INTRODUCTION: THE GODFATHER VS. NEW YORK HISTORY

1. For the history of the Morellos, see Mike Dash, The First Family: Terror, Extortion, Revenge, Murder, and the Birth of the American Mafia (New York: Random House, 2009), pp. ix–x, 222–24, 305–306.

2. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Gov. Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Senate, 88th Cong., 1st Sess., 270–73 (1963) (testimony of Joseph Valachi).

3. New York Times, March 20, 1971, July 22, 1975; Time, September 29, 1986; Joseph Bonanno with Sergio Lalli, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983).

4. New York University Law Professor James B. Jacobs first showed me that serious research could be done on the Mafia. In the summer of 1997, I worked as his research assistant while he worked on his book Gotham Unbound: How New York City Was Liberated from the Grip of Organized Crime (New York: New York University Press, 1999), which focused on initiatives in the 1980s and ’90s by the Justice Department and the Giuliani administration to purge the Mafia from six industries. We also coauthored an article on an anti-Mafia agency called the Trade Waste Commission. James B. Jacobs and Alex Hortis, “New York City as Organized Crime Fighter,” New York Law School Law Review, 42, nos. 3–4 (1998): 1069–92, reprinted in Organized Crime: Critical Concepts in Criminology, vol. 4, ed. Frederico Varese (London: Routledge, 2010), pp. 179–200.

5. I am inspired by such authors as Mike Dash and Jerry Capeci, who combine exhaustive research with compelling narrative history. Mike Dash, First Family, pp. x–xi; Jerry Capeci and Tom Robbins, Mob Boss: The Life of Little Al D'Arco, the Man Who Brought Down the Mafia (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2013).

CHAPTER 1: A CITY BUILT FOR THE MOB

1. For example, Anthony M. DeStefano, King of the Godfathers: Joseph Massino and the Fall of the Bonanno Crime Family (New York: Pinnacle, 2007). Even Selwyn Raab's fine journalistic account Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2005) focuses on Mafia leaders from the 1960s onward.

2. Thomas E. Rush, The Port of New York (New York: Doubleday, 1920), pp. 11–12; New York State Crime Commission, Study of the Port of New York (Albany, NY: n.p., 1953), p. 17; James T. Fisher, On the Irish Waterfront: The Crusader, the Movie, and the Soul of the Port of New York (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009), p. 1.

3. Rush, Port of New York, p. 124; Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 665–66, 741–44, 1116–25.

4. Port of New York Authority, Outlook for Waterborne Commerce through the Port of New York (New York: n.p., 1948), pp. 53–55, 74.

5. Report of the Engineer-in-Chief, on the Improvement of Water Front (New York: n.p., April 26, 1871), p. 3; Michael Woodiwiss, Organized Crime and American Power: A History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), p. 159.

6. Report of the Joint Legislative Committee to Investigate the Affairs of the City of New York on the Dept. of Docks (Albany, NY: n.p., January 31, 1922), p. 11.

7. New York Department of Docks, Report of the Dept. of Docks, 1872 & 1873 (New York: n.p., 1874), pp. 15–16.

8. Report of the Executive Committee to the New York City Council of Political Reform on the Operations of the Dept. of Docks (New York: n.p., 1875), pp. 11–12.

9. Report and Proceedings of the Senate Committee Appointed to Investigate the Police Dept. of the City of New York (Albany, NY: n.p., 1895), p. 42.

10. Letter to F. H. La Guardia from Commissioner of Docks, April 27, 1934, in Box 121, in Subject Files, Papers of Mayor Fiorello La Guardia (hereafter “La Guardia Papers”) in New York City Municipal Archives, New York, NY (hereafter “NYMA”); Letter from John McKenzie to the Board of Commissioners, May 24, 1934, in Box 121 of La Guardia Papers (NYMA). Unless indicated otherwise, dollar figures have been adjusted to current value using the inflation calculator at: http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm (accessed May 19, 2013).

11. Waterfront Investigation: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Senate, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., 72–73, 462 (1953); Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology (New York: Collier Books, 1961), pp. 175–209.

12. Letter from Am. Hawaiian Steamship Co. to Pacific Consolidators, March 2, 1934, in Box 121 in La Guardia Papers (NYMA).

13. Waterfront Investigation: New York, Interim Report of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Senate, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., 6–9 (1953).

14. Oral history with Sam Madell, quoted in Jeff Kisseloff, ed., You Must Remember This: An Oral History of Manhattan from the 1890s to World War II (New York: Schocken Books, 1989), p. 522; Special Report of the Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor (New York: 1970), pp. 4–5, 8.

15. Public Hearings (No. 5) Conducted by the New York State Crime Commission Pursuant to the Governor's Executive Orders (New York: n.p., 1953) (testimony of Joseph Ryan), pp. 3607–10; Charles P. Larrowe, Shape-up and Hiring Hall; a Comparison of Hiring Methods and Labor Relations on the New York and Seattle Water Fronts (London: Cambridge University Press, 1955), p. 43; Mayor's Committee on Unemployment, Report on Dock Employment in New York City and Recommendations for its Regularization (New York: n.p., 1916), p. 27.

16. Waterfront Investigation, 489–90 (1953); Public Hearings (No. 5), pp. 3611–45, 3704 (1953).

17. Mayor's Committee on Unemployment, Report on Dock Employment in New York City and Recommendations for its Regularization (New York: n.p., 1916), p. 10; Elizabeth Ogg, Longshoremen and Their Homes (New York: Greenwich House, 1939), pp. 28–29; Charles B. Barnes, The Longshoremen (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1915), pp. 4–8.

18. Oral history with Frank Barbaro, quoted in Myrna Frommer and Harvey Frommer, It Happened in Brooklyn: An Oral History of Growing Up in the Borough in the 1940s, ’50s, and ’60s (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1993), pp. 228–29; Deirdre Marie Capone, Uncle Al Capone: The Untold Story from Inside His Family (New York: Recap, 2011), p. 28.

19. My thanks to Rick Warner for citations clarifying Paul Kelly's gang affiliations. New York Herald, March 29, 1908; Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927), p. 273; New York Sun, September 15, 1910; New York Times, May 13 and October 22, 1919, March 14, 1920, and April 5, 1936; Richard J. Butler, Dock Walloper: The Story of “Big Dick” Butler (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1933), pp. 200, 221; Joseph Ryan, “Highlights of My Labor Career” (unpublished manuscript), quoted in Maud Russell, Men Along the Shore (New York: Brussel and Brussel, 1966), pp. 112–19; David Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931 (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 19–20.

20. Public Hearings (No. 5), pp. 3608–62 (1953) (testimony of Joseph Ryan); Waterfront Investigation: New York–New Jersey: Report of Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Senate, 83d Cong., 1st Sess. (1953).

21. Public Hearings (No. 5), pp. 1593–94 (1953) (testimony of Constantino Scannavino); Public Hearings (No. 5), pp. 1508–29 (1953) (testimony of Vincent Mannino).

22. Joseph Bonanno with Sergio Lalli, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), p. 169; Public Hearings (No. 5), pp. 1527–28 (1953) (testimony of Mannino); New York Times, September 18, 1930, October 3, 1941, October 7, 1941, December 19, 1952, and March 2, 1963.

23. FBI Report, The Criminal Commission, December 19, 1962, in Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Record Group 65, National Archives and Records Administration at College Park, MD (hereafter “NARA College Park”). Thanks to the Mary Ferrell website for making this and other FBI files on the Mafia available online at http://www.maryferrell.org. FBI Report, Activities of Top Hoodlums in the New York Field Division, September 14, 1959, in FBI Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) File on Top Hoodlum Program (copy in possession of author); Public Hearings (No. 5), pp. 3152–63 (1953); New York Times, December 14, 1952, October 26, 1957.

24. Bonanno, Man of Honor, pp. 156, 170–71; Public Hearings (No. 5), pp. 1690–98 (testimony of Umberto Anastasio); New York Times, April 29, 1923, October 26, 1957; Gen. Investigative Intelligence File, Albert Anastasia, February 25, 1954, in FBI FOIA File on Albert Anastasia (copy in possession of author).

25. New York Times, December 24, 1919, August 10, 1924, October 11, 1968; James B. Jacobs, Coleen Friel, and Robert Radick, Gotham Unbound: How New York City Was Liberated from the Grip of Organized Crime (New York: New York University Press, 1999), pp. 33–41.

26. Public Hearings (No. 5), pp. 2091–2112 (1953) (testimony of Michael Clemente); FBI Memorandum, La Cosa Nostra, New York Waterfront, January 21, 1964, in RG 65 (NARA College Park); New York Times, January 22, 1953.

27. United States Census Bureau, 1920 Federal Population Census, Dist. 920, Alessandro Di Brizzi, New York, NY.

28. Public Hearings (No. 5), pp. 1910–39 (1953) (testimony of Alex Di Brizzi); Waterfront Investigation, pp. 438–39 (1953) (testimony of Joseph Ryan); FBI New York Office Report, Activities of Top Hoodlums in the United States, October 15, 1959, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

29. New York Department of Planning, “Total and Foreign-Born Population New York City, 1890–2000,” http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/1790–2000nyctotal.foreignbirth.pdf (accessed May 19, 2013).

30. Report of the New York City Commission on Congestion of Population (New York: n.p., 1911), p. 85.

31. Oral history with Joseph Verdiccio, quoted in Oral History of Manhattan, p. 343.

32. Arthur Train, Courts, Criminals, and the Camorra (New York: Charles Scribner's, 1912), p. 241.

33. Joseph Valachi, “The Real Thing: The Exposé and Inside Doings of Cosa Nostra,” p. 6 (unpublished autobiography), in Boxes 1 & 2, Joseph Valachi Personal Papers, in John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, MA (hereafter “JFK Library”).

34. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 79.

35. John Manca and Vincent Cosgrove, Tin For Sale: My Career in Organized Crime and the NYPD (New York: William Morrow, 1991), pp. 34–36.

36. Arcangelo Dimico, Alessia Isopi, and Ola Olsson, “Origins of the Sicilian Mafia: The Market for Lemons” (working paper, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, May 2012), http://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/29193/1/gupea_2077_29193_1.pdf (accessed May 19, 2013); Paolo Buonanno et al., “On the Historical and Geographic Origins of the Sicilian Mafia” (working paper, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy, February 2012), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2009808 (accessed May 19, 2013); Salvatore Lupo, History of the Sicilian Mafia, trans. Antony Shugaar (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), p. 216; John Dickie, Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 38–39, 201–202.

37. I am indebted to Joshua B. Freeman's Working Class New York: Life and Labor since World War II (New York: New Press, 2000), pp. 2–22, and to Howard Kimeldorf's Reds or Rackets: The Making of Radical and Conservative Unions on the Waterfront (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 67–70, for highlighting the importance of small manufacturers and shippers in New York.

38. These statistics are calculated from data in United State Department of Commerce, Census of Manufacturers, 1954, Vol. III, Area Statistics, Industry Statistics for Geographic Divisions, States, Standard Metropolitan Areas, Counties and Cities (Washington, DC: GPO, 1955), in the charts at 104–4, 131–5, 131–30, 134–3, and 137–3.

39. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York (New York: Scribner, 1890), p. 69; Governor's Advisory Commission, Cloak, Suit, and Skirt Industry, New York City: Report of an Investigation (Albany, NY: n.p., 1925), pp. 1–2.

40. Commission on Congestion of Population, p. 149.

41. Oral history with Abe Feinglass on June 9, 1981, in Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison, WI; Dr. Michael Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations (New York: Free Press, 1990).

42. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, pp. 437, 723–24; New York State Department of Labor, Report of the Industrial Commissioner to the Hotel and Restaurant Wage Board (Albany, NY: n.p., 1935), pp. 18–20.

43. United States Department of Agriculture, The Wholesale Fruit and Vegetable Markets of New York City (Washington, DC: GPO, 1940), pp. 6–7.

44. Report of the Executive Committee to the New York City Council of Political Reform on the Operations of the Dept. of Docks (New York: n.p., 1875), p. 13; Commission on Congestion of Population, p. 11.

45. Police Department of the City of New York, Our Grave Traffic Problem; Suggestions for Relief (1924), p. 6; Report to the Honorable James J. Walker, Mayor, on Highway Traffic Conditions and Proposed Traffic Relief Measures for the City of New York (New York: n.p., 1929), p. 24.

46. Police Department of the City of New York, Our Grave Traffic Problem, p. 7.

47. Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field. Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field, Senate, 85th Cong., 2d. Sess., 6751–52 (1958) (testimony of John Montesano).

48. Oral history of Frank DiTrapani, quoted in An Oral History of Manhattan, p. 125.

49. Max Block, Max the Butcher: An Autobiography of Violence and Intrigue (Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, 1982), pp. 88–94, 106.

50. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935); Andrew W. Cohen, “The Era of Big Gonif Was Over,” reposted by Eric Rauchway, The Edge of the American West (blog), May 27, 2008, http://chronicle.com/blognetwork/edgeofthewest/2008/05/27/the-era-of-big-gonif-was-over/ (accessed May 19, 2013).

51. Stephen H. Norwood, Strike-Breaking and Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), pp. 171–93.

52. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 79.

53. New York Times, August 10, 1933; Robert F. Himmelberg, The Origins of the National Recovery Administration: Business, Government, and the Trade Association Issue, 1921–1933 (New York: Fordham University Press, 1993), pp. 1–4.

54. Benjamin Schlesinger, “Stabilizing an Industry,” quoted in Out of the Sweatshop: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy, ed. Leon Stein (New York: Quadrangle, 1977), p. 219; International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, Industry Planning through Collective Bargaining (New York: n.p., 1941), p. 10.

55. Bonanno, Man of Honor, pp. 152–53.

56. Grand Jury Association of New York County, Criminal Receivers in the United States (1928); Investigation of So-Called “Rackets.” Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Committee on Commerce, Senate, 73d Cong., 2d. Sess., 16–17 (1934); Samuel Marx, Broadway Gangsters and Their Rackets (Girard, KS: H. J. Publishers, 1929), p. 13; Timothy J. Gilfoyle, A Pickpocket's Tale: The Underworld of Nineteenth-Century New York (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006 ), pp. 60–61, 318–20.

57. Jenna Weissman Joselit, Our Gang: Jewish Crime and the New York Jewish Community, 1900–1940 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), pp. 36–39; Fire Department of the City of New York, Incendiarism in Greater New York (December 1912), pp. 14–16.

58. Thomas M. Pitkin and Francesco Cordasco, Black Hand: A Chapter in Ethnic Crime (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1977); Joselit, Our Gang, pp. 39–40.

59. Oral history of Peter Rofrano, quoted in An Oral History of Manhattan, p. 364.

60. Jeffrey Scott McIllwain, Organizing Crime in Chinatown: Race and Racketeering in New York City, 1890–1910 (London: McFarland, 2004), pp. 130–34.

61. Crime Commission of New York State, Report to the Commission of the Sub-Commission on Police (Albany, NY: n.p., 1927), p. 23; NYPD, Annual Report for the Year 1930 (New York: n.p., 1931), p. 8.

62. Special Committee Appointed to Investigate the Police Department of the City of New York, Investigation of the Police Dept. of the City of New York, Proceedings from March 9 to June 5, 1894 (Albany, NY: n.p., 1895), pp. 25, 42.

63. Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption and the City's Anti-Corruption Procedures, Commission Report (New York: 1972), p. 125.

64. The Transit Problems of New York City (New York: n.p., 1919), p. 20; Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Vintage, 1975), pp. 71–86.

65. Raymond D. Horton, Municipal Labor Relations in New York City (New York: Praeger, 1973), p. 17.

66. Report of the Joint Legislative Committee to Investigate the Affairs of the City of New York on the Dept. of Docks (New York: n.p., 1922), p. 5; State of New York, Report and Summary of the Evidence of the Joint Legislative Committee to Investigate the Affairs of the City of New York (Albany, NY: n.p., 1922), p. 74; New York City Commissioner of Accounts, Investigating City Government in the La Guardia Administration (New York: n.p., 1937), p. 36.

67. The first use of the term fragile to describe an industry susceptible to racketeering was in Ronald Goldstock et. al., Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry: The Final Report of the New York State Organized Crime Task Force (New York: New York University Press, 1990), of which Dr. James B. Jacobs was the principal draftsman. As the Final Report explained, “The power of so many people in the construction process to impose delay costs on a construction project is what we mean by ‘fragility.’” See page 59.

68. Report of the Executive Committee to the New York City Council of Political Reform on the Operations of the Dept. of Docks (New York: n.p., 1875), p. 11; New York City Commissioner of Accounts, The Pushcart Problem in New York City (New York: n.p., 1917), pp. 3–4.

69. Valachi, “The Real Thing,” p. 6-1 (JFK Library).

70. New York Times, October 15, 1935, October 24, 1935, October 31, 1936, March 3, 1937; Thomas E. Dewey, Twenty against the Underworld (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974), pp. 278–86.

71. Nicholas Pileggi, Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), pp. 48–49.

72. State of New York, Report of the Joint Legislative Committee on Taxicab Operation and Fares (1936), p. 13; James V. Maresca, My Flag Is Down: The Diary of a New York Taxi Driver (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1948), p. 146.

73. New York Times, October 31, 1959.

74. Letter from M. J. Cashall to D. J. Tobin, March 29, 1934, in Box 20, Records of the Int'l Brotherhood of Teamsters, 1904–52 (WHS); David Witwer, Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003), pp. 114, 264 n. 38.

75. New York State Food Investigating Commission, Report of the Committee on Terminals and Transportation (New York: n.p., 1913), p. 29.

76. State of New York, Report of the Attorney General in the Matter of the Milk Investigation (Albany, NY: n.p., 1910), p. 12; New York Times, February 6, 1930, March 29, 1930, September 6, 1930, and March 3, 1940.

77. Block, Max the Butcher, pp. 79, 94–95.

78. Investigation of Improper Activities, pp. 11517–46 (1958); New York Times, June 25, 1996.

79. United States Department of Agriculture, Wholesale Fruit and Vegetable Markets, p. 6; Charles E. Artman, Food Costs and City Consumers (New York: n.p., 1926), p. 15.

80. Dash, First Family, pp. 150, 245–62.

81. Report on Rackets, October 29, 1937, in Box 134 of La Guardia Papers (NYMA); New York Times, May 14, 1937.

CHAPTER 2: PROHIBITION AND THE RISE OF THE SICILIANS

1. This conversation is verbatim from the testimonies of police detectives Giuseppe Caravetta and Emil Panevino in People against Pietro Lagatutta and Giuseppe Masseria, Case No. 1714 (N.Y. Ct. Spec. Sess. 1913), Microfilm 1714, Trial Transcripts of the County of New York, 1883–1927, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY (hereafter “JJC”). Thanks to David Critchley for pointing me toward these microfilms.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.; testimony of Giuseppe Masseria and Pietro Lagatutta in People against Lagatutta and Masseria (JJC).

4. Richard Warner and Mike Tona discovered the birth certificate of Giuseppe Masseria, January 17, 1886, Utliziale dello Stato Civile del commune di Menfi, IT, cited in Richard N. Warner, “On the Trail of Giuseppe ‘Joe the Boss’ Masseria,” Informer: The History of American Crime and Law Enforcement (February 2011): 56–58; New York Times, April 16, 1931.

5. Unless stated otherwise, in this book all dollar figures are cited in their original amounts and then converted to 2013 dollars using http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.

6. Testimony of John Simpson and William Kinsler in People against Lagatutta and Masseria (JJC).

7. Testimony of Masseria in People against Lagatutta and Masseria (JCC).

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Thomas Hunt, “Year-by-Year: Charlie Lucky's Life,” Informer: History of American Crime and Law Enforcement (April 2012): 35–61; United States Census Bureau, 1920 Federal Population Census, Salvatore Lucania, Enumeration District No. 1, New York, NY.

11. Report of Dr. Harry Freedran, Charles Luciano [undated], 1936, in Box 13, Thomas E. Dewey Papers, Department of Rare Books, Special Collections and Preservation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (“UR”).

12. Report of Dr. L. E. Kinholz, Charles Luciano, June 30, 1936, in Box 13, Dewey Papers (UR); United States Census Bureau, 1920 Federal Population Census, Salvatore Lucania, District No. 1, New York, NY.

13. Report of Dr. Freedran (UR); New York Times, June 19, 1936.

14. New York Times, June 19, 1936.

15. Report of Dr. Kinholz, in Box 13, Dewey Papers (UR). Luciano may have enjoyed drugs too much. “He is a drug addict,” stated his first prison psychiatrist in 1936, who recommended that due “to his drug addiction he should be transferred to Dannemora Prison” in Dannemora, New York. This prison had a mental health hospital. Ralph Blumenthal, Miracle at Sing Sing: How One Man Transformed the Lives of America's Most Dangerous Prisoners (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2004), p. 166. Sometime after his transfer to Dannemora, Luciano denied drug use to another psychiatrist, who found no addiction at this later time. Report of Dr. Freedran (UR).

16. Report of Dr. Kinholz and Dr. Freedran, both in Box 13, Dewey Papers (UR).

17. Report of Dr. Freedran in Box 13, Dewey Papers (UR); Luciano quoted in Leonard Lyons, “The Man Who Was Lucky,” Esquire (April 1953): 66–67, 127–31; FBI Memorandum, Re: Charles Luciana, August 28, 1935, in FBI Freedom of Information Act File (hereafter “FOIA”) of Charles Luciano (copy in possession of author).

18. United States Census Bureau, 1920 Federal Population Census, Salvatore Lucania, District No. 1, New York, NY.

19. Mike Dash, The First Family: Terror, Extortion, and the Birth of the American Mafia (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), pp. 147, 150.

20. Ibid., pp. 234–36.

21. David Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931 (New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 121, 155.

22. United States Secret Service, Daily Reports for New York District Office, January 27, 1912, April 27, 1915, May 29, 1915, each in Records of the United States Secret Service, Record Group 87, in National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (hereafter “NARA College Park”).

23. New York Times, January 16, 1920; Michael A. Lerner, Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), pp. 40, 64.

24. National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws: Official Records, Senate, 71st Cong., 3d Sess. (Washington, DC: GPO, 1931), 203, 716.

25. Lerner, Dry Manhattan, p. 95.

26. National Commission, Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws, p. 723.

27. Tom Geraghty, quoted in Jeff Kisseloff, ed., You Must Remember This: An Oral History of Manhattan from the 1890s to World War II (New York: Schocken Books, 1989), p. 584.

28. Caroline F. Ware, Greenwich Village, 1920–1930: A Comment on American Civilization in the Post-War Years (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1935), p. 56;Critchley, Organized Crime, p. 143.

29. Roger Touhy with Ray Brennan, The Stolen Years (Cleveland: Pennington Press, 1959), pp. 63, 65.

30. Brooklyn Standard Union, July 22, 1931; New York Post, February 29, 1932.

31. Mark H. Haller, “Bootleggers and American Gambling 1920–1950,” in Commission on the Review of the National Policy Toward Gambling, Gambling in America: Appendix (Washington, DC: GPO, 1976), pp. 109–11.

32. Joseph Bonanno with Sergio Lalli, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), pp. 65, 75.

33. Nick Gentile, Vita di Capomafia (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1963), pp. 80, 87.

34. Lerner, Dry Manhattan, p. 146.

35. Malcolm F. Willoughby, Rum War at Sea (Washington, DC: GPO, 1964), pp. 32–33.

36. George Wolf with Joseph DiMona, Frank Costello: Prime Minister of the Underworld (London: Staughton, 1975), pp. 12–15, 22, 50–51.

37. Ibid.; Costello vs. United States, 365 U.S. 265 (1961); Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Hearings before the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Part 7, Senate, 81st Cong., 2d Sess. (1951), 895, 900 (hereafter “Kefauver Committee Hearings”).

38. Daily Star, October 28, 1926; Brooklyn Standard Union, November 19, 1926; New York Times, January 27, 1926, January 21–22, 1927, January 31, 1927; Wolf, Costello, p. 51.

39. Kefauver Committee Hearings, 889–904 (testimony of Frank Costello).

40. Costello vs. United States, 365 U.S. 265 (1961).

41. New York Times, August 3, 1924, June 11, 1925, June 30, 1925; New York Evening Post, April 16, 1925.

42. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 76; Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, p. 138.

43. John Morahan, quoted in Jeff Kisseloff, ed., You Must Remember This: An Oral History of Manhattan from the 1890s to World War II (Baltimore: John's Hopkins University Press, 1989), p. 585.

44. Ware, Greenwich Village, pp. 56–57; Lewis Valentine, Night Stick: The Autobiography of Lewis J. Valentine (New York: Dial Press, 1947), pp. 54–55.

45. Humbert S. Nelli, The Business of Crime: Italians and Syndicate Crime in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), p. 172.

46. Masseria may have made key contacts while in Sing Sing. For eighteen months, between March 1914 and September 1916, Masseria's time in Sing Sing overlapped with that of Thomas “The Bull” Pennochio, a close ally of Charles “Lucky” Luciano. During Prohibition, Luciano and Pennochio would become key lieutenants of Masseria. Compare Giuseppe Masseria, Inmate Admission, Sing Sing Correctional Facility Records, New York State Archives, Albany, NY (hereafter “NYSA”) with Thomas Pennochio Prison File in Notorious Offenders Files, Records of the Federal Bureau of Prison, RG 129, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (hereafter “NARA College Park”); Thomas Hunt and Michael Tona, “Cleveland Convention Was to Be Masseria Coronation,” Informer: History of American Crime & Law Enforcement (January 2010): 13–36 n. 83.

47. Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, p. 155; Lerner, Dry Manhattan, pp. 261–263.

48. New York Evening Telegram, May 9, 1922; New York Times, May 9, 1922.

49. New York Herald-Tribune, May 9, 1922; New York Evening Telegram, May 9, 1922, August 11, 1922; New York Times, May 9, 1922; People against Joseph Masseria (1922), in New York County District Attorney Records, New York Municipal Archives, New York, NY (hereafter “NYMA”).

50. New York Call, August 9, 1922; New York Times, August 9, 1922.

51. New York Times, April 16, 1931.

52. Wolf, Frank Costello, p. 69; Dash, First Family, pp. 271–72.

53. FBI Memorandum, General Investigative Intelligence File, October 15, 1956, in Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, RG 65, (NARA College Park); New York Times, July 24, 1929.

54. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 84; New York Times, April 16, 1931.

55. Kisseloff, You Must Remember This, p. 597.

56. Ben Wattenberg and Richard M. Scammon, The Real Majority: An Extraordinary Examination of the American Electorate (New York: Coward-McCann, 1970), p. 45.

57. Ira Rosenwaike, Population History of New York City (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1972), pp. 93–95.

58. Table 2–1 is based on Rosenwaike, Population History, pp. 77, 141, 202–204, and Federation of Jewish Philanthropies, The Estimated Jewish Population of the New York Area, 1900–1975 (New York: n.p., 1959), p. 15. The numbers in table 3–1 are rounded down to the nearest thousand and percentage point.

59. Federal Writers’ Project, “Italian Colonies in New York City, 1936,” in WPA Federal Writers’ Project (NYC Unit) Collection, 1936–1943 (NYMA); Tyler Anbinder, Five Points: The 19th-Century New York City Neighborhood that Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World's Most Notorious Slum (New York: Plume, 2002), p. 375.

60. Jerry Della Femina, quoted in Myrna Katz Frommer and Harvey Frommer, ed., It Happened in Manhattan: An Oral History of Life in the City during the Mid-Twentieth Century (New York: Berkley Books, 2001), p. 47.

61. Gus Petruzzelli, Memories of Growing up in Little Italy, NY (Bloomington, IN: Xlibris, 2010), p. 11.

62. Julius Drachsler, Intermarriage in New York City: A Statistical Study of the Amalgamation of European Peoples (New York: n.p., 1921), pp. 43–45.

63. There were about five thousand mafiosi out of approximately 1,029,000 Italian Americans. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Senate, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963), 270–71 (testimony of Joseph Valachi); Rosenwaike, Population History, p. 205. This constitutes 0.48 percent of the total population.

64. Robert A. Orsi, The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985), pp. 103–104.

65. Clara Ferrara, quoted in An Oral History of Manhattan, p. 367.

66. George P. LeBrun, It's Time to Tell (New York: William Morrow, 1962), pp. 130–31.

67. Salvatore Mondello, A Sicilian in East Harlem (Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press, 2005), p. 54.

68. Pete Pascale, quoted in An Oral History of Manhattan, p. 365.

69. James B. Jacobs with Christopher Panarella and Jay Worthington, Busting the Mob: United States v. Cosa Nostra (New York: New York University Press, 1994), p. 20.

70. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi: Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Affairs, Senate, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. (1988), 236 (testimony of Vincent Cafaro).

71. Tony Napoli with Charles Messina, My Father, My Don: A Son's Journey from Organized Crime to Sobriety (Silver Spring, MD: Beckham Publications, 2002), p. 47.

72. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 201 (testimony of Joseph Pistone).

73. Philip Carlo, Gaspipe: Confessions of a Mafia Boss (New York: William Morrow, 2008), pp. 5–7.

74. Vincent Teresa, My Life in the Mafia (New York: Doubleday, 1973), pp. 21, 23.

75. For background on the cosche of Sicily, see James Fentress, Rebels and Mafiosi, Death in a Sicilian Landscape (New York: Cornell University Press, 2000), pp. 172–74.

76. Donald R. Cressey, Theft of a Nation (New York: Harper and Row, 1969).

77. This section uses historical evidence to expand on the insights of criminologist Howard Abadinsky, the first academic to suggest that crime syndicates were like franchises. Howard Abadinsky, Organized Crime, 10th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2013), pp. 7–8.

78. Roger D. Blair and Francine LaFontaine, The Economics of Franchising (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 4.

79. This section expands on the insights of Italian scholar Diego Gambetta, who has written about the role of “criminal trademarks.” Diego Gambetta, Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), pp. 195–229.

80. Henry Hill, quoted in Nicholas Pileggi, Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), pp. 57–58.

81. Peter Maas, Serpico (New York: Viking Press, 1973), p. 156.

82. Hill, quoted in Pileggi, Wiseguy, pp. 56–57.

83. Michael Franzese, I'll Make You an Offer You Can't Refuse (New York: Thomas Nelson, 2009), p. 67; Peter Reuter, Disorganized Crime: The Economics of the Visible Hand (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1983), pp. 151–72.

84. Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 45.

85. Joseph Pistone, The Way of the Wiseguy (Philadelphia: Running Press, 2004), p. 81.

86. Gambetta, Sicilian Mafia, pp. 45–46.

87. FBI Report, La Cosa Nostra, October 20, 1967, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

88. John Roselli, quoted in Ovid Demaris, The Last Mafioso (New York: Times Books, 1981), p. 19.

89. United States v. James Coonan, et. al., 938 F.2d 1533 (2d Cir. 1991).

90. Anthony Serritella, Book Joint for Sale: Memoirs of a Bookie (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011), p. 70.

91. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 239–40, 301 (testimony of Joseph Valachi); Joseph D. Pistone, Donnie Brasco (New York: Signet, 1997), pp. 78–79.

92. Blair and Lafontaine, Economics of Franchising, p. 224.

93. James Fentress, Rebels and Mafiosi: Death in a Sicilian Landscape (New York: Cornell University Press, 2000), p. 177, n. 59.

94. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 260 (testimony of Vincent Cafaro).

95. FBI Memorandum, Top Echelon Criminal Informant Program, March 20, 1962, in FBI FOIA File on Gregory Scarpa Sr. (copy in possession of author).

96. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 236 (testimony of Vincent Cafaro); Jimmy Fratianno, cited in Demaris, Last Mafioso, p. 4.

97. Peter Maas, The Valachi Papers (New York: Putnam, 1968), p. 201.

98. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 236–38 (testimony of Vincent Cafaro).

99. Gentile, Vita de Capomafia, p. 86.

100. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 159.

101. See generally Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (New York: Bantam, 1991).

102. Timothy J. Gilfoyle, A Pickpocket's Tale: The Underworld of Nineteenth-Century New York (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), p. 186.

103. Gentile, Vita de Capomafia, p. 65.

104. Mike Dash, The First Family: Terror, Extortion, Revenge, Murder, and the Birth of the American Mafia (New York: Ballantine Books, 2010), pp. 34, 97, 142, 183, 251.

105. Claude S. Fischer, America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940 (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994), pp. 48–49, 62.

106. 48 U.S.C. §§ 1103–4 (1934); Nardone v. United States, 302 U.S. 379 (1937); Jacobs, Busting the Mob, p. 8.

107. President's Commission on Organized Crime, Organized Crime and Money Laundering: Record of Hearing II, March 14, 1984, New York, New York (Washington, DC: GPO, 1985), 59 (testimony of Jimmy Fratianno); Demaris, Last Mafioso, p. 376.

108. Investigative case file on Frank Costello in Box 52 in Kefauver Committee files; Binghamton Press, June 14, 1959; Jacobs, Busting the Mob, pp. 132, 158–59; Richard A. Posner, Not a Suicide Pact: The Constitution in a Time of National Emergency (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006 ), pp. 95–96.

109. James J. Flink, The Automobile Age (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1988), pp. 130–31.

110. Maas, Valachi Papers, p. 44.

111. United States Treasury Department, Traffic in Opium and other Dangerous Drug for the Year Ended December 31, 1937 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1938), pp. 60–61.

112. Mark H. Haller, “Bootleggers and American Gambling 1920–1950,” in Commission on the Review of the National Policy Toward Gambling, Gambling in America: Appendix (Washington, DC: GPO, 1976), p. 116.

113. Dennis Griffin, The Battle for Las Vegas: The Law vs. The Mob (Las Vegas: Huntington Press, 2006), pp. 4–7.

114. Shane White, Stephen Garton, Stephen Robertson, and Graham White, Playing the Numbers: Gambling in Harlem between the Wars (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 13, 56, 237.

115. Francis A. J. Ianni with Elizabeth Reuss-Ianni, A Family Business: Kinship and Social Control in Organized Crime (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1972), pp. 92–96; Harold Lasswell and Jeremiah McKenna, The Impact of Organized Crime on an Inner City Community (New York: Policy Sciences Center, 1972); Don Liddick, The Mob's Daily Number: Organized Crime and the Numbers Gambling Industry (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1999), pp. 99–101, 161–63.

116. White, Playing the Numbers, pp. 237–38; FBI Report, Paul Joseph Correale, September 26, 1960, and FBI Report, Crime Conditions, May 15, 1962, both in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

117. Joseph Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 153.

118. Bill Bonanno and Gary B. Abromovitz, The Last Testament of Bill Bonanno: The Final Secrets of a Life in the Mafia (New York: Harper, 2011), pp. 289–90.

119. Richard O. Davis and Richard G. Abram, Betting the Line: Sports Wagering in American Life (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001), pp. 35–36, 41–42, 87.

120. Reuter, Disorganized Crime, pp. 14–40.

121. John Cummings and Ernest Volkman, Goombata (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990), p. 101, cited in Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, pp. 237–38.

122. See chapter 7.

CHAPTER 3: THE MAFIA REBELLION OF 1928–1931 AND THE FALL OF THE BOSS OF BOSSES

1. Nick Gentile, Vita di Capomafia (Rome: Editori Riuniti,1963), p. 96; Joseph Bonanno with Sergio Lalli, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 87.

2. For examples of the conventional history of the Castellammarese War, see Selwyn Raab, Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2005), pp. 22–34; John Davis, Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), pp. 36–43. By contrast, in his pioneering historical study of the conflict, David Critchley argues, “The War was predominantly a revolt by several U.S. Families against trends towards the informal consolidation of power that had built up, centered on the capo di capi's patronage powers.” David Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931 (New York: Routledge, 2009), p. 165. However, Critchley still accepts much of the standard framing of “the Castellammare War of 1930–1931.” David Critchley, “Buster, Maranzano, and the Castellammare War, 1930–1931,” Global Crime 7, no. 1 (February 2006): 43–78. This book argues, moreover, that short-term ambitions and individual economic motives were more important factors than any revolt against patronage powers.

3. For more of a social-history approach, which uses census records to show the similarities of the Mafia leaders before and after the “Castellammare War” to rebut the myth of rapid Americanization, see Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, pp. 202–206, 230–31.

4. Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Autopsy of Salvatore D'Aquila, October 11, 1928 (NYMA); Brooklyn Standard Union, October 11, 1928; Mike Dash, The First Family: Terror, Extortion and the Birth of the American Mafia (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), pp. 291–92, 398.

5. Ibid., pp. 275, 325; New York Times, October 11, 1928; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, October 11, 1928.

6. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, pp. 61, 76; FBI Report, Denver, La Cosa Nostra, March 29, 1964, in Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Record Group 65, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (hereafter “NARA College Park”).

7. New York Times, October 11, 1928; Brooklyn Standard Union, October 11, 1928; autopsy of D'Aquila, October 11, 1928 (NYMA); Dash, First Family, p. 362.

8. Critchley points out that the men first engaged D'Aquila in a discussion before killing him, and in 1968 an informant by the pseudonym “Jim Carra” claimed D'Aquila was killed by his own underboss. Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, p. 289. On the other hand, Carra's version is uncorroborated, and other mob killings began with arguments with the victim, such as the January 1931 murder of Joseph Parrino in a restaurant. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, January 20, 1931. Thanks to Rick Warner for this citation.

9. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 80.

10. Ibid., p. 96.

11. Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, pp. 77, 157.

12. Dash, First Family, p. 320.

13. Thomas Hunt, “Profaci's Rise,” Informer: The Journal of American Crime and Law Enforcement (January 2012): pp. 4–15; Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, pp. 161–62.

14. Dash, First Family, pp. 364–66.

15. Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, pp. 171–77; Dash, First Family, p. 328.

16. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 96; Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 87.

17. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, February 27, 1930; Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, p. 175.

18. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 106; Joseph Valachi, “The Real Thing: The Expose and Inside Doings of Cosa Nostra” (unpublished manuscript), pp. 339–40, in Boxes 1 and 2, Joseph Valachi Personal Papers, in John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, MA.

19. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Senate, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963), 163 (testimony of Joseph Valachi).

20. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 97; Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, pp. 171, 178. Although Bonanno claimed Morello admitted his culpability in the Milazzo murder, there is no corroboration for this questionable story. Bonanno, Man of Honor, pp. 100, 103.

21. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 70.

22. Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, pp. 144–45.

23. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 71; Peter Maas, Valachi Papers (New York: Putnam, 1968), p. 106.

24. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 109; Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 103.

25. Organized Crime, 166 (testimony of Joseph Valachi); Salvatore Maranzano, quoted in Bonanno, Man of Honor, 86; Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 97.

26. Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, p. 173.

27. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 109.

28. Valachi, “The Real Thing,” p. 287.

29. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 102; Brooklyn Daily Star, July 15, 1930.

30. Catania was killed on February 3, 1931 by Maranzano's hit men. Organized Crime, 188–89, 192 (testimony of Valachi).

31. FBI Report, Activities of Top Hoodlums in the New York Field Division, September 14, 1959 (NARA College Park); Peter Diapoulos and Steven Linakis, The Sixth Family (New York: Bantam, 1976), pp. 21–22; Valachi, “The Real Thing,” p. 287.

32. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 86.

33. Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Report of the Autopsy of Joseph Masseria, April 16, 1931 (NYMA); Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Report of the Autopsy of Salvatore Maranzano, September 11, 1931 (NYMA); Thomas Hunt and Michael Tona, “Cleveland Convention Was to Be Masseria Coronation,” Informer: History of American Crime & Law Enforcement (January 2010), p. 33 n. 62.

34. George Wolf with Joseph DiMona, Frank Costello: Prime Minister of the Underworld (London: Morrow, 1974), p. 83.

35. New York Times, August 15, 1930; New York Sun, August 16, 1930; Brooklyn Standard Union, August 16, 1930; Maas, Valachi Papers, p. 89.

36. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 107; Dash, First Family, p. 376.

37. Organized Crime, 164–66 (testimony of Valachi).

38. Ibid., 170; New York Times, November 6, 1930.

39. FBI Report, La Cosa Nostra, July 1, 1963, in RG 65 (NARA College Park); Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 107.

40. Ibid., p. 108.

41. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 122.

42. New York Times, April 19, 1930, April 20, 1931; Organized Crime, 211 (testimony of Valachi).

43. Autopsy of Masseria (NYMA).

44. New York Times, April 16, 1931; New York Sun, April 16, 1931.

45. Brooklyn Eagle, April 17, 1931; autopsy of Masseria (NYMA); Critchley, “Castellammare War, 1930–1931,” p. 64 n. 123.

46. Autopsy of Masseria (NYMA); Daily Argus, April 16, 1931.

47. New York Times, April 16, 1931; New York Sun, April 16, 1931.

48. It was unlikely Luciano was present at the Nuova. Luciano was not known as a hit man, no news accounts placed him in Brooklyn, and Nicola Gentile witnessed a calm Luciano in his residence shortly after the murder. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 112.

49. Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, p. 302, n. 160 citing “Giuseppe Masseria, November 27, 1940,” in Box 17, Murder, Inc. Collection, NYMA.

50. Confidential Memorandum, In Re: Anastasia Brothers, March 21, 1952, in Box 8, Albert Anastasia Closed Files (NYMA). The informant did not appear to have been a mafioso himself and made some farfetched claims. For example, he called Vito Genovese “the boss” of the Brooklyn mob, and he alleged that William O'Dwyer actively conspired in Abe Reles's murder. However, the informant was accurate about other waterfront matters, and his story about Giustra was corroborated. New York Times, December 12, 1930, September 12, 1932; New York Sun, May 15, 1931.

51. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 112.

52. Ibid., p. 113.

53. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 128.

54. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 115.

55. Bonanno, Man of Honor, pp. 126–27; Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 115.

56. New York Times, June 6, 1931.

57. “Lucky Luciano Talks,” Esquire, p. 128.

58. Humbert S. Nelli, The Business of Crime: Italians and Syndicate Crime in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago, Press, 1976), pp. 205, 295 nn. 30–31.

59. Organized Crime, 217–18 (testimony of Valachi); Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, pp. 115–116.

60. Ibid.

61. New York Times, September 11, 1931; Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 130; Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 116.

62. New York Times, September 26, 1931; Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 134.

63. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, 121 CE.

64. FBI ELSUR Log, Steve Magaddino, June 3, 1963, in RG 65 (NARA College Park); FBI Memorandum, Subject: Steve Magaddino, March 31, 1965, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

65. Organized Crime, 221, 226 (testimony of Valachi).

66. Dash makes no mention of their role in the Maranzano assassination. While noting their presence at Maranzano's office, Critchley concludes only that the Gaglianos “may have been involved in it.” Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, pp. 195, 305 n. 238, citing New York State Crime Commission, Public Hearings (no. 4) (November 1952), 111 (testimony of Lucchese).

67. Organized Crime, 226 (testimony of Valachi); FBI Memorandum, Thomas Lucchese, January 12, 1954, in FBI FOIA file of Thomas Lucchese (copy in possession of author).

68. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 139; Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 117.

69. New York Times, September 11, 1931; Public Hearings (no. 4), 95 (testimony of Lucchese).

70. Bonanno, Man of Honor, pp. 130, 137; New York Times, September 11, 1931.

71. Girolamo Santuccio, quoted in Maas, Valachi Papers, p. 115; New York Times, September 11, 1931.

72. Salvatore Maranzano, quoted in Maas, Valachi Papers, p. 115; Salvatore Maranzano, quoted in Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 118.

73. Organized Crime, 228 (testimony of Valachi); Girolamo Santuccio and Sam Levine, quoted in Maas, Valachi Papers, p. 116.

74. New York Times, September 11, 1931; autopsy of Salvatore Maranzano, September 11, 1931 (NYMA).

75. Organized Crime, 231 (testimony of Valachi).

76. Public Hearings (no. 4), 98 (testimony of Lucchese); New York Times, September 11, 1931; Maas, Valachi Papers, p. 116; Organized Crime, 224 (testimony of Valachi).

77. J. Richard Davis, “Things I Couldn't Tell till Now,” Collier's (August 5, 1939): 12–13, 43–44.

78. Nelli, Business of Crime, pp. 179–84; Alan Block, East Side, West Side: Organizing Crime in New York, 1930–1950 (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1983), pp. 3–9.

79. Davis, Mafia Dynasty, p. 46.

80. Steven Runciman, The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958), p. 216; The Godfather (Paramount, 1972).

81. Critchley calculates thirteen casualties between May 1930 and April 1931. Critchley, “Castellammare War, 1930–1931,” p. 65. Adding Salvatore D'Aquila (October 1928), Gaetano Reina (February 1930), and Salvatore Maranzano (September 1931), brings the total to sixteen casualties.

82. Nelli, Business of Crime, p. 172.

83. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, pp. 101, 104.

84. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 97.

85. Organized Crime, 194 (Valachi testimony).

86. Magaddino, quoted in FBI Memorandum, Subject Steve Magaddino, January 24, 1964, RG 65 (NARA College Park).

87. Raab, Five Families, p. 28.

88. Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, p. 206, citing New York Times, March 2, 1930.

89. Dash, First Family, pp. 117, 120.

90. New York Times, September 26, 1931.

91. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 119.

92. Ibid.; Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 159.

93. Ibid., p. 141. Although some sources indicate Ciccio Milano of Cleveland also held a seat, he appears to have been removed shortly afterward. FBI Report, Anti-Racketeering Conspiracy, December 13, 1963 (NARA College Park).

94. New York Times, October 18, 1931.

CHAPTER 4: THE RACKETEER COMETH: HOW THE MOB INFILTRATED LABOR UNIONS

1. United States Census Bureau, 1920 Federal Population Census, John Dioguardi, District 152, Manhattan, New York.

2. New York Times, September 2, 1934, January 16, 1979.

3. Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field: Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field: Part 10, 85th Cong., 2d Sess. (1957), 3618–33 (opening presentation of Robert Kennedy), 3683–3718 (testimony of Lester Washburn).

4. Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties (New York: Free Press, 1960), p. 129.

5. Francis A. J. Ianni, Black Mafia: Ethnic Succession in Organized Crime (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974), pp. 13–14.

6. Howard Abadinsky, Organized Crime, 9th ed. (New York: Cengage, 2009), pp. 27–35; Jeffrey Scott McIllwain, Organizing Crime in Chinatown: Race and Racketeering in New York City, 1890–1910 (London: McFarland, 2004), p. 8.

7. Jay P. Dolan, The Irish Americans: A History (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2010), pp. 110, 301.

8. New York Times, January 2, 1881, January 3, 1893.

9. Dolan, Irish Americans, p. 96.

10. Julius Drachsler, Intermarriage in New York City: A Statistical Study of the Amalgamation of European Peoples (New York: n.p., 1921), p. 44.

11. Tyler Anbinder, Five Points: The 19th-Century New York City Neighborhood that Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World's Most Notorious Slum (New York: Plume, 2002), pp. 375, 497.

12. New York Sun, November 7, 1912, January 18, 1914; Anbinder, Five Points, pp. 284–89.

13. New York Times, December 27, 1925; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, January 10, 1926.

14. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Senate, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963), 148, 231 (testimony of Joseph Valachi); FBI Airtel, Harold Konigsberg, August 16, 1965, in Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Record Group 65, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (hereafter “NARA College Park”).

15. Report, Re: Casper Holstein, March 12, 1935, in FBI Freedom of Information Act File on Casper Holstein (copy in possession of author).

16. McIllwain, Chinatown, pp. 131–33.

17. New York State Advisory Committee, Hometown Plans for the Construction Industry in New York (New York: n.p., 1972), p. 1; Colin J. Davis, “‘Shape or Fight?’: New York's Black Longshoremen, 1945–1961,” International Labor and Working-Class History 62, no. 62 (Fall 2002): 143–63.

18. Frank Lucas with Aliya King, Original Gangster: The Real Life Story of One of America's Most Notorious Drug Lords (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2010), p. 106.

19. Organized Crime, 254, 304 (testimony of Valachi); Robert A. Rockaway, But He Was Good to his Mother: The Lives and Crimes of Jewish Gangsters (New York: Gefen Publishing, 2000), pp. 24, 46.

20. Ira Rosenwaike, Population History of New York City (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1972), pp. 93–95.

21. Hadassa Kosak, Cultures of Opposition: Jewish Immigrant Workers, New York City, 1881–1905 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000), pp. 16–18; Samuel L. Baily, Immigrants in the Lands of Promise: Italians in Buenos Aires and New York City, 1870 to 1914 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 65–66.

22. Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870–1914 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977) pp. 59–66; Joshua M. Zeitz, White Ethnic New York: Jews, Catholics, and the Shaping of Postwar Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), pp. 19–20, table 3.

23. Burton Turkus and Sid Feder, Murder, Inc., the Story of “The Syndicate” (London: Gollancz, 1951), pp. 28, 110–11.

24. Nicholas Pileggi, Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), pp. 8–9.

25. Michael Franzese, Blood Covenant (New York: Whitaker House, 2003).

26. Jenna Weissman Joselit, Our Gang: Jewish Crime and the New York Jewish Community, 1900–1940 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), pp. 158–59.

27. Robert Orsi, “The Religious Boundaries of an Inbetween People: Street Feste and the Problem of the Dark-Skinned ‘Other’ in Italian Harlem, 1920–1990,” American Quarterly 44, no. 3 (September 1992): 313–47.

28. Proceedings of the Subcommittee of the Committee on Immigration of the Senate: Immigration Investigation—Part II, 51st Cong, 2d Sess. (1892), 55 (testimony of James Buckley); Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 56.

29. Herman Feldman, Racial Factors in American Industry (New York: Harper, 1931), pp. 156.

30. Table 4–1 is based on data and estimates from the following sources: Federal Writers’ Project, The Italians of New York (New York: n.p., 1938), pp. 64–67; New York State Department of Labor, Changing Employment Patterns in New York State, 1950 to 1964 (Albany, NY: n.p., 1966), pp. 5, 13; Charles P. Larrowe, Shape-Up and Hiring Hall: A Comparison of Hiring Methods and Labor Relations on the New York and Seattle Water Fronts (Berkeley: University of California, 1955), p. 5. There are no hard statistics for the percentage of Italians among the two thousand garbage workers. John McMahon and Herbert Gamache, Refuse Collection: Department of Sanitation vs. Private Carting (New York: n.p., 1970), p. 34. I selected 70 percent as a conservative estimate based on Reuter's observation that virtually all waste haulers were run by Italian families with relatives as employees. Peter Reuter, “The Cartage Industry in New York,” in Michael Tonry and Albert J. Reiss Jr., eds., Beyond the Law: Crime in Complex Organizations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 154–55. The historian David Critchley has also noted anecdotally the correlation of the Mafia with these workforces. The Origin of Organized Crime: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931 (New York: Routledge, 2008), p. 77.

31. Federal Writers’ Project, Italians of New York, pp. 64–66, 70, 72; State of New York, Provisions of Teamsters’ Union Contracts in New York City (New York: n.p., 1949), p. 3.

32. Caroline F. Ware, “Ethnic Communities,” in Edwin R. Seligman, ed., Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 5 (New York: Macmillan, 1937), p. 24.

33. David Roediger, Working toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs (New York: Basic, 2005), pp. 24, 82.

34. Joselit, Our Gang, p. 106.

35. Reuter, “The Cartage Industry,” pp. 151–52; Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, p. 77.

36. Sonny Montella, quoted in President's Commission on Organized Crime, The Edge: Organized Crime, Business, and Labor Unions (Washington, DC: GPO, 1986), p. 39.

37. Federal Writers’ Project, Italians of New York, pp. 65–66; Ronald Goldstock, Director, and James B. Jacobs, Principal Draftsman, Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry: Final Report (New York: New York University Press, 1990), pp. 79–85.

38. See also chapter 6.

39. Improper Activities, 6752 (testimony of John Montesano).

40. Peter Reuter, “Cartage Industry,” pp. 151–52.

41. Federal Writers’ Project, Italians of New York, pp. 174–76; Peter Mass, Underboss: Sammy the Bull Gravano's Story of Life in the Mafia (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), pp. 75, 115.

42. New York Times, February 9, 1921; Final Report of the Joint Legislative Committee on Housing (Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon, 1923), pp. 9–12; Goldstock and Jacobs, Construction Industry, pp. 79–85.

43. John Dioguardi, quoted in Ovid Demaris, The Last Mafioso: The Treacherous World of Jimmy Fratianno (New York: Times Books, 1981), p. 81.

44. Daniel Tobin, quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Coming of the New Deal, 1933–1935 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), p. 411.

45. David Witwer, Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), pp. 82–84, 119–20, 163–64.

46. Roy Williams, quoted in President's Commission on Organized Crime, The Edge: Organized Crime, Business, and Labor Unions, p. 83.

47. 29 U.S.C. §§ 151–69.

48. New York Department of Labor, Trade Union Statistics (Albany: n.p., 1909), p. xxxvi; Joshua B. Freeman, Working-Class New York: Life and Labor since World War II (New York: New Press, 2000), pp. 41, 350.

49. Mediation Conference, Bush Terminal and BSEU Local 51B, November 5, 1934, in Box 9, Region II, New York, Case Files and Transcripts, 1933–35, Record Group 25 (NARA College Park); Mediation Conference, Case: Real Estate Board and BSEU Local 32B, October 17, 1934, and Case: Garment Center Building Owners #1093 and BSEU Local 32B, November 7, 1934, both in Box 22, RG 25 (NARA College Park); FBI Report, Anthony Carfano, June 18, 1958, in FBI FOIA File of Anthony Carfano (copy in possession of author).

50. Notice of complaint by Teamsters Local 202, Re: Blackford's, from Regional Labor Board, December 5, 1934, in Box 5, RG 25 (NARA College Park); Agreement with Teamsters Local 202, January 10, 1934, in Box 26, RG 25 (NARA College Park); New York Sun, January 8, 1941.

51. Report of Teamsters Strikes, Local 138, October 25, 1933, and Labor Board filing of Flour Truckmen's Association, December 20, 1933, both in Box 59, RG 25 (NARA College Park).

52. James B. Jacobs, Mobsters, Unions, and Feds: The Mafia and the American Labor Movement (New York: New York University Press, 2006), pp. 99–106; David Witwer, Shadow of the Racketeer: Scandal in Organized Labor (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009), pp. 53–57, 223–26.

53. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi: Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Affairs, Senate, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. (1988), 236 (testimony of Vincent Cafaro); Jacobs, Mobsters, pp. 2, 24.

54. Stier, Anderson, and Malone, LLC, The Teamsters: Perception and Reality (Washington, DC: International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 2001), p. 151.

55. Trial transcript of United States v. Campagna, Cr. No. 114-101 (S.D.N.Y. 1943), quoted in Witwer, Shadow of the Racketeer, pp. 45, 268 n. 33.

56. FBI Office Memorandum, Criminal Rackets Activities, Los Angeles Division, March 27, 1957, in RG (NARA College Park); Demaris, Last Mafioso, pp. 81–82.

57. Howard Kimeldorf, Reds or Rackets? The Making of Radical and Conservative Unions on the Waterfront (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 43–45.

58. Interview with Thomas E. Dewey (1966), pp. 383–84, in Columbia Center for Oral History.

59. Interview with Sam Madell, 1977, in Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York, NY; Public Hearings (No. 5) Conducted by the New York State Crime Commission Pursuant to the Governor's Executive Orders (Albany, NY: n.p., 1953) (testimony of Marcy Protter), cited in Nathan Ward, Dark Harbor: The War for the New York Waterfront (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010), pp. 3–18, 225. Thanks to Nathan Ward for discussing sources with me.

60. Brooklyn Eagle, May 4, 1940; PM, October 15, 1940; Public Hearings (no. 5) (testimony of Protter).

61. Brooklyn Eagle, May 4, 1940; Public Hearings (no. 5) (testimony of Protter).

62. Brooklyn Eagle, March 27, 1940.

63. Ibid.; Public Hearings (no. 5) (testimony of Protter).

64. Statement of Albert Tannenbaum in Public Hearings (no. 5) (testimony of E. A. Heffernan).

65. Public Hearings (no. 5) (testimony of Protter); FBI Report, William O'Dwyer, February 16, 1953, in FBI FOIA File on William O'Dwyer (copy in possession of author); Amsterdam Evening Recorder, March 26, 1940; Brooklyn Eagle, March 27, 1940.

66. Statement of Tannenbaum in Public Hearings (no. 5); New York Times, December 3, 1941.

67. Brooklyn Eagle, January 30, 1941.

68. PM, October 10, 1940; Brooklyn Eagle, October 10, 1940.

69. PM, October 15, 1940.

70. Brooklyn Eagle, January 30, 1941, October 21, 1941; New York Times, February 7, 1941, November 13, 1941.

71. United States v. Lanza, 85 F.2d 544 (2d Cir. 1936).

72. New York Sun, April 10, 1931; New York Times, October 11, 1968.

73. New York Times, May 13, 1926.

74. New York Times, September 2, 1926; New York Sun, September 7, 1926.

75. New York Sun, June 3,1935, December 3, 1935.

76. United States v. Lanza, 85 F.2d at 545.

77. Ibid. at 545–46.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. United States v. Joseph Lanza, et. al., Case No. 382 (S.D.N.Y. 1935) (testimony of Waldman), in RG 276, Courts of Appeal, National Archives and Records Administration, New York, NY (hereafter “NARA New York”).

81. United States v. Lanza, et. al., RG 276 (NARA New York) (testimony of Seif).

82. Ibid. (testimony of O'Neil); United States v. Lanza, 85 F.2d at 546.

83. United States v. Lanza, et. al., RG 276 (NARA New York) (testimony of Waldman).

84. Joselit, Our Gang, pp. 108–10, 147–48.

85. New York Times, October 28, 1936, November 9, 1936.

86. New York Times, April 8, 1941, November 30, 1941, December 3, 1941.

87. See chapter 3.

88. Witwer, Teamsters Union, pp. 92–93, 260.

89. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 277 (testimony of Valachi).

90. New York Times, October 12, 1951.

91. Brooklyn Eagle, November 21, 1950, April 26, 1954; Albany Knickerbocker News, February 15, 1951; Long Island Star-Journal, May 3, 1954; People against Benedict Macri, Case No. 1405-49 (N.Y. Ct. Gen. Sess. 1951) (testimonies of Leo Greenberg, George Prince, and Edward Cohen), in Box 1, Collection No. 5780/170, International Ladies Garment Workers Union Papers, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (hereafter “KC”).

92. People against Macri (KC) (testimonies of Edward Cohen, Loreto Quintiliano, and Benedict Macri).

93. New York Times, May 13, 1949, May 19, 1949; Brooklyn Eagle, June 19, 1950.

94. Brooklyn Eagle, June 19, 1950; New York Times, December 10, 1952; Long Island Star-Journal, December 10, 1952.

95. People against Macri (testimonies of Samuel Blumenthal and Edward Weinberg) (KC).

96. Ibid. (statement of Judge Streit) (KC).

97. New York Times, March 4, 1952, March 8, 1952, December 13, 1952.

98. Long Island Star-Journal, January 13, 1953, May 3, 1954, October 26, 1957.

99. New York Sun, March 27, 1895 (thanks to Tom Hunt for this citation); Joseph Valachi, “The Real Thing” (unpublished manuscript), pp. 14–15, in Joseph Valachi Papers, Box 1, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, MA.

100. Queens Daily Star, March 12, 1929.

101. Improper Activities, 6966–67 (testimony of Bernard Adelstein), 6691 (testimony of Robert Greene); Brooklyn Eagle, April 29, 1941; United States v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 998 F.2d 120 (2d Cir. 1993).

102. James B. Jacobs and Alex Hortis, “New York City as Organized Crime Fighter,” New York Law School Law Review 42, nos. 3–4 (1998): 1069–92; New York Times, March 15, 1947, quoted in Jacobs, Gotham Unbound, pp. 80–95.

103. Improper Activities, 6746–47 (testimony of John Montesano).

104. Ibid.

105. Ibid., 6689 (testimony of Everett Doyle).

106. Daily Argus, July 17, 1941; New York Times, September 3, 1952, September 4, 1952; Journal News, August 25, 2002.

107. Improper Activities, 6693–94 (testimony of James Kelly), 6696–6701 (testimony of Everett Doyle), and 6714–15 (affidavit of Katherine Embree).

108. Improper Activities, 6700–6702 (testimony of Doyle).

109. Ibid.

110. Ibid.

111. Yonkers Police File on Homicide of John Acropolis, in Freedom of Information Law File on John Acropolis (copy in possession of author).

112. Report from Chairman Maurice Hinchey to the New York State Assembly Environmental Committee on Organized Crime's Involvement in the Waste Hauling Industry (Albany, NY: n.p., 1986), p. 17.

CHAPTER 5: THE MAFIA AND THE DRUG TRADE

1. Testimony of Charles Luciano in People against Luciano (N.Y. Ct. Spec. Sess. 1936), in Box 56, “Lucky” Luciano Closed Case Files, New York Municipal Archives, New York, NY (hereafter “NYMA”); Boylan Act, 1914 N.Y. Laws 1120 (1914); Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, 38 Stat. 785 (1914); New York Times, April 15, 1915, December 7, 1916.

2. New York Times, May 24, 1936, May 26, 1936.

3. Time Magazine, December 7, 1998. For example, an author writes: “Lucky was uninfluenced by any code of conduct, and certainly not by the so-called Sicilian Tradition. A trafficker in drugs and women, Luciano exploited cash sources that were frowned upon by his more uptight Sicilian conspirators.” Mike La Sorte, “The Mafia Tradition, Camorra, Lucky Luciano” (October 2006), available at http://www.americanmafia.com/FeatureArticles364.html (accessed on July 9, 2013).

4. There has been little research on the American Mafia's role in the drug trade. As James Jacobs has observed, “Organized crime's involvement in drug dealing merits extensive study.” James B. Jacobs with Christopher Panarella and Jay Worthington, Busting the Mob: United States v. Cosa Nostra (New York: New York University Press, 1994), p. 143. I am indebted to Philip Jenkins for highlighting the role of myth. Philip Jenkins, “Narcotics Trafficking and the American Mafia: The Myth of Internal Prohibition,” Crime, Law and Social Change 18, no. 3 (1992): 303–18.

5. The Godfather (Paramount 1972) was based on the bestselling novel by Mario Puzo, The Godfather (New York: Penguin Books, 1969), pp. 303–309.

6. Peter Maas, Underboss: Sammy the Bull Gravano's Story of Life in the Mafia (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), p. 72.

7. Joseph Bonanno with Sergio Lalli, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), pp. 149, 209.

8. New York Times, December 21, 1946, June 11, 1952.

9. Joseph Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 209; Bill Bonanno, Bound by Honor: A Mafioso's Story (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), p. 56.

10. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Affairs: Organized Crime: 25 Years After Valachi, Senate, 100th Cong., 2d. Sess. (1988), 92–93, 548 (testimony of Angelo Lonardo).

11. Martin A. Gosch and Richard Hammer, The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), pp. 358–59.

12. Bonanno, Man of Honor, pp. 209–10.

13. Leroy Street, I Was a Drug Addict (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1953), pp. 13, 30.

14. David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 3, 102–106.

15. Malcolm Delevinge, “Some International Aspects of the Problem of Drug Addiction,” British Journal of Inebriety 32 (1935): 149, quoted in Richard Davenport-Hines, The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Global History of Narcotics, 1500–2000 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), pp. 252–53.

16. Musto, American Disease, pp. 59–62, 151–63.

17. Legge 18 Febbraio 1923, N. 396 9 (GU N. 053 DEL 05/03/1923). Measures for the Suppression of the Abusive Trade of Poisonous Substances Having Stupefying Action. Published in the Official Gazette of the Italian Republic, no. 53 (March 5, 1923). I thank Professor Liliana Leone of Rome, Italy, for this reference.

18. New York Times, December 19, 1928, April 25, 1931, October 20, 1951; Elias Eliopoulos, New York Major Violator No. 63, in Box 175, Subject Files of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, 1916–1970, Record Group 170, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (hereafter “NARA College Park”).

19. Carolyn Rothstein, Now I'll Tell (New York: Vintage Press, 1934), p. 172.

20. New York Times, December 11, 1928, December 22, 1928, March 6, 1929; Report on Joseph A. Doto, July 11, 1945, in FBI Freedom of Information Act File (hereafter “FOIA”) of Joseph A. Doto (a.k.a. Joe Adonis) (copy in possession of author).

21. Alan A. Block, “The Snowman Cometh: Coke in Progressive New York,” Criminology 17, no. 1 (1979): 75–99. This is not to suggest that all these Italian traffickers were affiliated with a Mafia family. However, the level of organization, and the presence of traffickers like Waxey Gordon, who worked with mafiosi, suggests some were connected. See pp. 90–91. Additionally, as we have seen previously, the movement of Italian criminals into a field portended the Mafia's movement into it.

22. Trial transcripts in People against Ciro Terranova, Case No. 2472 (N.Y. Ct. Gen. Sess. 1918) and People against Alessandro Vollero, Case No. 226 (N.Y. Ct. App. 1918), cited in David Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931 (New York: Routledge Press, 2009), pp. 121, 277 nn. 150–55.

23. New York Times, January 25, 1917; oral history of Leroy Street (1980), quoted in David Courtwright, Herman Joseph, and Don Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America before 1965 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2012), p. 290. Cassette tapes of the oral histories by Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais are stored at the Columbia Oral History Center, New York, NY (hereafter “COHC”).

24. Oral history of Charlie (1980), p. 186; Jack (1980), p. 110; Eddie (1980), p. 142; Curtis (1980), p. 192; Mel (1980), p. 88, all quoted in Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived.

25. Name Files of Suspected Narcotics Traffickers, 1923–1954, RG 59 (NARA College Park).

26. File of Vincenzo Di Stefano in Box 4, RG 59 (NARA College Park); FBN entries on Joseph Marino and Giuseppe Failla, in Wash. Confidential List, June 1, 1936, in Box 175, RG 170 (NARA College Park); Passport, Confidential Note, April 13, 1933, and Letter of U.S. Embassy in France, November 18, 1937, in File of Mariana Marsalisi, in Box 13, RG 59 (NARA College Park); FBN entries for Luigi Alabiso, Frank Caruso, and Mariano Marsalisi in “Washington Confidential List, March 15, 1932, July 1, 1933, & June 1, 1936,” in Box 175, RG 170 (NARA College Park).

27. For examples of his East Harlem investigations, see FBN agent Max Roder's journal entries for January 28, February 1, 4–5, and 9, August 16 and 19, November 10, 21–22, and 29, 1938, in Journals of FBN Agent Max Roder, 1931–1959, Special Collections, Hesburgh Library, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN (hereafter “Roder Journals”). For examples of Little Italy investigations, see Roder journal entries for January 2–4 and 26, February 5–6 and 9–10, April 10, 16–17, and 23–26, 1940, Roder Journals; New York State Crime Commission, Public Hearing (no. 4) (November 1952), 216–17 (testimony of George White). For entries on Tramaglino and Marone, see Roder journal entries for October 26, 1940, November 2, and November 18, 1940, Roder Journals.

28. Report of Ernest Gentry to Major Garland Williams, January 2, 1941, in Box 1, George White Papers, Department of Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

29. FBN Binder for District No. 2, New York, NY, February 15, 1940, in Box 175, RG 170 (NARA).

30. FBI Airtel on Armone, July 2, 1959, in FBI FOIA File on Stephen Armone (copy in possession of author).

31. FBI Report on Ormento, December 26, 1957, in FBI FOIA File on John Ormento (copy in possession of author); FBN entry for Ormento, in International List of Persons Known to be or Suspected of Being Engaged in the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, September 25, 1953, in Box 175, RG 170 (NARA College Park); Statement of Thomas Pennochio, February 3, 1936, in Box 34, “Lucky” Luciano Closed Case Files (NYMA); New York Times, October 7, 1938, June 13, 1939; Public Hearing (no.4), 216–17 (testimony of White); FBI Record No. 269 969, April 1, 1987, in FBI FOIA File on Anthony Corallo (copy in possession of author); New York Times, August 16, 1957.

32. New York Times, January 25, 29, 30, 1934, February 2, 1934, October 19, 1937. For Rao's background, see FBN entry on Joseph Rao, in International List of Persons Known to be or Suspected of Being Engaged in the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, February 15, 1940, in Box 175, RG 170 (NARA College Park).

33. Nicolo Gentile, Vita di Capomafia (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1963), pp. 37, 42–45, 112–13; Momenta Sera (Rome), September 5, 1951, in Charles Luciano File in Box 12, RG 59 (NARA College Park).

34. Entry for Charles La Gaipa, No. 117, FBN, New York Major Violator, February 15, 1940, in Box 175, RG 170 (NARA College Park); entry for Calogero La Gaipa, in FBN's Washington Confidential List, June 1, 1936, in Box 175, RG 170 (NARA College Park); Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, pp. 150–53; New Orleans Times-Picayune, October 7 and 10, 1937, May 17, 1939; Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, pp. 168, 294.

35. Oral history of Jack (1980), quoted in Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived, p. 111; United State Treasury Department, Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs for the Year Ended December 31, 1940 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1941), pp. 19–20.

36. Brief of Case Report Identified as SE-199-NY:S:4997-Helmuth Hartmann, et. al., in Box 1, George White Papers, Department of Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

37. New York Times, March 27, 1945, December 20, 1946, April 11, 1947.

38. New York Times, August 18, 1950, November 26, 1957.

39. Oral history of Arthur (October 31, 1980), quoted in Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived, p. 156.

40. FBI Report on Vincent Papa, March 23, 1978, in FBI FOIA File on Vincent Papa (copy in possession of author); State Commission of Investigation, Narcotics Law Enforcement in New York City (1972), p. 28; Report on Percent of Purity of Heroin Seized in Various Areas, 1949, in Box 46, RG 170 (NARA College Park).

41. Oral history of Abe D. (May 9, 1980) (COHC); oral history of Mel (July 3, 1980), p. 88, and Al (1980), quoted in Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived, p. 98.

42. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Senate, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963), 873 (testimony of Martin Pera).

43. FBN entry on Marseille Traffickers, No. 294, in Washington Confidential List, December 1, 1934, in Box 175, RG 170 (NARA College Park).

44. Oral history of Ralph Salerno (December 10, 1982), quoted in Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived, p. 201; Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 872–75 (testimony of Martin Pera).

45. See generally Name Files of Suspected Narcotics Traffickers, RG 59 (NARA College Park).

46. Oral history of Ralph Salerno (December 10, 1982), quoted in Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived, pp. 201–202.

47. Frank Lucas with Aliya S. King, Original Gangster: The Real Life Story of One of America's Most Notorious Drug Lords (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2010), pp. 133–53.

48. New York State Commission of Investigation, Narcotics Law Enforcement, p. 29.

49. Maurice Helbrant, Narcotic Agent (New York: Arno Press, 1953), p. 93.

50. Charles Siragusa, The Trail of the Poppy: Behind the Mask of the Mafia (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966), pp. 65–66, 79–80; Mayor's Committee on City Planning, East Harlem Community Study (New York: n.p., 1937), pp. 16–17.

51. FBN Case Report Identified as SE-199-NY:S:4997-Helmuth Hartmann, et. al., in Box 1, George White Papers, Department of Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

52. New York Times, December 20, 1946, April 9, 1947, April 11, 1947. In the late 1960s, police dubbed traffickers from the Genovese Family the “Pleasant Avenue Crew.” David Durk and Ira Silverman, The Pleasant Avenue Connection (New York: Harper & Row, 1976).

53. Roder journal entries for March 27 and 29, April 10, 1946, and March 2, 4–5, 8–10, and 17, 1948, Roder Journals; FBN entries for John Ormento and Salvatore Santoro, International List of Persons Known to Be or Suspected of Being Engaged in the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, June 26, 1964, in Box 48, Subject Files of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, RG 170 (NARA College Park).

54. Testimony of John T. Cusack in Joint Legislative Committee on Government Operations Regarding a Meeting at Apalachin, New York, November 14, 1957, in FBI FOIA File on the Apalachin Meeting (copy in possession of author); FBI Report on Ormento, December 26, 1957, in FBI FOIA File on John Ormento (copy in possession of author).

55. Eric C. Schneider, Smack: Heroin and the American City (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), p. 1; New York State Commission of Investigation, Narcotics Law Enforcement, p. 30; Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 877(testimony of Martin Pera), 911–916 and Exhibit 3 (joint testimonies of Daniel Casey, George Belk, and Charles Ward).

56. FBN entries of James Roberts, Harold Jones, and Robert Frierson, in FBN's Suspected Negro Narcotic Traffickers, in Box 175, RG 170 (NARA College Park); William J. Spillard, Needle in a Haystack: The Exciting Adventures of a Federal Narcotic Agent (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1945), pp. 104–105, 122–26; Letter, Re: Vincent Gigante, March 8, 1960, in Federal Bureau of Prisons FOIA File on Vincent Gigante (copy in possession of author).

57. Oral history of Curtis (1980), quoted in Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived, p. 192.

58. Mayme Johnson and Karen E. Quinones Miller, Harlem Godfather: The Rap on My Husband Ellsworth “Bumpy” Johnson (Philadelphia: Oshun, 2008), p. 180.

59. Oral history of Ralph Salerno (December 10, 1982), quoted in Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived, pp. 201–202.

60. Durk and Silverman, Pleasant Avenue Connection, p. 49.

61. Entries for George Anderson and Herbert Drumgold in FBN's National List of Persons Known to Be or Suspected of Being Engaged in the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, September 23, 1953, in Box 175, RG 170 (NARA College Park); Johnson, Harlem Godfather, p. 180.

62. Lucas, Original Gangster, p. 67.

63. FBI FOIA File on Ellsworth Johnson (copy in possession of author); Johnson, Harlem Godfather, pp. 22–23; John Johnson, Fact Not Fiction in Harlem (Glen Cove, NY: n.p., 1980), pp. 101–106; New York Times, July 12, 1968.

64. Claude Brown, Manchild in the Promised Land (New York: Signet Books, 1965), pp. 179–80; Welfare Council of New York City, The Menace of Narcotics to the Children of New York: A Plan to Eradicate the Evil, Interim Report (New York: n.p., August 1951), pp. 8–13.

65. Oral history of Low (1981), quoted in Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived, p. 226.

66. Piri Thomas, Down These Mean Streets (New York: Vintage Books, 1997), pp. 115–16, 200–201.

67. Oral History of Ralph Salerno (December 10, 1982), quoted in Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived, p. 203.

68. Salvatore Mondello, A Sicilian in East Harlem (Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press, 2005), pp. 63–64.

69. Oral history of Dom Ambruzzi, quoted in Jeremy Larner, ed., Addict in the Street (New York: Penguin, 1966), pp. 42–44, 50–53.

70. Oral history of Eddie (1980), quoted in Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived, p. 142; Orsi, Madonna of 115th Street, p. 186; Eric C. Schneider, Vampires, Dragons, and Egyptian Kings: Youth Gangs in Postwar New York (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), pp. 179–80, 230.

71. Hearings before the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce: Investigation of Organized Crime: Part 14, Senate, 82nd Cong., 1st Sess. (1951), 356 (testimony of Charles Siragusa).

72. Kathryn Meyer and Terry Parssinen, Webs of Smoke: Smugglers, Warlords, Spies, and the History of the International Drug Trade (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), pp. 284–85; Papers of Harry Anslinger, Special Collections, Pennsylvania State University, College Station, PA.

73. Louis J. Freeh, My FBI: Bringing Down the Mafia, Investigating Bill Clinton, and Fighting the War on Terror (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005), pp. 128–29.

74. Claire Sterling, Octopus: How the Long Reach of the Sicilian Mafia Controls the Global Narcotics Trade (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990) (emphasis added), p. 85.

75. Gil Reavill, Mafia Summit: J. Edgar Hoover, the Kennedy Brothers, and the Meeting That Unmasked the Mob (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2013), pp. 82–83, 265.

76. Tim Shawcross and Martin Young, Men of Honour: The Confessions of Tomasso Buscetta (New York: HarperCollins, 1987); Pino Arlacchi, Addio Cosa nostra: La vita di Tommaso Buscetta (Milan, IT: Rizzoli, 1994). The so-called Pizza Connection from Sicily was not established until the mid-1970s. Jacobs, Busting the Mob, pp. 129–66. Recognizing this time lag after the Hotel et des Palmes 1957 gathering, Freeh offers an unconvincing explanation: “Other, equally infamous, meetings in Sicily and New York would be needed to nail things down. Still, this was the meeting that began to lay the framework for what would finally become known as the Pizza Connection.” Freeh, My FBI, p. 129.

77. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Exhibit 3 (joint testimonies of Daniel Casey, George Belk, and Charles Ward).

78. Government brief in United States v. Reina, Case No. 24321 (2d Cir. 1957), p. 24, in RG 276, United States Courts of Appeal, National Archives and Records Administration, New York, NY (hereafter “NARA New York”).

79. This chart is based on: United States v. Bentvena, 319 F.2d 916 (2d Cir. 1963); United States v. Reina, 242 F.2d 302 (2d Cir. 1957); Appellate Briefs in United States v. Agueci, Case No. 27466 (2d Cir. 1962) and United States v. Reina, Case No. 24321 (2d Cir. 1957), in RG 276 (NARA New York); Maas, Valachi Papers, pp. 239–42; Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, pp. 151–52; New Orleans Times-Picayune, May 4, 1938.

80. Valachi detailed this scheme, for which he was never caught, in Maas, Valachi Papers, pp. 239–42.

81. Robin Moore, The French Connection: The World's Most Crucial Narcotics Investigation (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969); The French Connection (Twentieth Century Fox 1971).

82. FBN entry for Pasquale Fuca in FBN's Revision of International List Book, at New York, June 24, 1964, in Box 48, RG 170 (NARA College Park); Moore, French Connection, pp. 62–73.

83. Royal Canadian Mounted Police (hereafter “RCMP”) reports of March 23, 1926, March 12, 1930, and March 25, 1931, cited in Antonio Nicaso, Rocco Perri: The Story of Canada's Most Notorious Bootlegger (Toronto: John Wiley, 2004), pp. 217–20.

84. Oral history of Ralph Salerno (December 10, 1982) (COHC).

85. RCMP entries for Frank Controni, Joseph Controni, and Vito Agueci in Revision of International List Book, at New York, June 24, 1964, in Box 48, RG 170 (NARA College Park).

86. Welfare Council, Menace of Narcotics, p. 14; Committee on Government Operations, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics: Report, Senate, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. (1965), 69; Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 270–71, 297 (testimony of Valachi).

87. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 150.

88. Maas, Valachi Papers, p. 222.

89. New York Times, September 26, 1931.

90. United States v. Bentvena, 319 F.2d 916 (2d Cir. 1963).

91. Joseph D. Pistone, Donnie Brasco: My Undercover Life in the Mafia (New York: Signet, 1989), p. 226.

92. Bill Bonanno, Bound by Honor, p. 78; New York Times, July 30, 1979, cited in David Amoruso, “The Story of Carmine Galante,” November 24, 2010, available at Gangsters, Inc., http://gangstersinc.ning.com/profiles/blogs/death-in-the-afternoon-the (accessed on July 9, 2013).

93. FBI Memo, Natale Evola, January 29, 1958, in FBI FOIA File on Natale Evola (copy in possession of author); Joe Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 142; Bill Bonanno, The Last Testament of Bill Bonanno, p. 70.

94. Washington Post, March 1, 1930; New York Times, February 20, 1930, March 1, 1930; Jill Jonnes, Hep-Cats, Narcs, and Pipe Dreams: A History of America's Romance with Illegal Drugs (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 84.

95. Jack Kelly, On the Street (Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1974), p. 49; Tom Tripodi, Crusade: Undercover against the Mafia and KGB (New York: Brassey's, 1993), p. 25.

96. Kelly, On the Street, p. 49.

97. New York Times, June 15, 1951, September 26, 1951; Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption, Commission Report (New York: n.p., 1972), p. 92 (hereafter “Knapp Commission Report”).

98. Oral history of Arthur (October 18, 1980), quoted in Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived, p. 156; Tripodi, Crusade, p. 161; Peter Maas, Serpico (New York: Viking Press, 1973), p. 156; Knapp Commission Report, p. 94.

99. Patrick V. Murphy, Commissioner: A View from the Top of American Law Enforcement (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1977), p. 245; FBI Report, Vincent Papa, March 23, 1978, in FBI FOIA File on Vincent Papa (copy in possession of author).

100. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 319–20 (testimony of Valachi).

101. Wiretap conversation of Pussy Russo, quoted in Joseph Volz and Peter J. Bridge, eds., The Mafia Talks (Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1969), p. 98.

102. Tramunti report, October 23, 1973, in FBI FOIA File on Carmine Tramunti (copy in possession of author); Joseph O'Brien and Andris Kurins, Boss of Bosses: The FBI and Paul Castellano (New York: Dell, 1991), p. 153; Nicholas Pileggi, Wise Guy: Life in a Mafia Family (New York: Pocket Books 1985), p. 193.

103. Bill Bonanno, Last Testament of Bill Bonanno, p. 184.

104. Roder journal entries for October 21, 1942, February 4, 1944, October 30–31, 1944, Roder Journals; Maas, Valachi Papers, pp. 234–38; Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, pp. 149–50; Musto, American Disease, p. 201.

105. The table is based on the following sources: (1) Federal Bureau of Prisons’ responses to FOIA requests (copies in possession of author) (hereafter “BOP FOIA”); (2) FBI responses to FOIA requests (copies in possession of author) (hereafter “FBI FOIA”); (3) New York Times articles (hereafter “New York Times”); (4) Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Senate, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963); and (5) FBN reports for District 2, New York, and the FBN's International List of Persons Known to Be or Suspected of Being Engaged in the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, in Boxes 48 and 175, RG 170 (NARA College Park). This includes the following FBN lists: February 15, 1940, September 25, 1953, June 30, 1956, and June 26, 1964 (hereafter “FBN”).

CHAPTER 6: THE MOB NIGHTLIFE

1. New York Post, September 6, 1946; Toni Carroll Terman, Copacabana Sexcapades and Other Stories (West Conshohocken, PA: Infinity Publishing, 2005), pp. 34–35.

2. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Senate, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963), 365 (testimony of Joseph Valachi); George Wolf with Joseph DiMona, Frank Costello: Prime Minister of the Underworld (Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd., 1975), pp. 181–82; Mickey Podell-Raber with Charles Pignone, The Copa: Jules Podell and the Hottest Club North of Havana (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), pp. 34–42; FBI Memorandum on Frank Costello, November 24, 1944, in FBI Freedom of Information Act File (hereafter “FBI FOIA”) on Frank Costello (copy in possession of author).

3. Stephen Fox, Blood and Power: Organized Crime in Twentieth-Century America (New York: William Morrow, 1989), pp. 78–87.

4. Vincent Teresa with Thomas C. Renner, My Life in the Mafia (New York: Doubleday, 1973), p. 118.

5. United States Constitution, Amendment XXI; State Board of Equalization of California v. Young's Market Co., 299 U.S. 59 (1936).

6. New York State Liquor Authority, ABC News 8, no. 8 (March 1941), p. 20.

7. Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption and the City's Anti-Corruption Procedures, Commission Report (New York: n.p., 1972), p. 133 (hereafter “Knapp Commission Report”).

8. Eddie Condon, We Called It Music: A Generation of Jazz (New York: Da Capo Press, 1992), pp. 123–25; FBI Memorandum, Owen Vincent Madden, May 15, 1953, in FBI FOIA file on Owen Vincent Madden (copy in possession of author); Marion Moore Day and Francis “Doll” Thomas, quoted in Jeff Kisseloff, You Must Remember This: An Oral History of Manhattan from the 1890s to World War II (New York: Schocken Books, 1989), pp. 292, 310; Teddy Wilson, Teddy Wilson Talks Jazz (New York: Continuum, 1996), p. 16; Arnold Shaw, 52nd Street: The Street of Jazz (New York: Da Capo Press, 1971), p. 66.

9. George Shearing with Alyn Shipton, Lullaby of Birdland (New York: Continuum, 2004), p. 84; Shaw, 52nd Street, p. 66; Ralph Blumenthal, Stork Club: America's Most Famous Nightspot and the Lost World of Café Society (New York: Little, Brown, 2000), pp. 78–79; FBI Report, Francisca Castiglia, alias Frank Costello, January 8, 1959, reproduced in Charlie Carr, ed., New York Police Files on the Mafia (New York: Hosehead Productions, 2012), p. 54; Michael Franzese and Dara Matera, Quitting the Mob: How the “Yuppie Don” Left the Mafia and Lived to Tell His Story (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), p. 18.

10. Pops Foster with Tom Stoddard, The Autobiography of Pops Foster: New Orleans Jazzman (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2005), p. 170; Mezz Mezzrow, Really the Blues (New York: Citadel, 2001), p. 274; Louis Armstrong, quoted in Terry Teachout, Pops: A Life of Louis Armstrong (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), pp. 162–65, 194–95, 206–11.

11. FBI Airtel, May 9, 1962, Michelino Clemente, in Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Record Group 65 (hereafter “NARA College Park”); Adrian Humphreys, The Weasel: A Double Life in the Mob (New York: Wiley, 2011), pp. 48–49; Terman, Copacabana Sexcapades, p. 11.

12. FBI Report, Anti-Racketeering, January 9, 1962, and FBI Report, Frank Bongiorno, November 30, 1961, both in RG 65 (NARA College Park); George Raft, quoted in Lewis Yablonsky, George Raft (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), pp. 29, 129.

13. FBI Memorandum, Francis Sinatra, September 29, 1950, in FBI FOIA file on Frank Sinatra (copy in possession of author); FBI Report, Frank Sinatra, July 20, 1973, in FBI FOIA file on Angelo DeCarlo (copy in possession of author); FBI Memorandum Re: Santo Trafficante Jr., March 9, 1967, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

14. J. Randy Taraborrelli, Sinatra: Behind the Legend (New York: Carol, 1997), pp. 64, 88–89, 271–72, 392, citing American Mercury 72, no. 332 (August 1951): 29–36; Hearings before the House Select Committee on Crime: Organized Crime in Sports, House of Representatives, 92nd Cong., 2d. Sess. (1973), 731–55, 818–35, 1105–27 (testimonies of Joseph Barboza and Charles Carson).

15. Teresa, My Life in the Mafia, p. 123; George Jacobs and William Stadiem, Mr. S: My Life with Frank Sinatra (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 82; Tina Sinatra, My Father's Daughter: A Memoir (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), p. 73.

16. Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate Commerce: Legalizing Transportation of Prize-Fight Films, Senate, 67th Cong., 1st Sess. (1939); State of New York, Report of the Joint Legislative Committee on Professional Boxing (Albany, NY: n.p., 1963), pp. 11–13; Fox, Blood and Power, pp. 351–57; Professional Boxing: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly of the Committee on the Judiciary: Part 3, Senate, 87th Cong., 1st Sess. (1961), 1297–98 (testimony of Tommy Loughran) (“Senate Boxing Hearings”).

17. New York State Crime Commission, Public Hearings (no. 5) (New York: n.p., 1953), 3667–70 (testimony of F. X. McQuade).

18. Ibid., 1343 (testimony of Melvin Krulewitch), 1394 (testimony of Abe Greene).

19. Senate Boxing Hearings, 104–13 (testimony of Frank Marrone).

20. Ibid., 62 (testimony of Lew Burston).

21. Utica Observer-Dispatch, August 10, 1958; FBI Report, Joseph Anthony Straci, RG 65 (NARA College Park).

22. Life, May 26, 1952; Hearings before the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce: Part 11, Senate, 82nd Cong., 1st Sess. (1950), 261 (testimony of William Weisberg); Senate Boxing Hearings, 91, 104–11 (testimonies of Harry Stromberg and Frank Marrone).

23. Don Jordan, quoted in Peter Heller, “In this Corner…!” 42 World Champions Tell Their Story (New York: De Capo Press, 1994), p. 362.

24. Rocky Graziano, Somebody up There Likes Me: The Story of My Life until Today (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1955), pp. 160–62; Jake La Motta, Raging Bull: My Story (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970), p. 80; Marty Pomerantz, quoted in Allen Bodner, When Boxing Was a Jewish Sport (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), p. 37.

25. Danny Kapilow, quoted in Bodner, When Boxing Was a Jewish Sport, p. 135; Senate Boxing Hearings, 7–19 (testimony of Jake La Motta); La Motta, Raging Bull, pp. 159–62; Brooklyn Eagle, January 22, 1948.

26. Kapilow, quoted in Bodner, When Boxing Was a Jewish Sport, p. 136; Senate Boxing Hearings, 45–46 (testimony of Joe Louis).

27. International Boxing Club of New York, Inc. v. United States, 358 U.S. 242 (1959); Senate Boxing Hearings, 1394 (testimony of Abe Greene).

28. Kevin Mitchell, Jacobs Beach: The Mob, the Fights, the Fifties (New York: Pegasus Books, 2010), pp. 47–52.

29. Life, June 17, 1946, May 26, 1952; State of New York, Report of the Joint Legislative Committee on Professional Boxing (1963), p. 26.

30. Ibid., 80; Senate Boxing Hearings, 76 (testimony of Sam Richman), 570 (testimony of James Norris); FBN File, Boxers and Managers, August 22, 1956, in Box 148, RG 170 (NARA College Park).

31. New York State Athletic Commission, In the Matter of an Inquiry into Alleged Irregularities in the Conduct of Boxing (December 12, 1955), copy in New York State Library, Albany, NY.

32. New York Times, September 20, 1953; Brooklyn Eagle, June 27, 1954; Angelo Dundee, My View from the Corner: A Life in Boxing (New York: McGraw Hill, 2008), p. 36.

33. Brooklyn Eagle, January 28, 1947; Life, February 10, 1947.

34. Senate Boxing Hearings, 114–15 (testimony of James P. McShane); Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 274 (testimony of Valachi); Corruption in Professional Boxing: Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Affairs, Senate, 102nd Cong., 2d Sess. (1992), 97 (testimony of Michael Franzese); Binghamton Press, January 27, 1947; Brooklyn Eagle, January 28, 1947.

35. New York Times, February 11, 1947; Mitchell, Jacobs Beach, pp. 1–3.

36. International Boxing Club of New York, Inc. v. United States, 358 U.S. 242 (1959).

37. Senate Boxing Hearings, 302, 337 (testimony of Truman Gibson), 551–59 (testimony of Norris).

38. New York Times, July 25, 1958, October 31, 1959.

39. International Boxing Club of New York, Inc. v. United States, 358 U.S. at 246.

40. New York Times, September 23, 1959, May 31, 1961.

41. George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1995), pp. 336–44; Knapp Commission Report, pp. 133–42. Thanks to Lisa Davis and the website http://bitterqueen.typepad.com for identifying FBI documents and other primary sources on gay bars cited in this chapter.

42. Stanley Walker, The Night Club Era (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1933), pp. 215–16; New York Times, November 30, 1967, March 23, 1970, August 1, 1977; Steve Ostrow, Live at the Continental: The Inside Story of the World-Famous Continental Baths; Book One: Bette, Buns and Balls (Bloomington, IN: Xlibris, 2007), pp. 123–24; interview of John Doe by John O'Brien (ca. 1984), tape AC0375 in ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives, Los Angeles, CA.

43. Chauncey, Gay New York, pp. 72–86, 327, 450 n. 74.

44. FBI Report, David Petillo, August 30, 1968, and FBI Report, David Petillo, September 27, 1963, both available at: http://bitterqueen.typepad.com/friends_of_ours/2010/12/the-fbi-files-david-petillo-did-it-in-drag.html (accessed May 21, 2013); Life, February 28, 1969; Martin Duberman, Stonewall (New York: Dutton, 1993), pp. 183–84, 297 n. 15; Donald Goddard, Joey (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), pp. 317, 333, 347–48; William Hoffman and Lake Headley, Contract Killer: The Explosive Story of the Mafia's Most Notorious Hitman Donald “Tony The Greek” Frankos (New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1993), p. 201.

45. New York Times, December 1, 1934, June 20, 1953; “Queer Doings Net Suspension for Vill. Clubs,” Billboard, December 2, 1944; Buddy Kent and Gail, quoted in Lisa E. Davis, “Back in Buddy's Day: Drags Original Lesbians Reflect on Their Heyday,” Xtra.ca, March 1, 2006, available at http://www.extra.ca/public/printStory.aspx?AFF_TYPE=4&STORY_ID=1427 (accessed May 21, 2013); Tommye and John, quoted in Joe E. Jeffreys, “Who's No Lady? Excerpts from an Oral History of New York City's 82 Club,” New York Folklore 14, nos. 1–2 (1993): 185–202; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, October 29, 1937; see promotional piece for Howdy Club at Lesbian Herstory Archives, Brooklyn, NY; Alan Bérubé, Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two (New York: Free Press, 1990), pp. 113–16; Thaddeus Russell, A Renegade History of the United States (New York: Free Press, 2010), pp. 234–35.

46. Postcard of Tony Pastor's Downtown (in possession of the author); “Queer Doings Net Suspension for Vill. Clubs”; New York Times, February 27, 1944, November 30, 1967; FBI Report, Activities of Top Hoodlums, October 15, 1959, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

47. “Queer Doings Net Suspension for Vill. Clubs”; Condon, We Called It Music, p. 8; New York Times, March 18, 1967.

48. Jack Lait and Lee Mortimer, U.S.A. Confidential (New York: Crown, 1952), p. 314.

49. Bertie, quoted in Alison Owings, Hey, Waitress! The USA from the other Side of the Tray (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), pp. 193–94.

50. Buddy Kent and Gail, quoted in Lisa E. Davis, “Back in Buddy's Day”; Lyn, quoted in Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Penguin Books, 1992), pp. 127, 332 n. 19.

51. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 291–92 (testimony of Valachi); Peter Maas, The Valachi Papers (New York: Perennial, 2003), p. 231; New York Times, June 20, 1953; Davis, “Back in Buddy's Day.”

52. Terry Noel, quoted in Morgan Stevens, “Special Feature on Terry Noel,” 2005, available at http://www.queermusicheritage.us/fem-terrynoel.html (accessed May 21, 2013); Tommye and John, quoted in Jeffreys, “Who's No Lady?” pp. 185–202.

53. Maas, Valachi Papers, pp. 210–12; New York Times, June 20, 1953; Charles Scaglione Sr., Camelot Lost (Pittsburgh: RoseDog Books, 2009), pp. 52–53.

54. New York Times, December 17, 1963, February 14, 1965, October 16, 1966, November 30, 1967, January 8, 1970, August 1, 1977; R. Thomas Collins Jr., NewsWalker: A Story for Sweeney (Fairfax, VA: RavensYard, 2002), pp. 119–27; United States v. Ianniello, 808 F.2d 184 (2d Cir. 1986); FBI Report on Salvatore Granello, March 26, 1970, in FBI file on Salvatore Granello in RG 65 (NARA College Park), available at http://bitterqueen.typepad.com/friends_of_ours/2012/09/fbi-files-mob-boss-vito-genovese-protected-serial-child-rapist-salvatore-sally-burns-granello.html (accessed on May 21, 2013) (hereafter “FBI Report on Granello”); New York Times, October 7, 1970.

55. People v. DeCurtis, 331 N.Y.S.2d 214 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dept. 1970); Collins, NewsWalker, p. 107; New York Times, October 7, 1970; Jon Roberts and Evan Wright, American Desperado: My Life—From Mafia Soldier to Cocaine Cowboy to Secret Government Asset (New York: Crown, 2011), p. 96; FBI Report on Granello. For other gay bars controlled by the Mafia in the 1950s and ’60s, see Duberman, Stonewall, pp. 183, 297 n. 15.

56. Interview of Chuck Shaheen by Martin Duberman (1991), in Martin B. Duberman Papers, 1917–1997, in New York Public Library, New York, NY; interview of Mary Crawford by Alan Bérubé, February 17, 1983, available at http://www.glbthistory.org (accessed May 21, 2013).

57. Public Broadcasting System, The Stonewall Uprising (2010); Kent, quoted in “Back in Buddy's Day.”

58. FBI Airtel, Mattachine Society, Inc., Internal Security, June 11, 1959, and FBI Airtel, Subject: Mattachine Society, June 19, 1959, both in FBI FOIA File on the Mattachine Society (copy in possession of author); New York Times, November 30, 1967.

59. Duberman, Stonewall, pp. 183–85, 297 n. 11; Chuck Shaheen, quoted in David Carter, Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution (New York: St. Martin's, 2005), pp. 68, 281 n. 19; Lucian K. Truscott IV, “Gay Pride History: The Real Mob at Stonewall,” available at http://www.throughyourbody.com/gay-pride-history-the-real-mob-at-stonewall/ (accessed May 21, 2013).

60. Carter, Stonewall, pp. 131–37, 262–64; Lincoln Anderson, Villager, June 16–22, 2004; New York Daily News, July 6, 1969.

61. Ray “Sylvia Lee” Rivera and Morty Manford, quoted in Eric Marcus, Making Gay History: The Half-Century Fight for Lesbian and Gay Equal Rights (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), pp. 127–29; protest leaflet available at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/stonewall-leaflet/ (accessed May 21, 2013).

CHAPTER 7: THE LIVES OF WISEGUYS

1. State of New York, 1915 New York State Census, Philip Albeniza, Assembly District 2, New York, NY; FBI Report, Philip Joseph Albanese, May 16, 1958, in Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Record Group 65, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (hereafter “NARA College Park”).

2. Yonkers Herald-Statesmen, August 13, 1953, April 15, 1955.

3. United States v. Philip Albanese, 224 F.2d 879 (2d Cir. 1955); Yonkers Herald-Statesmen, October 6, 1954.

4. For an overview of early Mafia memoirs, see Thomas A. Firestone, “Mafia Memoirs: What They Tell Us about Organized Crime,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 9, no. 3 (August 1993): 197–220.

5. Joshua B. Freeman, Working-Class New York: Life and Labor since World War II (New York: New Press, 2001), pp. 7–18; United States Department of Labor Statistics, 100 Years of U.S. Consumer Spending: Data for the Nation, New York City, and Boston (Washington, DC: n.p., 2006), p. 22, available at http://www.bls.gov/opub/uscs/ (accessed August 25, 2013).

6. Luciano, quoted in New York Times, June 19, 1936.

7. Rocco Morelli, Forgetta ’bout It: From Mafia to Ministry (Orlando, FL: Bridge-Logos, 2007), p. 35.

8. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi: Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, Senate, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. (1988), 203 (testimony of Joseph Pistone); Joseph D. Pistone with Richard Woodley, Donnie Brasco (New York: Signet, 1997), pp. 141–42. For additional examples of why men joined the Mafia, see Firestone, “Mafia Memoirs,” pp. 200–15.

9. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 236 (testimony of Vincent Cafaro); Tony Napoli, My Father, My Don: A Son's Journey from Organized Crime to Sobriety (Silver Spring, MD: Beckham, 2008), p. 47; Willie Fopiano, The Godson: A True-Life Account of 20 Years Inside the Mob (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993), p. 8.

10. Antonio Calderone, Pino Arlacchi, and Marc Romano, Men of Dishonor: Inside the Sicilian Mafia (New York: William Morrow, 1993), p. 67; Peter Maas, Underboss: Sammy the Bull Gravano's Story of life in the Mafia (New York: Harper Perennial, 1999), p. 88.

11. Charles Siragusa, The Trail of the Poppy, Behind the Mask of the Mafia (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966), p. 66; Joseph Bonanno with Sergio Lalli, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 158.

12. Joseph Cantalupo and Thomas Renner, Body Mike: An Unsparing Exposé by the Mafia Insider Who Turned on the Mob (New York: Villard Books, 1990), p. 24; Joe Barboza, Barboza (New York: Dell Publishing, 1975), p. 103.

13. Dennis N. Griffin and Andrew DiDonato, Surviving the Mob: A Street Soldier's Life inside the Gambino Crime Family (Las Vegas, NV: Huntington Press, 2010), p. 11; Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 203–204 (testimony of Joseph Pistone).

14. Tables 7–1 and 7–3 are based on the New York Family charts in Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Senate, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963). To be consistent with Table 7–2, I have narrowed the population to those 162 soldiers for whom reliable background information was available. The McClellan Committee's charts were based on arrest records and FBI and FBN intelligence files. The charts roughly reflect the primary activities of the soldiers. I have made a few minor adjustments to the data. To be consistent with chapter 5, I have limited the “narcotics” category to those actually convicted of a narcotics crime. In addition, I have supplemented the activities for two soldiers: Joseph Gallo was involved in vending machines, and Joe Valachi was involved in multiple activities.

15. FBI Record Sheets reprinted in Charlie Carr, ed., New York Police Files on the Mafia (New York: Hosehead Productions, 2012), pp. 52, 94, 176, 184, 280.

16. DiDonato, Surviving the Mob, p. 6.

17. Peter Maas, The Valachi Papers (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1968), pp. 93, 129, 227, 232.

18. Maas, Underboss, p. 289 (“Sammy at once confessed to participating, in one way or another, in eighteen or nineteen murders”).

19. Clinton Prison Classification Clinic, Report on Carmine Galante, February 1, 1944, in Records of the Department of Correctional Services, New York State Archives, Albany, NY (hereafter “NYSA”).

20. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 236 (testimony of Vincent Cafaro); Joseph Stassi, quoted in “Oldest Living Mafioso,” GQ (September 2001), p. 376.

21. Tony Napoli with Charles Messina, My Father, My Don, p. 80.

22. Joseph Pistone, The Way of the Wiseguy (Philadelphia: Running Press, 2004), p. 24.

23. Sal Profaci, quoted in George Anastasia, The Goodfella Tapes (New York: Avon Books, 1998) p. 89.

24. Philip Leonetti, Scott Burnstein, and Christopher Graziano, Mafia Prince: Inside America's Most Violent Crime Family and the Bloody Fall of La Cosa Nostra (Philadelphia: Running Press, 2012), p. 25.

25. Maas, Underboss, p. 41; Peter Reuter, Disorganized Crime: Illegal Markets and the Mafia (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1985), p. 99.

26. Theresa Dalessio with Patrick Picciarelli, Mala Femina: A Woman's Life as the Daughter of a Don (Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books, 2003), p. 40.

27. Maas, Valachi Papers, pp. 65, 79.

28. Pistone, Donnie Brasco, p. 115.

29. Louis Ferrante, Unlocked: A Journey from Prison to Proust (New York: Harper, 2008), p. 10.

30. Vincent Teresa with Thomas C. Renner, My Life in the Mafia (New York: Doubleday, 1973), p. 137.

31. New York Age, June 6, 1953; Thomas B. Ripy, Federal Excise Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 1999).

32. FBI, Criminal Intelligence Digest, February 11, 1965, in RG 65 (NARA College Park); case file on United States v. Pillon and Gambino, et al., Case No. 38045 (E.D.N.Y. 1941), in Records of the District Court of the United States, RG 21, National Archives and Records Administration, New York, NY (hereafter “NARA New York”).

33. Maas, Valachi Papers, p. 239.

34. Acknowledging the “wealth of testimony dealing with racketeering practices and organized crime involvement in the vending industry,” in the 1950s, a later study found racketeering had dissipated by the early 1980s. Peter Reuter, Jonathan Rubinstein, and Simon Wynn, Racketeering in Legitimate Industries: Two Case Studies (Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 1983), pp. 15–31. This change may be due to the entry of new public companies and video electronics. See ibid., pp. 21, 26–27.

35. Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field, Part 46, Senate, 85th Cong., 2d. Sess. (1959) 16626–44 (testimony of Charles Lichtman), 16660–66 (testimony of Milton Green), 16667–79 (testimony of Benjamin Gottlieb).

36. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society (Washington, DC: GPO, 1967), p. 189.

37. Donald R. Cressey, Theft of the Nation: The Structure and Operations of Organized Crime in America (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2008), pp. 74–75.

38. Carl Sifakis, The Mafia Encyclopedia, 3rd ed. (New York: Checkmark Books, 2005), p. xv.

39. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 301 (testimony of Joe Valachi); Joseph Volz and Peter J. Bridge, ed., The Mafia Talks (Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1969), p. 98.

40. David Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931 (New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 238, 318 nn. 26–35.

41. In his otherwise well-researched book, Critchley relies on a skewed analysis of the income of mobsters: First, Critchley emphasizes mob boss John Gotti's “middle-class lifestyle” while conspicuously ignoring Gotti's predecessor, Paul Castellano. Castellano, the Gambino Family boss from 1976 through 1985, was a millionaire who lived in a mansion on Todt Hill, Staten Island (see below). Second, Critchley points to the 1953 divorce proceedings of Anna and Vito Genovese, noting that their house was assessed at only $55,000 and that Anna and the IRS were unable to prove Vito's illegal income. However, their $55,000 house in Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, was worth more than four times the median house value in New Jersey in the 1950s (about $481,000 in 2013 dollars), which is not exactly middle class. United States Census Bureau, “Historical Census of Housing Tables Home Values,” available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/census/historic/values.html (accessed August 20, 2013). Furthermore, multiple underworld sources have since confirmed that Genovese was in fact receiving cash income through hidden interests in nightclubs, narcotics, and other illegal funds. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 291–92 (testimony of Valachi); FBI Memorandum, Salvatore Granello, October 5, 1960, and FBI Report, La Cosa Nostra, August 21, 1964, both in RG 65 (NARA College Park); United States v. Aviles, 274 F.2d 179 (2d Cir. 1960). Third, Critchley cites a study of “a sample of wills or probates left by deceased Mafia figures in New Jersey-Pennsylvania” that “uncovered their generally leaving few or no assets.” Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, p. 238 (citing Michael Libonati and Herbert Edelhertz, Study of Property Ownership and Devolution in the Organized Crime Environment [1983]). But that study relied on a small sample of legal estate filings for mostly low-level men (twelve of the fifteen men). As the authors themselves acknowledge, “estate probate laws and tax requirements are not taken seriously by organized crime figures,” and organized crime figures often hold a range of “non-legal property interests” that do not show up in estate filings. Libonati and Edelhertz, Study of Property Ownership, pp. 18–20, 38–40, available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/95269NCJRS.pdf (accessed August 25, 2013). Fourth, Critchley focuses on bookmaking, with “strikingly little mention of numbers.” Shane White et al., Playing with Numbers: Gambling in Harlem between the Wars (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 283 n. 13. However, the numbers lottery was more territorial with higher potential profits (see chapter 2).

42. Joseph “Joe Dogs” Iannuzi, Joe Dogs: The Life and Crimes of a Mobster (New York: Pocket Books, 1993), p. 10.

43. Annelise Graebner Anderson, The Business of Organized Crime: A Cosa Nostra Family (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1979), pp. 113–14; John Kroger, Convictions: A Prosecutor's Battles against Mafia Killers, Drug Kingpins, and Enron Thieves (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009), p. 139.

44. Martin Booth, Opium: A History (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 1998), pp. 331–32; Peter Reuter and John Haaga, The Organization of High-Level Drug Markets: An Exploratory Study (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1989). The Mafia's move to the wholesaling level made economic sense: another study showed that wholesale distributors and drug-gang leaders made far higher incomes than street-level dealers. Steven D. Levitt and Sudhir Alladi Venatesh, “An Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang's Finances,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115, no. 3 (2000): 755–89.

45. See chapter 4.

46. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 225 (statement of Vincent Cafaro), quoted in James B. Jacobs, Mobsters, Unions, and Feds: The Mafia and the American Labor Movement (New York: New York University Press, 2006), p. 40.

47. Jacobs, Mobsters, Unions, and Feds, pp. 33–34; David Witwer, Shadow of the Racketeer: Scandal in Organized Labor (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2009), pp. 56–57.

48. Nicholas Pileggi, Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), p. 46.

49. Salvatore Mondello, A Sicilian in East Harlem (Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press, 2005), p. 64.

50. See also Frances A. J. Ianni with Elizabeth Reuss-Ianni, A Family Business: Kinship and Social Control in Organized Crime (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1972), pp. 75–82.

51. During this era, Queens, Staten Island, and the outer Bronx were largely residential, middle-class, suburban areas. Although Queens is different today, during the 1950s, it had the newest housing stock and the second-highest median income of the boroughs. The surrounding counties of Westchester County (north of New York City) and Nassau County (on Long Island) were among the most upwardly mobile counties in the nation. In suburban New Jersey, Essex, Bergen, and Union Counties each had per-capita incomes above the New York metropolitan region. The Commission on Governmental Operations of the City of New York, New York City in Transition (New York: n.p., 1960), pp. 63–69; Andrew Hurley, Diners, Bowling Alleys, and Trailer Parks: Chasing the American Dream in Postwar Consumer Culture (New York: Basic Books, 2001), p. 51; Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 237, 277, 284.

52. This statistic is calculated from table 7–3.

53. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 277 (testimony of Valachi).

54. Joseph Valachi, “The Real Thing” (unpublished manuscript), pp. 2–8, 11–12, 21–22, 78–79, in Boxes 1 and 2, Joseph Valachi Papers, in John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, MA; Letter of Federal Bureau of Prisons, Wife of Prisoner Joseph Valachi, December 7, 1962, in Box 1, Records of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC (hereafter “NARA Washington”).

55. FBI Report, John Franzese, October 6, 1960, in RG 65 (NARA College Park); Michael Franzese with Dary Matera, Quitting the Mob: How the “Yuppie Don” Left the Mafia and Lived to Tell His Story (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), pp. 31, 74; Michael Franzese, Blood Covenant (New Kensington, PA: Whitaker House, 2003), pp. 28–29, 33.

56. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 301 (testimony of Valachi).

57. FBI Memorandum, Michael Coppola, Top Hoodlum Coverage, Aril 16, 1954, and FBI Memorandum, Michael Coppola, July 22, 1957, both in FBI FOIA File on Mike Coppola (copy in possession of author); Brooklyn Eagle, February 7, 1939; Hank Messick, “What Goes On Inside Mafia Life,” Miami Herald, December 8, 1968; Hank Messick with Joseph L. Nellis, The Private Lives of Public Enemies (New York: P. H. Wyden, 1973), p. 197.

58. FBI Memorandum, Ruggiero Boiardo, May 12, 1954, in FBI FOIA File (copy in possession of author); FBI Memorandum, The Criminal Commission; Angelo Bruno, December 27, 1962, in RG 65 (NARA College Park); Richard Linnett, In the Godfather Garden: The Long Life and Times of Richie “The Boot” Boiardo (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013), pp. 2–4.

59. FBI Report, Crime Conditions in the New York Division, December 27, 1963, in RG 65 (NARA College Park); People v. Brown, 80 Misc.2d 778 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1975); New York Times, April 20, 1978, April 11, 1989, July 29, 1992; testimony of Angelo Lonardo, quoted in James B. Jacobs, Christopher Panarella, and Jay Worthington, Busting the Mob: United States v. Cosa Nostra (New York: New York University Press, 1994), pp. 197–98.

60. New York Times, August 16, 1957, July 27, 1968, February 18, 1985, September 1, 2000; FBI Report, Michelino Clemente, May 3, 1961, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

61. Paul Castellano on an electronic surveillance recording, quoted in President's Commission on Organized Crime, Edge, pp. xx, 200–208, 240; Joseph F. O'Brien and Andris Kurins, Boss of Bosses: The FBI and Paul Castellano (New York: Island Books, 1991), pp. 28–30, 69–72, 205–206, 261; Ronald Goldstock, Director, and James B. Jacobs, Principal Draftsman, Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry (New York: New York University Press, 1990), p. 84.

62. Chicago Heights banker's report, quoted in Matthew Luzi, The Boys in Chicago Heights: The Forgotten Crew of the Chicago Outfit (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2012), p. 51; Louis Ferrante, Mob Rules: What the Mafia Can Teach the Legitimate Businessman (New York: Penguin, 2011), p. 67; Henry Hill, Gangsters and Goodfellas: The Mob, Witness Protection, and Life on the Run (Lanham, MD: M. Evans, 2004), pp. 35, 78.

63. Teresa, My Life in the Mafia, pp. 70, 130; Hill, Gangsters and Goodfellas, pp. 35, 78; Pistone, Way of the Wiseguy, p. 34.

64. President's Commission on Organized Crime, Organized Crime and Money Laundering: Record of Hearing II, March 14, 1984 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1984), 30–31, 40, 44–45 (testimony of Jimmy Fratianno).

65. Jimmy Fratianno, quoted in Ovid Demaris, The Last Mafioso: The Treacherous World of Jimmy Fratianno (New York: Times Books, 1981), p. 105.

66. Lynda Milito with Reg Potterton, Mafia Wife: My Story of Love, Murder, and Madness (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 131.

67. Briefs in United States vs. Frank Costello, Case No. 382 (2d Cir. 1936) in Records of the United States Courts of Appeal, RG 276 (NARA New York); United States v. Costello, 221 F.2d 668 (2d. Cir. 1955); Costello v. United States, 350 U.S. 359 (1956).

68. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 249 (testimony of Cafaro).

69. Maas, Underboss, p. 73.

70. Philip Carlo, Gaspipe: Confessions of a Mafia Boss (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 95.

71. Pileggi, Wiseguy, p. 90.

72. Pistone, Way of the Wiseguy, p. 53.

73. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, October 17, 1929.

74. Teresa, My Life in the Mafia, p. 118.

75. Sal Polisi and Steve Dougherty, The Sinatra Club: My Life Inside the New York Mafia (New York: Gallery Books, 2012), p. 25.

76. Gene Mustain and Jerry Capeci, Mob Star: The Story of John Gotti (Indianapolis: Alpha Books: 1988), p. 162.

77. Pileggi, Wiseguy, pp. 54, 80.

78. New York Daily News, January 29, 2012; “Reputed Mafia Boss John Gotti Says He's Not Living High-Life in Jail,” Associated Press, February 9, 1992; Time, September 29, 1986.

79. Charles Luciano, quoted in American Weekly interview reprinted in Sid Feder and Joachim Joesten, The Luciano Story (New York: Da Capo Press, 1994), p. 309.

80. Teresa, My Life in the Mafia, p. 62.

81. Henry Hill, quoted in Pileggi, Wiseguy, p. 55.

82. Mario Puzo, The Godfather (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1969), p. 88.

83. Joseph Pistone and Charles Brandt, Donnie Brasco: Unfinished Business (Philadelphia: Running Press, 2007), p. 34.

84. Donnie Brasco (Mandalay Pictures, 1997).

85. Pistone, Unfinished Business, pp. 71–72; Sifakis, Mafia Encyclopedia, pp. 45–46; Pistone, Donnie Brasco, p. 115.

86. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 270–71 (testimony of Valachi); Bonanno, Man of Honor, pp. 105–108; Sifakis, Mafia Encyclopedia, pp. 45–46. This estimated homicide total for the 1930s is based on Eric Monkonnen, Murder in New York City (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000), pp. 9, 15–16, appendix.

87. Peter Davidson, Bones on the Beach: Mafia, Murder, and the True Story of an Undercover Cop Who Went under the Covers with a Wiseguy (New York: Berkley, 2010), p. 39.

88. Thomas Hunt and Martha Sheldon, Deep Water: Joseph P. Macheca and the Birth of the American Mafia (Hartford, CT: iUniverse, 2007), p. 219. I thank Tom Hunt and Rick Warner for helping identify many of these informants.

89. Report of the Questore, August 3, 1900, in Archivio central dello Stato, cited in Salvatore Lupo, History of the Mafia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), pp. 108–11, 293 n. 72.

90. Mike Dash, The First Family: Terror, Extortion, and the Birth of the American Mafia (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), pp. 274, 396 (citing Secret Service Dailies, RG 87, NARA College Park).

91. Thomas Hunt and Michael A. Tona, “The Good Killers: 1921's Glimpse of the Mafia” (2007), available at http://www.onewal.com/a014/f_goodkillers.html (accessed August 4, 2013).

92. Nick Gentile, Vita di Capomafia (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1963), pp. 160–62; Cable to Mr. Fuller, March 29, 1940, and Telegram from American Embassy in Rome, December 19, 1940, in Gentile File, Box 7, Name Files of Suspected Narcotics Traffickers, 1923–54, RG 59 (NARA College Park).

93. Daily Report of Agents, Detroit, May 16, 1922, in Secret Service Dailies, RG 87, NARA College Park. Thanks to Angelo Santino and Rick Warner for this citation.

94. Testimony of Melchiorre Allegra (1937), L'Ora articles transcribed by Extra-Legal Governance Institute (ExLEGI), University of Oxford, available at http://www.exlegi.ox.ac.uk/resources/allegra.asp (accessed August 25, 2013) (cited in Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, p. 62).

95. See chapter 9; Final Report of the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field, Senate Report No. 1139, Senate, 86th Cong., 2d Sess. (1960), 500.

96. New York Crime Commission, Public Hearing (no. 4) (1952), 222 (testimony of George White); Maas, Valachi Papers, pp. 200, 219–21.

97. Charles Siragusa, The Trail of the Poppy: Behind the Mask of the Mafia (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966), pp. 70–71; Maas, Valachi Papers, pp. 212–14.

98. Binghamton Press, July 19, 1958; New York Times, July 20, 1958.

99. FBI Special Summary Report: Angelo Bruno, July 28, 1962 (copy in possession of author). My thanks to David Critchley for supplying this document.

100. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7); Anthony Villano, Brick Agent: Inside the Mafia for the FBI (New York: Ballantine Books, 1977), p. 91.

101. The Godfather Part III (Paramount Pictures 1990); “Members Only,” The Sopranos (HBO, 2006).

102. Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 270–71 (testimony of Valachi).

103. FBI Interview with William Medico, June 25, 1959, in RG 65 (NARA College Park); Lockport Union-Sun and Journal, April 3, 1970. I thank David Critchley for bringing the FBI interview of Medico to my attention.

104. New York FBI Report, La Cosa Nostra, September 26, 1968, in RG 65 (NARA College Park); Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 302 (testimony of Shanley); San Diego FBI Report, La Cosa Nostra, August 22, 1968, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

105. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, p. 173.

106. Calderone, Men of Dishonor, p. 156.

107. This list is drawn from soldiers identified in Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Senate, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963) (“McClellan Committee charts”). For their backgrounds, I cross-referenced the names of soldiers with genealogical records from Ancestry.com, newspaper articles, FBI reports, and the 1950s versions of the FBN's International List of Persons Known to Be or Suspected of Being Engaged in the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics Drugs, June 30, 1956, in Box 175, RG 10 (NARA College Park). I eliminated names from the charts if the soldier died before 1955, there was insufficient information on his background, or he was based outside of New York City. For example, while James Colletti is listed as a Bonanno Family soldier, he was effectively the boss of Pueblo, Colorado.

CHAPTER 8: MOUTHPIECES FOR THE MOB: CROOKED COPS, MOB LAWYERS, AND DIRECTOR HOOVER

1. Contrary to initial reports, Ciro Terranova was not present. New York Times, December 13 and December 17, 1929, and February 16, 1930; Brooklyn Standard Union, December 30, 1929; New York Sun, January 20, 1930.

2. New York Times, December 8 and December 24, 1929.

3. New York Times, September 29, 1929, December 22, 1929, and March 13 and March 14, 1930.

4. New York Times, June 25, 1930, August 21, 1931.

5. Report and Proceedings of the Senate Committee Appointed to Investigate the Police Department of the City of New York (Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon, 1895); Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption and the City's Anti-Corruption Procedures, Commission Report (New York: n.p., 1972).

6. Nicholas Pileggi, Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), pp. 50, 107.

7. Robert Leuci, All the Centurions: A New York City Cop Remembers His Years on the Street, 1961–1981 (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), pp. 219–20.

8. Brian McDonald, My Father's Gun: One Family, Three Badges, One Hundred Years in the NYPD (New York: Penguin, 1999), p. 177.

9. Peter Maas, Serpico (New York: Viking Press, 1973), pp. 306–307.

10. Harold R. Danforth and James D. Horan, The D. A.'s Man (New York: Crown, 1957), p. 47.

11. Henry Hill, Gangsters and Goodfellas: The Mob, Witness Protection, and Life on the Run (Lanham, MD: M. Evans, 2004), p. 53.

12. John Harlan Amen, Report of Kings County Investigation, 1938–1942 (New York: n.p. 1942); Alan Block, East Side, West Side: Organizing Crime in New York, 1930–1950 (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1983), pp. 84–85.

13. Leuci, All the Centurions, p. 176.

14. New York Times, December 6, 1972.

15. George P. LeBrun, It's Time to Tell (New York: William Morrow, 1962), pp. 145–46.

16. New York Times, December 11, 1970, September 25, 1972.

17. FBI criminal record of Antonio Corallo, October 18, 1962, and NYPD criminal record of Alex Di Bruzzi [sic], December 31, 1958, reprinted in Charlie Carr, ed., New York Police Files on the Mafia (New York: Hosehead Productions, 2012), pp. 84–85, 232–33.

18. Richard H. Rovere, Howe & Hummel: Their True and Scandalous History (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1947), p. 79.

19. New York Times, February 28, 1924.

20. Samuel Leibowitz, quoted in Quentin Reynolds, Courtroom: The Story of Samuel S. Leibowitz (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999), pp. 417–18.

21. Evan Thomas, The Man to See: Edward Bennett Williams; Ultimate Insider; Legendary Trial Lawyer (New York: Touchstone, 1991), pp. 96, 188.

22. Frank Ragano and Selwyn Raab, Mob Lawyer (New York: Scribners, 1994), p. 362.

23. Interview with Thomas E. Dewey (1959), in Columbia Center for Oral History (hereafter “COHC”); New York Times, January 1, 1970.

24. Collier's, July 22, 1939.

25. Interview with Dewey (1959) (CCOH), p. 440.

26. New York Times, February 25, 1939, January 27, 1940, January 1, 1970.

27. New York Times, September 10, 1973; FBI Report, Frank DeSimone, June 10, 1958, Airtel to New York, Re: La Cosa Nostra, April 27, 1964, and FBI Report, Los Angeles, May 12, 1965, both in Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Record Group 65, in National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (hereafter “NARA College Park”).

28. Robert Cooley with Hillel Levin, When Corruption Was King: How I Helped the Mob Rule Chicago Then Brought the Outfit Down (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2004), p. 126.

29. Robert F. Simone, The Last Mouthpiece: The Man Who Dared to Defend the Mob (Philadelphia: Camino Books, 2001), p. xi.

30. Oscar Goodman with George Anastasia, Being Oscar: From Mob Lawyer to Mayor of Las Vegas, Only in America (New York: Weinstein Books, 2013), p. 9.

31. Thomas Hunt, Deep Water: Joseph P. Macheca and the Birth of the American Mafia (North Charleston, SC: CreateSpace, 2010); Utica Observer-Dispatch, August 19, 1958, June 5, 1959.

32. Niagara Falls Gazette, December 15, 1959.

33. Buffalo Courier-Express, July 23, 1960; Bill Bonanno and Gary Abromovitz, The Last Testament of Bill Bonanno: The Final Secrets of a Life in the Mafia (New York: William Morrow, 2011).

34. Dennis Griffin, Mob Nemesis: How the FBI Crippled Organized Crime (New York: Prometheus Books, 2002), p. 36.

35. New York Times, September 5, 1970, June 29, 1971.

36. Marchi, quoted in Griffin, Mob Nemesis, p. 38.

37. Edward Bennett Williams, One Man's Freedom (New York: Atheneum, 1962), pp. 107–108; Costello v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 376 U.S. 120 (1964).

38. United States v. Bufalino, 285 F.2d 408, 419–20 (2d Cir. 1960) (Clark, J., concurring).

39. Luciano, quoted in Sid Feder and Joachim Joesten, The Luciano Story (New York: Da Capo Press, 1954), p. 311.

40. James B. Jacobs, Coleen Friel, and Robert Radick, Gotham Unbound: How New York City Was Liberated from the Grip of Organized Crime (New York: New York University Press, 2001), pp. 18, 229–30.

41. Anthony Summers, Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover (New York: Putnam, 1993).

42. Athan Theoharis, J. Edgar Hoover, Sex, and Crime: An Historical Attitude (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1995), pp. 23–55; Peter Maas, “Setting the Record Straight,” Esquire (May 1993): 56–58.

43. Miami Herald, April 8, 2001; David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), p. 12.

44. This section is adapted in part from Alex Hortis, “‘Plagued Ever Since’: Late in His Life, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover Reflects on His Mafia Denials,” Informer: The History of American Crime and Law Enforcement (July 2011): 5–19.

45. Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), pp. 82–83.

46. Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, The FBI: A History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), p. 121.

47. Tim Weiner, Enemies: A History of the FBI (New York: Random House, 2012), pp. 119–20, 152–57; John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassilev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 84–85.

48. Jeffreys-Jones, FBI, pp. 161–62.

49. Herbert Brownell, Advising Ike: The Memoirs of Attorney General Herbert Brownell (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas,1993), p. 235.

50. Interview of Robert Kennedy, quoted in Edwin Guthman and Jeffrey Shulman, eds., Robert Kennedy in His Own Words: The Unpublished Recollections of the Kennedy Years (New York: Bantam, 1988), p. 121; Weiner, Enemies, pp. 203–26.

51. New York Times, September 22, 1936.

52. Although I disagree with several of his conclusions about Hoover, the unpublished thesis of Aharon W. Zorea, “Plurality and Law: The Rise of Law Enforcement in Organized Crime Control” (Ph.D. dissertation, St. Louis University, 2005), does a good job of describing some of the politics of federal law enforcement. Thanks to David Critchley for informing me of it.

53. Robert A. Caro, The Passage of Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson, vol. 4 (New York: Vintage, 2013), pp. 9–10, 65, 459.

54. Charles Morgan Jr., quoted in Ovid Demaris, The Director: An Oral Biography of J. Edgar Hoover (New York: Harper's Press, 1975).

55. Gentry, Hoover, pp. 116, 380, 445.

56. The Mafia was prosperous and growing after World War II, and it reopened “the books” to allow more members in the mid-1950s. See chapter 7.

57. Washington Post, March 19, 1949.

58. Washington Post, September 22, 1949.

59. New York Times, April 2, 1950.

60. New York Times, April 9, 1950; FBI Report, La Cosa Nostra, Kansas City Division, June 7, 1964, in RG 65 (NARA College Park). The requests continued after the Kefauver Committee Hearings. For example, in August 1953, Sheriff Ed Blackburn of Tampa Bay, Florida (home of the Santo Trafficante Family of the Mafia), playing to Hoover's sensibilities, urged the FBI “to declare the Mafia a subversive, un-American group threatening the internal security of the nation.” New York Times, August 14, 1953.

61. Brooklyn Eagle, April 17, 1950; New York Times, April 18, 1950.

62. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. and Roger Bruns, eds., Congress Investigates, 1792–1974 (New York: Chelsea House, 1975), pp. 352–82.

63. Third Interim Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Senate, 82nd Cong., 1st Sess. (1951), 149.

64. New York Times, May 14, 1950, January 21, 1951.

65. Estes Kefauver, Crime in America (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1951), p. 25; Michael Woodiwiss, Organized Crime and American Power (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), pp. 242, 251.

66. Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton, The Rosenberg File, 2nd ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 40, 499.

67. Hearings before the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce: Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Senate, 82nd Cong., 1st Sess. (1951), 350–57 (testimony of Charles Siragusa, FBN), 3–11 (testimony of M. H. Goldschein, Department of Justice), 532, 537, 540–41 (testimony of J. Edgar Hoover).

68. Hoover's insistence that local authorities could simply clean up corruption and deal with organized crime was proven wrong by almost a century of local impotence against the Mafia. The paralyzing effect of corruption on local law enforcement is one of the best justifications for federal intervention. Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law (New York: Aspen, 1992), p. 637; Charles F. C. Ruff, “Federal Prosecution of Local Corruption: A Case Study in the Making of Law Enforcement Policy,” George Washington Law Journal 65 (1977): 1171, 1212–15. Moreover, Hoover was motivated much more by the goal of increasing counterintelligence than he was by factors like federalism and local autonomy.

69. Hearings before the Special Committee (testimony of Hoover), 537 (emphasis added).

70. Neil J. Welch and David W. Marston, Inside Hoover's FBI: The Field Chief Reports (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1984), pp. 80–85.

71. The CAPGA investigation was shut down by Attorney General Tom Clark because the FBI was using wiretaps of dubious legality. This may have also frustrated the FBI from investigating organized crime. William E. Roemer Jr., Roemer: Man against the Mob (New York: Ballantine, 1989), pp. 19–22.

72. Robert Kennedy, quoted in Edwin Guthman and Jeffrey Shulman, eds., Robert Kennedy in His Own Words: The Unpublished Recollections of the Kennedy Years (New York: Bantam, 1988), p. 120.

73. Binghamton Press, November 21, 1957, quoted in Gil Reavill, Mafia Summit: J. Edgar Hoover, the Kennedy Brothers, and the Meeting That Unmasked the Mob (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2013), pp. 140–41; Binghamton Press, August 13, 1959.

74. FBI Report, Activities of Top Hoodlums in the New York Field Division, January 8, 1959, in FBI FOIA File on Top Hoodlum Program (copy in possession of author).

75. William C. Sullivan, The Bureau: My Thirty Years in Hoover's FBI (New York: Norton, 1979), pp. 120–21

76. Cartha D. “Deke” DeLoach, Hoover's FBI: The Inside Story by Hoover's Trusted Lieutenant (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 1997), p. 303.

77. Oliver “Buck” Williams, A G-Man's Journal: A Legendary Career Inside the FBI—From the Kennedy Assassination to the Oklahoma City Bombing (New York: Pocket Books, 1998), pp. 4–7.

78. Ed Reid, The Grim Reapers: The Anatomy of Organized Crime in America (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1969). Reid's Grim Reapers is an early journalistic book on the Mafia, which is not critical of Hoover. Hoover's recommendation of this book further reflects genuine regret that the FBI missed the Mafia.

79. The FBI's official historian Dr. John Fox discovered Hoover's handwritten note. Although we disagree on Hoover's record on the Mafia, I thank Dr. Fox for supplying me the note without any preconditions.

80. Unfortunately, Mr. Rosen died in 2005 before I could interview him. Mr. Rosen had a distinguished career in the FBI, and led key investigations of civil rights violations and murders in the South. Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI (Washington: Turner Publishing, 1997), p. 217.

81. William Hundley, quoted in Demaris, Director, p. 142.

82. Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field: Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field, 85th Cong., 2d Sess. (1958), 12223 (testimony of Martin Pera).

83. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, January 1962.

84. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, September 1963; New York Times, August 31, 1963.

85. New York Times, November 16, 1957.

86. Gordon Hawkins, “God and the Mafia,” in National Affairs 14 (Winter 1969): 24–51. For other examples, see Richard Warner, “The Warner Files: God and the Mafia,” Informer: The Journal of American Crime and Law Enforcement (April 2013): 69–71.

87. As David Critchley had pointed out, Joe Valachi's thousand-page handwritten memoirs in prison are consistent with his testimony, and they have been substantially corroborated by other mafiosi. David Critchley, Origin of Organized Crime, pp. 167, 293.

CHAPTER 9: THE ASSASSINATIONS OF 1957

1. New York Police Department DD5, Files of the Central Intelligence Bureau, May 17, 1957, in Box 5, Office of the District Attorney (Manhattan) Albert Anastasia Files, 1954–1963 (hereafter “Anastasia Files”) in New York Municipal Archives, New York, NY (hereafter “NYMA”); New York Times, March 6, 1956, May 3, 1957.

2. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Senate, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963), 291–92 (testimony of Joseph Valachi); Peter Maas, The Valachi Papers (New York: Perennial, 2003), pp. 210–12; New York Times, October 10, 1963.

3. People against Genovese correspondence files in Box 12, in District Attorney (Kings County), Murder, Inc. Case Files (hereafter “Murder, Inc. Files”) (NYMA); New York Times, February 15, 1969.

4. Selwyn Raab, Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005), p. 61; Investigative Case File on Vito Genovese, 1950–51 (statement of Anna Genovese), in Box 87, in Record Group 46, Records of the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC (hereafter “NARA Washington”); New York Times, March 17, 1932; New York Sun, June 25, 1932; Schenectady Gazette, March 17, 1932. See Lennert Van't Riet, David Critchley, and Steve Turner, in Informer: The History of American Crime and Law Enforcement (January 2014): 52–96.

5. Raab, Five Families, p. 82; NYPD Report, Death of Material Witness, Peter LaTempa, February 10, 1945, and Letter of Chief Deputy Sheriff to Acting District Attorney, December 7, 1944, in People against Genovese, Box 12, in Murder, Inc. Files (NYMA) (documents posted by author, May 28, 2013, at https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/americanmafia/files/La%20Tempa%20Investigation); New York Times, February 10, 1945; Brooklyn Eagle, June 6, 1946.

6. Collier's, April 12, 1947.

7. FBI Memorandum, La Cosa Nostra, August 8, 1963, in Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Record Group 65, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (hereafter “NARA College Park”).

8. Memorandum, Interview with Commissioner Cavanagh, Re: Richard W. Hoffman, March 8, 1951, in Box 77, Investigative Files, Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC (hereafter “NARA Washington”).

9. United States v. Frank Costello, 511 U.S. 1069 (1956).

10. New York Times, May 3 and May 4, 1957; John Johnson Jr. and Joel Selvin with Dick Cami, Peppermint Twist, The Mob, the Music, and the Most Famous Dance Club of the ’60s (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2012), p. 62; Paul David Pope, The Deeds of My Fathers: How My Grandfather and Father Built New York and Created the Tabloid World of Today (New York: Philip Turner Books, 2010), pp. 81–82, 247–48.

11. New York Times, May 4 and May 5, 1957.

12. Ibid.

13. New York Times, May 3, 1957, May 16, 1958.

14. New York Times, August 20, 1957; Long Island Star-Journal, May 3, 1957.

15. Valachi, quoted in Mass, Valachi Papers, p. 243; Bill Bonanno and Gary B. Abromovitz, The Last Testament of Bill Bonanno: The Final Secrets of a Life in the Mafia (New York: HarperCollins, 2011), p. 172.

16. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 252 (testimony of John Shanley); FBI Report, Crime Conditions in the New York Division, December 3, 1962, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

17. FBI Memorandum, La Cosa Nostra, August 8, 1963, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

18. Joseph Bonanno with Sergio Lalli, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 184.

19. Bill Bonanno, Last Testament of Bill Bonanno, p. 173.

20. George Wolf with Joseph DiMona, Frank Costello: Prime Minister of the Underworld (New York: Morrow, 1974), pp. 258–60.

21. New York Times, May 4, 1957.

22. New York Times, May 21, 1958.

23. New York Times, May 28, 1958.

24. Ibid.

25. Wolf, Frank Costello, p. 260.

26. New York State Crime Commission, Public Hearings (no. 5) (Albany, NY: n.p., 1953), 1698 (testimony of Umberto Anastasio).

27. Bonanno, Man of Honor, pp. 166, 169; Nicolo Gentile, Vita di Capomafia (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1963), p. 136.

28. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, April 20 and April 27, 1951.

29. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 171; FBI Report, The Criminal “Commission,” December 19, 1962, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

30. Gentile, Vita di Capomafia, pp. 116–17.

31. Ibid.; Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 121.

32. Gentile, Vito de Capomafia, p. 117.

33. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 141.

34. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 296–97 (testimony of Valachi).

35. FBI Memorandum, Criminal Intelligence Digest, February 11, 1965, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

36. See chapter 2.

37. Life, July 1, 1957.

38. New York Times, June 18, 1957 and April 7, 1959; Albany Knickerbocker News, June 18, 1957.

39. FBI Memorandum, Criminal Intelligence Digest, February 11, 1965, and FBI Report, La Cosa Nostra, Newark Division, October 3, 1967, both in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

40. General Investigative Intelligence File, Albert Anastasia, February 25, 1954, and General Investigative Intelligence File, Albert Anastasia, March 31, 1955, in FBI Freedom of Information Act File (hereafter “FBI FOIA File”) on Anastasia (copy in possession of author); United States Treasury Department, Bureau of Narcotics, Mafia (New York: Collins, 2007), pp. 287, 289, 292; New York Times, October 26, 1957.

41. NYPD Report, List of Property on A. Anastasia, October 1957, NYPD Report, Christening at Essex House, Albert Anastasio, May 13, 1957, and NYPD DD5, Interview of Albert Anastasio Jr., November 1, 1957, all in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA).

42. NYPD DD5, Interview of Albert Anastasio Jr., November 1, 1957, in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA); Kenneth C. Wolensky, Nicole H. Wolensky, and Robert P. Wolensky, Fighting for the Union Label: The Women's Garment Industry and the IGLWU in Pennsylvania (University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2002), pp. 52–53, 84, 180–182.

43. NYPD DD5, Interview with Members of Deceased's Family, October 25, 1957, in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA).

44. Joe Valachi, quoted in Maas, Valachi Papers, p. 249.

45. NYPD DD5, Subject: Investigation of Anastasia's Mortgage, November 5, 1957, in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA); New York Times, October 26, 1957.

46. NYPD DD5, Interview with Harry “Champ” Segal, June 4, 1957, in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA); New York Times, October 29, October 30, 1957, February 1, 1958.

47. NYPD Notes of Interview with Joe Silesi, October 9, 1961, and November 6, 1961, in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA).

48. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 348–49 (testimony of Valachi).

49. NYPD Notes of Interview with Joe Silesi, October 9, 1961, and November 6, 1961, in Box 3, Anastasia Files (NYMA); FBI Memorandum, American Gambling Activities in Cuba, February 28, 1958, and FBI Report, Tampa Office, Santo Trafficante Jr., September 22, 1960, both in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

50. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 349 (testimony of Valachi); Joe Valachi, quoted in Maas, Valachi Papers, p. 249.

51. FBI Report from Los Angeles Office, La Cosa Nostra, December 13, 1963, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

52. See chapter 3.

53. NYPD Notes of Interview with Joe Silesi, October 9, 1961, and November 6, 1961, and NYPD DD5, Subject: Santo Trafficante, November 13, 1959, both in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA); FBI Memorandum, American Gambling Activities in Cuba, Top Hoodlum Program, February 28, 1958, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

54. NYPD Notes of Interview with Anthony Coppola, October 25, 1957, in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA); New York Times, October 26, 1957.

55. NYPD DD5, Interview of Albert Anastasio Jr., November 1, 1957, in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA); New York Times, October 26, 1957.

56. NYPD Report, Subject: Albert Anastasia, September 1963, in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA); FBI Memorandum, Gambling Activities in Cuba, January 17, 1958, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

57. NYPD Notes of Interview with Anthony Coppola, October 25, 1957, in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA); New York Times, October 26, 1957.

58. Ibid.

59. NYPD DD5, Subject: Andrew Alberti, November 5, 1957, and NYPD DD5, Subject: Interrogation of Johnny Busso, November 5, 1957, both in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA), in RG 65; FBI Report, NY-92-632, Activities of Top Hoodlums in the New York Field Division, September 14, 1959, and FBI Report, NY 92-2300, Anti-Racketeering-Conspiracy, Gambino Family, July 1, 1963, both in RG 65 (NARA College Park); Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field: Part 32, Senate, 85th Cong., 2d Sess. (1958), 12246 (testimony of Martin Pera); Yonkers Herald Statesmen, March 17, 1954; Bureau of Narcotics, Mafia, pp. 334, 347, 360.

60. New York Times, October 26, 1957.

61. NYPD Notes of Interview with Joseph Saloney, October 29, 1957, in Box 1, Anastasia Files (NYMA); New York Times, October 26, 1957.

62. NYPD Notes of Interviews with Arthur Grasso, Joseph Saloney, and Anthony Arbisi, October 29, 1957, each in Box 1, Anastasia Files (NYMA).

63. Ibid.; NYPD DD5, Subject: Autopsy Report, October 27, 1957, and NYPD DD5, Homicide Report, October 28, 1957, both in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA); New York Daily News, October 26, 1957; New York Times, October 26, 1957. Although news reports erroneously stated that the gunmen wore scarves, most of the employees said they wore hats and aviator glasses.

64. NYPD Notes of Interview with Joseph Saloney, October 29, 1957, and NYPD Notes of Interrogation of Joseph Saloney, October 25, 1957, both in Box 1, Anastasia Files (NYMA); FBI Teletype, Criminal Intelligence Program, January 3, 1963, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

65. NYPD DD5, David Mazer, October 25, 1957, NYPD DD5, Subject: Recovery of Gun, October 25, 1957, and NYPD DD5, Subject: Test Specimens, October 28, 1957, each in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA).

66. NYPD Notes of Interrogation of Joseph Saloney, October 25, 1957; NYPD Report, Subject: Albert Anastasia, September 1963, both in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA); Arthur Nash, New York City Gangland (Chicago, IL: Arcadia, 2010), p. 90.

67. New York Times, October 26, 1957.

68. Barber's Names, Chairs, Customers–Polygraph Exams, March 27, 1963, in Box 3, Anastasia Files (NYMA).

69. NYPD DD5, Subject: Vincent J. Squillante, September 30, 1958, in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA); New York Times, October 1, 1958.

70. NYPD Teletype Alarm, October 25, 1957, and NYPD DD5, Charles Davis, October 26, 1957, both in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA).

71. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 348–49 (testimony of Valachi).

72. Vincent Teresa with Thomas C. Renner, My Life in the Mafia (New York: Doubleday, 1974), p. 178.

73. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 207.

74. Wolf, Frank Costello, pp. 262–63.

75. In April 1958, the NYPD received an alternative tip about the Patriarca Family of New England. The NYPD contacted the Providence, Rhode Island, police department: “This department is in receipt of information that [Raymond] Patriarca might be involved in the killing of Albert Anastasia.” The NYPD then requested information on Providence mobsters. Nothing came of it though, and the lead was shelved. NYPD DD5, Subject: Request Communication, April 11, 1958, in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA).

76. NYPD DD5, Subject Santo Trafficante, November 13, 1959, in Box 2, Anastasia Files (NYMA).

77. Sidney Slater and Quentin Reynolds, “My Life Inside the Mob,” Saturday Evening Post, August 24, 1963, pp. 38–55.

78. Peter Diapoulos and Steven Linakis, The Sixth Family (New York: Bantam, 1976), p. 22.

79. Slater, Saturday Evening Post, p. 40.

80. Jerry Capeci, “The Men Who Hit Albert Anastasia,” October 18, 2001, available at http://www.ganglandnews.com (accessed July 20, 2013); New York Times, October 8, 2008.

81. Jerry Capeci, The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Mafia (New York: Penguin, 2004), p. 290; New York Times, June 23 and July 30, 1965, and October 8, 2008.

82. The informant does not identify Wittenberg as the second gunman. As for the plotters, the informant stated that a cabal of mafiosi, including Joseph Biondo, Charles Dongarra, and Joseph Riccobono, formed after they learned that Anastasia was planning to have them killed. The informant said that these three individuals, “plus Andrew Alberti, Joseph Gallo, Steve Grammatula [sic]” and the second gunman, planned the assassination. FBI Teletype from SAC, New York, 92-632, Criminal Intelligence Program, January 3, 1963 (NARA College Park). Capeci relates that researcher Andy Petepiece also found the January 3, 1963, report.

83. In the newspapers, Alberti was briefly identified, as follows: “Detectives investigating the Anastasia slaying yesterday questioned Andrew Alberti, a suspended prize fight manager. He operates a bakery at 441 East Twelfth Street and Lives at 2675 Henry Hudson Parkway.” New York Times, November 13, 1957.

84. NYPD DD5, Subject: Interrogation of Johnny Busso, November 5, 1957, in Box 2, Anastasia Files, (NYMA).

85. Ibid.

86. Kingston Daily Freeman, November 10, 1964.

87. FBI Teletype, To Director, FBI, From SAC, New York, Criminal Intelligence Committee, January 3, 1963, in RG 65 (NARA College Park). FBI Report, La Cosa Nostra, Gambino Family, August 21, 1964, in RG 65 (NARA College Park); New York Times, June 23, 1965; Long Island Star-Journal, July 9, 1966. As for Grammauta's physical appearance, see the FBI photo reprinted in Jerry Capeci, “The Men Who Hit Albert Anastasia,” October 18, 2001, available at http://www.ganglandnews.com (accessed July 20, 2013); New York Times, June 23, 1965.

88. Again, there is no indication that Busso was involved in the plot. Johnny Busso fought in a bout at Madison Square Garden that Friday night, October 25, 1957. New York Times, October 26, 1957.

89. New York Times, October 26, 1957.

90. Raab, Five Families, p. 115.

91. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 208.

92. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 425 (chart of Gambino Family); Maas, Valachi Papers, p. 229.

93. Armand “Tommy” Rava, one of the few Anastasia loyalists, was known to harbor enmity toward Carlo Gambino. After attending the Apalachin meeting in November 1957, Rava disappeared and was believed murdered. FBI Report, La Cosa Nostra, September 26, 1968, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

94. FBI AIRTEL, From SAC to Director, FBI, August 7, 1962, in FBI FOIA File of Anthony Anastasia, available at http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/brotherly-love-fuhgeddaboutit-0 (accessed July 20, 2013); Bill Bonanno, Last Testament of Bill Bonanno, pp. 132, 156.

95. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 208.

96. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations: Organized Crime and the Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 389 (testimony of Valachi).

CHAPTER 10: APALACHIN

1. Testimony of Edgar D. Croswell (1957), in Box 9, Master Case Files of the New York State Temporary Commission of Investigation (hereafter “COI”), New York State Archives, Albany, NY (hereafter “NYSA”). This chapter draws principally on the COI files of the public inquiry into the Apalachin meeting, and the trial testimony in United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959), National Archives and Records Administration, Northeast Region, New York, NY (hereafter “NARA NY”).

2. Binghamton Press, December 13, 1957; New York Times, November 3, 1959, November 21, 1990.

3. Testimony of Croswell (1957), in Box 9, COI (NYSA).

4. FBI Report, Joseph Barbara, November 19, 1957, in FBI Freedom of Information Act File (hereafter “FBI FOIA File”) on Joseph Barbara Sr. (copy in possession of author); testimony of Croswell (1957), in Box 9, COI (NYSA).

5. Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field, Senate, 85th Cong., 2d. Sess. (1958), 12202–12209 (testimony of Croswell); United States v. Bonanno, 180 F.Supp. 71, 73–75 (S.D.N.Y. 1960).

6. United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Croswell) (NARA NY); Binghamton Press, June 14, 1959.

7. Binghamton Press, June 14, 1959.

8. Testimony of Croswell (1957), in Box 9, COI (NYSA); Binghamton Press, June 14, 1959.

9. Weather records available at http://www.farmersalmanac.com/weather-history/13732/1956/10/18/ (accessed July 25, 2013).

10. Testimony of Frederick Leibe (1957), in Box 9, COI (NYSA).

11. FBI Memorandum, Re: Carmine Galante, January 24, 1958, in FBI FOIA File on Carmine Galante (copy in possession of author); testimony of Croswell, in Box 9, COI (NYSA).

12. United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Croswell) (NARA NY).

13. Record of Interview with Edgar Croswell, in Box 9, COI (NYSA); New York Times, January 7, 1958, July 24, 1959; Binghamton Press, February 11, 1958.

14. Testimony of Richard Klausner (1958), in Box 9, COI (NYSA).

15. United States v. Bentvena, 319 F.2d 916 (2d Cir. 1963); Memorandum of Edward Kirk to Chief Investigator Joseph Milenky, Suspected Attendees at Hoodlum Meeting, March 19, 1959, in Box 5, COI (NYSA).

16. Binghamton Press, October 25, 1957.

17. Testimony of Marguerite Russell (1958), in Box 9, COI (NYSA).

18. Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics: Hearings before the Committee on Government Operations, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Senate, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963), 389 (testimony of Joseph Valachi); Binghamton Press, January 26, 1958, November 14, 1977.

19. Testimony of Croswell (1957), in Box 9, COI (NYSA).

20. Joseph Bonanno with Sergio Lalli, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 203.

21. Testimony of Joseph Barbara Jr. (1957), in Box 9, COI (NYSA); United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Helen Schroeder) (NARA NY).

22. New York Times, November 15, 1957; testimony of Croswell, in Box 9, COI (NYSA).

23. Interview with Croswell (1957), in Box 9, COI (NYSA).

24. United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimonies of Croswell and Schroeder) (NARA NY).

25. Ibid. (testimonies of Croswell and Brown) (NARA NY).

26. Testimony of Croswell (1957), in Box 9, COI (NYSA); Hearings on Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi: Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, Senate, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. (1988), 530–33 (testimony of Angelo Lonardo); Ovid Demaris, The Last Mafioso: The Treacherous World of Jimmy Fratianno (New York: Bantam, 1981), pp. 105–106, 188–89.

27. Testimony of Russell (1959), in Box 9, COI (NYSA); weather records available at http://www.farmersalmanac.com/weather-history/13732/1957/11/14/.

28. Testimony of Russell (1959), in Box 9, COI (NYSA).

29. For a list of the attendees, see table 10–1. For their transportation to Apalachin, see Report to Governor Averell Harriman, November 27, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA), and Arthur L. Reuter, Acting Commissioner of Investigation, Report on the Activities and Associations of Persons Identified as Present at the Residence of Joseph Barbara, Sr., at Apalachin, New York, on November 14, 1957, and the Reasons for Their Presence (1958) (hereafter “Reuter Report”).

30. United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Russell) (NARA NY); testimony of Russell (1959), in Box 9, COI (NYSA); testimony of Vincent Rao (1959), in Box 7, COI (NYSA); Binghamton Press, July 1, 1959.

31. United States v. Bufalino, 285 F.2d 408, 412 (2d Cir. 1960); testimony of Russell (1959), in Box 9, COI (NYSA).

32. Report of Trooper Vincent Vasisko, November 23, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA); testimony of Rao (1959), in Box 7, COI (NYSA); New York Times, November 15, 1957; Binghamton Press, December 21, 1959.

33. Interview with Croswell, in Box 1, COI (NYSA); United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Vincent Vasisko) (NARA NY).

34. Hearings on Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 389 (testimony of Valachi); Bufalino, 285 F.2d at 412.

35. United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Croswell) (NARA NY); testimony of Croswell (NYSA). In contrast, Gil Reavill asserts that “Croswell had done a sly thing,” consciously trying to “lull those at the estate into a false sense of confidence, that they could leave the estate without being stopped.” Gil Reavill, Mafia Summit: J. Edgar Hoover, the Kennedy Brothers, and the Meeting That Unmasked the Mob (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2013), p. 95. This is one of multiple points in which Mafia Summit is at variance with the eyewitness statements or investigative records of the State Commission of Investigation and United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959).

36. Interview with Croswell, in Box 1, COI (NYSA); United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Croswell) (NARA NY).

37. Report of Vincent Vasisko, November 23, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA); United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Croswell) (NARA NY).

38. Report of Lt. K. E. Weidenborner, November 16, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

39. Report to Governor Harriman, November 27, 1957, and Report of Trooper Cohen, November 15, 1957, both in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

40. Hearings on Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 350 (testimony of Valachi); New York Times, November 22, 1957.

41. United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Croswell) (NARA NY); Hearings on Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 308 (testimony of John Shanley).

42. Report to Governor Harriman, November 27, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

43. Reuter Report, p. 16 and appendix.

44. Rocco Morelli, Forgetta ‘bout It: From Mafia to Ministry (, FL: Bridge-Logos, 2007), p. 74; Report to Governor Harriman, November 27, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

45. FBI Report, Joseph Civello, August 31, 1961, in Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Record Group 65, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (“NARA College Park”).

46. Report to Governor Harriman, November 27, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA); United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Croswell) (NARA NY).

47. United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Croswell) (NARA NY).

48. Also in the Falcone car were Dominick D'Agostino and Samuel Lagattuta of Buffalo. Ibid.

49. Hearings on Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 386 (testimony of Valachi); Utica Press, July 2, 1958.

50. Utica Press, February 8, 1958; May 20, 1959; May 24, 1963.

51. United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimonies of Kenneth Brown and Arthur Ruston); Report of Vasisko, November 23, 1957 (NYSA).

52. Report of B. Muthig, November 15, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA); United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Brown) (NY NARA).

53. Reuter Report, p. 41 and App. C; New York Times, November 3, 1959.

54. Testimony of Kenneth Brown, in Box 1, COI (NYSA); Reuter Report, appendix C, p. 6a; Report of Trooper B. Muthig, November 15, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

55. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 216.

56. Report to Governor Harriman, November 27, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA). This matches Bonanno's number in the Social Security Death Index, http://ssdmf.info/ (accessed July 25, 2013).

57. Binghamton Press, November 14, 1984.

58. United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (joint stipulation on Trafficante airline tickets) (NARA NY); Report of Trooper F. A. Tiffany, November 15, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

59. Report on Discharge of Firearms by Trooper F. A. Tiffany, November 15, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

60. United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Glenn Craig) (NARA NY); Report of Trooper T. G. Sackel, November 14, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

61. Testimony of Croswell, in Box 1, COI (NYSA); Appellee's Brief, United States v. Bufalino (2d Cir. 1960), in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

62. Report to Governor Harriman, November 27, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

63. United States Census Bureau, 1920 Federal Population Census, James Colletti, District 133, Ouray, CO; United States Census Bureau, 1920 Federal Population Census, Frank Zito, District 174, Springfield, IL.

64. FBI Report, James Colletti, June 8, 1959, and FBI Report, Frank Zito, June 5, 1959, both in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

65. Reuter Report, appendix C, pp. 15, 62; Report to Governor Harriman, November 27, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA); Report of Trooper Smith, November 15, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA); United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Joseph Smith) (NARA NY).

66. David Witwer, Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), p. 171.

67. Report of Muthig, November 15, 1957, and Report to Governor Harriman, November 27, 1957, both in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

68. Report of Trooper C. F. Erway, November 14, 1957, Report of Trooper C. M. Dobbs, November 15, 1957, Report of Trooper M. Capozzi, November 15, 1957, all in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

69. Testimony of Croswell (1957), in Box 1, COI (NYSA); Report of Erway, November 14, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

70. Memorandum of Eliot Lumbard to Edward Kirk, December 4, 1958, in Box 5, COI (NYSA); Report of Special Agent Patrick Collins, New Orleans Field Office, La Cosa Nostra, July 11, 1967, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

71. Testimony of Russell, in Box 9, COI (NYSA).

72. Testimony of Joseph Benenati (1959), in Box 7, COI (NYSA).

73. Memorandum of Lumbard to Kirk, December 4, 1958, in Box 5, COI (NYSA).

74. FBI Memorandum, Subject: Samuel M. Giancana, January 18, 1966, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

75. William F. Roemer Jr., Accardo: The Genuine Godfather (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995), pp. 166–67, 194–96; William F. Roemer Jr., Roemer: Man against the Mob (New York: Ballantine Books, 1989), pp. 114–19; Antoinette Giancana, Mafia Princess: Growing up in Sam Giancana's Family (New York: William Morrow, 1984), pp. 156–57.

76. Memorandum of Agent Skinner, Re: Neil Migliore, September 18, 1958, in Box 5, COI (NYSA); Reuter Report, appendix A–3. The driver of the other car told police that he saw two passengers in Migliore's car. To settle the case, Neil Migliore and his father Americo Migliore signed a release saying they were passengers in the car, and Neil forged the signature of Peter Valenti, as the third passenger. None of these three men was likely to have been invited to attend the Apalachin meeting. FBI Report of Albany Field Office, August 14, 1959, in RG 65 (NARA College Park); Binghamton Press, July 24, 1959.

77. Memorandum, Suspected Attendees, March 19, 1959, in Box 5, COI (NYSA). Joe Bonanno claimed “Lucchese, I later learned from my own sources, had avoided police detection by…grabbing a ride with a soda delivery truck.” Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 215. This may be another face-saving story by Bonanno.

78. Testimony of Croswell, in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

79. Despite speculation, there is no reliable proof for the attendance of Milwaukee boss Frank Balistrieri; New England boss Raymond Patriarca; St. Louis boss John Vitale; former Boston boss Philip Buccola; Rockford, Illinois, underboss Joseph Zammuto; Detroit caporegime Anthony Giacalone; the Controni brothers of Montreal; or Giuseppe Settacase of Sicily.

80. The FBI investigated allegations that other Floridians were present at Apalachin. However, they discovered that Bartola Failla of Miami had traveled to New Jersey for a denaturalization proceeding. FBI Memorandum, Meeting of Hoodlums, December 12, 1958, in RG 65 (NARA College Park). Although an informant reported Joe Silesi, Trafficante's gambling partner, was present, the FBI found no corroborating evidence. FBI Report, Activities of Top Hoodlums, September 14, 1959, in RG 65 (NARA College Park). The Commission and the FBI also investigated two associates of Northeastern Pennsylvania boss Russell Bufalino. They suspected Modesto “Murph” Loquasto, but an FBI informant saw him operating a craps game in Pittston, Pennsylvania, on the evening of November 14, 1957. FBI Report on Russell Bufalino, May 16, 1958, in RG 65 (NARA College Park). They also looked hard at William Medico of Pittston, but uncovered only a summer trip to Apalachin. FBI Memorandum, William Medico, June 24, 1959, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

81. Reavill, Mafia Summit, pp. 5, 146.

82. Testimony of Russell, in Box 9, COI (NYSA). At most, Russell conceded, it could “possibly” have been more, but she gave no higher numbers. Ibid.

83. Binghamton Press, August 5, 1963.

84. Report of Trooper Greer, November 15, 1957, and Report of Trooper Cohen, November 15, 1957, both in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

85. Interview with Croswell, in Box 1, COI (NYSA); United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Croswell) (NARA NY).

86. Testimony of Croswell, in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

87. Interview with Croswell, in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

88. Chicago Tribune, November 15, 1957; San Francisco Chronicle, November 15, 1957; New York Times, November 15, 1957; New York Daily News, November 15, 1957.

89. Binghamton Press, November 18 and 21, 1957; New York Times, November 26, 1957.

90. Life, December 9, 1957.

91. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 211.

92. Life, December 9, 1957, p. 57.

93. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 212.

94. Albany Knickerbocker, October 16, 1961; Utica Press, April 12, 1962; New York Herald Tribune, November 4, 1959.

95. United States v. Bufalino, 285 F.2d 408, 419 (2d Cir. 1960) (Clark, J., concurring); Binghamton Press, November 13, 1977.

96. Since the appellate court reversed the convictions for insufficient evidence, it did not reach the trial court's ruling on the legality of the detention. The concurring judge, however, noted that the detention and search were “highly dubious” and that the admission of the resulting statements into evidence was of “doubtful validity.” United States v. Bufalino, 285 F.2d at 420 n. 3. These actions would likely be considered unconstitutional today. Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 53 (1979).

97. United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Croswell) (NARA NY).

98. Dennis Eisenberg, Uri Dan, and Eli Landau, Meyer Lansky: Mogul of the Mob (New York: Paddington Press, 1979), p. 248.

99. Robert Lacey, Little Man: Meyer Lansky and the Gangster Life (New York: Little, Brown, 1991), p. 35. Croswell denied having any advanced knowledge of the meeting. Interview of Croswell, in Box 1, COI (NYSA).

100. Hearings on Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 387–88 (testimony of Valachi); FBI Report, Meeting of Hoodlums, Apalachin, NY, October 31, 1958, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

101. FBI Report, Meeting of Hoodlums, Apalachin, NY, November 20, 1959, and FBI Report, Santo Trafficante, January 17, 1958, both in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

102. Testimony of Roy Williams, quoted in James B. Jacobs, Christopher Panarella, and Jay Worthington, Busting the Mob: United States v. Cosa Nostra (New York: New York University Press, 1994), p. 187.

103. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 209.

104. Selwyn Raab, Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005), pp. 118–19.

105. Reavill, Mafia Summit, pp. 90, 206–207, 275.

106. Reuter Report, p. 24; New York Times, July 10–11 and July 23, 1956.

107. See chapter 4.

108. Testimony of Joseph Profaci (1959), in Box 7, COI (NYSA); testimony of Joseph Magliocco (1958), in Box 9, COI (NYSA).

109. Colloquy of Robert Kennedy and John Montana in Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities, 12312–14.

110. Testimony of Rao (1959), in Box 7, COI (NYSA); United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Croswell) (NARA NY).

111. United States v. Bufalino, 285 F.2d at 412–19 (Clark, J., concurring). Given Croswell's prior wiretapping, defense lawyers cross-examined Croswell concerning whether he was tipped off by a wiretap that day. Croswell testified that he had not listened to a wiretap on Barbara's house in some time, and the defense had no contrary evidence. United States v. Bufalino (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (testimony of Croswell) (NARA NY).

112. Binghamton Press, June 22, 1959.

113. Wiretap conversation quoted in Saturday Evening Post, November 9, 1963.

114. Bonanno, Man of Honor, p. 215.

115. Joseph Valachi, “The Real Thing” (unpublished manuscript), p. 922, in Boxes 1–2, Joseph Valachi Personal Papers, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, MA.

116. Nicholas Pileggi, Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), p. 22.

117. President Eisenhower's Daily Appointment Schedule, Friday, November 15, 1957, available at http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/documents/dde/diary, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum, Abilene, KS; Daily Logs of the Director of the FBI, November 15, 1957, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

118. New York Times, November 16, 1957.

119. Interview of Robert Kennedy, quoted in Edwin Guthman and Jeffrey Shulman, eds., Robert Kennedy in His Own Words: The Unpublished Recollections of the Kennedy Years (New York: Bantam, 1988), p. 120.

120. William C. Sullivan, The Bureau: My Thirty Years in Hoover's FBI (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), pp. 117–22.

121. FBI Report, MAFIA, July 9, 1958, in FBI FOIA File on Mafia Monograph, available at http://vault.fbi.gov/Mafia%20Monograph (accessed July 25, 2013).

122. Ibid., p. 2 (underline in original). The report's evidence was weak by today's standards

123. Sullivan, Bureau, p. 121.

124. Roemer, Man against the Mob, p. 24.

125. Letter of J. Edgar Hoover, March 14, 1961, reprinted in Everything Secret Degenerates: The FBI's Use of Murderers as Informants: House Rep. 108–414, House of Representatives, 108th Cong., 2d Sess. (2004), 1–15, 38–40, 126–29, 452–57; Hearings on Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi, 238–392 (testimony of Valachi).

126. This table is derived from (1) Reports of Troopers, November 15, 1957, in Box 1, COI (NYSA); (2) Memorandum of Lumbard to Kirk, December 4, 1958, in Box 5, COI (NYSA); and (3) the Reuter Report. The attendees’ positions are based on FBI reports and Mafia family charts in Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics: Hearings before the Committee on Government Operations, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Senate, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963).

127. Although Joseph Barbara Sr. and Russell Bufalino were technically under the Magaddino Family of Buffalo, for all practical purposes Barbara was the boss of Endicott, New York, and Bufalino was the boss of northeastern Pennsylvania. FBI Report, The Criminal “Commission;” Buffalo Division, January 14, 1963, and FBI AIRTEL, La Cosa Nostra AR–Conspiracy, April 1, 1969, both in RG 65 (NARA College Park).