemente High School, 372n98

Robert Taylor Homes (public housing), 139, 142–143, 151, 277, 310

Robinson, Chester, 200

Rockefeller Foundation, 196

Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, 105

Rockwell, George Lincoln, 203

Rodgers, Daniel T., 16

Rodriguez, Matt, 252, 261

Roediger, David, 27

Rogers Park neighborhood, 214, 317

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 53, 57, 83, 104, 113, 131. See also Great Depression; New Deal

Roosevelt, Theodore, 29–30

Roosevelt Square (housing development), 311

Root, John Wellborn, 18, 21–22

Rose, Don, 243–244

Rose, George “Watusi,” 198–199

Rosenwald, Julius, 50

Rosie the Riveter, 98, 99

Rowe, John W., 271

Royko, Mike, 41, 135, 141, 209, 216

Rubloff, Arthur, 227–228

Rubloff Company, 227–228

Rush, Bobby, 7, 214, 256, 266, 273, 277, 334; mayoral primary run (1999), 266; on “two Chicagos,” 266

Rush, Otis, 119

Rush Street strip, 231

Russian-born immigrants, 345n13

Rustin, Bayard, 180, 188

Ryan, George, 279

Ryerson, Joseph, 49

St. Charles reformatory, 185

St. Cyril’s Church, 162

St. Hyacinth Church, 318

St. Jarlath’s Church, 165

St. Louis, MO, 266–267

St. Pascal’s Catholic Church, 248

St. Patrick’s Day parade, 241

Saints (gang), 267–268

St. Stanislaus Kostka parish, 317

sales tax: increases in, 141; tourism revenues, 286

same-sex relations, 90

Sampson, Robert, Great American City, 4, 5

Sam’s Place, 56

Sandburg, Carl, “Chicago,” 2, 20, 294

Sanders, Bernie, 359n29

San Francisco, 204, 270, 307, 320

Sanitary and Ship Canal, 23

sanitation, 16, 17, 19, 23, 55; street cleaning, 137

Santiago, Miguel, 252, 256

Sargent, Fred, 54

Sassen, Saskia, 225

Satter, Beryl, 360n56, 361n71

Savoy Ballroom, 65, 107

Savoy dancehall (NYC), 106

Sawyer, Eugene, 256–257, 366n1

Scala, Florence, 12, 156

scandals and corruption: Jesse Binga embezzlement, 60; Rod Blagojevich, 291; R.M. Daley, 7; R.J. Daley, 136, 237–238; R.M. Daley, 278–281, 284; Oscar DePriest, 77; Rahm Emanuel, 330, 331; “Gray Wolves” of city council and, 34; Edward J. Kelly, 56, 113; police shakedowns of taverns, 238; Edward Vrdolyak, 242; Harold Washington, 249

Scandinavian community, 114

Scarface (1932 film), 54–55

school desegregation, Supreme Court order for, 119, 132, 133

schools (Chicago Public Schools, CPS): budget deficit of, 323; Anton Cermak and cuts to, 54; closures of, replaced with charter schools, 271, 326–328, 330, 333; college enrollments, 269; college-prep magnet schools, 270, 289; colorblindness ideals of superintendent Benjamin Willis, 178, 179; R.M. Daley corporate-style reform of, 50, 269–273, 286–287, 289, 305, 328; William Dever and business rationale for, 50, 54; Rahm Emanuel austerity program for, 325, 326–328, 330–331, 333; “Freedom Schools,” 181; gang youth dropouts, 187; graduation rates, 269, 367n23; homicide rate in, 268–269; Edward J. Kelly and cuts to, 56; libraries in, closures of, 327; military high schools and programs, 272, 368n32; neoliberal logic of reforms, 271–272, 289; overcrowded black schools, 178–179; Plan of Chicago (1909) assigned to students, 32; protests and boycotts, 179–180, 181–182, 184, 187, 221–222, 250, 271–272, 297, 359n29; segregated, unequal conditions of, 163, 179; segregation lawsuit settlement (1963), 180–181; standardized tests and, 269, 272–273, 326; student transfers to alleviate overcrowding, 178, 180–181; suspensions and expulsions, disparities in, 270–271; vocational schools, 286–287; white reaction to integration of, 181; working-class students of color not benefiting from reforms in, 270, 299; World War II and salvaging drive by, 96. See also Board of Education; charter schools; Chicago Teachers Union (CTU)

SCLC. See Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Scott, Joan, 6

Scott, John W., 30

SDS (Students for a Democratic Society), 204, 205, 216

Sears, Roebuck and Co., 13, 22, 233–234, 262

Sears Tower, 9, 223, 234, 262, 362n25

Second Chicago School of architecture, 6

Section 8 voucher program, 310, 372n110

segregated racial order: R.J. Daley’s urban renewal and preservation of, 149–151; dissimilarity index, 78, 313–314, 350n37; and lakefront beaches, 36, 169; language of RJD obscuring intentions, 150; middle-class white communities as barrier perpetuating, 149–150, 154, 234–235, 301; as “most segregated city,” 6; Real Estate Board campaign for, 46; swimming pools, 111, 113, 191–192; Big Bill Thompson and acceleration of, 78. See also housing segregation; race-baiting; racial order; racism; schools (Chicago Public Schools, CPS); structural inequalities

Self, Robert, 180, 199

Sennett, Richard, 321

Seoul Drive “Korea Town,” 315, 317, 318, 319, 373n126

service economy: and early 1960s, 172; salaries in, 287; and tourism replacing industry, 286–287; unemployment ameliorated by, 287

Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 292, 329

service industries (global city): commodities exchanges and futures market, 13, 239–241, 328, 329–330, 336, 364n48; financial transaction tax (FTT) proposed for, 328, 336; FIRE (finance, insurance, and real estate) activities, 225–226, 237, 239–241; globalization and, 225; lack of working-class jobs or benefits in, 237, 240–241, 331; and pinstripe patronage of RMD, 281. See also global cities/global-city agenda

settlement house movement, 16, 18–19, 44, 45

708 (club), 118, 119

Seward Park, 24, 308, 372n104

Sharkey, Jesse, 328

Shedd Aquarium, 285

Shedd, John G., 26, 28, 30

Sheil, Bernard, 158

Shielders (gang), 40

Shiloh Baptist Church, 192

Sidley & Austin, 281

“silent majority,” 123, 133, 210

Silverstein, Debra, 319

Silvio’s (club), 118

Simpson, Dick, 281, 332

Simpson, Rose, 182

Sinatra, Frank, “My Kind of Town (Chicago Is),” 229

Sinclair, Upton, The Jungle, 17, 42–43

Skerrett, Ellen, and Dominic Pacyga, Chicago: City of Neighborhoods, 294

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 224, 225–226, 234

Skokie, IL, 315

skyscrapers: overview, 9, 13; artworks outside of, 232, 363n38; Chicago School of architecture, 21–22; Chicago Spire, excavation for, 323; early 20th century design and construction of, 21–22; and nickname “City of Big Shoulders,” 22; second wave of construction in 1960s and 1970s, 223–224, 224, 232, 233–234, 262, 362–363nn25–26

Skyway Concession Company, 291

Slovak community: in Back of the Yards, 158; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 45, 114; in heterogeneous neighborhoods, 24; and 1919 race riot, 45; and whiteness/white identity, 114

Smith, Al, 52

Smith, Bessie, 66, 90; “Nobody Loves You When You’re Down and Out,” 90, 92; “Poor Man’s Blues,” 89

Smith, Mamie, “Lost Opportunity Blues,” 89

Smith, Neil, 263, 298

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 169–170, 195, 197

Socialist Party, 81

sociology, Chicago School of, 3, 19, 69, 113, 153, 211, 274, 294, 343n4

SodexoMAGIC, 330

Soldier Field, 53, 190, 191, 192, 285

Solis, Danny, 300, 301, 330–331, 371n94

Soliz, Juan, 256

Soros, George, Open Society Foundation, 335

soul food, 115–116

Soul Stirrers, 116

Soul Train, 248, 365n65

South Asian Indian community, 315, 373n121

South Chicago Mexican Independence Day parade, 296

South Deering, 132–133

southern and eastern European immigrants: ethnoracial hierarchy and, 26–27, 40, 43, 44–45, 55, 114, 173; growing population of, 23; homicide rate blamed on, 29; lack of defending or cooperating with African Americans, 45; reluctance to participate in 1919 race riot, 40, 45; World War II and, 95. See also whiteness and white identity; specific communities

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 169, 188. See also Chicago Freedom Movement

South Lawndale neighborhood, 290, 313, 371n88

South Loop neighborhood, First Regiment Armory, 18

South Side: “kitchenette” apartments, 73, 73, 76, 84–85, 87; map of (ca. 1919), 39; Mexican community and, 176; and Million Man March, context producing, 275–276; Polish community and, 176; school closures, 271; TIF funds and, 331. See also Black Belt

South Side Planning Board, 145–146, 147

Southside Together Organizing for Power (STOP), 335

Southwest Side, 181, 317, 331

South Works, 21

Sowell, Thomas, 274, 275

Spanish Cobras, 302

spectacle, 203–204, 226–227

Sphinx Real Estate Improvement Corporation, 86

Spielberg, Steven, 325

“sporting culture,” 17

sports: as distraction from structural inequalities, 289–290; segregation and, 46; TIF funds for DePaul arena, 331–332

Sprague, A.A., 49–50

Squires, Bob, 162, 164

Stamps, Marion Nzinga, 251

Standard Oil Building, 223, 233, 362n25

Standard Oil corporation, 13

Stand Up! Chicago, 329

Stanford, Max, 182–183

Starbucks, 308

Stateway Gardens, 139, 139

Steele, Shelby, 274, 275

Steelworkers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 56, 94

steel works: African Americans in neighborhoods near, 24; decline of, 224; early 20th century, 21; ethnoracial hierarchy in, 27; Puerto Ricans recruited as labor in, 358n16

Steffens, Lincoln, 15–16

Stevenson, Adlai, and Cicero riot (1951), 128

Stewart-Winter, Timothy, 296, 365n76

stockyards, 20; Bungalow Belt and escape from, 47; and futures market, 240–241; post-WWI recession and, 41; shutdown of, 224; size of, 20–21. See also packinghouses

Stone, Bernard, 319

storefront churches, 63–64, 115, 222

Stratton, William, 141

streetcars, 15

streets/highways/expressways: bringing suburban residents downtown, 143, 233; built as barrier shutting out the ghetto, 150–151, 152; built to bypass the ghetto, 102; to O’Hare Airport, 231–232; street cleaning, 137; widening of, under Chicago Plan Commission, 35

Stritch, Samuel, 159

Stroger, John, 256–257

Stroll, the (black entertainment district): overview, 65; black-and-tan cabarets, 65–66; map of, 68; middle-class black civic leaders as disapproving of, 65–67, 69, 72; music and, 65–66, 89; nighttime vs. daytime, 69–70; policy wheels (illicit lotteries), 70–74, 75, 105, 130. See also Black Metropolis; music

structural inequalities: antiwelfare crusade rhetoric ignoring, 273–274; and black gang dropouts, 187; black submachine as not addressing, 77–78; Chicago School of sociology as identifying, 3, 113; credit card debt as masking, 289; Daley’s gang offensive as distraction from, 186–187; federal crime bill, 274; “hoop dreams” as distraction from, 289–290; insurance “game” as distraction from, 75; laissez-faire racism as reinforcing, 236; liberals as tending toward understanding of, 123–124; policy wheels (illicit lotteries) as distraction from, 75; the politics of identity as distraction from, 298; public unaccountability as reinforcing, 235–236, 330. See also culturalization of politics; income inequality

structure of feeling: black resistance to racial oppression as, 109; definition of, 109; white backlash and, 210

student movement: antiwar organizing, 204, 205, 207; context of, 203–204; hippie scene mainstreamed in Chicago, 205; school protests and boycotts, 179–180, 181–182, 184, 187, 221–222, 250, 271–272, 297, 359n29; search for new methods, 204. See also Democratic National Convention protests (1968)

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 169–170, 195, 197

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 204, 205, 216

Students for Health Equity (SHE), 335

subprime mortgage crisis, 290

suburbanization: corporate headquarters and, 232–234; Detroit and, 122; economically depressed black suburbs, 310; high-tech corridors and, 233; and homeownership, federal subsidies for, 127, 140, 222–223; Polish community and, 318; South Asian Indian community and, 315; as threat to patronage system, 140–141

Sullivan, Frank, 288

Sullivan, Louis, 21–22

Sun Belt, federal funding and development of, 4

Sunset Café, 67

“Super Bowl Shuffle” (Chicago Bears), 255

Supreme Court, U.S.: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 119, 132, 133; Shakman decision, 237, 281; Shelley v. Kraemer, 131

Swearingen, John, 233

“Swede Town,” 24

Swedish community, 24

Swibel, Charles, 228

Swift, 20

swimming pools, public, 111, 113, 191–192

syndicates. See organized crime

Syrian immigrants, 317

Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 161

Take Back Chicago marches, 329

Target, 292

taxes: Rahm Emanuel and increases in, 332; populist backlash against paying, 238; proposed financial transaction tax, 328, 336. See also property taxes; sales tax

tax increment financing program. See TIF funds (tax increment financing)

taxis, 130

Taylor, Elizabeth, 151

Taylor, Koko, 119

Taylor, Robert, 104

Taylorism, 25, 42–43

Teamsters union, 25–26, 28, 293

telecommunication technologies, 225, 239

Temporary Woodlawn Organization (TWO)/The Woodlawn Organization, 162–164, 179, 180, 196–200

Tenants’ Rights Action Group, 198

tenement conditions (early 20th century), 18–19, 21

Terkel, Studs, Division Street America, 205

terrorism, and Puerto Rico independence movement, 372n98

Thailand, immigrants from, 315

Thatcher, Margaret, 9, 264

The Woodlawn Organization/Temporary Woodlawn Organization (TWO), 162–164, 179, 180, 196–200

Thompson, E. P, 5

Thompson “Big Bill”: “America First” campaign of, 51; anti-immigration and, 52; black voter support for, 40–41, 47–48, 71, 112–113; and Cermak, loss to, 52–53; and gangsters, 53; and Great Depression, 53; labor and, 48–49; as no friend to African Americans, 78; patronage and, 53–54, 76–77, 349n35

Thorne, Robert J., 26, 28, 30

Thrasher, Frederic, 27, 44

TIF funds (tax increment financing): overview, 13; Chicago Mercantile Exchange renovations and, 329–330; gentrification and, 305; inequalities reinforced by uneven distribution of, 282–283, 331; minority-owned businesses receiving patronage from, 287, 288; opposition to, 328–329, 331–332; original intent of program, 282, 368n49; as pinstripe patronage, 282; proposal to dissolve, 291; public scrutiny avoided in, 282; as “shadow budget,” 281–282; subsidies to downtown agenda via, 282–284, 331–332, 369n56; teachers union call to fill budget gap using, 328

Till, Emmett, 137

Tillman, Dorothy, 256, 277, 278

Touraine, Alain, 162

tourism, R.M. Daley and development of, 264; beautification, 266, 285; and “City of Neighborhoods” campaign of RMD, 294–295; and diversity of neighborhoods, 297–298, 300; Rahm Emanuel and privatization of, 370n79; infrastructure, 285–286; service jobs for, 286–287; “tourist bubble,” 286

Toynbee Hall social settlement (London), 16

Trinity United Church of Christ, 276

Trumbull Park Homes, 126, 132–133, 156

Trump, Donald, 1, 325

Turner, Damian, 335

Tuthill, Richard, 16–17

21st Century Vote, 277–278

TWO. See Temporary Woodlawn Organization (TWO)/The Woodlawn Organization

UAW Local 600, 106

Ukrainian community, 24

Ukrainian Village neighborhood, 299, 305

underground economy: drug economy, 267–268; jitney cabs, 129–130; policy wheels (illicit lotteries), 70–74, 75, 105, 130; WWII and black market, 100. See also organized crime

unemployment: in 2014, 331; Great Depression and, 53, 78; rate for black males, 266, 270, 331; recessions of 1958 and 1961 and, 172; service economy ameliorating, 287; and subsidies paid to corporations, 283–284, 369n56

unions. See labor unions and unionization

Union Station railroad terminal, 35

Union Stockyards, 20–21, 20

United Airlines, 147, 283

United Auto Workers (UAW), 106

United Center, 285

United Garment Workers (UGW), 25–26

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 61

United Neighborhood Organization (UNO), 301–302, 330, 371n94

United States Immigration Commission (Dillingham Commission), 29

United States Post Office, 232

United Working Families (UWF), 333

Unity Hall, 82

University of Chicago (UC): and backlash, turn to, 211–212; and Citizens’ Committee to Enforce the Landis Award, 49–50; economics, Chicago School of, 240; expansion of (South Campus), urban renewal and, 149, 155, 157–158, 163–164; Laboratory School (Dewey), 18, 19; sociology, Chicago School of, 3, 19, 69, 113, 153, 211, 274, 294, 343n4

University of Chicago Medical Center (UMMC), trauma center, 335, 375n19

University of Chicago Settlement, 44, 45

University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), 155–156, 172, 176, 262, 301

University Village (middle- to upper-income housing development), 301

UNO (United Neighborhood Organization), 301–302, 330, 371n94

uplift of African Americans: black capitalism as vehicle for, 59, 61, 64–65, 67, 69, 75, 81, 86; white gaze upon, 59

uplift of laboring classes: beautification and, 33; cultural institutions and, 31–32; settlement house movement and, 18, 33

uplift of the poor, mixed-income housing developments and, 310–311

Uptown neighborhood: Asian community and, 315, 317; rainbow coalition and, 214; student movement and, 204. See also Young Lords (gang)

urban crisis: Detroit and, 122; Englewood as poster child for, 121–122; liberal vs. conservative views of causes, 122–123; origins in 1940s and 1950s white fight against integration, 123–127, 125

urbanism: (old) Chicago School of, 4–5, 6; Los Angeles School of, 3–4, 343n5; New Chicago School of, 4–5, 6, 344n10

Urban League, 61, 66, 79, 85, 144, 179

urban renewal: and R.M. Daley, 308; early downtown agenda for, 143–146; as “ethnic cleansing,” 151; Illinois state funding for, 143–144; interests favoring revitalization of neighborhoods vs. downtown agenda, 145–146, 147; Mexican community and, 176; as “Negro removal” (Baldwin), 142, 143, 310; Puerto Rican community and, 174, 228; rent increases following, 144; as warfare, form of, 151; Washington DC decisions on, 142. See also gentrification

CLEARANCE OF LAND (DEMOLITIONS): depressing emptiness resulting from, 172; displacement of tenants, 146–147, 309, 310; eminent domain authority for, 143; federal housing officials requiring adequate relocation plans, 146–147; and gentrification, 308–309

DOWNTOWN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AS BENEFICIARY UNDER RJD: overview, 142–143; barriers to ghetto expansion built into, 150–151, 153–155, 157, 228, 234–235; inequalities of race and class reinforced by, 143; middle-class housing developments, 227–228; “trickle-down” promises of, 142. See also downtown agenda

OPPOSITION TO: black residents and organizations fearing displacement, 144–145; Harrison-Halsted Community Group and, 155–157; interests favoring rehabilitation of neighborhoods vs. downtown agenda, 145–146; white residents from other neighborhoods fearing dispersal of black population, 145, 161; in Woodlawn, 157–158, 163–164

urban services provision: R.M. Daley and cutbacks to, 282–283, 291, 293; Rahm Emanuel and cutbacks to, 325–326; and “entrepreneurial state” under RMD, 8, 13, 262–264; heat wave of 1995 and, 263–264; outsourcing of, 8, 13, 262–263; sanitation, 16, 17, 19, 23, 55, 137. See also fire department; infrastructure; police (CPD); privatization

Urbis Orbis (café), 304

U.S. Conference of Mayors, 264

U.S. Department of Education, Race to the Top initiative, 326

U.S. Department of Housing and Development (HUD), 309, 310

U.S. Department of Labor, 198

U.S. Steel, 21, 56

Vallas, Paul, 269

Velasquez, Arturo, 252

Venkatesh, Sudhir, 310

Ventra, 331

Venue 1 (event center), 325

veterans: black veterans returning, 38, 106, 109, 112; homeowner loans to, and suburbanization, 127, 140

Vice Ladies (gang), 187

Vice Lords (gang): Martin Luther King’s attempt to enlist in nonviolence movement, 190–195, 200; leadership of, 187–188, 196, 217–218; membership of, 186, 187, 188; and neoliberal business arrangements of crack cocaine distribution, 267–268; and police/government investigations, 197, 198–199; political aspirations of, 185–186, 188, 277; and protests for minority union membership, 236; and “rainbow coalition” of Black Panthers, 214–215; and youth services/community improvement projects, 196–200

Victory Life Insurance Company, 62, 67

Vietnam, immigrants from, 315, 319

Vietnam War, antiwar protests, 204, 205, 207

violence/racial violence: overview, 38; attributed to the working classes, 17; early-20th century and, 16, 17–18; early-20th century labor organizing and antiblack violence, 25–28, 29; early 1960s escalation of intensity of, 170; lack of protection of African Americans by law enforcement, 38, 126, 130; map of, 125; open-housing marches of MLK and, 193–194; politicians and fisticuffs, 17; postwar years and, 123–126, 125; prior to 1919 race riot, 38; Puerto Ricans as victims of, 175; racist ideology arising as justification of, 218; against Harold Washington’s campaign, 248; World War II and, 110–112. See also arson and bombings; crime rates; culturalization of politics; gangs; homicide rates; police (CPD); race riots

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (1994), 263, 274

Visitation Parish, 124

vocational training, gang youth programs and, 198

voter registration campaigns: black mobilization for Harold Washington, 243; immigrant working class, rise in 1920s, 51; Lesbian/Gay Voter Impact, 370n80; Million Man March and, 275; 21st Century Vote, 277–278; TWO movement, 163

voter turnout, 7, 277, 280, 334

Voting Rights Act (1965), 188

Vrdolyak, Edward, 242, 245, 252, 254–256, 257, 366n1

Vrdolyak 29 bloc, 254–256, 257

Wacker, Charles, 35

Wacquant, Loïc, 354n52

wade-ins, 169

Wagner, Clarence, 134

Wagner Act (1935), 57, 83

Walker, William, 220

Wallace, George, 177, 178, 210, 361n6

Waller, Fats, 92

Wall of Respect (mural), 219–220, 220

Wal-Mart, 292

war: antiwar demonstrations, 204, 205, 207; World War I, 38, 94–95. See also veterans; World War II

War on Drugs, 218, 337

War on Poverty (Lyndon B. Johnson), 201, 209, 263

Washington, Booker T., 64, 131

Washington, DC, 345n19, 366n14

Washington, Harold: as African American politician, 241–242; antimachine activism of, 10, 243–244, 246, 255, 259, 364n55; and “City of Neighborhoods,” 294; and community participation in public policy making, 259; “council wars” during term of, 252–253, 254–256, 344n11; death of, 254, 255, 370n80; election of 1987, 256, 365n78; Latinos and, 252–254; LGBT community and, 255, 370n80; multiethnic coalition of, 249–250, 251–254, 255–257, 334; Barack Obama on impact of, 257, 258–259; the politics of identity and, 253–254; replacement for, city council choice of, 256–257; school system and, 50, 269; successes of, 255, 258

ELECTION OF 1983: antimachine campaigning as factor in, 246; black community mobilization for, 243–244, 249; Latino support for, 249–250, 251–252; primary, 242–244, 244; racism as factor, 245, 248–249, 365n65; and racism, cultural, 242–243, 246–248, 364n54; racist attacks as working to advantage of, 242–243, 249–250; scandals and, 249; white Democrats and machine campaigning for Republican candidate against, 241–243, 244–246; white support, 249

water safety, Sanitary and Ship Canal and, 23

Waters, Ethel, 66, 89

Waters, Muddy, 118, 119, 120; “Hoochie Coochie Man,” 118; “I Can’t Be Satisfied,” 118

Water Tower Place, 223, 286

Watts rebellion (1965), 123, 184, 185, 186, 189, 190, 192, 196

Weathermen, 231

Weber, Charlie, 55

Weber, John Pitman, 220, 362n18

Webster, Milton, 84

Welfare Reform Act (1996), 263, 273–274

Wells, Junior, 301

Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 80, 83–84

Wells Club, 83–84

Wells High School, 124

“We Shall Overcome,” 162, 181, 324

West, Cornel, Race Matters, 276

West Devon Avenue, 315, 318, 319

Western Electric, 28, 97, 233

West Garfield Park neighborhood: deindustrialization and, 283–284, 369n56; police brutality protests, 184–185; Puerto Rican community and, 174; schools of, 179

West Ridge neighborhood, 317

West Side: ethnoracial diversity of, 173; food desert problem of, 283; and loss of University of Illinois campus expansion, 262; Mexican community and, 313; Puerto Rican community and, 173–174, 175, 358n16; and rainbow coalition, 214; TIF funds and, 331

West Side Organization (WSO), 192

West Side riot (1966), 191–193, 208–209

West Side rioting after King’s assassination (1968), 138, 198, 208–209

West Side Story (1961), 166

West Town neighborhood: gentrification and, 299–300, 307, 317; Latino community and, 173–175, 300; racial violence in, 175

Wetten, Emil, 55–56

WGES (black radio station), 116

White, Leonard D., 54

white backlash (defensive localism/reactionary populism): antistatism of, 10, 201; and belief in victimization by liberals, 132–133; blaming marchers and protesters for police violence, 200, 210–211; civil rights movement as counterforce to, 131–132; and cultural racism, smear of Harold Washington and, 243, 249; R.J. Daley as mayor of, 135–136, 209–211, 238; machine politics and balance of, with black civil rights, 131–132; national politics of, 210; Nixon and “silent majority,” 123, 133, 209, 210; Republican “southern strategy” of, 210, 361n6; University of Chicago’s turn to, 211–212; women and, 124, 156; and WWII war industries, 104. See also culturalization of politics; racism; whiteness and white identity

white Chicagoans: blaming marchers and protesters for police violence, 200, 210; lack of support for movement against racist police violence, 336–337; median income of (2000), 266; mortality rate of, 75; in “rainbow coalition” of Black Panthers, 214; “slumming” in the Black Metropolis, 65–66; support for Rahm Emanuel, 336; unemployment in 2014 and, 331; urban renewal and clearance of, 154–155. See also gentrification; white backlash; white flight; white gangs and athletic clubs; whiteness and white identity

white-collar workers, making the city desirable for. See global cities/global-city agenda; middle-class

white flight: Alinsky efforts to stop, 160; deindustrialization and, 222–223; and ghettos, transformation to, 127, 153–154; and hippie scene, 205; homeownership subsidies and, 127, 222–223; Puerto Ricans swept by, 174. See also suburbanization

white gangs and athletic clubs, 171; as adverse to packinghouse work, 42–43; antiblack terror by, 38, 124, 126; as crime syndicate manpower, 42, 43; and ethnoracial hierarchy, 27, 43, 45; and machine politics, 41–42, 43; and 1919 race riot, 38, 40, 43, 45; and “rainbow coalition” of Black Panthers, 214. See also black gangs; gangs

whiteness and white identity: Catholic Church policies and production of, 46; and centrality of the black ghetto, 47; consolidation of (end of 1950s), 173; ethnic slurs within, 114; housing segregation and, 47, 58; interwar era and weakening of reform organizing, 9–10, 58; Mexican community and, 175, 176; “middle-class” as euphemism for, 150; and middle-class neighborhoods, creation of, 46–47; and nationalist fervor of WWII, 114; progrowth, antilabor agenda enabled by, 9–10; “psychological wage” granted to, 110; and Second Great Migration, 114. See also culturalization of politics; politics of identity; racism; white backlash

White Sox, 285

Whoopee Era, 55

Wicker Park neighborhood: gentrification of, 299, 300–301, 303–305, 307, 321, 374n130; Polish community and, 317

Wigwams (Polish gang), 44

Wilkins, Roy, 88

William, Lacy Kirk, 80

Williams, Eugene, 36–37

Williamson, Sonny Boy, 118

Williams, R.A., 85

Williams, Raymond, 109

Williams, Rufus, 271

Willis, Benjamin, 178, 179, 180, 181, 184

Willis, Carol, 22

Willis Tower, 283, 362n25

Wilson, James Q., Negro Politics, 130–131

Wilson, Orlando, 183–184, 185

Wilson, William Julius, 153, 274, 280, 310–311, 364n54; The Declining Significance of Race, 274–275

Wilson, Willie, 334

Wisconsin steel, 21

women: affirmative action, 363n45; African-American clubwomen, 80, 84–85, 87; blues singer solidarity with black women, 90; Jane Byrne election, 242; as Chicago Housing Authority’s first director, 113; gang branches of, 187; jobs for black women, 63; jobs for Puerto Rican women, 358n16; roles in WWII, 96, 97–99, 100; urban renewal opposition by, 155–157; and white resistance to integration, 124, 156

Wonder, Stevie, 251

Wong, Jimmy, 315

Wood, Elizabeth, 113, 126–127, 132, 149

Woodlawn neighborhood: and Catholic Church, 161–162; and gangs, 187, 188, 195; and ghetto, transformation to, 153–154, 262; mental health clinic closures, 326; police monitoring during WWII, 108; Puerto Rican community and, 173, 358n16; and school conditions, 163; TWO movement/The Woodlawn Organization, 162–164, 179, 180, 196–200; urban renewal opposition in, 157–158, 163–164

Woodstock, 206

Woolworth’s Five and Ten, 62

working class: and antiblack aggression by Irish, 40–41; austerity cutbacks as most affecting, 325–326; Chicago identity as, 1–2, 13, 232; and election of 1927, 48–51; gentrification as displacing, 298–302, 311–312, 317, 371n94; military high schools and programs, 272, 368n32; school reforms as leaving behind, 270, 299; street violence attributed to, 17; uplift of, movement for, 18, 31–33. See also black cultural expression; Chicago Teachers Union (CTU); deindustrialization; gangs; labor force; labor unions and unionization; music; service economy; unemployment

Works Progress Administration (WPA), 57

World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), 23, 157

World War I, 38, 94–95

World War II: class tensions and, 99–100; consensus of support for, 94–95; defense contracts for Chicago, 95–96, 97; Detroit and, 96, 212; Flag Day (1942), 94; housing shortage in, 104, 108–109, 112; and juvenile delinquency issues, 98–99; labor unions of Chicago quiescent during, 212; mobilization by Chicago, 96–97, 99; and morale drop in Chicago, 99–100; race riots during, 101, 102–103, 107–108; racial discrimination in the war industries, 83; and whiteness/white identity, 114; and white racism, 110–112; women in the labor force, 96, 97–99, 100; zoot suiters and, 106–108

WPA, 57

Wright, Edward H., 76–77, 80, 84, 87

Wright, Frank Lloyd, 47

Wright, Jeremiah, 276

Wright, Richard, 73, 88, 117; Black Boy, 89

X-Chan, 276

Yerkes, Charles Tyson, 15

Yippies, 204, 206, 226

YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association), 30–31, 80, 167

Young, Andrew, 192

Young, Coleman, 249

Young, “Policy” Sam, 70

Young Lords (gang), 218, 253–254; and “rainbow coalition” of Black Panthers, 12, 214, 250

Young Patriots (gang), 214

Your Cab Company, 70

Youth International Party (Yippies), 204, 206, 226

youth services and projects, black gang involvement in, 196–200

Žižek, Slavoj, 248

zoning laws: first zoning ordinance (1923), 35; gentrification facilitated via rezoning, 305, 307–308; New York City community input into rezoning, 307; revised code of 2004, 307; and the Stroll, 69

zoot suiters, 101, 102, 103, 107–108, 109, 115

Zoot Suit Riots (1943, Los Angeles), 101, 102