Index

 

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Académie des Sciences (France), 57, 58, 61, 64, 100, 120, 163, 229, 258, 261, 267, 274, 275 281

  • Académie Française, 157, 195, 261

  • Acrel, Johann Gustav, 194–95, 287–88

  • Adanson, Michel, 159–66, 168, 219, 229, 281, 283, 287, 289, 347, 356

  • Adler, Carl Frederick, 209–10,

  • Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe, 316–19, 321–22, 323, 341

  • Aleutian Islands, 234

  • Alroy, John, 341

  • Ammon, John, 289

  • Angers, University of, 33–4, 53, 55

  • Anthropocene, 353–54

  • Anthropomorpha (order), 109

  • apostles (Linnaeus), 135–37, 138, 168–76, 206, 207, 209–10, 235, 290, 294

  • Archimedes, 138–39

  • Aristotle, 4, 15, 38, 87, 118, 188

  • Armillaria ostoyoe, 349

  • Artedi, Peter, 35–63, 40, 69, 82, 84–85

  • Australia, 142, 277, 286, 298, 299, 349, 350

B

banana, 92–94

  • Banana Islands, 210

  • Banks, Joseph, 286–87, 288, 290, 291, 293

  • baobab, 162, 164–65

  • Baret, Jean (Jeanne), 217–20

  • barnacle goose tree, 36–38, 90, 203

  • Basseporte, Madeleine Françoise, 116

  • Bastille, 246, 250

  • Bateson, William, 328–29

  • Benedict, Ruth, 331

  • Berlin, Andreas, 210

  • bernicla. See barnacle goose tree

  • Bible, xii, 14, 20, 26, 71, 79, 103, 196, 270, 274, 278, 279, 330

  • biology, 71, 272, 301, 310, 311, 319, 327, 329, 330, 335, 337, 338, 354

  • biology (invention of term), 71, 272, 301

  • Blaisot, Georges, 30–31

  • Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 276–77, 298

  • Bonaparte, Napoleon, 266, 267–69, 270, 271, 279, 281, 292

  • boramez. See vegetable lamb of Tartary

  • Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 216–18, 286

  • British East India Company, 292

  • Brookes, Richard, 290

  • Broussonet, Auguste, 250–52

  • Buffon (village in Burgundy), 54, 59, 214

  • Buffon, Georges-Louie-Marie (Buffonet), 223–24, 226, 228, 242, 245, 257, 258, 263, 266, 314

  • Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de:

    • admiration of Newton, 55, 64, 65

    • childhood of, 27–30, 31–32

    • complexist philosophy of, 7–8, 231

    • daily routine, 64–66 228, 239

    • death of, 244

    • death of wife, 223

    • desecration of remains, 8, 263, 356

    • destruction of personal papers, 65–66, 214, 314

    • development of ironworks, 214, 242

    • education of, 27, 32

    • ennoblement, 54, 224

    • experiments of, 60–61, 138–40, 183, 189, 214

    • friendship with Benjamin Franklin, 232

    • funeral of, 3–6, 245

    • illness, 223, 228, 239

      • inheritance of, 31

      • as intendant of Jardin du Roi, 4, 107, 115–17, 223, 239, 250

    • as inventor, 138–40

      • legal degree of, 32

      • as literary figure, 156–57

      • marriage, 147

      • as mathematician, 55, 61, 62–64

      • menagerie of, 167, 181, 189, 215, 313

    • name change, 59

    • patronage of

      • Adanson, 163, 229–30

      • Commerson, 215–16

      • Daubenton, 117, 125, 237, 260

      • Lacépède, 6, 230–31, 239

      • Lamarck, 257–58

    • physical appearance, 5, 27, 227–28

    • preserved brain of, 244–45, 358

    • preserved heart of, 245, 255

    • relationship with illegitimate son, 229

    • relationship with legitimate son, 223–24, 228, 242

      • relationship with Suzanne Necker, 240–42, 245

    • Sorbonne accusations against, 145–46, 220, 22, 311

    • statue of, 3, 5, 8, 224–26, 227, 242, 356

    • successor, choice of, 229–32

    • as translator of Newton, 101

    • as university student, 33–34, 53, 55

    • writing methodology, 5, 157–58, 241

  • Buffon, Henri Naudault de, 314

  • Buffon, Marie-Françoise de Saint-Belin-Malain, 146, 215, 223, 241

  • Buffonia (species), xii, 140, 165, 344

  • Buffonet. See Buffon, Georges-Louie-Marie

  • Buffon’s Needle, 62–64, 117, 140

  • Burman, Johannes, 82, 83, 84

  • Butler, Samuel, 311–12

C

Caparris spinosa, 26

  • Cabinet du Roi (Jardin), 98, 116, 117, 120, 124, 125, 141, 143, 158, 197, 222, 224, 226, 229, 236, 237, 239, 242, 250, 256, 259, 356

  • catastrophism, 274

  • Catherine the Great, 224, 242

  • Castel, René-Richard Louis, 266

  • Celsius, Anders, 68

  • Celsius, Olof, 19–22, 25, 35, 40, 44, 45, 48, 50

  • Chaos animalia, 301

  • Chaos chaos, 205, 301

  • cladistics, 337, 348, 350–51

  • Clavis Medicinae Duplex (Linnaeus), 208

  • Clement III, Pope, 249–50

  • Clifford, George, 83–84, 92–93, 94, 95, 102

  • Clusius, Carolus, 150

  • cochineal, 114

  • Collinson, Peter, 134

  • Commerson, Philibert, 215–19

  • complexism, 7, 8, 162, 164, 229, 230, 249–50, 258, 267, 280, 294, 310, 326, 354

  • complexist taxonomy, 164, 229–30

  • Condorcet, Nicholas de, 4, 5

  • Cornwall Femur, 197

  • Critica Botanica (Linnaeus), 93

  • Crutzen, Paul, 353

  • Cuvier, Georges, 263–66, 268, 271, 273–77, 277, 281, 283, 301, 317, 318, 319, 321, 326

D

Dampier, William, 142

  • d’Angvillier, Count, 224, 250

  • Darwin, Charles, xviii, 284, 304–11, 315, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 350, 355

  • Darwinian theory (evolution), 307, 309–10, 319, 336

  • Daubenton, Louis, 117, 125, 237, 260

  • d’Englantine, Fabré, 262

  • De la Billaderie, Marquis, 250, 254

  • De la Brosse, Guy, 97–98

  • de la Peyrere, Isaac, 278–79

  • de Gorter, Jan, 81

  • de Vries, Hugo, 328

  • Dijon (Burgundy), 31–33, 53, 54, 58

  • Diderot, Denis, 98

  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), xvii, 337, 338, 339, 350

  • Döbeln, Johan von, 22

  • Drummond, John, 293–94

  • dueling, 4, 34, 53

  • Dutch East India Company, 83, 294, 295

E

Eisley, Loren, 354

  • Enlightenment, the (cultural period), 4, 55, 356

  • epigenesis, 190

  • epigenetics, xiii, 350

  • Epochs of Nature, The (Buffon), 220–21, 353–54

  • Ereshefsky, Marc, 347

  • exogeneration (exogenesis), 201, 258, 272, 274

F

Falck, John Peter, 210

  • Faubourg Saint-Victor, 97

  • Fellows, Otis, 355

  • fixity of species (see also lens of fixity), 206, 258, 272, 284, 305, 319, 326

  • Flore Française (Lamarck), 258

  • Franklin, Benjamin, 169–70, 232

  • Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission, 321–23

  • French revolution, xviii, 246, 249, 254, 255, 256, 259–60, 261–62, 263, 266, 269, 271, 279, 280, 281, 282, 284, 288, 314, 356

  • Freyja (Nordic goddess), 11

  • Fyris river, 295

  • Fundamenta Botanica (Linnaeus), 93

  • Furia infernalis, 23, 342

G

gabelle (salt tax), 28–30

  • Garden, Alexander, 195–96

  • Genera Plantarum (Linnaeus), 153, 202, 206, 223

  • Genera Plantarum (Jussieu), 281–82, 347

  • Genesis (Old Testament), 7, 71–72, 103, 145, 321

  • genetics, xiii, 325, 327, 338, 344

  • Geoffroy (Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire), 253, 254, 255, 256–57, 260–61, 262, 264, 265–66, 267–68, 270–74, 280, 283, 298, 356

  • Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore, 284

  • Gerard, John, 37

  • Gloriette (Jardin du Roi), 242–44, 252, 356

  • Gonepteryx rhamni, 205–6

  • Gould, Stephen Jay, 200

  • Grandmaison, Aubin Millin de, 254

  • Great Chain of Being, 38–39, 85, 87, 155, 310

  • Gustav III (Sweden), 296

H

Haeckel, Ernest, 302

  • Hales, Stephen, 60

  • Haller, Albrecht von, 133–34, 250

  • Harderwijk, 81

  • Hartekamp (estate), 83–84, 92, 94–95, 99, 103

  • Hartmann, Robert, 313

  • Hasselqvist, Frederick, 171, 173, 176

  • Hierobotanicum (Celsius), 20, 25

  • Hickman, Nathan, 52–54, 58

  • Hill, Sir John, 289

  • Histoire Naturelle du Senegal (Adanson), 164

  • Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière (Buffon), xiii, 5–6, 124, 141–47, 149, 154–58, 166, 179, 182–84, 191, 195, 197, 198, 204, 215, 220–21, 224–26, 228, 229, 231, 233, 234, 237–39, 244, 257, 260, 264, 274, 281, 284, 290, 308, 311–15, 338, 353

  • Hooke, Robert, 204

  • Homo (genus), 91

  • Homo (species), 91, 109, 141

  • Homo caudatus, 179

  • Homo diurnus, 179

  • Homo nocturnus, 179–80

  • Homo sapiens, xii, 179, 180, 184, 185, 334, 344, 349; see also Homo diurnus

  • Huxley, Julian, 327–33, 335–37, 339, 348, 350

  • Huxley, Thomas Henry, 304–5, 306, 307–8, 310–11, 327, 329

  • Hydra of Hamburg, 78–80, 81, 82, 91, 93, 133, 298

  • hyssop, 20–21, 25–26

  • Hyssop officialis, 25–26

I

Indohyus, 336

  • Innocent III, Pope, 37

  • intendent (director), Jardin du Roi, 4, 98, 106–7, 115–17, 223, 229, 239, 250, 254, 256, 258, 259

  • internal matrix, 190–91, 198, 308, 324, 338

  • International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), 300

  • International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), 300–301

  • Institutiones Rei Herbariae (Tournefort), 42–43

J

Janke, Axel, 342

  • Jardin du Roi (Jardin des Plantes; Jardin Royal des Plantes Médicinales), 4, 5, 8, 47, 96–98, 99, 100, 101,

  • 106, 107, 108, 115, 116, 125, 145, 146, 157, 159, 160, 161, 168, 191, 197, 211, 214, 215, 216, 219, 222–23, 224, 226, 229, 230, 234, 236, 239, 242–44, 245, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259–61, 262, 263, 266–68, 270–71, 275, 279, 282, 283, 284, 291, 317–19, 340, 352, 356

  • Jefferson, Thomas, 232–36

  • Joseph (manservant of Buffon), 64, 195

  • Journal of Trévoux, 144–45

  • Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent, 219–20, 230, 281–82, 287, 288, 293, 347

  • Jussieu, Bernard de, 99–101, 106, 107, 108, 112, 116, 117, 125, 134, 160, 162, 215–16, 220

K

Kahler, Marten, 173, 175, 176

  • Kalm, Pehr (Peter), 138, 168–70, 235

  • Kamchatka peninsula, 234

  • Kames, Lord, 279

  • Kingston, Duke of, 51–54, 58

  • kleptogenesis, 348

  • Koelsch, Adolph, 294

L

Lacépède, Compte de (Bernard-Germain-Étienne de La Ville-sur-Illon), 230–31, 239, 244, 256, 260, 266, 274, 280–81, 314

  • Lamarck (Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de), 257–59, 260–61, 262, 266, 267, 271–73, 274–75, 279–80, 283, 284, 289, 298, 301, 305, 306–10, 311, 350, 356

  • Lapland, 68–69, 75–76

  • Leclerc, Benjamin-François, 28, 31, 54, 58, 59

  • Leclerc, Georges-Louis. See Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de

  • Leclerc, Christine Marlin, 31, 58

  • Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 189, 203–4

  • Leguat, François, 142

  • Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 57, 191, 201

  • lens of fixity, 71–72, 88, 145, 201, 221, 336, 356

  • Lewis and Clark expedition, 234

  • lichens, 348

  • Lincoln, Abraham, 320–21

  • linden (tree), 11–13, 42, 43

  • linnea borealis, 69, 207, 344

  • Linneanum (structure), 296

  • Linnaeus, Frederick, 25

  • Linnaeus, Carl: academic career of,

    • “apostles” of, 135–37, 138, 168–76, 206, 207, 209–10, 235, 290, 294

    • apprenticeship of, 16–17, 40–43

    • autobiographies of, 7, 15, 130

    • belief in fixity of species, 72, 88, 206, 284

    • botanical garden, directorship of, 112–14, 129–30, 148, 193,

    • bust of, 8, 249, 252–53, 261

    • childhood of, 13–16

    • coat of arms, 69, 186–87, 227

    • daughters of, 193–94

    • death of, 212–13

    • debility of, 195, 205, 211–13

    • ennoblement, 186–87

    • exaggerated account of travels, 76

    • formal education of, 15–16

    • friendship with Artedi, 35–36, 69, 82, 84–85

    • funeral of, 6, 213

    • hallucinations, 211–12

    • as hoax victim, 205

    • honors, 186–87, 210, 213

    • injury of, 23, 342

    • invocations of divinity, xii, 7, 44, 76, 79, 80, 91, 112, 140, 146, 181, 188, 196–97, 206, 212

    • Lapland expedition, 67–69, 75–76

    • marriage, 106

    • menagerie of, 129–30, 296

    • military mindset, 130

    • name change, 187

    • as physician, 81, 84, 102–6, 113, 186, 208

    • racial stereotypes, creation of, 12, 180–81,

    • retirement of, 192, 206

    • son as designated successor, xiii, 131–32, 192, 222–33, 227, 295

    • as specialist in venereal disease, 104–6

    • tea plants, pursuit of, 135, 206–7

    • theft of specimen, 175

    • unconventional beliefs, 18, 208–9

    • as type specimen of Homo sapiens, 334, 344

  • Linnaeus, Carl (the Younger), 112, 131–32, 192–93, 222–23, 226–27, 287, 294, 295

  • Linnaeus, Elizabeth Christina. See von Linné, Elizabeth Christina

  • Linnaeus, Carolus. See Linnaeus, Carl

  • Linnaeus, Karl. See Linnaeus, Carl

  • Linnaeus, Nils, 12–13, 14, 16–18

  • Linnaeus, Sara-Lisa Moraeus (Sara-Lisa von Linné), 95, 106, 223, 227, 227, 287–88

  • Linnean Society of London, 291, 293, 296, 319, 343–44

  • Linnean system (taxonomy), 119, 133, 155, 177, 203, 211, 217, 219, 224, 230, 260, 266, 267, 271, 272, 276, 281, 286, 287, 289, 290, 295, 297, 298, 299, 333, 334, 336, 341, 345–47, 350, 357

  • Litteronia saxatilis, 341

  • Lofling, Peter, 129, 131–32, 135, 148, 149, 172, 176, 209

  • Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 316–17, 319

  • Louis XIII, 97

  • Louis XIV, 28, 30, 61, 125, 216,

  • Louis XV, 107, 138, 146, 223,

  • Louis XVI, 5, 54, 221, 245, 250, 256, 264

  • Lucas (illegitimate son of Buffon), 228–29

  • Lund, 12, 22–24, 25

M

Malesherbes, Guillaume de, 124

  • Maurepas, Count of (Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux), 61–62, 63, 107

  • Meischer, Frederich, 337

  • Men Before Adam (de la Peyrere), 278

  • Mendel, Gregor (Johann), 323–26, 328–29, 337

  • Montbard, 27, 28, 29, 39, 31, 32, 33, 54, 59, 61, 64, 170, 117, 147, 189, 214, 215, 225, 227, 228, 229, 233, 235, 239, 242, 254, 269, 313, 356

  • Montesquieu (Charles Louis de Secondat), 4, 55, 143

  • Montpelier (France), 215, 251

  • moose, 235–36

  • moule intérieur. See internal matrix

  • Muir, John, 22

  • Musa cliffortiana (banana), 93–4

N

Necker, Jacques, 241, 245–46, 255–56

  • Necker, Suzanne Curchod, 240–42, 244, 245, 255–56

  • Nemesis Divina (Linnaeus), 208, 213

  • néolinnéisme, 266, 281, 286

  • Newton, Isaac, 55, 57, 64, 65, 101

  • Niagara Falls, 169

  • Nomenclator Zoologicus (Agassiz), 318

  • Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 232–33

O

On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 306–9, 354

P

Pando (large organism), 349

  • Pajou, Augustin, 225, 266

  • Paradoxa (order), 90–91, 133, 203, 298

  • Parc Buffon (Montbard), 59, 64, 187, 215, 263

  • Philosophica Botanica (Linnaeus), 148–53, 290, 297, 318

  • Philosophie Zoologique (Lamarck), 279

  • Physarum polycephalum, 357–9

  • Pleijel, Francine, 352–53

  • polygenism, 278–79, 321

  • potestatem docendi, 49, 50, 81

  • Pierrepont, Evelyn. See Kingston, Duke of

  • platypus, 280, 297–99

  • Posidonia australis, 349

Q

Quarrel of the Universals (epistemology), 118–20, 156

R

race (collective noun), 132, 143, 180, 306, 309, 315, 355

  • race (pseudo-scientific concept), xii, 110, 181, 276–78, 277–78, 315, 320, 321–23, 330–33

  • Race Question, The (UNESCO), 332–33

  • Races of Mankind, The (pamphlet), 331–32

  • Réaumur, René de, 117

  • reproduction, 37, 182–83, 189–91, 205, 278, 305

  • Richelieu, Cardinal (Armand Jean du Plessis), 97

  • Rolander, Daniel, 174–76, 194

  • Rothman, Johann, 16–7, 40–42

  • Rosén, Nils, 49–50, 67, 70, 75, 81, 102, 110–12, 134

  • Rouse, George, 352–53

  • Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 4, 116, 143, 254, 365

S

Sacred Ibis Debates, 274–76, 279, 319

  • Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, 4

  • Saint Firmin (prison), 255

  • Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de, 254, 256

  • salt tax. See gabelle

  • Saint-Fond, Barthélemy Faujas de, 244–45

  • savantry (precursor to science), xiii, 52, 57, 58, 60, 101, 106, 107, 110, 115,116, 134, 138, 140, 144, 157, 169, 181, 204, 216, 219, 251, 261, 164, 266, 267, 270, 271, 272, 273, 276, 282, 290

  • Science of Life, The (Wells and Huxley), 329–30

  • Schleiden, Matthias, 301–2

  • Schwann, Theodor, 301–2

  • Seba, Albert, 80, 82, 84, 85

  • sexual system (Linnean taxonomy), 45–49, 73–75, 86, 92, 98, 100, 103, 112, 113, 122, 132–33, 149, 153, 166, 202, 207, 251, 281, 289, 347

  • Shaw, George (British doctor), 298–99

  • Shaw, George Bernard, 315

  • Siegesbeck, Johann Georg, 103–4, 124, 132, 209, 250

  • Småland (Swedish province), 12, 13, 22, 68, 174, 187

  • Smith, James Edward, 286–89, 290–91, 293, 296, 334, 343

  • Société de Linné de Paris (SLP), 251–53, 260, 291

  • Solander, Daniel 194, 290

  • Sorbonne, 96–98, 145–46, 220, 221, 237, 311

  • Species Plantarum (Linnaeus), 153, 202, 223, 300, 347

  • Stafleu, Frans, 355

  • Stearn, William, 333–34

  • Stenbrohult (Sweden), 13, 14, 16, 17

  • Stillingfleet, Benjamin, 289

  • Stobaeus, Killian, 22–23, 25

  • Stockholm, 19, 29, 24, 40, 48, 102, 103,104, 105, 106, 108, 111, 112, 176, 227, 288

  • Stoll, Caspar, 146

  • Sullivan, John, 235

  • Swedish East India Company, 135, 207

  • Swieten, Gerhard van, 105

  • Systema Naturae (Linnaeus), xi, 85–92, 95, 113, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 130, 134, 146, 150, 152, 153, 163, 177, 179, 181, 188, 196, 197, 203, 212, 223, 266, 286, 295, 296, 300, 315, 333, 334, 342, 347

  • systematists, 7, 46, 148, 149, 236, 237, 249, 260, 301, 333, 341

T

Tahiti, 217–18, 286

  • Tarnstrom, Christopher, 135–37, 206

  • taxonomy, 88, 122, 125, 153, 162–64, 208, 209, 217, 219, 230, 282, 295, 296, 298–9, 333, 336, 337, 339, 341, 344, 346–47, 348, 350, 351

  • Tessin, Carl Gustaf, 105–6, 108, 111

  • Theophrastus, 41–42

  • Thornton, John, 293

  • Thouin, André, 251, 260, 262

  • Thunberg, Carl Peter, 294–96

  • totsu caso, 295

  • Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, 21, 42–44, 46, 48, 87, 98, 99, 100, 151, 152, 224

  • transformism, 273, 273, 275, 280, 284, 306–7

U

Uppsala, 20, 24, 48, 68, 69, 75, 76, 81,102, 111, 112, 119, 125, 131, 148, 162, 173, 174, 175, 186, 187, 192, 194, 195, 206, 207, 213, 222, 226, 287, 290, 294, 334, 364

  • Uppsala Botanical Garden, 19, 22, 24, 48–49, 112–13, 114, 129–30, 148, 193, 207, 211, 212, 227, 295–96

  • Uppsala University, 6, 21, 67, 129, 148, 223

V

våarträd, 12

  • Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, The (Darwin), 324

  • Varro, Marcus Terentiaus, 203

  • Växjö, 15, 16, 17, 40

  • vegetable lamb of Tartary, 36–38, 203

  • venereal disease, 104–6, 170

  • Vermont, 121, 235

  • Victor Amadeus II, 30

  • Vicq-d’Azyr, Felix, 4

  • Voltaire, 4, 55, 64, 101, 115, 143, 247, 279

  • von Linné, Carl. See Linnaeus, Carl

  • von Linné, Elizabeth Christina, 193–94, 290

W

Wallenberg, Jacob, 210

  • Webster, Daniel, 236

  • We Europeans (Huxley and Haddon), 330–31

  • Weismann, August, 310

  • Wells, H. G. (Herbert George), 329–30, 335

  • Weltfish, Gene, 331

  • White, Charles, 278

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