1st Marine Division, 185
Abdullah, Foreign Minister Abdullah, 62, 77, 101, 152, 160, 162
Abizaid, General John P., 75, 85, 199
Accountability and Justice Commission, 235–238
adverse selection, 92. See also patron-client relationship
Afghan civil war, 52–53
Afghan Development Zone (ADZ), 90
Afghan Interim Transitional Administration, 59
Afghanistan-Pakistan Annual Review (APAR), 115–116, 134
Afghan National Army (ANA), 71–72, 91, 96, 268–269
Afghan Transitional Administration (ATA), 39, 59, 63, 75
Agha, Mohammad Tayyab, 40, 54, 134, 143–145, 149–151, 156
Akhund, Mullah Obaidullah, 40
al-Bolani, Jawad, 205
al-Dulaimi, Minister of Defense Saadoun, 204–205
al-Hakim, Abd al-Aziz, 206
al-Hashimi, Vice President Tariq, 235, 241
al-Jaafari, Prime Minister Ibrahim, 188, 203–204, 206
Allawi, Prime Minister Ayad, 181, 184, 187, 204, 236–238
al-Maliki, Nouri Kamal, 190, 203–206, 208–209, 216, 221, 226–230, 234–241, 243
al Qaeda, 41, 43, 47, 53–55, 62, 64–65, 95, 103, 143–145, 164. See also bin Laden, Osama
al Qaeda in Iraq [AQI], 58, 215–216, 221–222, 225–226, 234. See also al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab; Tawhid wal-Jihad
al-Sadr, Muqtada, 182–183, 185–186, 216
al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab, 185, 197
Anbar Awakening, 216, 226, 234
Anbar province, Iraq, 185, 187–188, 190, 216, 241
Austin, General Lloyd, 238–240
Ba’ath Party, 180–181, 184. See also de-Ba’athification
Baghdad, Iraq, 172, 174, 177, 181, 183, 185, 189, 204–205, 213, 234–235, 238
Bagram Air Base, 41, 74, 77, 157
Ball, Under Secretary of State George, 246
Baluchistan province, Pakistan, 50, 65
Baradar, Mullah Abdul Ghani, 15, 146–147
bargaining asymmetries, 128–129, 250, 262, 269; in Afghanistan, 165; in Iraq, 227
Barzani, Massoud, 179, 235, 238
Benson, Colonel Kevin, 172–173
Bergdahl, Sergeant Bowe, 149–150, 161
Biddle, Stephen, 92–94, 112, 223
Biden, Vice President Joe, 101, 175, 212, 236
bin Laden, Osama, 52–53, 55, 64, 119. See also al Qaeda
Blackwater (private US security company), 185
Blair, Tony, 173
Bolger, Lieutenant General Daniel F., 2–3, 44
Bonn Agreement, 63
Bonn II Conference, 152
Bonn process, 62–66, 77, 78, 142
Brahimi, Lakhdar, 76–77
Bremer, L. Paul, 180–181, 184–185
bureaucratic friction, 6–7, 10, 69, 148–149, 249, 259–261, 267; in Afghanistan, 69–70, 78, 83–84, 100, 104–05, 117; in Iraq, 200; in Vietnam, 20
Bush, President George W., 45, 47, 70, 94–95, 171, 187, 209, 212–213, 215, 223, 227–229
Casey, General George, 187, 191, 200, 203–204, 212–213
Central Command, US (CENTCOM), 85, 100, 139, 172, 174, 177, 199
Chalabi, Ahmed, 180–1
Charge of the Knights operation, 15, 209, 216
Cheney, Vice President Richard, 46, 193, 199
Clinton, Secretary of State Hillary, 134–136, 226, 231–232. See also US Department of State
Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), 167–168, 180–181, 183–185, 187, 193, 260
Combined Forces Land Component Command (CFLCC), 172–177
Combined Security Training Command—Afghanistan (CSTC-A), 96
complexity (in war), 57–58
confirmation bias, 83, 196, 258; in Afghanistan, 85, 95, 115, 122, 143; in Iraq, 200
counterinsurgency, 18, 32–36, 73, 92, 168, 213, 264–267, 268
Cowper-Coles, Sir Sherard, 130
CPA Order Number 1. See de-Ba’athification
CPA Order Number 2. See Iraqi Army
Crocker, Ambassador Ryan, 195, 215–216, 229–230
Cuban Missile Crisis, 18–19, 148
de-Ba’athification, 167–168, 180–183, 188–189, 193, 238
Defense Intelligence Agency, 90, 190
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), 18–21
Desert Crossing exercise, 177–178
Dobbins, Ambassador James “Jim,” 76, 129, 159, 168–169, 176, 181–182, 246
Doha, Qatar, 125, 145–147, 149–150, 156–157, 159, 161, 164
Dubik, Lieutenant General James, 96, 200, 216–217
Eikenberry, Lieutenant General Karl, 90, 101, 105
Electoral Complaints Commission, 101
Fahim, Mohammad Qassim, 59–60, 62, 71–74, 86
Flournoy, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Michèle A., 102, 115
Franks, General Tommy, 64, 172–177, 193
Future of Iraq Project, 178
Gates, Secretary of Defense Robert “Bob,” 99–102, 107, 115, 213, 226–227, 238, 240. See also US Department of Defense
Ghani, President Ashraf, 11, 160, 162–164
Global War on Terrorism, 13, 43, 47
Good Friday Agreement, 26, 128
Government of National Unity, 11, 162–163, 206
Grossman, Marc, 136–137, 139–140, 150–151, 153, 156
Group of Eight (G8), 70–71
guerrilla warfare, 18, 31, 68, 127, 246
Hadley, National Security Advisor Stephen, 208–209, 213–214, 227–228
Hagel, Secretary of Defense Chuck, 161, 175, 201
Haqqani network, 123, 146, 161–162
Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 41, 51–54, 61
Helmand province, Afghanistan, 39, 54, 108, 121, 129
High Peace Council (HPC), 142, 152, 157–158
Hill, Ambassador Chris, 230, 233, 235–237, 243
Hizb-i-Islami Gulbuddin (HiG), 12, 51–52, 61–62, 64–65
Holbrooke, Richard, 99, 101, 105–106, 110, 115, 135–136, 140
Huntington, Samuel, 93, 207, 269–270
Hussein, Saddam, 167, 171–175, 184
Ibrahim, Haji, 40
Ignatius, David, 182, 185, 234
Interim Iraqi Government (IIG), 184, 187
Internal Look war game, 174–175
International Security Assistance Forces—Afghanistan (ISAF), 74, 99–100, 111, 113, 119–121, 123, 139, 150
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) (Pakistan), 145–146
Iraqi Army, 175, 199, 205, 231; disbanding of, 168, 181–182, 193
Iraqi Governing Council (IGC), 180–181, 183–184
Iraqi National Alliance (INA), 237
Iraqi Security Forces (ISF), 185, 187, 190, 203–204, 208–209, 216–217, 227, 234, 251
Iraqiya Party, 236–238
Iraq Study Group, 212–213
Islamabad Accords (1993), 52
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, 54, 144, 150, 155, 158–159
Islamic State of Afghanistan (ISA), 40, 52–55, 60, 62, 64–65, 66, 142
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 11, 217, 221–222, 251, 265
Jaish al-Mahdi (JAM), 182–183, 186, 190–191, 204
Jamiat-e-Islami Afghanistan Party, 51, 53, 142
Kabul Bank, 114–115
Kandahar province, Afghanistan, 39, 46, 53–54, 89, 99, 108
Karzai, Hamid, 39–41, 43, 61–63, 75, 80, 85–86, 89–90, 101, 119, 123, 141–142, 149–150, 152, 155–159, 160, 252
Keane, General Jack, 212–213
Khalilzad, Ambassador Zalmay, 61, 84, 164, 189–190
Khan, Mohammad Daoud, 51
kleptocracy, 86–87, 96–97, 124, 251, 352–353
Korean War, 26–27
loss aversion, 196, 210–211, 259
Malkasian, Carter, 76, 129, 162
Maples, Lieutenant General Michael D., 90
Marjah, Afghanistan, 108
Massoud, Ahmad Shah, 52–53, 55, 60–61
Mattis, Secretary of Defense Jim, 185
McChrystal, General Stanley A., 58, 108–110, 255; assessment, 99–101
McKiernan, General David, 99, 174
McNamara, Defense Secretary Robert S., 18–21
Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Michael, 117, 119, 240
Multi-National Force—Iraq (MNF-I), 187, 226, 232
National Security Council (NSC), 84–85, 102, 120, 134–135, 148, 213, 215, 227, 237, 258–259
Nixon, Richard, 21–22
Northern Alliance, 39, 46, 54–55, 60–62, 63–66, 76
Obama, Barack, 81–82, 99, 101–103, 105–107, 120, 122–125, 135, 157–159, 221–222, 226, 235, 238–241, 251
Odierno, General Ray, 229, 235, 237–238
Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA), 179
Omar, Mullah Mohammad, 39–41, 54, 144, 151, 155
Operation Cobra II, 174
Operation Enduring Freedom, 43, 46, 164
Operation Hamkari (Afghanistan), 108
Operation Moshtarak (Afghanistan), 108
Operation Vigilant Resolve, 185
patron-client relationship(s), 92–94, 225, 261, 267–269; in Afghanistan, 96–97, 118, 123, 251; in Iraq, 208, 226, 242–243; in Vietnam, 21, 141. See also kleptocracy
Pentagon. See US Department of Defense
Peshawar Accords of 1992, 52–53
Peshawar Seven, 51
Petraeus, General David H., 111–112, 135–136, 181, 215, 216–217, 223, 226–227
Phase IV planning (Operation Enduring Freedom), 173, 175–177
Powell, Secretary of State Colin L., 70, 76–77, 192–193. See also US Department of State
principal-agent theory. See patron-client relationship(s)
Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs), 84–85
Rabbani, President Burhanuddin, 51–52, 152
Raphel, Ambassador Robin L., 53, 164
Reidel, Bruce, 99
Rice, Secretary of State Condoleezza, 213, 228. See also US Department of State
Rohrabacher, Congressman Dana, 75
Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense Donald, 46, 70, 73, 75, 77, 80, 84, 171–172, 176–178, 180, 191, 199. See also US Department of Defense
Sánchez, Lieutenant General Ricardo, 185
Sayyaf, Abdul Rasul, 40, 51, 53
Scowcroft, Brent, 178
Shura-e-Nazar (Supreme Council of the North). See Massoud, Ahmad Shah; Northern Alliance
Sistani, Ayatollah Ali, 183, 188
Soviet-Afghan War, 51–52
Spanta, Afghan National Security Advisor Dadfar, 158
Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan (SRAP), 99, 136, 139–140. See also Holbrooke, Richard
Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), 226–229, 239–240
Strategic Framework Agreement (SFA), 226, 228, 235
Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI), 180, 206
Talabani, Jalal, 206, 228, 237
Tawhid wal-Jihad, 183–184, 185
Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), 146
Third Army (US), 172–177
UN Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), 231–232
United Iraqi Alliance, 188
US Central Command (CENTCOM), 172, 174, 177
US Department of Defense, 4–5, 67–69, 115–116, 118–119, 139–140, 148, 153–154, 169, 174–175, 178–179, 212, 215. See also Gates, Secretary of Defense Robert “Bob”; Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense Donald
US Department of State, 68–69, 105, 148, 178. See also Clinton, Secretary of State Hillary; Powell, Secretary of State Colin L.; Rice, Secretary of State Condoleezza
von Clausewitz, Carl, 3, 26, 28–29, 257
weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 47, 167, 171
Wolfowitz, Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul D., 175, 177
Zinni, Anthony, 177–178