Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

Chapter 1 Introduction

Overview

System Description

What Is a Wireless System?

General Architecture, Basic Concepts, and Terminology

Historical Perspective

Systems Engineering and the Role of the Systems Engineer

Problem Statement

Chapter 2 The Radio Link

Introduction

Transmitting and Receiving Electromagnetic Waves

Isotropic Radiation

Antenna Radiation Patterns

The Range Equation

Thermal Noise and Receiver Analysis

Characterizing Noise Sources

Characterizing Two-Ports

Optimizing the Energy Transmission System

System-Level Design

Receiver Sensitivity

Top-Level Design

An Example Link Budget

Conclusions

Problems

Chapter 3 Channel Characteristics

Introduction

Macroscopic Models 1: Reflection from the Earth's Surface

Macroscopic Models 2: Empirical Models

The Hata Model

The Lee Model

Macroscopic Models 3: Log-Normal Shadowing

Microscopic Models 1: Multipath Propagation and Fading

Introduction

A Two-Ray Model for Multipath Propagation: Stationary Receiver

Microscopic Models 2: Statistical Models for Multipath Propagation

Rayleigh Fading

Coherence Bandwidth

Microscopic Models 3: A Two-Ray Model with a Moving Receiver

Microscopic Models 4: A Statistical Model with a Moving Receiver

Area Coverage

The Link Budget

Conclusions

Problems

Chapter 4 Radio Frequency Coverage: Systems Engineering and Design

Motivation

Requirements Assessment and System Architecture

Cellular Concepts

Estimation of Interference Levels

Cochannel Interference

Adjacent-Channel Interference

Cellular System Planning and Engineering

The Key Trade-offs

Sectoring

Cell Splitting

Operational Considerations

The Mobile Switching Center

Dynamic Channel Assignment

Handoff Concepts and Considerations

Traffic Engineering, Trunking, and Grade of Service

Conclusions

Problems

Chapter 5 Digital Signaling Principles

Introduction

Baseband Digital Signaling

Baseband Digital Communication Architecture

Baseband Pulse Detection

The Matched Filter

Correlation

Correlation Receiver

Receiver Performance

Carrier-Based Signaling

Modulation Overview

Modulated Carrier Communication Architecture

Digital Modulation Principles

Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)

Differential Binary Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)

Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK)

Offset QPSK (OQPSK)

Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)

Gaussian Frequency-Shift Keying (GFSK)

Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK)

Spread-Spectrum Signaling

Overview

Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum

Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum

Conclusions

Problems

Chapter 6 Access Methods

Introduction

Channel Access in Cellular Systems

Frequency-Division Multiple Access

The AM Broadcasting Band

The AMPS Cellular Telephone System

Effect of Transmitted Signal Design

Frequency-Division Duplexing

Time-Division Multiple Access

The U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) System

The GSM System

Time-Division Duplexing

Code-Division Multiple Access

Frequency-Hopping CDMA Systems

Direct-Sequence CDMA Systems

Contention-Based Multiple Access

The Aloha Multiple-Access Protocol

The Slotted Aloha Protocol

Carrier-Sense Multiple Access

Conclusions

Problems

Chapter 7 Information Sources

Introduction

Information Sources and Their Characterization

Speech

Music

Images

Video

Data

Quality of Service (QoS)

Smooth versus Chunky

Digitization of Speech Signals

Pulse Code Modulation

Differential PCM

Vocoders

Coding for Error Correction

Convolutional Codes

Conclusions

Problems

Chapter 8 Putting It All Together

Introduction

Looking Backward

The First Generation

The Second Generation

Toward a Third Generation

Generation 2.5

Contemporary Systems and 3G Evolution

Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA)

cdma2000 Radio Transmission Technology (RTT)

OFDM: An Architecture for the Fourth Generation

Conclusions

Appendix A Statistical Functions and Tables

The Normal Distribution

Function Tables

Appendix B Traffic Engineering

Grade of Service and the State of the Switch

A Model for Call Arrivals

A Model for Holding Time

The Switch State Probabilities

Blocking Probability, Offered Load, and Erlang B

Computational Techniques for the Erlang B Formula

Erlang B Table

Acronyms

Index