NOTES

ABBREVIATIONS

In citing works in the notes, short titles are generally used after giving the full source on its first citation in each chapter. Works frequently cited are identified by the following abbreviations or short forms.

AA	American Archives (online, Northern Illinois University Library).
AM	Archives of Maryland (online, Maryland State Archives).
Balto Financ.	Jacob H. Hollander. The Financial History of Baltimore. New York: AMS Press, 1982 [1899].
Balto Hist.	Clayton Colman Hall (ed.). Baltimore: Its History and Its People. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1912.
Balto Nation	Gary Lawrence Browne. Baltimore in the Nation, 1789–1861. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980.
BCA	Baltimore City Archives, Baltimore.
	A Works Progress Administration (WPA) project in the 1930s put librarians and archivists to work cataloguing the Baltimore City Archives. Documents issued by different city agencies were assigned to different Record Groups (RG). Within Record Groups, documents produced in a particular year were assigned numbers. At the beginning of each year, the numbers started again at 1.
Bldg Balto	Sherry Olson. Baltimore: The Building of an American City. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Chronicles	J. Thomas Scharf. The Chronicles of Baltimore, Being a Complete History of Baltimore Town and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Baltimore: Turnbull Brothers, 1874.
Continuity	Jean H. Baker. The Politics of Continuity: Maryland Political Parties from 1858 to 1870. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.
First Records	Wilbur F. Coyle (comp.). First Records of Baltimore Town and Jones Town. Baltimore: Mayor and City Council, 1905.
Maryland	Robert J. Brugger. Maryland: A Middle Temperament, 1634–1980. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
Md. Hist.	Richard Walsh and William Lloyd Fox (eds.). Maryland: A History, 1632–1974. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1974.
Md. Negro	Margaret Law Callcott. The Negro in Maryland Politics, 1870–1912. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969.
Md. Polit.	Frank R. Kent. The Story of Maryland Politics. Baltimore: Thomas and Evans Printing Co., 1911.
MHM	Maryland Historical Magazine.
Official Records	The War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. 128 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
Schaefer	C. Fraser Smith. William Donald Schaefer: A Political Biography. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

PROLOGUE

1. Robert David Sack, Place, Modernity, and the Consumer’s World: A Relational Framework for Geographic Analysis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 29–53.

2. Dolores Hayden, The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), 15.

3 Edward Hungerford, The Personality of American Cities (New York: McBride, Nast, 1913).

4. Richard Florida, Who’s Your City? How the Creative Economy Is Making Where to Live the Most Important Decision of Your Life (New York: Basic Books, 2009).

5. Harvey Molotch, William Freudenheim, and Krista E. Paulson, “History Repeats Itself, But How? City Character, Urban Tradition, and the Accomplishment of Place,” American Sociological Review 66 (December 2000): 791–823.

6. Yi-fu Tuan, Space and Place (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977), 6.

7. Edward S. Casey, “How to Get from Space to Place in a Fairly Short Stretch of Time: Phenomenological Prolegomena,” in Steven Feld and Keith Basso (eds.), Senses of Place (Santa Fe, N.M.: School of American Research, 1996), 15–51.

8. See Stephen Thernstrom and Richard Sennett (eds.), Nineteenth-Century Cities: Essays in the New Urban History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968); Sharon Zukin, “A Decade of the New Urban Sociology,” Theory and Society 9 (July 1980): 581; M. Gottdiener and Joe R. Feagin, “The Paradigm Shift in Urban Sociology,” Urban Affairs Review 24 (December 1988): 172; James DeFillipo, “Alternatives to the ‘New Urban Politics’: Finding Locality and Autonomy in Urban Political Development,” Political Geography 18 (November 1999): 973–990.

9. For a useful summary of the literature on these constraints, see Katherine Levine Einstein and Vladimir Kogan, “Pushing the City Limits: Policy Responsiveness in Municipal Government,” Urban Affairs Review 52 (January 2016): 6–9.

10. Daniel Kemmis, Community and the Politics of Place (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), 78–80.

11. Dominic A Pacyga, Chicago: A Biography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 4–5.

12. The other cities (besides Baltimore, New York, and Atlanta) were Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, Miami, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, St. Louis, and Washington, DC.

13. One of New York’s boroughs—Brooklyn—scores almost twice as many quirks as the city to which it belongs, a sign that quirk counts cannot serve as precise measures of civic eccentricity.

14. Quoted in Baltimore Business Journal, 6 June 2004.

15. Russell Baker, “The Biggest Baltimore Loser of All Time,” New York Times Magazine, 21 October 1973, 34–35.

16. Stephen Hunter, Washington Post, 25 January 2001; William Manchester, City of Anger (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981 [1953]).

17. Quoted in Washington Post, 8 July 2005; Baltimore Sun, 13 November 2009.

18. Sun, 20 January 2000; Jeremy Kahn, “The Story of a Snitch,” Atlantic Monthly, April 2007, 89.

19. Hungerford, Personality of American Cities, 106.

20. H. L. Mencken, Baltimore Evening Sun, 11 June 1934.

21. Quoted in Washington Post, 8 July 2005.

CHAPTER 1. SETTLING

1. Some European-born immigrants did arrive in Baltimore during its early years, but many of them came to the town after settling elsewhere in the Americas.

2. Ronald Hoffman, A Spirit of Dissension: Economics, Politics, and the Revolution in Maryland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 4; Clarence P. Gould, “The Economic Causes of the Rise of Baltimore,” in Essays in Colonial History Presented to Charles McLean Andrews by His Students (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1931), 226–227. The Chesapeake Bay has 48 major tributaries, and ships of the time could navigate some of them for up to 100 miles inland. These tributaries have 102 tributaries of their own, and some of these were navigable for up to 50 miles.

3. Jack Usher Mowll, “The Economic Development of Eighteenth Century Baltimore” (PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1954), 73–74; Pearle Blood, “Factors in the Economic Development of Baltimore, Maryland,” Economic Geography 13 (April 1937): 187.

4. Carville Earle, Geographic Inquiry and American Historical Problems (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992), 91, 94; Maryland, 65.

5. Charles G. Steffen, From Gentlemen to Townsmen: The Gentry of Baltimore County, 1660–1776 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993), 29, 100; Paul Kent Walker, “The Baltimore Community and the American Revolution: A Study in Urban Development, 1763–1783” (PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 1973), 8–9; Dennis Rankin Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829: The Genesis of a Community” (PhD diss., Catholic University of America, 1976), 11.

6. Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829,” 11; Chronicles, 18, 60–61.

7. Tim Thornton, “The Palatinate of Durham and the Maryland Charter,” American Journal of Legal History 45 (July 2001): 235–255.

8. Ibid.

9. Newton D. Mereness, Maryland as a Proprietary Province (New York: Macmillan Co., 1901), 6–7, 49; David Curtis Skaggs, Roots of Maryland Democracy, 1753–1776 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973), 14; Coleman Clayton Hall, “Baltimore Town, 1730–1797,” in Balto Hist., 1:9.

10. Charles A. Barker, The Background of the Revolution in Maryland (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1940), 1.

11. Bernard Bailyn, The Origins of American Politics (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968), 121.

12. Chronicles, 20; J. Thomas Scharf, History of Baltimore City and County from the Earliest Period to the Present Day, including Biographical Sketches of Their Representative Men (Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts, 1881), 50, 223, 819, 924. Six of the first seven commissioners were justices of the peace in Baltimore County. All were landowners, but only one was a native of the county. Two were physicians. One commissioner, Richard Gist, was the provincial surveyor for the Western Shore of Maryland, and another, Thomas Tolley, represented Baltimore County in the provincial assembly.

13. First Records, ix–xii, xx; Bldg Balto, 13–15; Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829,” 25.

14. Thomas Waters Griffith, Annals of Baltimore (Baltimore: W. Wooddy, 1833), 13–14.

15. First Records, 1–3, 19, 24, 26; Steffen, Gentlemen to Townsmen, 139; Balto Financ., 7.

16. Griffith, Annals of Baltimore, 13–14; Maryland, 66.

17. Hall, “Baltimore Town, 1730–1797,” 1:12, 18.

18. Chronicles, 18, 32; Norman G. Rukert, The Fells Point Story (Baltimore: Bodine Associates, 1976), 12.

19. Aubrey C. Land, The Dulanys of Maryland: A Biographical Study of Daniel Dulany, the Elder (1685–1753) and Daniel Dulany, the Younger (1722–1797) (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968 [1955]), 174–175; Maryland, 69, 89.

20. Gould, “Economic Causes,” 231.

21. William Eddis, Letters from America, ed. Aubrey C. Land (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1969), 50.

22. First Records, xvii.

23. Chronicles, 36.

24. First Records, xix.

25. Ibid., xxii.

26. Ibid., 18–19, 23.

27. Mowll, “Economic Development,” 128.

28. Gould, “Rise of Baltimore”; Griffith, Annals of Baltimore, 32–33.

29. Gould, “Rise of Baltimore,” 232; Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829,” 13; Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 65, 74.

30. Earle, Geographic Inquiry, 104–106.

31. Ibid., 88–128. See also Tina Hirsch Sheller, “Artisans and the Evolution of Baltimore Town, 1765–1790” (PhD diss., University of Maryland, 1990), 20.

32. Barker, Background of Revolution, 23. One of the owners who stood to gain more than most was Charles Carroll of Annapolis. His family had originally sold the town commissioners the land on which to build Baltimore. In 1729, he was the first purchaser to select a lot there, a right granted him under the town charter. In 1736, perhaps seeing a future that was invisible to the Lords Proprietary or their functionaries, Carroll bought back 26 town lots. Until he began to sell off his holdings almost 10 years later, he held approximately 40 percent of Baltimore Town. Steffen, Gentlemen to Townsmen, 139–140.

33. First Records, 21; Griffith, Annals of Baltimore, 12–13.

34. AM, 44:664–665.

35. Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829,” 60.

36. First Records, 35.

37. Griffith, Annals of Baltimore, 13; Thaddeus P. Thomas, The City Government of Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 14, no. 2 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1896), 13.

38. The commissioners might have chosen to deal with their town’s muddy streets by paving them. As in many other new towns of America, however, this solution seems to have been regarded as too ambitious and expensive. See Eric H. Monkkonen, America Becomes Urban: The Development of U.S. Cities and Towns, 1780–1980 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 94.

39. Griffith, Annals of Baltimore, 36.

40. Hall, “Baltimore Town, 1730–1797,” 1:19–20.

41. Griffith, Annals of Baltimore, 36.

42. Steffen, Gentlemen to Townsmen, 147.

43. Hoffman, Spirit of Dissension, 10; Charles C. Steffen, The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution, 1763–1812 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984), 4; Scharf, History of Baltimore City and County, 1:185.

44. AM, 61:521–522.

45. Ibid., 566–567.

46. Ibid., 64:198–200; Scharf, History of Baltimore City and County, 778; Thomas, City Government of Baltimore, 11.

47. Griffith, Annals of Baltimore, 45.

48. First Records, 37.

49. Douglas G. Carroll, Jr., and Blanche D. Coll, “The Baltimore Almshouse: An Early History,” MHM 66 (Summer 1971): 138–139, 141; Chronicles, 73.

50. Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829,” 23, 25–26.

51. Ibid., 30.

52. Francis F. Beirne, St. Paul’s Parish Baltimore: A Chronicle of the Mother Church (Baltimore: St. Paul’s Parish, 1967), 8, 13; Scharf, History of Baltimore City and County, 518.

53. Beirne, St. Paul’s Parish, 15.

54. Ibid; First Records, 18–19.

55. Beirne, St. Paul’s Parish, 19.

56. Ibid., 20.

57. Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 98–99. On the population of Annapolis, see Edward C. Papenfuse, In Pursuit of Profit: The Annapolis Merchants in the Era of the American Revolution, 1763–1805 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 155. On the basis of tax records, Papenfuse estimates that as late as 1783, Annapolis still had only about 1,280 residents, both slave and free.

CHAPTER 2. GOVERNMENT IN THE STREETS

1. Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible: The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), 15.

2. George W. McCreary, The Ancient and Honorable Mechanical Company of Baltimore (Baltimore: Kohn & Pollock, 1901), 14.

3. Ibid., 15–16.

4. de Francis Folsom, Our Police: A History of the Baltimore Force from the First Watchman to the Latest Appointee (Baltimore: J. M. Beers, 1888), 18. The town commissioners retained this responsibility only briefly. The General Assembly transferred it, in 1793, from the commissioners to the Baltimore County Court.

5. Dennis Rankin Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829: The Genesis of a Community” (PhD diss., Catholic University of America, 1976), 81; McCreary, Ancient and Honorable Mechanical Company, 18.

6. Pamela Satek, “William Lux of Baltimore: 18th Century Merchant” (MA thesis, University of Maryland, 1974), 165, 172; Ronald Hoffman, A Spirit of Dissension: Economics, Politics, and the Revolution in Maryland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 38–39.

7. Hoffman, Spirit of Dissension, 41–43.

8. Ibid., 50–51; Charles C. Steffen, The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution, 1763–1812 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984), 56–57; Paul Kent Walker, “The Baltimore Community and the American Revolution: A Study in Urban Development, 1763–1783” (PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 1973), 137; Charles A. Barker, The Background of the Revolution in Maryland (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1940), 310–311; McCreary, Ancient and Honorable Mechanical Company, 25.

9. Hoffman, Spirit of Dissension, 82–83; Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 143.

10. Charles G. Steffen, From Gentlemen to Townsmen: The Gentry of Baltimore County, 1660–1776 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993), 29, 157.

11. Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 143–145; Hoffman, Spirit of Dissension, 85–87; Barker, Background of Revolution.

12. Satek, “William Lux,” 175.

13. Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 152–153; Robert Purviance, A Narrative of Events Which Occurred in Baltimore Town during the Revolutionary War (Baltimore: Joseph Robinson, 1849), 10.

14. Richard Walsh, “The Era of the Revolution,” Md. Hist., 74.

15. Maryland, 110–111; Daniel Dulany, Maryland and the Empire, 1773: The Antilon–First Citizen Letters, ed. Peter S. Onuf (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 15–16.

16. Dulany, Maryland and Empire, 56.

17. Quoted in Barker, Background of Revolution, 351.

18. Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 157–158. Correspondence between Charles Ridgely, a Baltimore County delegate, and Samuel Chase of Annapolis strongly suggests that the demonstration was planned in advance, probably without the cooperation of Baltimore’s mercantile community. See Steffen, Gentlemen to Townsmen, 161–162.

19. Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 158.

20. On the overthrow of the Calverts, see Lois Green Carr and David William Jordan, Maryland’s Revolution of Government, 1689–1692 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1974); Michael G. Kammen, “The Causes of the Maryland Revolution of 1689,” MHM 55 (December 1960): 293–333.

21. Aubrey C. Land, Colonial Maryland—A History (Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1981), chap. 5.

22. The Baltimoreans may also have hesitated to join the protest against the governor’s proclamation because the principal protestors were the plantation aristocrats in the provincial assembly who had denied Baltimore any legislative representation and denounced the town’s merchants for their abandonment of the non-importation agreement in response to the Towns-hend Acts.

23. Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 154.

24. Though no official records survive for the Baltimore commissioners from 1754 and 1768, Scharf reports two meetings, one in 1763 and another in 1766. Chronicles, 56, 58.

25. Ibid., 46; Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 103–104.

26. Quoted in Chronicles, 47.

27. AM, 59:306; italics added.

28. Ibid., 306–307.

29. Ibid., 64:236–238. On unhealthy conditions in the jail, see Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, 13–20 November 1773, 4 August 1778.

30. AM, 63:261–271; First Records, 40.

31. Jon Teaford, The Municipal Revolution in America: The Origins of Modern Urban Government, 1650–1825 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), chap. 2.

32. G. B. Warden, “Town Meeting Politics in Colonial and Revolutionary Boston,” in Ronald P. Formisano and Constance K. Burns (eds.), Boston 1700–1980: The Evolution of Urban Politics (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1984), 15–20.

33. Barker, Background of Revolution, 228–232.

34. Tina Hirsch Sheller, “Artisans and the Evolution of Baltimore Town, 1765–1790” (PhD diss., University of Maryland, 1990), 32.

35. Steffen, Mechanics of Baltimore, 6.

36. James Webb, Born Fighting: How the Scots Irish Shaped America (New York: Broadway Books, 2004), 153.

37. James G. Leyburn, The Scotch-Irish: A Social History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), 305.

38. Ward L. Miner, William Goddard, Newspaperman (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1962), 49–53, 113–114.

39. Maryland Journal, 16–23, 23–30 October 1773.

CHAPTER 3. REVOLUTION

1. Samuel Adams to the Committee of Correspondence for the City of Philadelphia, 13 May 1774, Purviance Papers, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore; Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence to Dr. Stevenson, Mssrs. Samuel Purviance, Alexander Lawson and Others, Principal Gentlemen in Baltimore, 21 May 1774, ibid.; Samuel Smith to William Lux, 13 May 1774, in Robert Purviance, A Narrative of Events Which Occurred during the Revolutionary War (Baltimore: J. Robinson, 1849), 110–111.

2. Andrew Buchanan, William Buchanan, John Moale, William Smith, William Lux, John Smith, Robert Alexander, Robert Christie, Sr., Isaac Vanbibber, John Boyd, and Samuel Purviance, Jr., “To the Freeholders and Gentlemen of Baltimore County,” Purviance Papers; David Curtis Skaggs, “Maryland’s Impulse toward Social Revolution, 1750–1776,” Journal of American History 54 (March 1968): 780. Propertyless residents who could not qualify as freeholders were presumably excluded from such meetings.

3. “At a Generall Meeting of the Freeholders, Gentlemen, Merchants, Tradesmen and Other Inhabitants of Baltimore County Held at the Court House of the Said County on Tuesday May 31, 1774,” Purviance Papers; Chronicles, 126.

4. Paul Kent Walker, “The Baltimore Community and the American Revolution: A Study in Urban Development, 1763–1783” (PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 1973), 173–175.

5. Chronicles, 126; Purviance, Narrative, 13. New York’s Sons of Liberty and its Committee of Correspondence issued a similar call for a continental congress just two weeks before Baltimore’s town meeting did so. See Barnet Schechter, The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution (New York: Walker & Co., 2002), 40.

6. J. Thomas Scharf, History of Baltimore City and County from the Earliest Period to the Present Day (Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts, 1881), 70; Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 183–185.

7. George W. McCreary, The Ancient and Honorable Mechanical Company of Baltimore (Baltimore: Kohn & Pollock, 1901), 22–25; Chronicles, 166.

8. Scharf, History of Baltimore City and County, 73.

9. Annapolis Committee of Correspondence to Baltimore Committee of Correspondence, 26 May 1774, in Purviance, Narrative, 117; Robert Alexander to Baltimore Committee of Correspondence(?), n.d., ibid., 125.

10. Ronald Hoffman, A Spirit of Dissension: Economics, Politics, and the Revolution in Maryland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 136.

11. Quoted in James F. Vivian and Jean H. Vivian, “ ‘A Jurisdiction Competent to the Occasion’: A Benjamin Rumsey Letter, June, 1776,” MHM 67 (June 1978): 144.

12. Philip A. Crowl, Maryland During and After the Revolution: A Political and Economic Study, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 41, no. 1 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1943), 18–19. On the Revolution as a social upheaval, see Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution: How a Revolution Transformed a Monarchical Society into a Democratic One Unlike Any That Had Ever Existed (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992).

13. Maryland Provincial Convention, 18 January 1776, AA, 4:762.

14. Robert Alexander to the Maryland Council of Safety, 30 January 1776, AM, 11:133.

15. Herbert E. Klingelhofer, “The Cautious Revolution: Maryland and the Movement toward Independence,” MHM 60 (September 1965): 268–269; First Records, 41.

16. Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 207.

17. Extract of a Letter from Robert Moreton Preventive Officer at Baltimore in Maryland to the Commissioners of Customs at Boston, 28 May 1773, AM, 63:427–428.

18. Aubrey C. Land, Colonial Maryland—A History (Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1981), 312–313; Hoffman, Spirit of Dissension, 158–159; Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 210.

19. Frank A. Cassell, Merchant Congressman in the Young Republic: Samuel Smith of Maryland, 1752–1839 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971), 14–15.

20. Hoffman, Spirit of Dissension, 157.

21. Ibid., 164; Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 210–213.

22. Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, 23 January 1775.

23. Purviance, Narrative, 46–47.

24. AA, 1:1146; Maryland Journal, 23 January 1775.

25. Proceedings of the Committee for the County of Baltimore, 2 May 1775, AA, 4:1710.

26. Tina Sheller, “Artisans and the Evolution of Baltimore Town, 1765–1790” (PhD diss., University of Maryland, 1990), 97.

27. Xing Lu, Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004), 43–44.

28. Proceedings of the Committee for the County of Baltimore, 13 November 1775, AA, 4:1780.

29. Maryland Journal, 29 March 1775.

30. AA, 4:1719–1720 (3 July 1775).

31. Ibid., 6:1462 (17 June 1776).

32. Purviance, Narrative, 37.

33. AA, 4:1702 (17 January 1775); ibid., 4:1710 (2 May 1776); Maryland Journal, 10 May 1776.

34. Quoted in Chronicles, 155–156

35. Charles C. Steffen, The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution, 1763–1812 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984), 66–67.

36. AA, 1:522 (23 July 1776).

37. Ibid., 1:668 (30 July 1776); Maryland Journal, 31 July 1776.

38. AA, 2:1652 (13 July 1775).

39. Maryland Journal, 19 July 1775.

40. AA, 2:1653 (13 July 1775).

41. Ibid. (14 July 1775).

42. Ibid., 2:1653–1654.

43. Ibid. (9 August 1775); Chronicles, 136.

44. Purviance, Narrative, 62–63; Hoffman, Spirit of Dissension, 190.

45. Robert Christie to Daniel of St. Thomas Jennifer, 10 December 1776, AA, 3:1147.

46. Steffen, Mechanics of Baltimore, 69–70; Dennis Rankin Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829: The Genesis of a Community” (PhD diss., Catholic University of America, 1976), 90.

47. Baltimore Committee of Observation, “Complaint of Cumberland Dugan against Dr. Henry Stevenson,” 25 June 1775, AA, 6; J. R. Quinan, “The Introduction of Innoculation and Vaccination into Maryland, Historically Considered,” Maryland Medical Journal, 30 June 1883, 116, 132.

CHAPTER 4. BALTIMORE AT WAR

1. “Charges against Vincent Trapnell and Others,” 18 November 1776, AM, 16:87.

2. “James Bosley’s Statement,” 18 November 1776, ibid., 88.

3. Samuel Baxter to Council, 3 January 1777, ibid., 11–12.

4. Dennis Rankin Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829: The Genesis of a Community” (PhD diss., Catholic University of America, 1976), 90.

5. Council to Baltimore Committee, 9 January 1777, AM, 16:31.

6. Council to Baxter, 9 January 1777, ibid.

7. Council to Baltimore Committee, 18 January 1777, ibid., 59; Charles C. Steffen, The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution, 1763–1812 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984), 70.

8. Steffen, Mechanics of Baltimore, 70; Paul Kent Walker, “The Baltimore Community and the American Revolution: A Study in Urban Development, 1763–1783” (PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 1973), 248–249.

9. Ward L. Miner, William Goddard, Newspaperman (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1962), 147, 152–154.

10. Steffen, Mechanics of Baltimore, 72; Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 255–261; Miner, William Goddard, 152–154.

11. Maryland, 125.

12. Hamilton Owens, Baltimore on the Chesapeake (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1941), 112.

13. Oliver Wolcott to Laura Wolcott, 2 January 1777, in Paul H. Smith (ed.), Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774–1789 (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1976–2000), 6:15. See also Matthew Thornton to Meshech Weare, 23 January 1777, in Smith, Letters, 6:15, 189.

14. John Adams’ Diary, 8 February 1777, in Smith, Letters, 6:238.

15. Maryland, 125.

16. Balto Hist., 1:39; Thaddeus P. Thomas, The City Government of Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 14, no. 2 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1896), 17.

17. Benjamin Rush to Julia Rush, 31 January 1777, in Smith, Letters, 6:184.

18. James Kendall Hosmer, Samuel Adams (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1898), 148; John K. Alexander, Samuel Adams: America’s Revolutionary Politician (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), 123–126; Samuel Adams to Elizabeth Adams, 26 December 1776, in Smith, Letters, 5:670.

19. “A Number of Prisoners Arrived at Baltimore from Philadelphia to Be Secured,” 21 December 1776. AA, 3:1607.

20. Elias Boudinot, The Life, Public Services, Addresses, and Letters of Elias Boudinot (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1896), 1:182; George M. Curtis III, “The Goodrich Family and the Revolution in Virginia,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 84 (January 1976): 49–74.

21. AA, 3:1609, 1616 (23, 30 December 1776).

22. Todd Cooper, “The Impact of the War on Baltimore’s Merchants,” in Ernest McNeill Eller (ed.), Chesapeake Bay in the American Revolution (Centreville, Md.: Tidewater Publishers, 1981), 292.

23. Robert A. East, Business Enterprise in the Revolutionary Era (New York: Columbia University Press, 1938), 151; Jerome R. Garitee, The Republic’s Private Navy: The American Privateering Business as Practiced in Baltimore during the War of 1812 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1977), 15.

24. Stuart Weems Bruchey, Robert Oliver, Merchant of Baltimore, 1783–1819, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 74, no. 1 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956), 33.

25. Cooper, “Impact of War,” 290.

26. William Elliot Griffis, “Where Our Flag Was First Saluted,” New England Magazine 8 (July 1893): 581; Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole (eds.), A Companion to the American Revolution (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2000), 518.

27. Friedrich Eller, The Dutch Republic and the American Revolution, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 29, no. 2 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1908), 51.

28. Garitee, Republic’s Private Navy, 15.

29. Norman G. Rukert, The Fells Point Story (Baltimore: Bodine and Associates, 1976), 17.

30. Ibid., 8; Arthur Pierce Middleton, “Ships and Shipbuilding in the Chesapeake Bay and Tributaries,” in Eller, Chesapeake Bay, 124.

31. Garitee, Republic’s Private Navy, 17–18.

32. Howard Irving Chapelle, The Baltimore Clipper: Its Origin and Development (New York: Edward W. Sweetman, 1968), 103–104.

33. Maryland, 126.

34. East, Business Enterprise, 167.

35. David Lee Russel, The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2000), 126.

36. Ibid., 164–165.

37. Federal Gazette and Baltimore Daily Advertiser, 5 December 1796.

38. Curtis P. Nettels, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775–1815 (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 7–8.

39. Johann David Schoepf, Travels in the Confederation (New York: Burt Franklin, 1968 [1788]), 1:326, 329.

40. Myron J. Smith, Jr., and John G. Earle, “The Maryland State Navy,” in Eller, Chesapeake Bay, 217–219; Captain Matthew Squire to Gov. Robert Eden, 8 March 1776, Purviance Papers, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore.

41. “Committee Informed by Mr. Brown . . . ,” 15 March 1776, AA, 5:1512.

42. “Memorial of Clarke and Others,” 10 October 1776, AM, 12:333.

43. Robert Purviance, A Narrative of Events Which Occurred in Baltimore Town during the Revolutionary War (Baltimore: Joseph Robinson, 1849), 48; Smith and Earle, “Maryland Navy,” 220; Baltimore Committee to Council, 16 March 1776, AM, 10:255–256.

44. Smith and Earle, “Maryland Navy,” 221.

45. J. A. Robinson, “British Invade the Chesapeake, 1777,” in Eller, Chesapeake Bay, 351–352, 362.

46. Russell, American Revolution, 201.

47. Ernest M. Eller, “Washington’s Maritime Strategy and the Campaign that Assured Independence,” in Eller, Chesapeake Bay, 475; Marshall Booker, “Privateering from the Bay, Including Admiralty Courts and Tory as Well as Patriot Operations,” in Eller, Chesapeake Bay, 278; Robinson, “British Invade the Chesapeake,” 357.

CHAPTER 5. FROM TOWN TO CITY

1. Gordon S. Wood, “Forward: State Constitution-Making in the American Revolution,” Rutgers Law Journal 24 (Summer 1993): 911–921.

2. AM, 78:311.

3. Willi Paul Adams, The First American Constitutions: Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era, trans. Rita Kimber and Robert Kimber (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 206.

4. Quoted in Gary B. Nash, The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America (New York: Viking Books, 2005), 286.

5. Beverly W. Bond, Jr., State Government in Maryland, 1777–1781, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 23, no. 3 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1905), 11.

6. Maryland, 121–122; Philip A. Crowl, Maryland During and After the Revolution: A Political and Economic Study, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 63, no. 1 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1943), 32–33; Ronald Hoffman, “Popularizing the Revolution: Internal Conflict and Economic Sacrifice in Maryland, 1774–1780,” MHM 68 (Summer 1973): 130.

7. Robert Purviance, A Narrative of Events Which Occurred in Baltimore Town during the Revolutionary War (Baltimore: Joseph Robinson, 1849), 43.

8. Paul Kent Walker, “The Baltimore Community and the American Revolution: A Study in Urban Development, 1763–1783” (PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 1973), 237.

9. Ibid., 240.

10. Dennis Rankin Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829: The Genesis of a Community” (PhD diss., Catholic University of America, 1976), 95–96.

11. Tina Sheller, “Artisans, Manufacturing, and the Rise of a Manufacturing Interest in Revolutionary Baltimore Town,” MHM 83 (Spring 1988): 3–17.

12. Ibid.; Charles C. Steffen, The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution, 1763–1812 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984), chap. 4.

13. Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 343–344; Chronicles, 201–202; Wilbur Coyle, Records of Baltimore (Special Commissioners), 1782–1797 (Baltimore: Press of Meyer & Thalheimer, 1909), 99.

14. Thaddeus Thomas, The City Government of Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 14, no. 2 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1896), 12–13; T. W. Griffith, Annals of Baltimore (Baltimore: W. Wooddy, 1833), 42.

15. AM, 203:419–421.

16. Ibid., 422.

17. Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 345–346; Maryland Journal quoted in Chronicles, 196.

18. Walker, “Baltimore Community,” 332.

19. Gary L. Browne, “Federalism in Baltimore,” MHM 83 (Spring 1988): 51–52.

20. Philip A. Crowl, “Anti-Federalism in Maryland, 1787–1788,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 4 (October 1947): 462; Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829,” 109.

21. L. Marx Renzulli, Jr., Maryland: The Federalist Years (Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1972), 93–94; Steffen, Mechanics of Baltimore, 92–93; Crowl, Maryland During and After the Revolution, 159–160.

22. Balto Nation, 13. Boston, though larger than Baltimore, remained a town until the 1820s, but Boston’s township government performed a much wider range of functions under much more extensive electoral and democratic control than Baltimore Town. See Leonard P. Curry, The Corporate City: The American City as a Political Entity, 1800–1850 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1997), 2.

23. New Jersey Journal, 4 March 1789.

24. Quoted in Scharf, History of Baltimore City and County, 1:82.

25. Joseph B. Varnum, Jr., The Seat of Government of the United States (Washington, D.C.: R. Farnham, 1854), 11–12; Lee W. Formwalt, “A Conversation between Two Rivers: A Debate on the Location of the U.S. Capital in Maryland,” MHM 71 (Fall 1976): 311.

26. William Bruce Wheeler, “The Baltimore Jeffersonians, 1788–1800: A Profile of Intra-Factional Conflict,” MHM 66 (Summer 1971): 154.

27. Scharf, History of Baltimore City and County, 1:118; Renzulli, Maryland Federalist Years, 152–153.

28. Frank A. Cassell, “The Structure of Baltimore Politics in the Age of Jefferson, 1795–1812,” in Aubrey Land, Lois Green Carr, and Edward C. Papenfuse (eds.), Law, Society, and Politics in Early Maryland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 278–279.

29. Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829,” 118.

30. Wheeler, “Baltimore Jeffersonians,” 159.

31. Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829,” 36, 110; Chronicles, 280, 286; Bldg Balto, 13–15.

32. Wheeler, “Baltimore Jeffersonians,” 166; Chronicles, 280.

33. Wheeler, “Baltimore Jeffersonians,” 163; George W. McCreary, The Ancient and Honorable Mechanical Company of Baltimore (Baltimore: Kohn & Pollock, 1901), xi.

34. Thomas, “City Government of Baltimore,” 19; Balto Nation, 38–39.

35. Balto Nation, 43–44.

36. Wheeler, “Baltimore Jeffersonians,” 165–166; Frank A. Cassell, Merchant Congressman in the Young Republic: Samuel Smith of Maryland, 1752–1839 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971), 70–72. See also Steffen, Mechanics of Baltimore, 160.

37. Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829,” 110; Chronicles, 248, 266–267; James Haw, Francis F. Beirne, Rosamund R. Beirne, and R. Samuel Jett, Stormy Patriot: The Life of Samuel Chase (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1980), 169–170.

38. Renzulli, Maryland Federalist Years, 195, 198, 200; Cassell, Merchant Congressman, 80–81.

39. Steffen, Mechanics of Baltimore, 73–75, 164; Renzulli, Maryland Federalist Years, 204; Cassell, Merchant Congressman, 83–88; Whitman H. Ridgway, Community Leadership in Maryland, 1790–1840: A Comparative Analysis of Power in Society (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), 77–78.

40. Steffen, Mechanics of Baltimore, 64; Federal Gazette quoted in Scharf, History of Baltimore City and County, 1:118.

41. Chronicles, 286.

42. Renzulli, Maryland Federalist Years, 218.

43. Ibid., 228–229; Chronicles, 294, 297–298.

CHAPTER 6. “CALAMITIES PECULIARLY INCIDENT TO LARGE CITIES”

1. Ordinances of the Corporation of the City of Baltimore, Passed at Their First and Second Sessions, Held in February, 1797 and February, 1798, with the Act of Incorporation Prefixed (Baltimore: John Cox, 1875), 7.

2. Bldg Balto, 49.

3. Mayor’s Communication Respecting the Mud Machine, 7 July 1800, BCA, RG 16, no. 345b; Z. Burke to Mayor Calhoun, n.d., 1800, BCA, RG 9, no. 346; Report of the Committee Respecting the Mud Machine, n.d., 1801, BCA, RG 16, no. 262; Report of the Committee to Whom Was Referred the Resolution to Treat with Capt. Colver for the Purchase of His Mud Machine, n.d., 1806, ibid., no. 221; Report of the Joint Committee on the Petition of Jno. Evelett, 3 March 1806, ibid., no. 222; Mayor’s Annual Message, 1807, ibid., no. 239.

4. Petition Relating to Fire Wood, 19 June 1797, BCA, RG 16, no. 98; [no title], 1798, ibid., no. 215.

5. Memorial of the Brickmakers, n.d., 1798, ibid., no. 150; Repeal of Brick Ordinance, 21 February 1798, ibid., no. 169.

6. Cumberland Dugan’s Report on Inspection Law’s Progress from Annapolis, 18 December 1803, BCA, RG 9, no. 200a.

7. Mayor’s Annual Message, 11 February 1805, BCA, RG 16, no. 320.

8. Ordinances of Baltimore, 162–163.

9. Chronicles, 267; William Travis Howard, Public Health Administration and the Natural History of Disease in Baltimore, Maryland, 1797–1920 (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute, 1924), 47; John R. Quinan, Medical Annals of Baltimore (Baltimore: Isaac Friedenwald, 1881), 18.

10. Howard, Public Health, 50.

11. Quinan, Medical Annals, 20

12. Federal Gazette and Baltimore Daily Advertiser, 29 August 1797.

13. An Ordinance for the Establishment of an Hospital for the Relief of Indigent Sick Persons and the Reception and Care of Lunaticks, 20 February 1798, BCA, RG 16, no. 188.

14. Board of Health Report, 5 February 1799, ibid., no. 217.

15. Federal Gazette, 12 March 1799.

16. Ibid., 5, 12 August 1800.

17. Ibid., 22 August 1800.

18. Douglas F. Stickle, “Death and Class in Baltimore: The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1800,” MHM 74 (September 1979): 283, 287–288.

19. Ibid., 288–289.

20. Federal Gazette, 10 December 1800.

21. Ibid., 20 January 1802; Stickle, “Death and Class,” 291.

22. Federal Gazette, 31 January 1801.

23. Ordinances of Baltimore, 265–266.

24. Ibid.; Howard, Public Health, 50–51.

25. Mayor Calhoun to City Commissioners, 23 August 1802, BCA, RG 9, no. 338.

26. Resolve, 9 March 1801, BCA, RG 16, no. 327; An Ordinance to Carry into Effect an Act of the General Assembly, 20 February 1802, ibid., no. 244.

27. Mayor’s Communication, 9 February 1807, ibid., no. 239.

28. A. Fonerden, Secretary to the Board of Health, to Mayor, 11 February 1808, BCA, RG 9, no. 299.

29. Colin MacKenzie and James Smyth to Mayor Thorowgood Smith, 14 April 1808, ibid., no. 300.

30. An Ordinance for Leasing the City Hospital and the Grounds Belonging Thereto, 24 June 1808, City Council Ordinances and Resolutions, 1797–1838 and 1847, BCA, RG 16, ser. 5, p. 3.

31. Ibid., 240, 297. The agreement to cede the hospital to the state was formalized in successive resolutions from 2 April 1827 to 4 February 1828.

32. Louise Malloy, “Fire Protection,” in Balto Hist., 1:429.

33. Ibid., 430; Clarence H. Frost, Official History of the Fire Department of the City of Baltimore: Together with Biographies and Portraits of Eminent Citizens of Baltimore (Baltimore, 1898), 13–15.

34. Frost, Fire Department, 18–19; Chronicles, 279.

35. Frost, Fire Department, 19–20.

36. First Records, 23.

37. Ibid., 23, 35; Ordinance for Regulating the Sweeping of Chimneys, 3 December 1798, BCA, RG 16, no. 172.

38. Ordinance for Sweeping of Chimneys.

39. Ordinance for Preventing Fires in the City of Baltimore, 6 December 1798, BCA, RG 16, no. 178.

40. An Additional Supplement to the Ordinance to Diminish the Number of Dogs, 20 March 1810, ibid., no. 456.

41. Report on Watering the City, 13 June 1799, ibid., no. 213; James Sullivan to ?, 22 June 1799, ibid., no. 215.

42. Report on Watering the City; Communication from the Mayor, 10 February 1800, BCA, RG 16, no. 336.

43. Communication from the Mayor, 14 February 1803, ibid., no. 345.

44. An Ordinance Providing for Introducing a Copious & Permanent Supply of Water into the City of Balto., 24 March 1803, ibid., no. 260.

45. The Report of the Commissioners Appointed by an Ordinance for Introducing a Copious and Permanent Supply of Water into the City of Baltimore, 21 February 1804, ibid., no. 132.

46. Mayor’s Communication to the City Council, 13 February 1804, ibid., no. 231; Alfred Quick, “Baltimore Water Works,” in Balto Hist., 1:413.

47. Petition of Water Company, 21 November 1805, BCA, RG 16, no. 242.

48. Report of the Committee on the Mayor’s Communication, 13 November 1805, ibid., no. 290; Report of the Committee Appointed to Ascertain Terms upon Which the Directors of the Water Co. Are Disposed to Sell Their Stock & to Make Additional Contracts, 4 December 1805, ibid., no. 291.

49. Quick, “Baltimore Water Works,” 414; Nelson Manfred Blake, Water for the Cities: A History of the Urban Water Supply Problem in the United States (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1956), 220.

50. Bldg Balto, 49.

51. Quick, “Baltimore Water Works,” 414.

52. Memorial of George Waddell to the Mayor and City Council, n.d., March 1806, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 166.

53. Bldg Balto, 49; Report of the Committee on the Mayor’s Communication, 13 November 1805, BCA, RG 16, no. 290; Report of Committee Appointed to Ascertain Terms upon Which Directors of Water Co. Disposed to Sell; An Ordinance Relative to the Baltimore Water Company, 30 January 1806, BCA, RG 16, ser. 5, p. 31; John McKim to Mayor Thorowgood Smith, 10 May 1808, BCA, RG 16, no. 342; Blake, Water for the Cities, 76.

54. Resolution for Purchasing Permanent Springs of Water, 10 March 1807, BCA, RG 16, no. 436; Blake, Water for the Cities, 221.

55. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods of Its Growth, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987), 3–4, 45, 202.

56. E. Digby Baltzell, Puritan Boston & Quaker Philadelphia (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1999 [1979]), 372–373.

57. Robert J. Gamble, “Civic Economies: Commerce, Regulation, and Public Space in the Antebellum City” (PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 2014).

58. William J. Novak, The People’s Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996). See also Novak’s “The Myth of the ‘Weak’ American State,” American Historical Review 113 (June 2008): 252–272.

59. An Ordinance for the Safekeeping of Gun Powder within the City of Baltimore and Precincts Thereof, 27 February 1801, BCA, RG 16, no. 293.

60. Mayor’s Communication on the Subject of a House for the Superintendent of the Powder Magazine, 18 February 1804, ibid., no. 205.

61. Petition, 22 February 1802, BCA, RG 16, [no number]; Resolution, 26 February 1802, ibid., no. 230; An Ordinance to Suspend an Ordinance Entitled an Ordinance for Building a City Hall for the City of Baltimore, 11 March 1802, ibid., nos. 229–230.

CHAPTER 7. TRIAL BY COMBAT

1. Richard A. Fox, “Trouble on the Chain Gang: City Surveying, Maps, and the Absence of Urban Planning in Baltimore, 1730–1823; with a Checklist of Maps of the Period,” MHM 81 (Spring 1986): 9.

2. Ibid.; Resolution Authorizing the Mayor &c to Contract for a Survey of the City, 9 March 1812, BCA, RG 16, no. 629. The price would later rise to $3,000. See T. Poppleton Contract, n.d., 1812, ibid., ser. 1, no. 208.

3. Copy of Letter to Comr(?) Howard, 23 May 1812, BCA, RG 3, ser. 1, no. 281; Howard’s Letter, 25 May 1812, ibid., no. 277; Opinions of Former City Commissioners, n.d., 1812, ibid., no. 282. Stauffer prepared a lengthy statement outlining his reasons for supporting Bouldin and opposing Poppleton. See Henry Stauffer’s Objections against the Appointment of Mr. Poppleton as Surveyor of the City, 20 April 1812, ibid., no. 283.

4. Fox, “Trouble on the Chain Gang,” 15.

5. Concerning T. H. Poppleton’s Survey of the City, Observations and Proposals Made by Him, n.d., 1812, BCA, RG 3, ser. 1, no. 208.

6. Mr. Poppleton’s Proseadings of Surveying on 25th 27th & 28th of April 1812, ibid., no. 287; Mr. Poppleton’s Resignation as Private Surveyer, 29 April 1812, ibid.

7. T. Poppleton’s letter to Edwd. Johnson Mayor of the City of Baltimore, 4 May 1812, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 640.

8. Mayor Com’n, 26 May 1812, ibid., no. 558.

9. Mayor’s Communication, 24 February 1812(?), ibid., no. 557. The uncertainty of the evidence has to do with the date of Mayor Johnson’s letter, which is clearly inconsistent with its content. On February 24, there was no ordinance authorizing the survey and no contract with Poppleton. The letter was grouped with other documents of a later date.

10. Report of the Joint Committee on the Mayor’s Communication, 8 June 1812, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 483; A Supplement to the Ordinance for Making a Correct Survey of the City of Baltimore, 9 June 1812, ibid., no. 593.

11. Stipulation of Contract, n.d., 1812, BCA, RG 3, ser. 1, no. 256.

12. Communication T. Poppleton, 25 July 1812, ibid., no. 421; The Board of Assessors for Opening Pratt Street, 30 September 1812, ibid., no. 427.

13. Walter R. Borneman, 1812: The War That Forged a Nation (New York: Harper Collins, 2004), 22–23.

14. Hamilton Owens, Baltimore on the Chesapeake (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Doran, 1941), 156–159.

15. Frank A. Cassell, Merchant Congressman in the Young Republic: Samuel Smith of Maryland, 1752–1839 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971), 117–118. Ultimately, Smith voted for restrictions on trade with Haiti. By this time, however, he saw war with Britain as imminent and wanted to draw close to its French enemy.

16. Cassell, Merchant Congressman, 138–139.

17. Rhoda Dorsey, “Baltimore Foreign Trade,” in David T. Gilchrist (ed.), The Growth of Seaport Cities, 1790–1825 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1967), 63.

18. Louis Martin Sears, Jefferson and the Embargo (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1927), 221.

19. Chronicles, 302; Balto Nation, 51–52; Dorsey, “Baltimore Foreign Trade,” 65.

20. Chronicles, 303–304.

21. Cassell, Merchant Congressman, 178.

22. Chronicles, 306–309; William M. Marine, The British Invasion of Maryland, 1812–1815 (Baltimore: Society of the War of 1812 in Maryland, 1913), 6.

23. Jerome R. Garitee, The Republic’s Private Navy: The American Privateering Business as Practiced in Baltimore during the War of 1812 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1977), 31, 43–44; Chronicles, 374; William D. Hoyt, Jr., “Logs and Papers of Baltimore Privateers, 1812–1815,” MHM 34 (June 1939): 165–174.

24. Quoted in Marine, British Invasion, 18–19.

25. E. P. Thompson, “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century,” Past and Present 50 (February 1971): 76–136; Pauline Maier, From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765–1776 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), 20, chap. 3; Lloyd I. Rudolph, “The Eighteenth Century Mob in America and Europe,” American Quarterly 11 (Winter 1959): 469; Gordon S. Wood, “A Note on Mobs in the American Revolution,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 23 (October 1966): 635–642.

26. Quoted in Marine, British Invasion, 7. The first sentence is from Shakespeare’s Coriolanus.

27. Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 59.

28. Steffen, Mechanics of Baltimore, 244; Chronicles, 310–311.

29. Paul A. Gilje, “The Baltimore Riots of 1812 and the Breakdown of the Anglo-American Mob Tradition,” Journal of Social History 13 (Summer 1980): 551–552.

30. Steffen, Mechanics of Baltimore, 244; Hickey, War of 1812, 61. Hanson’s newspaper charged the mayor and other local officials with complicity in the original attack on its office. See Federal Republican, 27 July 1812.

31. Steffen, Mechanics of Baltimore, 246; Chronicles, 312–329; Gilje, “Baltimore Riots of 1812,” 554–556; Frank A. Cassell, “The Great Baltimore Riot of 1812,” MHM 70 (Fall 1975): 241–259; Henry Lee III, A Correct Account of the Conduct of the Baltimore Mob (Winchester, Va.: John Heiskell, 1814).

32. Chronicles, 339; Joint Committee to Whom the Mayor’s Communication Was Referred, n.d., 1812, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 485.

33. Joseph A. Whitehorne, The Battle for Baltimore (Baltimore: Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1997), 160.

34. Walter Lord, The Dawn’s Early Light (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), 227–330; Cassell, Merchant Congressman, chap. 13; Ruthella Mary Bibbins, “The City of Baltimore, 1797–1850: The Era of the Clipper Ship, the Turnpike and Railroad,” in Balto Hist., 1:107.

35. Marine, British Invasion, 21; Frank A. Cassell, “Baltimore in 1813: A Study of Urban Defense in the War of 1812,” Military Affairs 33 (December 1969): 356.

36. Cassell, “Baltimore in 1813,” 351, 353.

37. Jehu Bouldin to Smith, 5 September 1814, Smith Family Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Lord, Dawn’s Early Light, 234.

38. Smith to Armstrong, Third Division Order Book, 13 March 1813, Smith Papers; Cassell, Merchant Congressman, 182.

39. Cassell, Merchant Congressman, 165–171; Whitehorne, Battle for Baltimore, 9. Smith’s relations with the Madison administration were not entirely friendly. An old feud with Madison’s secretary of the treasury, Albert Gallatin, had reignited when Samuel’s younger brother Robert entered the cabinet as secretary of the navy; it turned white hot when President Madison chose Robert Smith, instead of Gallatin, as his secretary of state in 1809. Madison dismissed Robert in 1811, partly because he suspected that his secretary of state had been reporting the internal deliberations of the cabinet to his brother in the Senate, and partly because Robert shared his brother’s conviction that the administration’s attempt to reach a diplomatic settlement with Britain had gone on too long.

40. Cassell, Merchant Congressman, 166. Hanson quoted in Marine, British Invasion.

41. Hickey, War of 1812, 64. Much of the evidence that partisanship blunted the city government’s defense of Federalists in the riot of 1812 comes from a legislative committee report on the riot and depositions taken from witnesses. The committee members belonged to a legislature with a decisive Federalist majority—and only two representatives from Baltimore. See Report of the Committee of Grievances and Courts of Justice of the House of Delegates of Maryland on the Subject of the Recent Mobs and Riots in the City of Baltimore (Annapolis, Md.: Jonas Green, 1813).

CHAPTER 8. BALTIMORE TRIUMPHANT

1. Frank A. Cassell, “Baltimore in 1813: A Study of Urban Defense in the War of 1812,” Military Affairs 33 (December 1969): 352.

2. Ibid., 353; Frank A. Cassell, Merchant Congressman in the Young Republic: Samuel Smith of Maryland, 1752–1839 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971), 186; Gen. Johnson to Maj. Beall, 21 March 1813, BCA, RG 22, no. 551; Johnson to Smith, 1 April 1813, Smith Family Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

3. William D. Hoyt, Jr., “Civilian Defense in Baltimore, 1814–1815: Minutes of the Committee of Vigilance and Safety,” MHM 39 (September 1944): 200.

4. William M. Marine, The British Invasion of Maryland, 1812–1815 (Baltimore: Society of the War of 1812 in Maryland, 1913), 23.

5. Cassell, “Baltimore in 1813,” 353–354; Cassell, Merchant Congressman, 187; Communication from the Mayor Recommending the Appropriation of $20,000 for the Defence of the City of Baltimore, 13 April 1813, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 460.

6. Council Chamber, 8 May 1813, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 461.

7. Mayor’s Communication to Both Branches of the City Council, 10 May 1813, ibid., no. 462.

8. Cassell, “Baltimore in 1813,” 356–357.

9. Ibid., 351, 355.

10. Ibid., 356.

11. Cassell, Merchant Congressman, 194–195.

12. Marine, British Invasion, 32–33.

13. Joseph A. Whitehorne, The Battle for Baltimore (Baltimore: Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1997), 114–115.

14. Marine, British Invasion, 53–55; Cassell, Merchant Congressman, 195–196.

15. Frank A. Cassell, “Response to Crisis: Baltimore in 1814,” MHM 66 (Fall 1971): 271–272. For some, the committee’s military character was too pronounced. Days after it convened, one of its members resigned. Elias Ellicott, a flour merchant and member of a prominent Quaker family, found that “its duties were so much connected with Military Operations as to make it inconsistent with my Religious Principles.” See A Letter from E. Ellicott, 27 August 1814, BCA, RG 22, no. 467.

16. Whitehorne, Battle for Baltimore, 116.

17. Walter Lord, The Dawn’s Early Light (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), 23.

18. Cassell, “Response to Crisis,” 273; Ralph Robinson, “Controversy over the Command at Baltimore in the War of 1812,” MHM 39 (September 1944): 180–181.

19. Robinson, “Controversy over Command,” 184–186.

20. Cassell, “Response to Crisis,” 275; Robinson, “Controversy over Command,” 181–182; Lord, Dawn’s Early Light, 231.

21. Whitehorne, Battle for Baltimore, 161.

22. Woman quoted in Lord, Dawn’s Early Light, 235; Marine, British Invasion, 145–146.

23. Marine, British Invasion, 159–160.

24. James McCulloh to General Smith, 14 September 1814, Smith Papers.

25. Lord, Dawn’s Early Light, 287–291.

26. Report of Col. Howard &c. Who Were Deputed to Wait upon the President, 23 September 1814, BCA, RG 22, no. 500.

27. A. J. Dallas to Edward Johnson, 24 October 1814, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 540.

28. Colin MacKenzie to Committee of Vigilance and Safety, 18 November 1814, ibid., no. 557; S. Sterrett to Edward Johnson, 25 November 1814, ibid., no. 567; William Thornton to Edward Johnson, 22 December 1814, ibid., no. 580.

29. R.W. Gill to George Stiles, 3 March 1818, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 72; Gill to Henry Payson, 2 February 1818, ibid., no. 731. Smith lays out the justification for charging his wartime expenditures to the federal government in a letter to John Montgomery some time during 1820. See BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 594.

30. Armstrong to Smith, 3 April 1813, Smith Papers.

31. In retaliation for the War Department’s demands, Mayor George Stiles presented the department with a bill for storing federal munitions in the city’s powder magazine. Stiles thought the department should pay the same storage fees as private citizens. Since the War Department refused to reimburse Baltimore on the “frivolous Excuse that our accounts had not been regularly kept . . . I therefor think it becomes us to be just, before we are liberal, and let the Storage $889.28 be received.” The War Department advised the mayor and city council to reconsider the storage charge because the munitions placed in the city’s powder magazine were for the use of Baltimore in its own defense. The city withdrew the claim. George Stiles to City Council, 6 March 1818, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 730; Lt. N. Bader, 30 March 1818, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 735; Resolution of Mayor and City Council, 1 April 1818, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 734.

32. George Stiles to Samuel Smith, 27 January 1818, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 733; Henry Payson to Richard W. Gill, n.d., 1818, ibid., no. 732.

33. Peter Hagner to John Montgomery, 8 November 1820, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, [no number]; Peter Hagner to David Harris, 31 March 1821, ibid., no. 1094; David Harris to John Montgomery, n.d., March 1821, ibid., no. 1095; Committee of Vigilance and Safety to James Monroe, n.d., 1814, ibid., nos. 602, 602a.

34. Balto Nation, 70–72; John Lauritz Larson, The Market Revolution in America: Liberty, Ambition, and the Eclipse of the Common Good (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 40–41.

35. David Head, “A Different Kind of Maritime Predation: South American Privateering from Baltimore, 1816–1820,” International Journal of Naval History 7 (August 2008): 1–33.

36. Gary L. Browne, “Baltimore and the Panic of 1819,” in Aubrey Land, Lois Green Carr, and Edward C. Papenfuse (eds.), Law, Society, and Politics in Early Maryland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 212–227; Adams quoted in Balto Nation, 76.

37. Andrew L. Cayton, “The Fragmentation of ‘A Great Family’: The Panic of 1819 and the Rise of the Middling Interest in Boston, 1818–1822,” Journal of the Early Republic 2 (Summer 1982): 143–167.

38. Baltimore Patriot and Evening Advertiser, 19 August 1813.

39. Wilbur Coyle (ed.), Records of the City of Baltimore: Eastern Precinct Commissioners, 1812–1817; Western Precinct Commissioners, 1810–1817 (Baltimore: Press of the King Brothers, 1909), vii, 111.

40. Balto Financ., 28, 76.

41. Joseph L. Arnold, “Suburban Growth and Municipal Annexation in Baltimore, 1745–1918,” MHM 73 (June 1978): 110.

42. Quoted in Bldg Balto, 54.

43. Arnold, “Suburban Growth,” 111; Laws of Maryland, December Session, 1816, chap. 209.

44. Niles’ Weekly Register, 1 March 1817.

45. Arnold, “Suburban Growth,” 111.

46. Anon., An Inquiry into the Late Act of the Legislature for Incorporating the Precincts with the City of Baltimore (Baltimore, 1817), 33. The claim that annexation had always required assent of the annexed voters is questionable; ibid., 21–22.

47. Proceedings of the First Branch of the City Council, 12, 21 March 1817.

48. Resolution Relative to the Appointment of a Joint Committee, 18 October 1817, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 583; Memorial of Mayor and City Council of Baltimore to the General Assembly of Maryland, 2 December 1817, ibid., no. 648.

49. Proceedings of the First Branch of the City Council, 15 December 1817; Resolutions of the Mayor & City Council Relative to the Removal of the Seat of Government, 15 December 1817, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 632.

50. Resolution Appointing a Joint Committee to Prepare a Memorial to the General Assembly of Maryland and for Other Purposes, 4 December 1817, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 584.

51. Memorial, 1 December 1817, ibid., no. 648.

52. Report of the Committee Sent by the C. Council to Annapolis, 25 February 1818, ibid., no. 502.

53. Journal of the House of Delegates, 5 February 1817.

54. Report of the Committee; Maryland General Assembly, Session Laws, 1817, AM, 636:60, 121–123, 158–160, 195; Balto Nation, 105–106.

CHAPTER 9. PUBLIC DEBT AND INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS

1. Report of the Committee sent by the C. Council to Annapolis, 25 February 1818, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 502.

2. Niles’ Weekly Register, 12 October 1822, put the margin at 18 votes, but according to Gary Lawrence Browne, the figure is incorrect. See Balto Nation, 107, 269.

3. Balto Nation, 107, 111.

4. Ibid., 83.

5. Bldg Balto, 72.

6. Balto Nation, 110.

7. Daniel Raymond, Elements of Political Economy, 2 vols. (Baltimore: F. Lucas jun. and J. Cole, 1823); Charles Patrick Neill, Daniel Raymond, an Early Chapter in the History of Economic Theory in the United States, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 15, no. 6 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1897).

8. Raymond, Elements of Political Economy, 1:28–31.

9. Ibid., 47, 50.

10. Ibid., 125.

11. Ibid., 46.

12. Communication from the Mayor, 4 March 1819, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 444.

13. Mayor’s Annual Communication on the Opening of the Session, 7 January 1822, ibid., no. 314; Communication from the Mayor on the Subject of a Loan, 11 February 1822, ibid., no. 312.

14. The Committee of Ways and Means Beg Leave to Report to the First Branch of the City Council of Baltimore, 24 March 1818, ibid., no. 568.

15. Resolution Authorizing the Payment of Certain Money to the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, 4 June 1818, ibid., no. 692.

16. Report of the Committee on Ways and Means upon the Sinking Fund, 24 March 1818, ibid., no. 560; Balto Financ., 196.

17. Mayor’s Communication, 11 January 1819, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 437.

18. An Ordinance Relating to the Sinking Fund, 3 March 1819, ibid., no. 469; Resolution Sinking Appropriation for Extinguishment of City Debts, 2 February 1821, ibid., [no number]; Balto Financ., 196–197.

19. John P. Kennedy to Mayor Johnson, 11 December 1822, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 492; Baltimore Patriot, 17 February 1817, 18 January 1820.

20. Committee Appointed on the Letter of John Barney Esquire, 4 January 1821, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 510; Resolution Regarding the Mayor to Select a Committee to Repair to Annapolis for the Purpose Therein Mentioned, 11 January 1821, ibid., no. 866. It is not clear that the delegation ever went to Annapolis. Delegate John Barney wrote to Mayor Montgomery a few days before the council resolution, advising him that it would not be wise to send a delegation from the city council to make its case to the General Assembly. He suggested that the council should “confidentially confer” and send their instructions to delegates Barney and Kennedy. See Letter from Mr. Barney Esquire a City Delegate, 8 January 1821, ibid., no. 957.

21. Quoted in Patriot, 11 January 1821.

22. Ibid.

23. Mayor’s Annual Communication on the Opening of the Session, 7 January 1822, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 314; Resolution Authorizing Mayor to Borrow Money in Anticipation of City Revenue, 12/18 February 1822, ibid., no. 400; Resolution Authorizing Mayor to Borrow Money in Anticipation of City Revenue, 27 February 1822, ibid., no. 399.

24. Patriot, 19, 31 August, 7, 18 September 1822.

25. Mayor’s Annual Message, n.d., 1823, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 469. Johnson’s calculation of city debt departed from previous financial reports. After adding up all of the city’s outstanding notes in anticipation of revenue, issues of stock, and other miscellaneous indebtedness, he subtracted all the money due to the municipality, including “war debt” from the federal government. Since there was no guarantee that these payments would ever be made or would be applied to the reduction of debt, the results may not provide an accurate statement of debt. They are clearly inconsistent with other statements of city indebtedness made in previous and subsequent administrations.

26. Mayor’s Annual Message 1823; Resolution Authorizing the Mayor with the Concurrence of the Presidents of the First and Second Branches of the City Council to Issue Certificates of Stock &c., 28/31 January 1823, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 387; Balto Financ., 177.

27. Mayor to Second Branch of the City Council, 20 January 1823, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 480; Mayor’s Annual Message 1823; Ronald E. Shaw, Canals for a Nation: The Canal Era in the United States, 1790–1860 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990), 6; James Weston Livingood, The Philadelphia-Baltimore Trade Rivalry, 1780–1860 (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Collection, 1947), 55; Alan M. Wilner, The Maryland Board of Public Works: A History (Annapolis, Md.: Hall of Records Commission, Department of General Services, 1984), 5.

28. Mayor to City Council, 10 February 1823, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 472.

29. Patriot, 27 February 1823.

30. Ibid., 3, 22 April, 25 November 1822.

31. Chronicles, 407.

32. Report of the Maryland Commissioners on a Proposed Canal from Baltimore to Conewago (Baltimore: Fielding Lucas, 1823), 5–7, 34–36, 83–84.

33. Ibid., 25, 40–42.

34. Ibid., 64.

35. The Potomac Company’s first president was George Washington. Its purpose was to improve navigation on the Potomac River by deepening its channel and removing obstructions, not digging a canal. It did use short canals and locks to circumvent falls and rapids on the river. The company’s efforts faltered after confronting the Great Falls of the Potomac. See James W. Dilts, The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation’s First Railroad, 1828–1853 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993), 16–17.

36. Milton Zeitenstein, The Economic History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1827–1853, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 15, nos. 7–8 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1897), 10.

37. Livingood, Philadelphia-Baltimore Trade, 59–60; Chronicles, 408.

38. Livingood, Philadelphia-Baltimore Trade, 71–74, 77; Shaw, Canals for a Nation, 112.

39. Balto Financ., 178.

40. An Ordinance Relative to the Public Debt of the City of Baltimore, 25 March 1826, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 923; Balto Financ., 197; Balto Nation, 110.

41. Thomas Phenix, Proceedings of the Convention of Internal Improvements Held in Baltimore, December, 1825 (Baltimore: William Ogden Niles, 1825), 5–6; Resolution Requiring the Mayor to Subscribe Two Hundred Copies of a Work Therein Mentioned, 11/12 January 1826, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 943.

42. Phenix, Proceedings of Convention, 9–10, 19–20, 26.

43. Ibid., 20–21. A year earlier, Secretary of War Calhoun had discussed a similarly grand project of canal construction in a letter to Robert Goodloe Harper. See Calhoun to Harper, 10 June 1824, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 838.

44. Phenix, Proceedings of Convention, 20, 28–29.

45. Wilner, Maryland Board of Public Works, 1.

46. Walter S. Sanderlin, The Great National Project: A History of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1946), 158–159.

47. It seems that the chief obstacle to be overcome by the Susquehanna Canal lay in the segment from Havre de Grace to Baltimore, where the waterway would have to cross three high and dry ridges. See Dilts, Great Road, 23; Chronicles, 445.

CHAPTER 10. WORKING ON THE RAILROAD

1. “Explosions of Steam Boilers,” Journal of the Franklin Institute 9 (January 1832): 16; Baltimore Patriot, 30 March 1818.

2. Chronicles, 340–341; Suzanne Ellery Greene, An Illustrated History of Baltimore (Woodland Hills, Calif.: Windsor Publications, 1980), 74; Communication from the Mayor, 18 May 1826, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 623.

3. Thomas Phenix, Proceedings of the Convention of Internal Improvements Held in Baltimore, December, 1825 (Baltimore: William Ogden Niles, 1825), 42–43; Alan M. Wilner, The Maryland Board of Public Works: A History (Annapolis, Md.: Hall of Records Commission, Department of General Services, 1984), 11; AM, 402:141.

4. Proceedings of Sundry Citizens of Baltimore Convened for the Purpose of Devising the Most Efficient Means of Improving Intercourse between That City and the Western States (Baltimore: William Wooddy, 1827), 3.

5. Ibid., 31.

6. John F. Stover, History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 1987), 14, 20.

7. Ibid., 17; AM, 437:97.

8. James D. Dilts, The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation’s First Railroad, 1828–1853 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993), 47; Baltimore City Council, Ordinances and Resolutions, 20, 29 March 1827.

9. Edward Hungerford, The Story of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1827–1927 (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1928), 1:30; Dilts, Great Road, 46; Gary John Previts and William D. Sampson, “Exploring the Contents of the Baltimore and Ohio Annual Reports, 1827–1853,” Accounting Historians Journal 27 (June 2000): 6; An Ordinance Relating to the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad Stock, 22 June 1830, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 939.

10. Quoted in Dilts, Great Road, 47.

11. Stover, History of the B&O, 27; Hungerford, Story of the B&O, 1:70, 116.

12. Hungerford, Story of the B&O, 1:135–136; John E. Semmes, John H. B. Latrobe and His Times, 1803–1891 (Baltimore: Norman, Remington Co., 1917), 337–343.

13. Stover, History of the B&O, 39; Dilts, Great Road, 218–220.

14. Mayor’s Message (Annual), 7 January 1828, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 612.

15. Resolution Relative to Rail Road Stock, 12 February 1828, ibid., no. 1126.

16. Letter from S. Etting to Phil. Thomas as President of the Rail Road dated May 2, 1828, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 1234. Solomon Etting and his city council colleague Jacob Cohen were the first Jews elected to public office in Maryland under the “Jew Bill” of 1826. Until then, only Christians could qualify for elective office.

17. Letters from Solomon Etting Esqr to Mayor Jacob Small dated May 29, ibid., no. 1233.

18. Stover, History of the B&O, 23.

19. Mayor’s Communication, 10 March 1828, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 513.

20. Resolution Authorizing the Mayor to Convey to the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company Certain Property without Any Pecuniary Consideration, 3 April 1828, ibid., no. 1122.

21. Previts and Sampson, “Exploring B&O Annual Reports,” 22.

22. Stover, History of the B&O, 31–32, 49–50; Hungerford, Story of the B&O, 1:73, 78–80.

23. Baltimore American, 2 January 1830.

24. Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 564; Norman G. Rukert, Historic Canton: Baltimore’s Industrial Heartland and Its People (Baltimore: Bodine and Associates, 1978), 20. Cooper’s iron rails could not compete with cheaper and better rails manufactured in Britain. See Dilts, Great Road, 92.

25. Stover, History of the B&O, 35–36; Hungerford, Story of the B&O, 1:174–175.

26. “A History of My Connection with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Corporation,” 10–11, in “Sundries of Many Sorts,” John H. B. Latrobe Family Papers, S 523, box 4, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore; Thomas K. McCraw (ed.), The Essential Alfred Chandler: Essays toward a Historical Theory of Big Business (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1988), 185–189.

27. Hungerford, Story of the B&O, 1:112.

28. Milton Reizenstein, The Economic History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1827–1853, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 15, nos. 7–8 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1897), 310–311; Stover, History of the B&O, 39.

29. Reizenstein, Economic History, 315–316; Stover, History of the B&O, 51–52.

30. George Winchester to Mayor and City Council, 27 August 1829, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 636.

31. Report & Resolution Authorizing the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore to Subscribe for Two Thousand Shares of Stock in the B&S RR Company, 28 August 1829, ibid., no. 837.

32. Baltimore City Council, Ordinances and Resolutions, 3 May 1830, no. 37, p. 218.

33. Report of John Diffenderffer Director of the Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail Road, 3 January 1830, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 504; Letter to the Pres. & Directors of the Balto. & S.R.R. Co., 27 April 1830, ibid., no. 505.

34. Communication from Geo Winchester Esqr Pres Balto & Susquehanna Rail Road Company, 21 June 1830, ibid., no. 506.

35 Ibid.; Alex Nisbet, Presdt. Balto. & Susquehanna RR Co. to the Stockholders of the B&S RR Co., 19 October 1835, ibid., no. 728; George H. Burgess and Miles C. Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846–1946 (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 1949), 129.

36. Report from the Balto. & Susq Rail Road Company, 26 January 1835, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 727.

37. An Ordinance Relative to the Balto & Susq Rail Road Co., 10 April 1835, ibid., no. 1120; Copy of a Bond to the State of Md from the Balto & Susq Rail Road & City of Baltimore, 27 May 1835, ibid., no. 294.

38. Balto Financ., 185–186.

39. Joint Committee of Ways and Means, 15 April 1836, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 793.

CHAPTER 11. CORPORATE CHALLENGE TO EQUALITY AND AN EDUCATIONAL RESPONSE

1. Alfred D. Chandler, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), 79, 87.

2. Matthew E. Mason, “ ‘The Hands Here Are Disposed to Be Turbulent’: Unrest among the Irish Trackmen of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1829–1851,” Labor History 39 (August 1998): 254.

3. Baltimore Patriot, 1, 9 July 1831, 15 July 1834; Baltimore Gazette and Daily Advertiser, 2 July 1831.

4. Seth Rockman, Scraping By: Wage Labor, Slavery, and Survival in Early Baltimore (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 8–10.

5. Mason, “Hands Disposed to Be Turbulent,” 258–259.

6. Balto Nation, 96–97.

7. Dennis Rankin Clark, “Baltimore, 1729–1829: The Genesis of a Community” (PhD diss., Catholic University of America, 1976), 258; John Thomas Mason, Life of John Van Lear McMahon (Baltimore: John B. Piet, 1880), 41; John Scott to Mayor Montgomery, 21 January 1826, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 377.

8. AM, 402:100.

9. Patriot, 1 January 1826; Tina H. Sheller, “The Origins of Public Education in Baltimore, 1825–1829,” History of Education Quarterly 22 (Spring 1982): 33–34.

10. Baltimore City Council, First Branch, Proceedings, 3 February 1826, 338.

11. Patriot, 29 September 1826. William Krebs would soon become one of the most active figures in the organization of Baltimore’s Jacksonian Democrats. See Whitman H. Ridgway, Community Leadership in Maryland, 1790-1840: A Comparative Analysis of Power in Society (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), 100.

12. A lengthy legal argument for reintroduction of property requirements for voters appeared in the Patriot, 11 October 1826, signed “Stiles.” The writer cannot have been former Mayor Stiles, who had died almost seven years earlier, but may have been one of his loyal supporters.

13. Baltimore City Council, First Branch, Proceedings, 16 March 1824, p. 75.

14. Ibid., 25 March 1824, p. 98

15. Sheller, “Origins of Public Education,” 28. Other children could qualify for public education if their parents were at least 21 years old and residents of Baltimore for at least 12 months. Another standard required simply that the parents of schoolchildren had to be employed.

16. Baltimore Gazette, 31 October 1826.

17. Ibid., 25 October 1826.

18. See Patriot, 9 March, 19 September 1826.

19. Baltimore Gazette, 23 September 1826.

20. Mark Haller, “The Rise of the Jacksonian Party in Maryland,” Journal of Southern History 28 (August 1962): 308–309.

21. Baltimore Gazette, 25 September 1826; Thomas Waters Griffith, Annals of Baltimore (Baltimore: W. Wooddy, 1833), 248; Ridgway, Community Leadership, 95–97.

22. See Eric Robert Papenfuse, The Evils of Necessity: Robert Goodloe Harper and the Moral Dilemma of Slavery (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997), chaps. 1 and 2.

23. [Robert Goodloe Harper], Plain Reasons of a Plain Man for Preferring Gen. Jackson to Mr. Adams as President of the United States (Baltimore: Benjamin Edes, 1825), 3, 5, 12–13.

24. Haller, “Rise of the Jacksonian Party,” 312.

25. Kate Mason Rowland, The Life of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, 1737–1832: With His Correspondence and Public Papers (New York: George Putnam, 1898), 2:334.

26. Charles H. Bohner, John Pendleton Kennedy: Gentleman from Baltimore (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961), 56.

27. Balto Nation, 103–104; Whitman H. Ridgway, “McCulloch vs. the Jacksonians: Patronage and Politics in Maryland,” MHM 70 (Winter 1975): 354.

28. Baltimore Gazette, 28 April 1827, 26 September 1832.

29. AM, 402:130–139.

30. Sheller, “Origins of Public Education,” 37–38; A Bill Entitled an Ordinance Relating to the Public Schools, 25 February / 5 March 1828, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1097; A Bill Entitled an Ordinance Relative to the School Fund, 26 June 1828, ibid., no. 1098. “Monitorial Plan” is explained in the text below.

31. Ordinances of the Corporation of the City of Baltimore, 1829, Ordinance no. 21, 13 March 1829, pp. 113–116.

32. Baltimore Gazette, 7 April 1829; Patriot, 8 April 1829.

33. Patriot, 11 April 1829.

34. Mayor’s Communication, 4 January 1830, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 584; Ordinances and Resolutions of the Corporation of the City of Baltimore, 1830, Resolution no. 70, 30 April 1830, p. 257.

35. William B. Johnson, “Chanting Choristers: Simultaneous Recitation in Baltimore’s Nineteenth Century Primary Schools,” History of Education Quarterly 34 (Spring 1994): 1–23.

36. Communication, Commissioners, Public Schools, 31 March 1831, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 781; Commissioners of Public Schools, “Third Annual Report,” in Ordinances of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore Passed at the Special Session of 1831, pp. 88–94.

37. Communication, Commissioners, Public Schools, 31 March 1831

CHAPTER 12. ROAD HOGS

1. Ordinances of the Corporation of the City of Baltimore, 1812, no. 20, p. 231; ibid., 1816, no. 21, p. 82.

2. Ibid., 1821, no. 23, p. 317.

3. Mayor’s Communication, 22 January 1828, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1101.

4. Seth Rockman, Scraping By: Wage Labor, Slavery, and Survival in Early Baltimore (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 178.

5. Ordinances of City of Baltimore, 1828, no. 23, pp. 24–25; ibid., 1831, no. 10, p. 275; ibid., 1838, no. 25, pp. 73–74.

6. Baltimore American and Daily Commercial Advertiser, 16 January 1842.

7. Ibid., 8 January 1834. For other mayoral complaints about the “roughness” of the streets, see Mayor’s Communication, 7 January 1828, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 611; Mayor’s Communication, 5 January 1829, ibid., no. 712.

8. Rockman, Scraping By, 96–97.

9. Ordinances of City of Baltimore, 1837, appendix, pp. 4–5.

10. Copy of Notice to Water Company, 6 August 1835, BCA, RG 16, ser. 2, no. 116.

11. Baltimore American, 6 January 1835; Columbus O’Donnell, President of B. W. Co. to Joshua Dryden, Chairman of the Water Committee, 3 February 1835, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 731.

12. Michael Feldberg, The Turbulent Era: Riot & Disorder in Jacksonian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 65–69.

13. Baltimore American, 3 January 1826; Niles’ Weekly Register, 5 November 1831.

14. Ordinances of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, Passed at the Extra Sessions in 1830 and at the January Session 1831, no. 18, pp. 28–29; ibid., no. 33, pp. 42–43.

15. Letter from P. E. Thomas, Pres. B&O RR, 14 February 1831, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 782.

16. Ordinances of City of Baltimore, 1831, no. 18, p. 283; Philip E. Thomas to J. H. Dorsey (Clerk, City Commissioners), 12 May 1832, BCA, RG 3, ser. 1, no. 117.

17. Memorial from Alexander Grier and Others, 18 February 1831, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 577.

18. Baltimore Patriot, 13 October 1830.

19. Ordinances of City of Baltimore, 1832, no. 35, pp. 35–37.

20. Comm. of P. E. Thomas, Presdt. of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail Road Comp., 16 January 1835, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 725; Memorial of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail Road Company, 28 March 1837, ibid., no. 802; Report of John Diffenderffer Director of the Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail Road, 3 January 1830, ibid., no. 504.

21. Comm. from Saml. Moore, Esq. City Director &c. Enclosing the Agreemt. between the Balto. & Ohio and Port Deposit Rail Roads, n.d., 1837, ibid., no. 354 (includes extract from Port Deposit board minutes, 11 October 1831).

22. Resolt. to Furnish the City Directors in the Ohio Rail Road with a Copy of the Resolt. Relative to the Junctn. of the Depots, 7/8 March 1837, ibid., no. 1299; Report of the City Members on the Balt. & Ohio Board, 14 March 1837, ibid., no. 942A.

23. Report of City Members on Balt. & Ohio Board, 14 March 1837.

24. Baltimore Gazette, 6 July 1837; An Ordinance Relating to the Baltimore & Port Deposit Rail Road, 31 July 1837, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1413.

25. Baltimore Gazette, 15 February 1832; Report of the Joint Committee on Rail Roads on the Sewer on Pratt St & the Rail Road in the Same Street, 6 March 1835, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 800.

26. Baltimore Gazette, 14, 16, 17 March 1835.

27. Report entitled “A Supplement to an Ordinance Relating to the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company,” 16 March / 7 April 1835, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 887; Bldg Balto, 74.

28. Report of the Minority of the Select Committee Relative to the Rail Way in the City, 19 March 1835, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 799.

29. Report & Resolution on the Petition of Sundry Hackneymen, Draymen and Carters for the Removal of the Rail Road out of the City, 19 March 1835, ibid., no. 805.

30. Ibid.

31. Bill no. 30, Report of resolution entitled “A Supplement to an Ordinance Relating to the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company,” 6/7 April 1835, ibid., no. 887.

32. Petition of A. K. Kennedy and Others, n.d., 1837, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 803. In fact, all three railroads that entered Baltimore during the 1830s eventually built waterfront depots in Canton but continued to use their facilities inside the city limits.

33. Select Committee on the Memorial by Peter Uhler and Others, n.d., March 1835, ibid., no. 804.

34. Edwin A. Gere, Jr., “Dillon’s Rule and the Cooley Doctrine: Reflections of the Political Culture,” Journal of Urban History 8 (May 1982): 274–276.

CHAPTER 13. POLICING THE DISORDERLY CITY

1. Niles’ Weekly Register, 15 August 1835; Baltimore Patriot, 23 January 1834.

2. Patriot, 22 February 1834.

3. Mayor’s Communication, 21 January 1828, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 617. Though Baltimore was the first city to introduce gas streetlamps, it took some time to install them throughout the city. When Mayor Small outlined the responsibilities of the night watch, most of the streets that the watchmen patrolled were still illuminated by oil lamps. See Baltimore American, 4 January 1831.

4. This formulaic list of duties would eventually lead to trouble, in 1838, when watchmen were sued for false arrest for detaining a citizen who was merely suspected of disturbing the peace. Petition of James Mullen and James Dukes, 11 April 1838, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 573.

5. AM, 203:420; de Francis Folsom, Our Police: A History of the Baltimore Force from the First Watchman to the Latest Appointee (Baltimore: J. M. Beers, 1888), 16–17; Petition of Mullen & Dukes.

6. Folsom, Our Police, 23; Patriot, 26 February 1826.

7. Baltimore Gazette, 26 December 1826.

8. Patriot, 15 January 1829, 30 August 1830.

9. Baltimore Gazette, 2, 25 April 1831, 25 September 1832, 25 March 1833.

10. Ordinances of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 1834, appendix, pp. 8, 12; ibid., 1835, pp. 9–10.

11. Ibid., 1835, no. 10, pp. 14–15.

12. David Grimsted, “Robbing the Poor to Aid the Rich: Roger B. Taney and the Bank of Maryland Swindle,” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, 1987, pp. 54–55.

13. Ibid., 59; Robert E. Shalhope, The Baltimore Bank Riot: Political Upheaval in Antebellum America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009), 32–33.

14. Shalhope, Baltimore Bank Riot, 33–34.

15. Ibid., 14; Grimsted, “Robbing the Poor,” 64.

16. Grimsted, “Robbing the Poor,” 68–73; Balto Nation, 122–123.

17. Shalhope, Baltimore Bank Riot, 34; Grimsted, “Robbing the Poor,” 76; Baltimore Gazette, 25 March 1834.

18. Grimsted, “Robbing the Poor,” 77.

19. Ibid., 79–80; Shalhope, Baltimore Bank Riot, 38–39.

20. Grimsted, “Robbing the Poor,” 78, 80; Niles’ Weekly, 12 April 1834.

21. Balto Nation, 23; Shalhope, Baltimore Bank Riot, 89.

22. Shalhope, Baltimore Bank Riot, 13, 23–29.

23. Grimsted, “Robbing the Poor,” 86–92.

24. Reverdy Johnson and John Glenn, Final Reply to the Libels of Evan Poultney, Late President of the Bank of Maryland and a Further Examination of the Causes of the Failure of That Institution (Baltimore: Lucas and Deaver, 1835); Evan Poultney, Appeal to the Creditors of the Bank of Maryland and to the Public Generally (Baltimore: John D. Toy, 1835).

25. Shalhope, Baltimore Bank Riot, 46; David Grimsted, “Democratic Rioting: A Case Study of the Baltimore Bank Mob of 1835,” in William L. O’Neill (ed.), Insights and Parallels: Problems and Issues in American Social History (Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Company, 1973), 132; Patriot, 8 June 1826.

26. Shalhope, Baltimore Bank Riot, 49.

27. Ibid., 49–52; Niles’ Weekly, 15 August 1835; Baltimore Gazette, 8 August 1835.

28. Shalhope, Baltimore Bank Riot, 54; Grimsted, “Democratic Rioting,” 134.

29. Shalhope, Baltimore Bank Riot, 54–55.

30. Ibid., 56; Grimsted, “Robbing the Poor,” 94; Grimsted, “Democratic Rioting,” 135.

31. Shalhope, Baltimore Bank Riot, 57–58.

32. Ibid., 66; Grimsted, “Robbing the Poor,” 94; Grimsted, “Democratic Rioting,” 136.

33. “William E. Bartlett to Edward Stabler, 12 August 1835,” MHM 9 (June 1914): 158, 160.

34. Baltimore Gazette, 10 August 1835; Niles’ Weekly, 15 August 1835; Chronicles, 478.

35. Baltimore Gazette, 11 August 1835; Shalhope, Baltimore Bank Riot, 68; Bartlett to Stabler, 160.

36. Shalhope, Baltimore Bank Riot, 68.

37. Capt. Deems Co., 3rd Ward, 11 August 1835, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 396; Capt. McConnick’s Co., 4th Ward, 14 August 1835, ibid., no. 397; Letter from J. K. Stapleton on the Subject of the Fire Companies Being Ready for Service as Military, n.d., 1835, ibid., no. 395; Copy of letter to Genl. Smith, 17 August 1835, ibid., no. 397.

38. Baltimore Gazette, 14 August 1835.

39. Ibid., 4, 8 September 1835; David Grimsted, “Rioting in Its Jacksonian Setting,” American Historical Review 77 (April 1972): 388–389.

40. Report from the Jail, n.d., August 1835, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 401; Shalhope, Baltimore Bank Riot, 77–78.

41. Baltimore Gazette, 6 November, 8–29 December 1835, 2–29 January 1836.

42. David Grimsted, American Mobbing, 1828–1861: Toward Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 4; Niles’ Weekly, 5 September 1835.

43. Michael Feldberg, The Turbulent Era: Riot & Disorder in Jacksonian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 100.

44. Grimsted, “Democratic Rioting,” 136–137.

45. Niles’ Weekly, 22 April 1837.

46. Feldberg, Turbulent Era, 101. Studies of more recent riots confirm the impression that civil disorder depends on preexisting social networks. In the Watts riot of 1965, for example, newcomers to Los Angeles were less likely to have participated in the disorders than those born in the city, probably because long-term residents were more likely to belong to local social networks. Neighborhood networks also figured significantly in a study of violence between Christians and Muslims in Nigeria. See David O. Sears and John B. McConahay, “Participation in the Los Angeles Riot,” Social Problems 17 (Summer 1969): 3–20; Alexandra Scacco, “Who Riots? Participation in Ethnic Violence,” http://politics.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/9568/jobpaper.pdf.

47. Grimsted, “Democratic Rioting,” 144.

48. Edward Pessen, “The Egalitarian Myth and the American Social Reality: Wealth, Mobility, and Equality in the ‘Era of the Common Man,’ ” American Historical Review 76 (October 1971): 1012–1014.

49. Niles’ Weekly, 22 April 1837.

50. Ordinances of Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 1836, Resolution no. 30, pp. 91–93

51. AM, 214:192–194; Preamble and Resolution Relative to the Indemnity Bill, 24 March 1836, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 988; Joseph Nelson and Walter Constable to Samuel Barnes, 22 April 1836, ibid., no. 628; Walter Johnson to Samuel Barnes, 18 June 1836, ibid., no. 626.

52. James Warner Harry, The Maryland Constitution of 1851, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 20, nos. 7–8 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1902), 14–15.

53. AM, 214:107. On the politics behind these changes, see A. Clarke Hagensick, “Revolution or Reform in 1836: Maryland’s Preface to Dorr’s Rebellion,” MHM 57 (December 1962): 346–366.

CHAPTER 14. RACIAL BORDERS

1 James Silk Buckingham, America: Historical, Statistic, and Descriptive, 2 vols. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1841). Buckingham also published Autobiography of James Silk Buckingham, Including His Voyages, Travels, Adventures, Speculations, Successes, and Failures (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1855). He apparently intended to write a multivolume account of his life, but died after publication of the first volume.

2. Buckingham, America, 1:255, 289.

3. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Men of Our Times or Leading Patriots of the Day (Hartford, Conn.: Hartford Publishing Company, 1868), 161–162.

4. David K. Sullivan, “William Lloyd Garrison in Baltimore, 1829–1830,” MHM 68 (Spring 1973): 67; Buckingham, America, 1:268; H. E. Shepherd (ed.), History of Baltimore, Maryland from Its Founding to the Current Year, 1729–1898 (Baltimore: S. B. Nelson, 1898), 89; Paul Finkelman, Slave Rebels, Abolitionists, and Southern Courts (Clark, N.J.: Law Book Exchange, 2007), 303, 307; Steven Deyle, Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 179–180.

5. See Barbara Jeanne Fields, Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth Century (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985), 42.

6. See Ralph Clayton, Cash for Blood: The Baltimore to New Orleans Domestic Slave Trade (Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 2002), 74.

7. On Baltimore’s influential Quakers, see Leroy Graham, Baltimore: The Nineteenth Century Black Capital (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1982), 16–18.

8. T. Stephen Whitman, Challenging Slavery in the Chesapeake: Black and White Resistance to Human Bondage, 1775–1865 (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2007), 69–70. In 1850, it was estimated that escapes cost the border counties of Maryland about $10,000 in slave property every week. Group escapes were common. On some occasions, as many as 30 or 40 slaves would abscond at once. Not all of them headed for Pennsylvania. Baltimore was a popular destination for escapees because they could blend in with the city’s large population of free African Americans. See Ralph Clayton, Slavery, Slaveholding, and the Free Black Population of Antebellum Baltimore (Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 1993), chap. 7.

9. Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom, ed. William L. Andrews (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987 [1855]), 199–202.

10. James M. Wright, The Free Negro in Maryland, 1634–1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1921), 78–79.

11. Christopher Phillips, Freedom’s Port: The African American Community of Baltimore, 1790–1860 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 40–56.

12. Douglass, Bondage and Freedom, 93.

13. Phillips, Freedom’s Port, 58–61, 104.

14. Eric Robert Papenfuse, The Evils of Necessity: Robert Goodloe Harper and the Moral Dilemma of Slavery (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997), 55n11; A Letter from Gen. Harper, of Maryland, to Elias B. Caldwell, Secretary of the American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Colour in the United States with Their Own Consent (Baltimore: R. J. Matchett, 1818), 8.

15. Quoted in T. Stephen Whitman, The Price of Freedom: Slavery and Manumission in Baltimore and Early National Maryland (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997), 141.

16. Harper to Caldwell, 8–9.

17. Whitman, Price of Freedom, 140; Phillips, Freedom’s Port, 58.

18. P. J. Staudenraus, The African Colonization Movement, 1816–1865 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), 19–20; Richard L. Hall, On Afric’s Shore: A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834–1857 (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2003), 11.

19. Harper to Caldwell, 18.

20. Ibid., 11.

21. Ibid., 14.

22. Ibid., 18–19.

23. John E. Semmes, John H. B. Latrobe and His Times, 1803–1891 (Baltimore: Norman, Remington Co., 1917), 139–142; Penelope Campbell, Maryland in Africa: The Maryland State Colonization Society, 1831–1857 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971), 7–8.

24. In some states with large slave populations, the issue was not simply black political equality but the apprehension that free black voters might outnumber whites. See Eugene S. Van Sickle, “A Transnational Vision: John H. B. Latrobe and Maryland’s Colonization Movement” (PhD diss., West Virginia University, 2005), 25–26.

25. Harper to Caldwell, 19.

26. Staudenraus, African Colonization Movement, 20–21, 28, 33, 193–206; Eric Burin, Slavery and the Peculiar Solution: A History of the American Colonization Society (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005), 26; Joseph Garonzik, “Urbanization and the Black Population of Baltimore, 1850–1870” (PhD diss., State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1974), 231.

27. “Colonization,” John H. B. Latrobe Family Papers, MS 523, box 4, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid. Several of the dissenters later met with Latrobe and Harper, who agreed to strike every passage in the “address” to which its African American critics took exception. Semmes, Latrobe, 143.

30. Staudenraus, African Colonization Movement, 110–112; Campbell, Maryland in Africa, 11.

31. Aaron Stopak, “The Maryland State Colonization Society: Independent State Action in the Colonization Movement,” MHM 63 (September 1968): 276; Van Sickle, “Transnational Vision,” 44.

32. Papers of the Maryland State Colonization Society (MSCS), reel 1, minutes, 26 March 1831, 12 April 1831, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore.

33. Ibid., 4 May 1831, 14 November 1831; Campbell, Maryland in Africa, 23–25.

34. MSCS Papers, reel 1, minutes, 4 May 1831.

35. Van Sickle, “Transnational Vision,” 57.

36. AM, 213:342–346. On the impact of the Nat Turner uprising in Maryland, see also Wright, Free Negro in Maryland, 267–273.

37. Wright, Free Negro in Maryland, 346–347.

38. MSCS Papers, reel 1, minutes, 30 April 1832, pp. 21–22.

39. MSCS Papers, reel 3, Corresponding Secretary’s Books, Latrobe to Cortlandt Van Rensalaer, 10 July 1833; Hall, On Afric’s Shore, 27.

40. MSCS Papers, reel 1, minutes, 4 February 1833.

41. Ibid., 30 April 1833; Campbell, Maryland in Africa, 51–53.

42. MSCS Papers, reel 1, minutes, 28 June 1833.

43. Ibid., 19 July 1833; Baltimore Gazette, 17 September 1831.

44. Burin, Slavery and the Peculiar Solution, 66; Campbell, Maryland in Africa, 60–61; Hall, On Afric’s Shore, 27.

45. Phillips, Freedom’s Port, 145–146; Bettye J. Gardner, “The Institutional and Organizational Life of the Baltimore Black Community,” University of Baltimore Archives (online).

46. Phillips, Freedom’s Port, 133–134. Phillips suggests that Coker’s secession may have been motivated in part by his frustration about his own status as a deacon rather than an ordained minister at the Sharp Street church.

47. Jeffrey R. Brackett, The Negro in Maryland: A Study of the Institution of Slavery (New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969 [1889]), 177–178; Wright, Free Negro in Maryland, 114.

48. Wright, Free Negro in Maryland, 204–205.

49. Petition of Mr[s] Ross to Have a Supper 24th Dec. 1838, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 1221; Petition of John Miller for a Ball &c. 22nd Nov 1838, ibid., no. 1222; Petition of George Presstman for John Ford, Coloured, for a Pass, 14 November 1838, ibid., no. 1285; Petition of Thomas Walsh & Others for a Pass for Perry Boardley, 16 November 1838, ibid., no. 1285.

50. Gordon J. Melton, A Will to Choose: The Origins of African American Methodism (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007), chap. 3.

51. Phillips, Freedom’s Port, 213.

52. Ibid., 38; Graham, Baltimore, 75–77; Floyd J. Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1787–1863 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975), 55, 58–59.

53. Bettye J. Gardner, “William Watkins: Antebellum Black Teacher and Anti-Slavery Writer,” Negro History Bulletin 39 (September/October 1976): 623.

54. Baltimore Gazette, 14 December 1826.

55. A Coloured Baltimorean, letter, Genius of Universal Emancipation, 3 March 1827. Black resistance to emigration persisted, despite state financial support for the colonization society. During the 1850s, fewer than 1,200 Maryland blacks emigrated to the Maryland colony in Liberia, and those who did were denounced by other African Americans as traitors. See Garonzik, “Urbanization and Black Population,” 232.

56. A Coloured Baltimorean, “Colonization Society,” Freedom’s Journal, 6 July 1827.

57. William Lloyd Garrison (ed.), Thoughts on African Colonization (Boston: Garrison and Knapp, 1832), pt. 2, pp. 52, 55–56.

58. Ibid., 22.

59. Graham, Baltimore, 119–120.

60. Colored American, 17 June 1837.

CHAPTER 15. BETWEEN MOBS AND CORPORATIONS

1. Baltimore Sun, 26 April 1839; Chronicles, 497–498.

2. Balto Nation, 147.

3. General Report of the Joint Committee on Internal Improvements, 6 March 1839, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1155, pp. 1–2.

4. Ibid., 2–3.

5. Ibid., 4.

6. Milton Reizenstein, The Economic History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1827–1853, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 15, nos. 7–8 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1897), 46; Communication from the Registrar Relative to the Three Million Subscription to the Baltimore & Ohio Rail Road, 11 March 1845, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 384.

7. James S. Dilts, The Great Road. The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation’s First Railroad, 1828–1853 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993), 271.

8. Reizenstein, Economic History, 46–47.

9. Copy of a letter to L. Marshall, 30 December 1841, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 403.

10. Report of a Resolution of the Joint Committee on Police Relative to Small Stock Transfers of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, 19 January / 22 February 1841, ibid., no. 592.

11. Mayor’s Annual Communication, 17 January 1841, ibid., no. 458.

12. Carter Goodrich and Henry Segal, “Baltimore’s Aid to Railroads: A Study in the Municipal Planning of Internal Improvements,” Journal of Economic History 13 (Winter 1953): 8–9; Sun, 8, 10 January 1842.

13. Sun, 10 March 1842.

14. Reizenstein, Economic History, 47–48; Dilts, Great Road, 274.

15. Balto Nation, 134.

16. Dilts, Great Road, 274, 283, 299.

17. Letter from the Register, 22 July 1840, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 138. Contrary to Hunt’s claim, Mayor Leakin had taken action to meet the city’s deficit. Only five days after the register reported the city’s desperate state, Leakin called the city council into special session to approve “a temporary loan to meet with the promptness that has been customary and is desirable, the quarterly demands on the City Treasury.” Hunt may have thought it politic to suggest that Leakin had been unresponsive. Leakin was a Whig. Brady was a Democrat, as was Hunt. See To the Members of the First & Second Branches of the City Council, 27 July 1840, ibid., no. 408.

18. Chronicles, 502; Sun, 4, 5 November 1840.

19. Mayor’s Communication, 6 January 1840, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, [no number]; Sun, 20 March 1839.

20. Sun, 19 August 1839; Jack Tager, Boston Riots: Three Centuries of Social Violence (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2001), 111; Jean H. Baker, Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 4–5.

21. Goodrich and Segal, “Baltimore’s Aid to Railroads,” 12.

22. On this difficulty in Philadelphia, see Michael Feldberg, The Philadelphia Riots of 1844: A Study of Ethnic Conflict (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1975), 8.

23. Report & Resolution on So Much of the Mayor’s Communication as Relates to an Increase of Police Officers, 20/21 January 1840, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 510.

24. Louis McLane to Henry A. Sandaman, 31 January 1842, ibid., [no number].

25. Communication from L. McLane, President of the Balto. & Ohio railroad Co., 12 February 1842, ibid., no. 405; Letter from Louis McLane, Esq. Rec’d on April 7th Answered Same Day. An Interview Had on Friday 8th as Requested, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 844.

26. A Resolution Relative to the Directors of the Balto. & Ohio Rail Road, 30 March 1843, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 663.

27. Report of the Committee of Ways & Means on the Petition of Stephen R. King & Others, 22 March / 9 April 1838, ibid., no. 849.

28. Mayor’s Communication, 4 January 1841, ibid., no. 452.

29. de Francis Folsom, Our Police: A History of the Baltimore Force from the First Watchman to the Latest Appointee (Baltimore: J. M. Beers, 1888), 23; Samuel A. Eliot to Samuel Smith, 6 February 1838, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 1288.

30. Sun, 8 March, 28 August 1843, 6 March 1844; Mayor’s Communication, 15 January 1844, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 593; A Report Requested from the Joint Committee on Police Relating to the Calling of the Hour, 27 March 1843, ibid., no. 530; Folsom, Our Police, 23.

31. Sun, 27 September 1841, 19 January, 22 November 1842.

32. Ibid., 19 April 1841, 31 October 1842.

33. Mayor’s Communication, 15 January 1844, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 593.

34. Sun, 9 December 1837; R. J. Breckenside Complaining of Nuisance, 19 August 1844, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 288; Matthew O’Reilly, Balto., 18 November 1844, ibid., no. 291.

35. Sun, 4 December 1843; AM, 212:61–64; Report of the Select Committee Relative to Altering or Enlarging the Jail, 22/23 April 1845, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 689. See also Report of the Joint Committee to Whom Was Referred So Much of the Annual Communication of the Mayor as Relates to the Jail, 28 February / 5 March 1845, ibid., no. 500.

36. Sun, 4 March 1841, 16 February 1842.

37. Amy S. Greenberg, Cause for Alarm: The Volunteer Fire Company in the Nineteenth-Century City (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998), 22, 84–88; Sun, 2 September 1844.

38. Ordinances and Resolutions of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 1841, pp. 63–64; Communication to the Presidents of the Fire Companies with a Resolution of the City Council, 1 June 1841, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 875 (incorrectly listed in WPA inventory with records of 1842).

39. Mayor’s Communication, 15 January 1844, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 593.

40. Ordinances and Resolutions of Mayor and City Council, 1844, pp. 39–40, 63.

41. Report & Resolution from the Joint Committee on Police and the Resolution Directing Them to Inquires into the Subject of the Numerous Burglaries Committed during the Last Year, 11/12 March 1844, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 861; Report & Resolution from the Joint Committee on Police on the Petitions of William Harrison & Others, 28/29 March 1844, ibid., no. 699.

42. Communication from the Mayor, 4 April 1844, ibid., no. 594.

43. Thaddeus P. Thomas, The City Government of Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 14, no. 2 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1896), 26n2.

44. Ordinances and Resolutions of Mayor and City Council, 1844, pp. 10–11, 35; ibid., 1847, p. 6.

45. Report of the Joint Committee on Fire Cos upon the Application for Special Appropriation, 7 March 1843, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 501; Report from the Joint Committee on Retrenchment, 23 July 1843, ibid., no. 587.

46. Ordinances and Resolutions of Mayor and City Council, 1846, p. 8; Petition of John McCormick, Jos. Christopher, & Others for an Increase of Compensation for Watchmen, 26 January 1846, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 453.

47. “Sixteenth Annual Report of the Commissioners of the Public Schools,” in Ordinances and Resolutions of Mayor and City Council, 1845, appendix, pp. 63–68; Communication from the Commissioners of Public Schools, 27 March 1845, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 460.

48. Communication from the Commissioners; To the President of the Board of School Commissioners, n.d., April 1845, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 461.

49. Ordinances and Resolutions of Mayor and City Council, 1845, pp. 26–28; Report and Resolution from the Joint Committee for Education, 19/24 February 1845, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 966.

50. Mayor’s Communication, 15 January 1844, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 593.

51. Mayor’s Communication, 17 January 1848, ibid., no. 642.

52. Report of the Committee on the Jail, 11/16 February 1848, ibid., no. 716.

53. Mayor’s Message, First Branch, 20 November 1850, ibid., no. 654.

54. Sun, 5 October 1850.

55. Ibid., 31 August 1849, 17 January, 5 October, 28 November 1850.

56. Ibid., 17 August 1850; Tracy Matthew Melton, Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore’s Plug Uglies, 1854–1860 (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2005), 33–34.

57. Sun, 10 October 1850.

58. Ibid., 11, 14 October, 1 November 1850, 1 February 1851.

59. Ibid., 7, 11, 14 November 1850.

60. Mayor’s Message, 20 November 1850.

61. Mayor’s Message, in Ordinances and Resolutions of Mayor and City Council, 1848, appendix, p. 10; ibid., 1849, p. 7.

62. Mayor’s Message, 20 November 1850.

63. Ordinances and Resolutions of Mayor and City Council, 1850, pp. 7, 11.

64. Mayor’s Communication, 20 January 1851, in Ordinances and Resolutions of Mayor and City Council, 1851, appendix, p. 4; Sun, 17 September 1852.

65. Balto Nation, 200–201.

66. Mayor’s Communication, 19 January 1852, in Ordinances and Resolutions of Mayor and City Council, 1852, appendix, pp. 3–7.

CHAPTER 16. PIGS AND POLITICIANS

1. See “Reckoning” in chapter 13.

2. James Warner Harry, The Maryland Constitution of 1851, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 20, nos. 7–8 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1902), 8.

3. Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 459–461.

4. Harry, Maryland Constitution, 21, 42.

5. Ibid., 9, 29; Baltimore Sun, 2 January 1850.

6. Harry, Maryland Constitution, 46–47; Md. Hist., 3:242–243.

7. J. Thomas Scharf, History of Baltimore City and County from the Earliest Period to the Present Day: Including Biographical Sketches of Their Representative Men (Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts, 1881), 62–63, 201; Bldg Balto, 135; Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Police and Jail Enclosing Resolutions Relating to the Reorganization of the Night Watch and Police Systems, 25 February 1851, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 771; Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Police & Jail to Which Was Referred That Portion of the Mayor’s Communication Relating to the City & County Jail, and Reorganization of the Police & Night Watch, also the Report of the Board of Visitors of That Institution, 16 April / 19 May 1851, ibid., no. 1071.

8. See Roland J. Liebert, Disintegration and Political Action: The Changing Functions of City Government in America (New York: Academic Press, 1976).

9. An Ordinance Relating to Swine, n.d., March 1852, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1126.

10. Sun, 25 March 1852.

11. Report of the Joint Committee on Health on the Petition for Restraining Hogs from Running at Large, 18 March / 23 May 1851, BCA, RG 16, no. 676; Ordinances and Resolutions of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 1852, p. 17.

12. To the Honorable Mayor and Council of Baltimore, n.d., 1853, BCA, RG 16, no. 599.

13. The council received at least eight copies of this petition signed by hundreds of residents. See Petition for the Repeal of the Ordinance Relating to Swine, 17 January 1853, ibid., no. 569.

14. Report of the Committee on Health, 9 February 1853, ibid., no. 1480; An Ordinance Respecting Swine, 15 February 1853, ibid., no. 1481; An Ordinance Respecting Swine, 3 February 1853, ibid., no. 1479.

15. An Ordinance Respecting Swine, 11 February 1853, ibid., no. 1480; An Ordinance Respecting Swine, 3 February 1853, ibid., no. 1481; Substitute for an Ordinance to Permit Swine to Go at Large within the Limits of the City, 24 February / 7 March 1853, ibid., no. 1481.

16. Sun, 19 January 1853.

17. Baltimore City Council, Proceedings of the First Branch, 17 April 1852 to 10 March 1856, pp. 89, 99, 102, 507, 537, 541, 544, 548, 551, 553, 576, 648, 669, 788, 798–799; Proceedings of the Second Branch, 20 March 1854 to 18 January 1858, pp. 17, 30, 44, 91, 121, 129–132, 255, 257, 275, 277; Sun, 23 June 1854.

18. Oscar Handlin, This Was America: True Accounts of People and Places, Manners and Customs, as Recorded by European Travelers to the Western Shore in the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Centuries (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1949), 217; Ted Steinberg, Down to Earth: Nature’s Role in American History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 160; Catherine McNeur, “The ‘Swinish Multitude’: Controversies over Hogs in Antebellum New York City,” Journal of Urban History 37 (September 2011): 639–660; Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 477, 786.

19. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 353–354.

20. See Jerome Mushkat, Fernando Wood: A Political Biography (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1990), 38–40.

21. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 637; Reports and Returns, 1845, BCA, RG 33, ser. 8, nos. 1341–1528; Balto Nation, 149. See also William J. Evitts, A Matter of Allegiances: Maryland from 1850 to 1861 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 58.

22. Communications from Register, 7 June 1853, 22 November 1853, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1., nos. 746A, 746B.

23. Minority Report of the Committee of Ways & Means upon the Disposition of a Portion of the Dividend Stock of the Balto & O RRoad, 4 April 1851, ibid., no. 567.

24. John Joseph Wallis, Richard E. Sylla, and Arthur Grinath III, “Sovereign Debt and Repudiation: The Emerging-Market Debt Crisis in the U.S. States, 1839–1843” (National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 10753, Cambridge, Mass., September 2004), 32.

25. Leonard P. Curry, The Corporate City: The American City as a Political Entity, 1800–1850 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1997), 43.

26. Quoted in Carter Goodrich, “The Revulsion against Internal Improvements,” Journal of Economic History 10 (November 1950): 153.

27. Bldg Balto, 105.

28. Resolution Relative to the Annual Report of B&O. R.R., 8 December 1854, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 944; Substitute Proposed for Resolution Relative to 28th Annual Report of the Balto. & O. RRoad, 19 December 1854, ibid. no. 947.

29. Substitute Proposed in the First Branch June 13th, ibid., no. 950; Ordinances and Resolutions of Mayor and City Council, 1854, p. 62.

30. John F. Stover, History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 1987), 93.

31. Ordinances and Resolutions of Mayor and City Council, 1854, pp. 83–88.

32. Message of the Mayor, 11 July 1853, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 798.

33. Report of the Joint Committee of Police & Jail on the Resolution of Inquiry as to Furnishing the Police with Revolvers, 23 April 1852, ibid., no. 859.

CHAPTER 17. KNOW-NOTHINGS

1. William J. Evitts, A Matter of Allegiances: Maryland from 1850 to 1861 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 66, 100; Jean H. Baker, Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 1–2; Continuity, 5.

2. Laurence Frederick Schmeckebier, History of the Know Nothing Party in Maryland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1899), 13–14.

3. Baltimore Sun, 26 April 1852.

4. Baker, Ambivalent Americans, 18; Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 72–73; Frank Towers, The Urban South and the Coming of the Civil War (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2004), 86.

5. See Towers, Urban South.

6. Balto Nation, 191; Towers, Urban South, 95.

7. Schmeckebier, Know Nothing Party, 47–52.

8. Kennedy to S. N. Spencer, 24 November 1855, John Pendleton Kennedy Papers, Peabody Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

9. Kennedy to Robert C. Winthrop, 21 February 1856, Kennedy Papers.

10. Baker, Ambivalent Americans, 19; Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 61–62.

11. Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 99; Baker, Ambivalent Americans, 3.

12. Baker, Ambivalent Americans, 47; Schmeckebier, Know Nothing Party.

13. Carleton Beals, Brass-Knuckle Crusade: The Great Know-Nothing Conspiracy, 1820–1860 (New York: Hastings House, 1960), 180–181; Continuity, 34.

14. Bernard C. Steiner, The Life of Henry Winter Davis (Baltimore: John Murphy, 1916), 44; Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 99.

15. Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 93; Richard R. Duncan, “The Era of the Civil War,” in Md. History, 326–327.

16. Mayor’s Communication, 2 December 1854, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 636; Message of the Mayor, 16 June 1854, ibid., no. 634; Ordinances and Resolutions of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 1854, pp. 57–58.

17. Preamble and Resolution in Relation to the Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail Road Company, 5 March 1855, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 649; Sun, 30 December 1854.

18. Resolution of Bond and Agreement, 14 November 1855, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 721; Balto Nation, 201.

19. Petition, n.d., 1855, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 278(A).

20. Ordinances and Resolutions of Mayor and City Council, 1855, pp. 2–9.

21. Water Board Resolution, 29 March 1855, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 89.

22. Report of Joint Committee on Police and Jail, 24/25 May 1855, ibid., no. 535.

23. An Ordinance for the Support and Encouragement of Volunteer Corps of the City of Baltimore, 3/5 April 1855, ibid., no. 791.

24. Police Bill, 27/28 February 1855, ibid., no. 795; Supplement to an Ordinance no. 28 of Revised Ordinances of 1850, ibid., no. 796.

25. Tracy Matthew Melton, Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore’s Plug Uglies, 1854–1860 (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2005), 57.

26. Ibid., 84–85; Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 97.

27. Sun, 6 October 1856.

28. Ibid., 9 October 1856.

29. Schmeckebier, Know Nothing Party, 37; Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 97–98; Sun, 9 October 1856.

30. Melton, Hanging Henry Gambrill, 147; Towers, Urban South, 119–120; Matthew Page Andrews, “History of Baltimore from 1850 to the Close of the Civil War,” in Balto Hist., 156–160.

31. Sun, 9 October 1856.

32. See Frank Towers, “Violence as a Tool of Party Dominance: Election Riots and the Baltimore Know-Nothings, 1854–1860,” MHM 93 (Spring 1998): 14.

33. Sun, 27 October 1856.

34. Schmeckebier, Know Nothing Party, 39.

35. Sun, 5 November 1856.

36. Ibid., 5, 6 November 1856; Melton, Hanging Henry Gambrill, 104–105.

37. Sun, 5, 6 November 1856.

38. Ibid., 7 November 1856; Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 98; Schmeckebier, Know Nothing Party, 39.

39. Sun, 11 November 1856.

40. Ibid., 20 November 1856.

41. Proceedings of the First Branch of the City Council, 5 December 1854, p. 261.

42. Ibid., 13 February 1855, pp. 410–411; Sun, 21 December 1854.

43. Proceedings of First Branch, 2 March 1855, p. 463.

44. Ordinances of Mayor and City Council, Passed during the Regular Session of 1857 and the Special Session of 1856, pp. 7–8.

45. Ibid., 12–14; An Ordinance to Establish a Police for the City of Baltimore, 10/22 December 1856, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 966; Ordinances of Mayor and City Council, 1856, p. 17; Sun, 11, 23 December 1856.

46. de Francis Folsom, Our Police: A History of the Baltimore Force from the First Watchman to the Latest Appointee (Baltimore: J. M. Beers, 1888), 28–29; Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 112–113; Baker, Ambivalent Americans, 133; Melton, Hanging Henry Gambrill, 125, 149–150.

47. Sun, 14 October 1857; Melton, Hanging Henry Gambrill, 151–152.

48. Schmeckebier, Know Nothing Party, 73; Sun, 2, 3 February 1859.

49. Schmeckebier, Know Nothing Party, 74.

50. Ibid., 76–77; Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 103.

51. Schmeckebier, Know Nothing Party, 83–84.

52. Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 103; Melton, Hanging Henry Gambrill, 160.

53. Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 103–104; Sun, 1 November 1857.

54. Sun, 5, 6 November 1857.

55. US Congress, House of Representatives, “Maryland Contested Election—Third Congressional District,” 35th Congress, 1st Session, Miscellaneous Documents, no. 68. p. 20.

56. Ibid.

57. Ibid., 33.

58. Ibid., 29, 32, 289–290.

59. James Q. Wilson, Varieties of Police Behavior (New York: Atheneum Books, 1971).

60. Amy S. Greenberg, Cause for Alarm: The Volunteer Fire Company in the Nineteenth-Century City (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998), 139–140; Sun, 19 January, 8 September 1858.

61. Sun, 22 May, 27 July, 31 August 1858; Clarence H. Forrest, Official History of the Fire Department of the History of Baltimore with Biographies and Portraits of Eminent Citizens of Baltimore (Baltimore: Clarence Forrest, 1898), 84–87.

62. Message from the Mayor, 16 November 1858, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 379; Ordinances of Mayor and City Council, Sessions of 1858 and 1859, pp. 8–13.

CHAPTER 18. AMERICAN PARTY RECKONING

1. Baltimore Sun, 22 September 1858; Laurence Frederick Schmeckebier, History of the Know Nothing Party in Maryland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1899), 97.

2. Henry Elliot Shepherd (ed.), History of Baltimore, Maryland, from Its Founding as a Town to the Current Year (Baltimore: S. B. Nelson, 1893), 108, 970–971.

3. Sun, 28 September 1858.

4. Ibid., 14 October 1858.

5. Ibid., 14, 15 October 1858; Schmeckebier, Know Nothing Party, 97–98.

6. Journal of the Proceedings of the First Branch of the City Council, at the Sessions of 1858 and 1859, pp. 6–8, 434.

7. Tracy Matthew Melton, Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore’s Plug Uglies, 1854–1860 (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2005), 4–6.

8. Sun, 8 November 1858; Melton, Hanging Henry Gambrill, 232.

9. Swann had appealed to the General Assembly for a constitutional convention that would consider reorganization of the criminal courts “investing the Mayor of this city with enlarged powers with offenses of a flagrant character against the public peace.” Baltimore’s Know-Nothings vigorously supported a referendum on a constitutional convention; the rest of Maryland’s electorate voted it down. Proceedings of First Branch, 1858, pp. 346–348; Schmeckebier, Know Nothing Party, 96.

10. Proceedings of First Branch, 1858, pp. 353–354.

11. Petition of Wm. G. Thomas & Others in Reference to Street Passenger Railway, 2 January 1859, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 300; Petition of Samuel J. Spicer and Others in Favor of Laying Down the Passenger Railway, 21 February 1859, ibid., no. 299; Sun, 18 January 1859.

12. Mayor’s Message, 22 March 1859, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 3, reprinted in Sun, 23 March 1859.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Sun, 23 March 1859.

16. Melton, Hanging Henry Gambrill, 314–315. It was rumored that Travers and his associates had actually received $100,000 from Brock.

17. Sun, 17 June 1859.

18. Melton, Hanging Henry Gambrill, 314.

19. Sun, 17 June 1859.

20. Ibid., 5, 22 November 1859.

21. William J. Evitts, A Matter of Allegiances: Maryland from 1850 to 1861 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 128–129.

22. Majority Report of the Committee on Corporations to the House of Delegates in Relation to the Baltimore City Passenger Railway, 28 February 1860, pp. 9, 120–121.

23. Ibid., 106.

24. Melton, Hanging Henry Gambrill, 289, 408–409.

25. Jacob W. Miller to Steptoe B. Taylor, 27 September 1859, BCA, RG 32, ser. 1, no. 59A.

26. Sun, 5, 6, 27 August 1857.

27. Ibid., 3 November 1858.

28. Ibid., 17 August 1859; Schmeckebier, Know Nothing Party, 99–100.

29. Sun, 20, 21 September 1859.

30. House of Delegates of the State of Maryland, Baltimore Contested Election, Papers in the Contested Election Case (Annapolis: B. H. Richardson, 1860), 24.

31. Ibid., 46–47.

32. Ibid., 36–37.

33. Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 132.

34. Session Laws, 1860, AM, 588, chap. 7, pp. 8–18.

35. Ibid., 588, chap. 9, pp. 21–22.

36. Evitts, Matter of Allegiances, 132; Frank Towers, The Urban South and the Coming of the Civil War (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2004), 156–157; Resolution in Relation to the Police Appointments, 21/23 February 1860, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1304.

37. Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 838–839.

38. Communication from the Mayor Nominating Commissioners of the New City Hall Building, 6 September 1860, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 588; Communication from His Honor the Mayor Inviting the Councils to Participate in the Dedication of Druid Hill Park, 28 September 1860, ibid., no. 547.

39. Schmeckebier, Know Nothing Party, 112–113; Sun, 11 October 1860

CHAPTER 19. BALTIMORE IN THE DIVIDED NATION

1. Eugene H. Rosenboom, “Baltimore as a National Nomination City,” MHM 67 (Fall 1972): 215–217.

2. Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 961, 971–978; Richard R. Duncan, “The Era of the Civil War,” in Md. Hist., 318.

3. Dorothy Dix Greeman, “The Democratic Convention of 1860: Prelude to Secession,” MHM 67 (Fall 1972): 232, 235; Charles W. Mitchell, “The Madness of Disunion: The Baltimore Conventions of 1860,” MHM 92 (Summer 1997): 192; Charles W. Mitchell, “Maryland’s Presidential Election of 1860,” MHM 109 (Fall 2014): 311–312.

4. Greeman, “Democratic Convention of 1860,” 245, 249, 252.

5. David Walter Curl, “The Baltimore Convention of the Constitutional Union Party,” MHM 67 (Fall 1972): 255–256; Baltimore Sun, 10 May 1860; Mitchell, “Madness of Disunion,” 193.

6. Sun, 10 May 1860; Murat Halstead, Caucuses of 1860: A History of the National Political Conventions (Columbus, Ohio: Follett Foster and Company, 1860), 109.

7. Halstead, Caucuses of 1860, 113; Curl, “Baltimore Convention,” 265.

8. Halstead, Caucuses of 1860, 109, 119.

9. Curl, “Baltimore Convention,” 272.

10. John Pendleton Kennedy, The Border States: Their Power and Duty in the Present Disordered Condition of the Country (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1861), 14–15, 37.

11. Ibid., 37–39.

12. Ibid., 6.

13. Ibid., 35, 27, 40–41.

14. See Frank Towers, “Violence as a Tool of Party Dominance: Election Riots and the Baltimore Know-Nothings, 1854–1860,” MHM 93 (Spring 1998): 5.

15. Curtis M. Jacobs, Speech of Col. Curtis M. Jacobs, on the Free Colored Population of Maryland, Delivered before the House of Delegates on the 17th of February, 1860 (Annapolis: Elihu S. Riley, 1860), 7, 10, 12.

16. Leroy Graham, Baltimore: The Nineteenth Century Black Capital (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1983), 155.

17. Sun, 13 November 1860.

18. Ibid., 16 November 1860.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid., 3 December 1860; George William Brown, Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War (Baltimore: N. Murray, 1887), 36.

21. Sun, 27 November 1860.

22. George L. P. Radcliffe, Governor Thomas H. Hicks of Maryland and the Civil War (Baltimore: Lord Baltimore Press, 1901), 22.

23. Quoted in Bernard C. Steiner, “Severn Teackle Wallis,” Sewanee Review 15 (January 1907): 66.

24. Sun, 9 January 1861.

25. Ibid., 8 January 1861.

26. Ibid., 27 February 1861.

27. David Stashower, The Peril of the Hour: The Secret Plot to Murder Lincoln before the Civil War (New York: Minotaur Books, 2013), 4.

28. Sun, 19 April 1861.

29. Matthew Page Andrews, “Passage of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment through Baltimore,” MHM 14 (March 1919): 66–67; Scott Sumpter Sheads and Daniel Carroll Toomey, Baltimore during the Civil War (Linthicum, Md.: Toomey Press, 1997), 15.

30. Tracy Matthew Melton, “The Lost Lives of George Konig Sr. & Jr., a Father-Son Tale of Old Fell’s Point,” MHM 101 (Fall 2006): 345–346.

31 Andrews, “Passage of Sixth Massachusetts,” 67–68, 175; Sheads and Toomey, Baltimore during Civil War, 15–16; Jonathan W. White, “Forty-seven Eyewitness Accounts of the Pratt Street Riot and Its Aftermath,” MHM 106 (Spring 2011): 77.

32. Brown, Baltimore and Nineteenth of April, 49–51; Wilbur Coyle, “Mayors of Baltimore: George P. Kane,” Municipal Journal 7. no. 9 (9 May 1919): 2–3. Coyle appends Kane’s report to his mayoral biography.

33. Frank Towers, The Urban South and the Coming of the Civil War (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2004), 159.

34. White, “Forty-seven Eyewitness Accounts,” 77.

35. Charles B. Clark, “Baltimore and the Attack on the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, April 19, 1861,” MHM 56 (March 1961): 39–71; George Radcliffe, Governor Thomas H. Hicks and the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1901), 54–55.

36. Brown, Baltimore and Nineteenth of April, 52; Radcliffe, Thomas H. Hicks, 56–57.

37. Quoted in Brown, Baltimore and Nineteenth of April, 62.

38. Ibid., 64; Frank Towers, “Secession in an Urban Context: Municipal Reform and the Coming of the Civil War in Baltimore,” in Jessica Elfenbein, John R. Breihan, and Thomas Hollowak (eds.), From Mobtown to Charm City: New Perspectives on Baltimore’s Past (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2002), 113.

39. Charles McHenry Howard, “Baltimore and the Crisis of 1861,” MHM 41 (December 1946): 259; Sun, 22 April 1861; Petition of F. W. Bald Praying to Be Reimbursed for Goods Taken by Violence, 3 July 1861, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 507; Petition of W. Harris, 24 May 1861, ibid., no. 511; Petition of Conrad Shumaker, 1 May 1861, ibid., no. 526; Petition of Pattison and Woolford, 18 July 1861, ibid., no. 528; Petition of O. H. Cromwell for Damages Sustained on the 21 and 22 of April 1861, ibid., no. 546; Clark, “Baltimore and Attack on Sixth Massachusetts,” 268–269.

40. Brown, Baltimore and Nineteenth of April, 66.

41. Lawrence M. Denton, A Southern Star for Maryland: Maryland and the Secession Crisis (Baltimore: Publishing Concepts, 1995), 77.

42. Charles Branch Clark, “Politics in Maryland during the Civil War,” MHM 36 (September 1941): 249, 260–261.

43. Towers, “Secession in Urban Context,” 93–96.

44. Continuity, 53–54; Barbara Jeanne Fields. Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth Century (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985), 97–98.

45. Sun, 25 April 1861.

46. Radcliffe, Thomas H. Hicks, 72–73; Denton, Southern Star, 94.

47. Radcliffe, Thomas H. Hicks, 86–87, 95.

48. Sheads and Toomey, Baltimore during Civil War, 29–30; Official Records, 1st ser., 1:29–32.

49. Sheads and Toomey, Baltimore during Civil War, 33; Official Records, 1st ser., 1, pt. 9, pp. 638–639.

50. Official Records, 1st ser., 2, pt. 9, pp. 639–641; Chronicles, 612.

51. Official Records, 2nd ser., 1:574–585, 586n.

52. Ibid., 1st ser., vol. 2, p. 138; Sun, 28 June 1861.

53. Quoted in Charles B. Clark, “Suppression and Control of Maryland: A Study of Federal-State Relations during Civil Conflict,” MHM 54 (September 1959): 248.

54. Official Records, 2nd ser., 1:667–675; Sheads and Toomey, Baltimore during the Civil War, 42–44; Duncan, “Era of Civil War,” 352.

55. Official Records, 1st ser., 2:156.

56. Brown, Baltimore and Nineteenth of April, 97–98.

57. Sun, 28 June, 2 July 1861.

58. Sun, 14 September 1861; Brown, Baltimore and Nineteenth of April, 104–105; Mayor, 22 January 1862, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 406.

59. Brown, Baltimore and Nineteenth of April, 106.

60. Mayor, 22 January 1862.

61. Sun, 28 June, 18 July 1861; Provost Marshal to Mayor and City Council, 5 February 1862, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 440.

62. Jacob Frey, Reminiscences of Baltimore (Baltimore: Maryland Book Concern, 1893), 127, 130; Duncan, “Era of Civil War,” 349.

CHAPTER 20. CITY AT WAR

1. Charles B. Clark, “Politics in Maryland during the Civil War,” MHM 36 (September 1941): 383, 387–388.

2. Gerald S. Henig, “Henry Winter Davis and the Speakership Contest of 1859–1860,” MHM 68 (Spring 1973): 2.

3. Ibid., 15–17; Bernard C. Steiner, Life of Henry Winter Davis (Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916), 144–145.

4. Baltimore Sun, 28 June 1853, 6, 25 May 1861. In Baltimore’s Third Congressional District, Unionist Cornelius Leary ran against William P. Preston, a states’ rights candidate. Leary won by a narrow margin. See Clark, “Politics in Maryland,” 383.

5. Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, 1st Session, pp. 196–200.

6. Clark, “Politics in Maryland,” 178–181.

7. Ibid., 184; Official Records, 2nd ser., 2:790; Charles B. Clark, “The Civil War,” in Morris L. Radoff (ed.), The Old Line State: A History of Maryland (Annapolis: Hall of Records Commission, 1971), 85, 91.

8. Sun, 9, 10 October 1861.

9. Continuity, 64–65, 70–71. Harry Newman suggests that a nervous Governor Hicks asked General Banks to instruct his troops to patrol polling places to protect Unionist voters. See Harry Wright Newman, Maryland and the Confederacy: An Objective Narrative of Maryland’s Participation in the War between the States (Annapolis: Harry Wright Newman, 1976), 60.

10. Sun, 29 July 1862.

11. Chronicles, 626–627. The Middle Department was a military district created by the War Department in 1862 to oversee US troops in the Middle Atlantic states, with headquarters in Baltimore.

12. Sun, 29 July 1862. Governor Bradford alluded to the second branch’s resistance in his oration in Monument Square. He assured the crowd that they would soon have a “municipal legislature both branches of which will be unquestionably loyal.”

13. Scott Sumpter Sheads and Daniel Carroll Toomey, Baltimore during the Civil War (Linthicum, Md.: Toomey Press, 1997), 129, 175–177, 187–200.

14. William Starr Myers, The Maryland Constitution of 1864, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 19, nos. 8–9 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1901), 11.

15. Ibid., 15.

16. Sun, 29 June, 1 July 1863; Matthew Page Andrews, “History of Baltimore from 1850 to the Close of the Civil War,” in Balto Hist., 1:194.

17. Myers, Maryland Constitution, 20–21.

18. Ibid., 18–23.

19. Ibid., 32.

20. Ibid., 14–15; Continuity, 85–86.

21. Myers, Maryland Constitution, 37–38.

22. Continuity, 104.

23. Barbara Jeanne Fields, Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985), 123–125.

24. Lt. Colonel Don Piatt, Chief of Staff, Middle Department, to Mayor Chapman, 21 July 1863, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 62; Charles L. Wagandt, “Redemption or Reaction? Maryland in the Post-Civil War Years,” in Richard O. Curry (ed.), Radicalism, Racism, and Party Realignment: The Border States during Reconstruction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969), 150.

25. Richard R. Duncan, “The Era of the Civil War,” in Md. Hist., 370.

26. A Biographical Sketch of Hon: A. Leo Knott, with a Relation of Some Political Transactions in Maryland, 1861–1867, Being the History of the Redemption of a State (Baltimore: S. B. Nelson, 1898), 12.

27. Myers, Maryland Constitution, 34–35, 39.

28. Ibid., 43–44.

29. Ibid., 47.

30. Ibid., 53–55.

31. Ibid., 56.

32. Ibid., 41.

33. AM, 666:14.

34. Myers, Maryland Constitution, 60–61.

35. “The Constitution of the State of Maryland, 1864,” AM, 666:24.

36. Ibid., 43; Myers, Maryland Constitution, 69–70.

37. Baltimore American, 4 November 1864; William Starr Myers, The Self-Reconstruction of Maryland, 1864–1867, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 27, nos. 1–2 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1909), 31.

38. Myers, Maryland Constitution, 88–89; Sun, 11 July 1865; A. Leo Knott, 46–47.

39. Myers, Maryland Constitution, 76.

40. Continuity, 84, 87, 98, 103, 152.

41. Ibid., 110.

42. Duncan, “Era of Civil War,” 382.

43. Sun, 7 November 1860, 9, 10 November 1864.

44. Myers, Self-Reconstruction, 23–24.

45. Ibid., 32, 38, 47.

CHAPTER 21. DEMOCRATIC RESURRECTION

1. Aloysius Leo Knott, A Biographical Sketch of Hon. A. Leo Knott, with a Relation of Some Political Transactions in Maryland, 1861–1867 (Baltimore: S. B. Nelson, 1898), 65–67; Baltimore Sun, 11 October 1860.

2. Richard R. Duncan, “The Era of the Civil War,” in Md. Hist., 387; Sun, 29 October 1866.

3. A. Leo Knott, 66–67.

4. Ibid., 49–50.

5. William Starr Myers, The Self-Reconstruction of Maryland, 1864–1867, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 27, nos. 1–2 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1909), 50–52.

6. Ibid., 70–71; A. Leo Knott, 75.

7. A. Leo Knott, 82.

8. Ibid., 70–71.

9. A. Leo Knott reported that 700 US infantry troops arrived at Fort McHenry just before the election. He speculated that they were present to intervene on behalf of the incumbent Republicans if any outbreak occurred on election day. It is just as reasonable to suppose that they were sent to ensure the fair election that Baltimore’s Democrats had been promised by General Canby—especially since the troops took no action when Democrats flocked to the polls. Ibid., 82.

10. Sun, 8 November 1866.

11. Ibid.

12. Continuity, 164, 179; Matthew Page Andrews, “History of Baltimore from 1850 to the Close of the Civil War,” in Balto Hist., 209; John B. Lambert, “Reconstruction to World War I,” in Morris L. Radoff (ed.), The Old Line State: A History of Maryland (Annapolis: Maryland Hall of Records Commission, 1971), 107.

13. A. Leo Knott, 106–107; Myers, Self-Reconstruction, 91–92.

14. Myers, Self-Reconstruction, 80–81; Sun, 4 January 1867.

15. Continuity, 17; Baltimore News, 9 August 1901.

16. Myers, Self-Reconstruction, 98, 99n.

17. Ibid., 99–101; Henry E. Shepard, The History of Baltimore from Its Founding to the Current Year, 1729 to 1895 (Baltimore: S. B Nelson, 1895), 567. Democrats in the General Assembly were also concerned that the statute calling for new elections in Baltimore would not withstand a legal challenge.

18. Myers, Self-Reconstruction, 103–109.

19. “Proceedings and Debates of the 1867 Constitutional Convention,” AM 74:156–157, 440.

20. See, for example, “Mayor’s Message,” in Ordinances of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, Sessions of 1864 and 1865, appendix, pp. 20–28; Communication Board of Finance Commissioners in Relation to Dividend Stock of Balto. & Ohio Rail Road Com., BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 374; Communication Sharretts B&O RR, 22 May 1865, ibid., no. 375; Letter from Thos. Cromer, Director in B&O RR, 19 May 1865, ibid., no. 376; Communication from the Mayor, ibid., no. 377.

21. See, for example, Petition of the Firemen of the City Fire Department for Increase in Pay, 11 January 1866, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 855; Petition of the Baltimore Lamplighters Praying Increase of Salary, n.d., January 1866, ibid., no. 938.

22. See, for example, Resolution Requesting the Directors in the B&O RR Co. to Enquire into Certain Difficulties &c., 2 January 1866, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1780; Resolution in Relation to the Strike of the Machinists on the B&O RR, 8/12 February 1866, ibid., no. 1781.

23. Resolution of Inquiry to the Directors on the Part of the City in the B&O RR, 15 March / 15 May 1865, ibid., no. 723.

24. Sun, 10 June 1858, 17 March 1862, 18 April 1865; Resolution for the [Sale of] the City’s Interest in the Northern Central Railway, 2 February / 16 June 1865, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 848.

25. Message from the Mayor Vetoing the Ordinance Granting Permission to the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad to Put Double Tracks on Boston Street, 26 April 1866, ibid., no. 269.

26. Sun, 22 January 1867.

27. See, for example, Petition of John [?] & 116 others, a Remonstrance against Renumbering the Houses, 13 December 1866, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 692; Remonstrance against Renumbering the Houses, Dinsmore & Kyle and 21 Firms and Business Men, 4 January 1867, ibid., [no number]; Petition in Favor of Renumbering the Houses on the Decimal Plan from Thomas Matthews & Sons and Others, 8 February 1867, ibid., no. 706; Petition of Otto Wilkins and 32 Others against Renumbering the Houses of the City, 11 February 1867, ibid., no. 722; Petition in Favor of Renumbering the Houses on the Decimal Plan from Henry Tyson and Others, 8 February 1867, ibid., no. 672; Petition in Favor of Renumbering the Houses on the Decimal Plan, 7 February 1867, ibid., no. 276.

28. Report of the Standing Committee on Police & Jail in Relation to Renumbering Houses in the City with an Ordinance, 11 February 1867, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1304; Minority Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Police & Jail in Relation to the Renumbering of Houses in the City, 8 February 1867, ibid., no. 63.

29. Sun, 19 October 1867.

30. The City Hall, Baltimore, History of Construction and Dedication (Baltimore: Mayor and City Council, 1876), 16–27; Communication from the Mayor in Regard to Water Rights on the Gunpowder River, 19 February 1866, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, [no number].

31. Sun, 19 October 1867.

32. Ibid., 13 January 1864, 8 September 1865, 19 January 1866; City Hall, 29–36.

33. City Hall, 38; Sun, 19 October 1867.

34. Sun, 19 October 1867.

35. Ibid., 8, 20 November 1867; City Hall, 53–55.

36. Sun, 16 June 1868.

37. Ibid., 23 July, 5 August 1868; City Hall, 56–57.

38. Sun, 8 September 1869.

39. Ibid., 16 September 1869; The Reply of the Building Committee of the New City Hall to the Report of the Joint Special Committee of the City Council, 15 September 1869, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 429.

40. Sun, 28 September 1869.

41. Ibid., 30 September, 1, 19 October 1869.

42. Veto Message of the Mayor Relative to the Appointment of a New Building Committee for the New City Hall, 11 October 1869, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 425.

43. Ibid.

44. Sun, 25, 29 October, 2, 4 November 1869.

45. Ibid., 10 April 1875.

CHAPTER 22. EX-SLAVES, EX-CONFEDERATES, AND THE NEW REGIME

1. Balto Nation, 191; Barbara Jeanne Fields, Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth Century (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985), 62.

2. Eleanor Bruchey, “The Industrialization of Maryland, 1860–1914,” in Md. Hist., 436–437; M. Rosewin Sweeney, “ ‘Sonny’ Mahon and Baltimore’s Irish Machine: Ethnic Politics in a Semi-Southern Setting” (MA thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1979), 3; William Lloyd Fox, “Social and Cultural Developments from the Civil War to 1920,” in Md. Hist., 503; Campbell J. Gibson and Emily Lennon, “Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-Born Population of the United States” (US Bureau of the Census, Population Division Working Paper no. 29, Washington, D.C., February 1999), table 22.

3. Richard Paul Fuke, Imperfect Equality: African Americans and the Confines of White Racial Attitudes in Post-Emancipation Maryland (New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), 117–124; Invitation from Friends’ Association in Aid of Freedmen, 2 February 1865, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 412.

4. Fields, Slavery and Freedom, 201–202.

5. Fuke, Imperfect Equality, 132–135.

6. Ibid., 135–136; Linda Shopes, “Fells Point: Community and Conflict in a Working-Class Neighborhood,” in Elizabeth Fee, Linda Shopes, and Linda Zeidman (eds.), The Baltimore Book: New Views of Local History (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 128–129; Bettye C. Thomas, “The Nineteenth Century Black Operated Shipyard, 1866–1884: Reflections upon Its Inception and Ownership,” Journal of Negro History 59 (January 1974): 1–12; Baltimore American, 27 January 1891.

7. Md. Negro, 13, 17, 63.

8. William George Paul, “The Shadow of Equality: The Negro in Baltimore, 1864–1911” (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, 1972), 3; “Judge Lynch’s Court: Mob Justice in Maryland during the Age of Jim Crow, 1860s–1930s,” Maryland State Archives, slavery.msa.maryland.gov/html/casestudies/judge_lynch.html.

9. W. A. Low, “The Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights in Maryland,” Journal of Negro History 37 (July 1952): 228–232.

10. W. A. Low, “The Freedmen’s Bureau and Education in Maryland,” MHM 47 (March 1952): 32.

11. Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Education on the Petition of the President & Managers of the Baltimore Association for the Moral & Educational Improvement of Colored People, 25/30 May 1865, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 605.

12. Ibid.; Low, “Freedmen’s Bureau,” 34–36; Fuke, Imperfect Equality, 89–90; Md. Negro, 64; Baltimore Sun, 24 November 1866.

13. Petition of the Baltimore Association for the Moral and Educational Improvement of Colored People of the Colored People Asking an Appropriation of $20,000 for Schools in Baltimore City, 22 January 1867, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 510.

14. Communication from School Commissioners in Regard to Schools for Colored Children, 20 October 1867, ibid., no. 1132.

15. Baltimore American, 10, 24 June 1868.

16. Sun, 31 October 1867.

17. Ibid., 25 January, 14 May 1866; Md. Negro, 15–16; Communication from City Counsellor to First Branch of City Council, 11 September 1865, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 403.

18. The provision for reducing representation in Congress was never enforced.

19. Continuity, 162.

20. Baltimore American, 20 May 1870; Sun, 20 May 1870.

21. Sun, 5 November 1870.

22. Ibid., 9 November 1870.

23. Ibid., 27 March 1879, quoted in Dennis P. Halpin, “For My Race against All Parties”: Building a Radical African American Activist Foundation in Baltimore, 1870s–1885 (Baltimore: Baltimore City Historical Society, 2014), 6.

24. Halpin, For My Race, 8; Bettye Collier-Thomas, “Harvey Johnson and the Mutual United Brotherhood of Liberty, 1885–1919,” in Kenneth L. Kusmer (ed.), Black Communities and Urban Development in America: From Reconstruction to the Great Migration, 1877–1917 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1991), 4:214–225; Larry S. Gibson, Young Thurgood: The Making of a Supreme Court Justice (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2012), 133.

25. Age quoted in Halpin, For My Race, 2–3, 14–16.

26. Pastor John H. Williams and Committee of the Board of Stewards of Chatsworth Methodist Church to Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace, 26 April 1865, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 24; Communication from the Mayor and Answer from Genl. Wallace in Relation to Rebel Sympathizers, 1 May 1865, ibid., no. 25; Communication from Col. Woolley in Relation to Mr. Bullock and Others, n.d., ibid., no. 28; Resolution in Relation to Certain Malcontents, 20 April 1865, ibid., no. 903.

27. Communication from the 11th and 12th Wards in Relation to Returned Rebels &c., 2 May 1865, ibid., no. 452.

28. J. Thomas, History of Baltimore City and County (Philadelphia: Lewis H. Everts, 1881), 397–398.

29. Based on election returns in the Sun, 12 October 1854.

30. Biographical Cyclopedia of Representative Men of Maryland and the District of Columbia (Baltimore: National Biographical Publishing Company, 1879), 159, 486 TM 27; Mary Anne Dunn, “The Life of Isaac Freeman Rasin: Democratic Leader of Baltimore from 1870 to 1907 (MA thesis, Catholic University of America, 1948), 3.

31. Maryland, 385; Carl Bode, Maryland: A Bicentennial History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), 136; Dunn, “Isaac Freeman Rasin,” 8; Sun, 6 November 1867.

32. Dunn, “Isaac Freeman Rasin,” 22; Sun, 9 March 1907.

33. Sun, 25 September 1867. In addition to its patronage resources, Rasin’s office gave him the opportunity to enhance his influence through his authority to issue a variety of state licenses, such as auction licenses. In 1871, he collected almost $300,000 in state license fees—about $5.5 million in current dollars. Ibid., 3 January 1871, 1 May 1873.

34. Dunn, “Isaac Freeman Rasin, 11.

35. Sun, 1, 8 October 1922.

36. Sweeney, “ ‘Sonny’ Mahon,” 7. It took some time for Mahon to abandon his street-fighting habits. In 1896, when he was a member of the city council’s second branch, he was arrested for stabbing another man in a dispute over a promissory note. The victim later refused to press charges, and Mahon was released. See Sun, 11, 17 November 1896,

37. Sun, 5, 6 June, 24 October 1871.

38. Ibid., 26 October 1871.

39. A Petition from the Residents and Property-Owners on Republican St. Asking That the Name of That Street Be Changed to Carrollton Avenue, 7 May 1874, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 709.

40. Sun, 24 November 1858.

41. Ibid., 9 January 1863.

42. Jones Falls, 18 September 1871, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 2048.

43. Comm. from the Mayor, 4 September 1871, ibid., no. 2083; Message of F. C. Latrobe, Mayor, to the First and Second Branches of the City Council of Baltimore (Baltimore: John Cox, 1876), 53.

44. Comm. from Mayor, 4 September 1871.

45. Ibid.; Sun, 17 June 1850, 22 January 1867, 27 January 1874; Joel A. Tarr, The Search for the Ultimate Sink: Urban Pollution in Historical Perspective (Akron, Ohio: University of Akron Press, 1996), 296.

46. Comm. from Mayor, 4 September 1871.

47. See Stephen Halliday, The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Capital (Thrupp, Stroud, U.K.: Sutton Publishing, 1999).

48. Tarr, Search for Ultimate Sink, 12, 134.

49. Communication fr Health Com, 21 May 1872, BCA, RG 16, ser. 2, no. 1020.

50. Ibid.

51. Communication from Chas. P. Kahler, Esq. Civil Engineer about Improvement of the Basin, 23 September 1872, ibid., no. 1021.

52. Sun, 22 January, 19 February 1867, 25 August 1869, 24 January 1871.

53. Report of the Joint Special Committee on the Basin with Resolution Annexed, 20/21 October 1872, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1271.

54. Report of the Joint Special Committee on the Introduction of the Waters of the Gunpowder River for a Speedy Additional Supply of Water for the City of Baltimore, 12/13 December 1872, ibid., no. 1269; Sun, 3 September 1872.

55. Resolution of Enquiry in Relation to the Temporary Water Supply, 25 September 1873, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1273; Resolution in Relation to the Permanent Supply of Water from the Gunpowder etc., n.d., ibid., no. 1274.

56. Resolution of Enquiry, 7 April 1874, ibid., no. 1584; Com. from the Mayor, 22 April 1874, ibid., no. 894.

57. Letter Bernard Carter, 4 May 1874, ibid., no. 1117.

58. Bldg Balto, 165; Sun, 22 November 1877.

59. City Council Committee Report, 27 July 1875, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1253.

60. Sun, 27 January, 16 March 1875; Resolution Requiring Milo W. Locke to Prepare a Model of His Plan for Improving the Condition of the Basin, 3 May 1875, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1451; Resolution to Cut off Sewers from the Basin, 9/22 January 1875, ibid., no. 1454.

61. Alan D. Anderson, The Origin and Resolution of an Urban Crisis: Baltimore 1890–1930 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 69. On the Jones Falls Improvement project, see Gerald Michael Macdonald, “Politics and Public Works: Baltimore before Progressivism” (PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1985), 154–174.

62. Charles C. Euchner, “The Politics of Urban Expansion: Baltimore and the Sewerage Question, 1859–1905,” MHM 86 (Fall 1991): 276.

63. Sun, 6 January 1875; Resolution Requesting the Health Commr. to Grant Permits to Night Men to Dump Night Soil, 26/31 May 1875, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1268.

64. Communication fr. R. Ritowsky Patentee of Non-Explosive Excavation, 27 January 1875, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 393; The Odorless Excavating Apparatus Co., The Odorless Excavating Apparatus for Emptying Vaults, Sinks, Cesspools, Sewers, Cellars, Wells, and Excavations in the Daytime without Offense (Baltimore: John Murphy, 1875), 7–14.

65. Sun, 26 January 1875; Com from Health Commr, 2 June 1875, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1162.

66. An Ordinance to Make Provision for an Intercepting Sewer to Divert Sewage from the Waters of the Harbor of Baltimore, 14 March 1877, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1 no. 1869.

67. Comm from Board of Health, 2 January 1873, ibid., no. 603.

68. Communication from City Solicitor, 24 May 1873, ibid., no. [6??]; Sun, 21 May 1873; Ordinances and Resolutions of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 1880, pp. 139–141.

CHAPTER 23. THE RING

1. Resolution to Place Gas Lamps in Ashland Square, 19/20 May 1873, BCA, RG 16, no. 1467; Resolution in Favor of the Wells and McComas Monument, ibid., no. 1468; Resolution in Favor of 12th of September, ibid., no. 1469.

2. Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Highways with an Ordinance to Provide for Condemning & Opening a Street 66 Feet Wide from Cross Street at Belt Street Southerly & Southeasterly to Connect with the North End of Jackson Street as Opened and Paved, n.d., 1880, ibid., no.1334.

3. John R. Lambert, Arthur Pue Gorman (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1953), 31–32, 34.

4. Md. Polit., 21, 36–37.

5. Lambert, Arthur Pue Gorman, 33–34.

6. Md. Polit., 22, 308.

7. Lambert, Arthur Pue Gorman, 36.

8. Ibid., 60–63.

9. James B. Crooks, “Maryland Progressivism,” in Md. Hist., 592–593; Maryland, 386; Suzanne Ellery Greene, Baltimore: An Illustrated History (Woodland Hills, Calif.: Windsor Publications, 1980), 170.

10. Baltimore Sun, 21, 22 February, 24 October, 8, 10 November 1872.

11. Ibid., 16 September 1869, 4 November 1912.

12. See, for example, Society Visiting List or “Blue Book” for the Season of 1897 (Baltimore: Guggenheimer, Weil and Company, 1896), 152.

13. Sun, 5 November 1873; Maryland, 388.

14. Sun, 16, 22 October 1875.

15. Ibid., 28 October 1875.

16. Md. Polit., 38, 42–43.

17. Lambert, Arthur Pue Gorman, 37–38; Paul Winchester, Men of Maryland since the Civil War: and Sketches of U.S. Senator Arthur Pue Gorman and Successors and Their Connections with Public Affairs (Baltimore: Maryland County Press Syndicate, 1923), 1:26.

18. S. Z. Ammen, “History of Baltimore, 1875–1895,” in Balto Hist., 1:243–244; Md. Negro, 42–43.

19. Md. Polit., 44–48; Sun, 22, 23 July 1875.

20. Sun, 3 November, 1 December 1875, 16 February 1876.

21. Mary Anne Dunn, “The Life of Isaac Freeman Rasin: Democratic Leader of Baltimore from 1870 to 1907” (MA thesis, Catholic University of America, 1948), 30.

22. Ammen, “History of Baltimore,” 247; AM, 199:357–360.

23. Philip S. Foner, The Great Labor Uprising of 1877 (New York: Monad Press, 1977), 34; Clifton K. Yearley, “The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Strike of 1877,” MHM 51 (September 1956): 192–193.

24. Foner, Great Labor Uprising, 34–35; Sun, 17 July 1877.

25. Foner, Great Labor Uprising, 38–39; Robert V. Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1959), 81–85.

26. Sylvia Gillett, “Camden Yards and the Strike of 1877,” in Elizabeth Fee, Linda Shopes, and Linda Zeidman (eds.), The Baltimore Book: New Views of Local History (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 1–14; Bldg Balto, 194–197.

27. Foner, Great Labor Uprising, 46–47; Bruce, 1877, 105–108; Edward Hungerford, The Story of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1928), 2:141–143; Gillett, “Camden Yards,” 7–9.

28. Foner, Great Labor Uprising, 48–49; Bruce, 1877, 112.

29. Md. Polit., 61–62; Ammen, “History of Baltimore,” 249.

30. Sun, 22 June 1877.

31. Ammen, “History of Baltimore,” 248; An Ordinance to Establish a Harbor Commission, 23 February / 14 March 1876, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 2173; Ordinances and Resolutions of the City Council, 1876, 22–23.

32. Md. Polit., 60.

33. Veto Message from His Honor the Mayor, 18 April 1878, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1279; Communication from the Mayor, n.d., ibid., no. 1290; Mayor to City Council, 31 January 1878, ibid., no. 1354.

34. Md. Polit., 79; Ammen, “History of Baltimore,” 252.

35. Md. Polit., 83.

36. Ibid., 98–99; Maryland, 398; Ammen, “History of Baltimore,” 258; Dunn, “Isaac Freeman Rasin,” 41–42, 44.

37. By 1883, Bonaparte was in contention for a Republican nomination to the state senate. He received unusually extensive coverage in the Baltimore Sun. See Sun, 25 September, 19 October 1883.

38. Ammen, “History of Baltimore,” 260–261.

39. Md. Polit., 125.

40. Sun, 14 December 1873, 9 March, 22 April 1877, 6 May 1902; The Early Eighties: Sidelights on the Baltimore of Forty Years Ago (Baltimore: Mercantile Trust & Deposit Company, 1924), 4.

41. “Obituary: Mr. J. Frank Morrison,” National Electric Light Bulletin 10 (July 1916): 545; Tracy Matthew Melton, “Power Networks: The Political and Professional Career of Baltimore Boss J. Frank Morrison,” MHM 99 (Winter 2004): 459–461, 466; J. F. Morrison to City Council, 14 January 1878, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, [no number].

42. Sun, 11 June 1884; Dunn, “Isaac Freeman Rasin,” 37.

43. Md. Polit., 125, 131; M. Rosewin Sweeney, “ ‘Sonny’ Mahon and Baltimore’s Irish Machine: Ethnic Politics in a Semi-Southern Setting” (MA thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1979), 8–9; Sun, 9 May 1885.

44. Peter H. Argersinger, “From Party Tickets to Secret Ballots: The Evolution of the Electoral Process in Maryland during the Gilded Age,” MHM 82 (Fall 1987): 226–227; Ammen, “History of Baltimore,” 269.

45. Winchester, Men of Maryland, 49.

46. Joseph L. Arnold, “Suburban Growth and Municipal Annexation in Baltimore, 1745–1918,” MHM 73 (June 1978): 114–117; Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Ways and Means, n.d., 1889, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 568.

47. Argersinger, “Party Tickets to Secret Ballots,” 226.

CHAPTER 24. FIN DE SIèCLE

1. [Untitled document], n.d., 1888, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 943; Bldg Balto, 203; Baltimore Sun, 19 November 1885.

2. Resolution Asking for the Appointment of a Committee to Investigate the Inroads of the Chinese in Balto., 28 January 1889, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 786.

3. US Census Bureau, Twelfth Census of the United States, Taken in the Year 1900 (Washington, D.C.: US Census Bureau, 1901), 567; US Census Bureau, “Population of the 100 Largest Cities in the United States: 1790 to 1990” (Population Division, Working Paper no. 27, Washington, D.C., June 1998), table 12.

4. Dieter Cunz, The Maryland Germans: A History (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1948), 320–321.

5. Isaac M. Fein, The Making of an American Jewish Community: The History of Baltimore Jewry from 1773 to 1920 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1971), 17.

6. Recommendation by German Am. Dem., 25 January 1888, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 138; James B. Crooks, Politics and Progress: The Rise of Urban Progressivism in Baltimore, 1895 to 1911 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 7. The Turnverein was a gymnastic society with a history of liberal or radical political activism in Germany. Its American offspring concentrated on athletics and socializing.

7. Bldg Balto, 181–183; Cunz, Maryland Germans, 330–331; Fein, American Jewish Community, 28–130.

8. See, for example, Contract of Baltimore General Dispensary, 21 October 1884, BCA, RG 32, no. 263; Baltimore Medical College Dispensary Contract, 9 May 1884, ibid., no. 264; Contract between Mayor and City Council of Baltimore and Eastern Dispensary, 19 June 1884, ibid., no. 265; College of Physicians and Surgeons for 1884, 21 October 1884, ibid., no. 266; Contract with the Home of the Friendless, 1 September 1884, ibid., no. 267.

9. George W. Howard, The Monumental City: Its Past History and Present Resources, (Baltimore: J. D. Ehlers & Co., 1873), 44.

10. Unnumbered document filed in BCA with RG 9, ser. 2, no. 1894.

11. The Ordinances and Resolutions of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, Passed at the Annual Session of 1877, Ordinance no. 14, pp. 11–12; Sun, 26 June 1886; Brush’s report quoted in ibid., 11 January 1893; ibid., 9 March 1898.

12. Charles Hirschfeld, Baltimore, 1870–1900: Studies in Social History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941), 36; Communication from the Mayor, 21 March 1887, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 414.

13. Hirschfeld, Baltimore, 34–35.

14. Quoted in ibid., 35–36.

15. Eleanor Bruchey, “The Industrialization of Maryland, 1860–1914,” in Md. Hist., 415–417, 420–421; Philip Kahn, Jr., A Stitch in Time: The Four Seasons of Baltimore’s Needle Trades (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1989), 33–34.

16. Bruchey, “Industrialization of Maryland,” 422–423.

17. James Crooks, “The Baltimore Fire and Baltimore Reform,” MHM 65 (1970): 11. See also Bruchey, “Industrialization of Maryland,” 406–407; Russell Baker, “The Biggest Baltimore Loser of All Time,” New York Times Magazine, 21 October 1973.

18. Bruchey, “Industrialization of Maryland,” 402–403; Hirschfeld, Baltimore, 45, 53; Bldg Balto, 239.

19. Bldg Balto, 241; Hirschfeld, Baltimore, 79–80.

20. The Mayor’s Message and Reports of the City Officers for the Year 1888 (Baltimore: John Cox, 1890), 8.

21. Maryland, 382–383; Edward Hungerford, The Story of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1827–1927 (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1928), 2:216–218.

22. Bruchey, “Industrialization of Maryland,” 445–446; Hirschfeld, Baltimore, 65–70; Bldg Balto, 206.

23. H. E. Shepherd (ed.), History of Baltimore, Maryland from Its Founding to the Current Year, 1729–1898 (Baltimore: S. B. Nelson, 1898), 238.

24. Communication from the Mayor, 26 October 1886, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 925.

25. In 1882, the General Assembly approved legislation that reduced the B&O’s interest payments. Earnings on the “sinking fund” held by the city register were to be applied to the railroad’s payment of interest. Communication from City Counsellor, 8 March 1888, ibid., no. 710.

26. Communication from President B&O RRoad, 27 February 1888, BCA, RG 9, ser. 2, no. 106.

27. Ibid.

28. Sun, 28 February 1888.

29. Ibid., 9, 12 March 1888; Communication from the City Counsellor, 8 March 1888; Report of the J. S. Com of Ways & Means upon an Ordinance Approved on 27th Day of December 1853 without Recommendation, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 734.

30. Sun, 1 January 1890.

31. Baltimore American, 3 January 1891.

32. Ibid., 17 March 1891; Testimony, Western Md RR Commission, n.d., 1893, BCA, RG 32, ser. 1, no. 151; Testimony of Mr. William Keyser before the Western Maryland Rail Road Commission, 18 January 1893, ibid., no. 157.

33. Report of the Commission to Investigate the Western Maryland Railroad Company, 15 May 1893, pp. 34–36; Sun, 2 May 1868.

CHAPTER 25. POLITICAL ECONOMY

1. Campbell J. Gibson and Emily Lennon, “Historical Statistics on the Foreign-Born Population of the United States: 1850–1990” (US Bureau of the Census, Population Division Working Paper no. 29, Washington, D.C., February 1999), table 22. In 1890, the average proportion of foreign-born population in the country’s 10 largest cities was 32.2 percent—more than twice that for Baltimore.

2. Baltimore Sun, 29 September 1903.

3. Martin Shefter, “The Emergence of the Political Machine: An Alternative View,” in Willis Hawley et al. (eds.), Theoretical Perspectives on Urban Politics (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976), 29–35; Steven P. Erie, Rainbow’s End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840–1985 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 38, 86–87.

4. Md. Polit., 165; S. Z. Ammen, “History of Baltimore,” in Balto Hist., 1:268, 273; Sun, 28 October 1889.

5. Peter H. Argersinger, “From Party Tickets to Secret Ballots: The Evolution of the Electoral Process in Maryland during the Gilded Age,” MHM 82 (Fall 1987): 230.

6. Md. Polit., 100.

7. Ibid., 187–188; Ammen, “History of Baltimore,” 282.

8. Md. Polit., 100–101; New York Times, 24 February 1894.

9. John R. Lambert, Arthur Pue Gorman (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1953), 199, 227–228; Md. Polit., 196.

10. Md. Polit., 193.

11. Ibid., 205; Ammen, “History of Baltimore,” 287–288; Sun, 6 November 1895.

12. Md. Polit., 210–212.

13. Ibid., 217.

14. Sun, 26 February 1896.

15. James B. Crooks, Politics and Progress: The Rise of Urban Progressivism in Baltimore, 1895–1911 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 87–88.

16. Sun, 18 June 1896.

17. John M. Powell, “History of Baltimore, 1870–1912,” in Balto Hist., 301; Sun, 6, 8 January 1897.

18. Powell, “History of Baltimore,” 295.

19. Sun, 11 August 1897.

20. Ibid., 28 May 1897, 6 September 1908, 2 May 1915, 23 April 1950.

21. Ibid., 23 April 1891, 18 January 1925, 25 April 1929, 5 March 1946.

22. Ibid., 24 August 1897.

23. Ibid., 24, 25 August, 3 September 1897.

24. Powell, “History of Baltimore,” 302–303; Md. Polit., 218; Crooks, Politics and Progress, 92.

25. Powell, “History of Baltimore,” 305–306; Balto Financ., 36.

26. Lambert, Arthur Pue Gorman, 265.

27. John J. Mahon, “ ‘Politics Is My Business and I Make It Pay’: Continuation of the Autobiography of a Baltimore Boss,” Sun, 15 October 1922.

28. Lambert, Arthur Pue Gorman, 292; Powell, “History of Baltimore,” 301.

29. M. Rosewin Sweeney, “ ‘Sonny’ Mahon and Baltimore’s Irish Machine: Ethnic Politics in a Semi-Southern Setting” (MA thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1979), 14–15.

30. Powell, “History of Baltimore,” 303.

31. Md. Polit., 243–244; Crooks, Politics and Progress, 98; Sweeney, “ ‘Sonny’ Mahon,” 19.

32. Md. Polit., 244–245; Powell, History of Baltimore, 315.

33. Md. Polit., 245; Baltimore American, 3 May 1899; New York Times, 3 May 1899.

34. Md. Negro, 105; Crooks, Politics and Progress, 54.

35. Md. Negro, 105; H. L. Mencken, Newspaper Days, 1899–1906 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996 [1941]).

36. Lambert, Arthur Pue Gorman, 289–290; William George Paul, “The Shadow of Equality: The Negro in Baltimore, 1864–1911” (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, 1972), 272.

37. Sun, 1 May 1901.

38. Md. Polit., 248, 290–291; Suzanne Ellery Greene, Baltimore: An Illustrated History (Woodland, Calif.: Windsor Publications, 1980), 174; An Ordinance to Provide for the Creation of an Examination Board for the Fire Department, 18 September 1899, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 948; Annual Message of Hon. Thomas G. Hayes, Mayor, to the City Council of Baltimore, September 17th, 1900 (Baltimore: William J. C. Dulany, 1900), 3–4, 64–65.

39. Mencken, Newspaper Days, 41–42. Mayor’s Message to the City Council for the Year 1900, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 856.

40. Letters Received by Commr of Health Bosley in Reference to a Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 2 December 1901, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 466.

41. Sun, 17 January, 11 February, 6 March 1902, 10 August 1908. A hospital for patients with infectious diseases would finally be built just east of the Bay View Asylum, years after Hayes left office

42. H. L. Mencken, Happy Days (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1996 [1936]), 70.

43. Charles C. Euchner, “The Politics of Urban Expansion: Baltimore and the Sewerage Question,” MHM 86 (Fall 1991): 270–271; Mencken, Happy Days, 70; Terry Teachout, The Skeptic: A Life of H. L. Mencken (New York: Harper Collins, 2002), 30.

44. Euchner, “Politics of Urban Expansion,” 282; Mencken, Newspaper Days, 45.

45. Sun, 12,15, 29 March 1901; Baltimore American, 22 March 1901.

46. Mayor’s Communication to Council Submitting a Proposed Ordinance for the Construction of a Sewerage System for Balto. City, 2 September 1902, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 730; Mayor’s Communication to Council Submitting City Solicitor Whyte’s Opinion as to the Construction of a Sewerage System in Balto City, 22 September 1902, ibid., no. 731.

47. Md. Polit., 248; Powell, “History of Baltimore,” 329; Baltimore American, 16, 19 April, 8 May 1901.

48. Sun, 30 March 1894, 4 January, 19 February 1895, 21 September 1897; Baltimore American, 7 June 1899. The General Assembly settled the question of sewage disposal. Its 1901 act authorizing the city to borrow up to $12 million for a sewer system required that the system would not, “under any circumstances, permit crude sewerage from the City of Baltimore to empty into the Chesapeake Bay or its tributaries.” See AM, 215:59.

49. Board of Public Improvements to City Council, 25 October 1902, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 729.

CHAPTER 26. FIRE, SMOKE, AND SEGREGATION

1. Baltimore Sun, 26 October 1903.

2. Md. Polit., 294–295; Maryland, 407.

3. Md. Polit., 300; Sun, 18 September 1910.

4. Md. Polit., 306–308.

5. John M. Powell, “History of Baltimore,” in Balto Hist., 343–348; Bldg Balto, 246–247; J. Albert Cassedy, The Firemen’s Record (Baltimore: Firemen’s Relief Association, 1921), 94.

6. Peter B. Peterson, The Great Baltimore Fire (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2004), 176–177; Powell, “History of Baltimore,” 351; Sun, 19 March 1904.

7. AM, 209:145–160, 620–629; Mayor McLane to Second Branch of City Council, 14 January 1904, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 769.

8. AM, 209:148.

9. James B. Crooks, “The Baltimore Fire and Baltimore Reform,” MHM 100 (Winter 2005): 442; Bldg Balto, 247–248; Hamilton Owens, Baltimore on the Chesapeake (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran and Co., 1941), 309; Report of the Burnt District Commission to His Honor the Mayor September 16, 1906 (Baltimore: William J. C. Delany, 1906), 38.

10. Christine Meisner Rosen, “Business, Democracy, and Progressive Reform in the Redevelopment of Baltimore after the Great Fire of 1904,” Business History Review 63 (Summer 1989): 298–299.

11. New York Times, 31 May 1904.

12. Md. Polit., 339–332; Powell, “History of Baltimore,” 377.

13. Mayor Veto of Ordinance Authorizing the Burnt District Commission to Straighten & Preserve a Building Line on Baltimore St., 18 June 1904, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 737.

14. Henry Hind to Mayor Timanus, 23 November and 6 December 1905; to C. J. Bonaparte, 24 November 1905; to Bernard Carter, 24 November 1905; to C. C. McGill, 24 November 1905; and to R. M. Venable, 24 November 1905, BCA, Timanus Administrative Files, folder 41.

15. Report of the Burnt District Commission, 28–29; Sun, 13 March 1905, 26 October 1907.

16. Sun, 25 November 1904; James B. Crooks, Politics and Progress: The Rise of Urban Progressivism in Baltimore, 1895 to 1911 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 145–146.

17. Mayor’s Appointees on the Commission to Encourage Manufacturing Plants to Locate Here, 5 June 1905, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 710.

18. A Resolution Declaring It to Be the Policy of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore for the City to Own and Control Any Railroad Tracks Which May Be Constructed in the New Dock District . . . , 27 November 1905, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 1065.

19. By some accounts, several deaths resulted from pneumonia contracted while fighting the fire. Sun, 7 February 2004.

20. Ibid., 1, 9 September 1906.

21. Grand Jury Report, May Term, 1908, Timanus Files, folder 278. The police-to-civilian ratios are calculated from data on p. 29 of this report.

22. Sun, 12 March 1907.

23. Md. Polit., 346.

24. Baltimore Afro-American, 16 March 1907.

25. Md. Negro, 115.

26. Ibid., 122–125; Md. Polit., 335–336; Crooks, Politics and Progress, 62–63; Matthew A. Crenson, “Roots: Baltimore’s Long March to the Era of Civil Rights,” in Richardson Dilworth (ed.), The City in American Political Development (New York: Routledge, 2009), 210–211; S. Z. Ammen, “History of Baltimore, 1870–1895,” in Balto Hist., 1:252; Sun, 8 November 1905.

27. Sun, 3 April 1911.

28. Ibid., 2, 24 March 1907.

29. Ibid., 4 May 1907.

30. Ibid., 22, 28 April 1903.

31. Ibid., 4 November 1909; Md. Negro, 130; Powell, “History of Baltimore,” 390.

32. Md. Negro, 131–132.

33. Afro-American, 30 October 1909.

34. Sun, 14, 26 September 1910.

35. Ibid., 10 October 1910.

36. Ibid., 27 September 1910.

37. Ibid., 25 October 1910.

38. Edgar Allan Poe to Mayor Mahool, 17 December 1910, BCA, Mahool Administrative Files, RG 9, ser. 14, folder 366(5).

39. Garrett Power, “Apartheid Baltimore Style: The Residential Segregation Ordinances of 1910–1913,” Maryland Law Journal 42 (1983): 303–305; Samuel West to Mayor Mahool, 6 April 1911, Mahool Files, folder 475.

40. Power, “Apartheid Baltimore Style,” 306, 313.

41. Buchanan v. Warley, 245 US 60 (1917).

42. Md. Negro, 136–137; Crooks, Politics and Progress, 147.

43. Janet E. Kemp, Housing Conditions in Baltimore: Report of a Special Committee of the Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor and the Charity Organization Society (New York: Arno Press, 1974 [1907]), 16.

44. Sun, 1 November 1910.

45. Afro-American Ledger, 1 October 1910; Gretchen Boger, “The Meaning of Neighborhood in the Modern City: Baltimore’s Residential Segregation Ordinances, 1911–1913,” Journal of Urban History 35 (January 2009): 244–245.

46. Antero Pietila, Not in My Neighborhood: How Bigotry Shaped a Great American City (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2010), 35–36.

47. Boger, “Meaning of Neighborhood,” 237–239. See also Carl H. Nightingale, “The Transnational Contexts of Early Twentieth-Century American Urban Segregation,” Journal of Social History 39 (Spring 2006): 676–679.

48. William Cabell Bruce, The Negro Problem (Baltimore: John Murphy, 1891), 13, 22–23.

49. Harvey Johnson, “The Question of Race: A Reply to W. Cabell Bruce, Esq.” [1891], African American Perspectives: Pamphlets from the Daniel W. Murray Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

50. Edgar Allan Poe to J. Barry Mahool, 17 December 1910, Mahool Files, folder 361.

CHAPTER 27. METROPOLITAN MORALITY

1. Baltimore Municipal Journal, 16 March 1917.

2. Antero Pietila, Not in My Neighborhood: How Bigotry Shaped a Great American City (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2010), 36, 52–53; Bldg Balto, 275–276.

3. AM, Biographical Series, SC 3520-1703; Baltimore Sun, 15 September 1892.

4. Sun, 31 March, 1 April 1911.

5. Ibid., 28 February, 1 March 1911.

6. Ibid., 28 March, 1 April 1911.

7. Ibid., 5 April, 11 November 1911.

8. Ibid., 17 February 1912; M. Rosewin Sweeney, “ ‘Sonny’ Mahon and Baltimore’s Irish Machine: Ethnic Politics in a Semi-Southern Setting” (MA thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1979), 31–32.

9. Sun, 12 March 1910, 4 March 1911.

10. Ibid., 13, 15, 18 March 1911.

11. Ibid., 11 July 1912, 30 April, 1 May 1913.

12. Maryland House of Delegates, Bill no. 770, 21 March 1912, BCA, Preston Administrative Files, folder 53(5); Baltimore News, 24 September 1913.

13. Preston to George A. Frick, 24 February 1912, Preston Files, folder 53(5).

14. Ibid.; Municipal Journal, 31 January 1913; Preston to A. S. Goldsborough, 22 September 1915, Preston Files, folder 24(3).

15. Sun, 15 August 1915.

16. William McCallister to Preston, 15 March 1913; George A. Frick to Preston, 18 April 1913; Report of the Committee of the Roland Park Civic League regarding the Proposed Borough Bill, n.d.; and Resolution Passed Unanimously at the Regular Meeting of the [Homestead Improvement] Association, 13 October 1913, Preston Files, folder 53.

17. James B. Crooks, “Maryland Progressivism,” in Md. Hist., 637.

18. Sun, 8 February 1912; City-Wide Congress, “Report of the Committee on the Relation of City and Suburbs,” 24 May 1913, Preston Files, folder 53A; DeCourcy Thom to Preston, 20 December 1911, 22 December 1911, and 4 April 1914, ibid., folder 53(7); Mayor James H. Preston, “Fair Play for Baltimore City,” n.d., ibid., folder 53(5). The mayor’s planned itinerary would take him from Oakland in Garrett County to Salisbury on the Eastern Shore, from October 18 to November 1, 1913; it appears under the title “Subject to Change of Date,” ibid., folder 53A.

19. Sun, 5, 8 October 1913.

20. Ibid., 9 February 1912.

21. Ibid., 7, 17 October, 23 November, 17 December 1913, 9 January 1914.

22. Ibid., 19 January, 6 April 1914.

23. Joseph L. Arnold, “Suburban Growth and Municipal Annexation in Baltimore, 1745–1918,” MHM 73 (June 1978): 120.

24. Peter H. Odegard, Pressure Politics: The Story of the Anti-Saloon League (New York: Columbia University Press, 1928), 110.

25. Anderson to Preston, 23 January 1912, Preston Files, folder 53.

26. Anderson to Preston, 26 February and 1 March 1912; Preston to Rev. Oscar Lee Owens, 4 March 1912; Preston to J. Harry Smith, 4 March 1912; and Preston to Rev. Gustav A. Briegler, 11 March 1912, ibid.; Sun, 26 February, 5 March 1912.

27. F. W. Paap to Mayor and City Council, 3 July 1913, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 768; E. and G. Scherer to Mayor and City Council, 25 September 1911, ibid., no. 165; George F. Schadel to Mayor and City Council, 24 June 1911, ibid., no. 166.

28. J. Frank Supplee to the First Branch of the City Council of Baltimore, 15 May 1914, ibid., no. 393; Resolution Adopted at a Union Meeting of the Churches of Hampden and Woodberry, 7 June 1914, ibid., no. 349; Luke W. White, President, Sunday Amateur Baseball Association, 1 June 1914, ibid., no. 398; J. Custis Handy to J. Harry Preston, 9 June 1914, Preston Files, folder 21J.

29. Department of Law to Dr. George Keller (Second Branch), 6 June 1914, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 385.

30. A. S. Goldsborough to Mayor Preston, n.d., Preston Files, folder 21J; Mayor Preston to A. S. Goldsborough, n.d., ibid.

31. Mayor to City Council, 11 June 1914, ibid.

32. Jayme Rae Hill, “From the Brothel to the Block: Politics and Prostitution in Baltimore during the Progressive Era” (MA thesis, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 2008), 42; Donald Hooker, “Pioneer Experiences,” Social Hygiene 5 (October 1919). The commission extended its investigation to Anne Arundel and Baltimore counties, Cumberland, and Frederick.

33. Society for the Suppression of Vice in Baltimore City, “The Abolition of Red-Light Districts in Baltimore,” 1916, p. 3, Enoch Pratt Free Library, Maryland Room, Baltimore; Lauren R. Silberman, Wicked Baltimore: Charm City Sin and Scandal (Charleston, S.C.: History Press, 2011), 107.

34. Hill, “From Brothel to Block,” 39.

35. Ibid., 42.

36. Pamela Susan Haag, “Commerce in Souls: Vice, Virtue, and Women’s Wage Work in Baltimore, 1900–1915,” MHM 86 (Fall 1991): 296.

37. Maryland Commission on Vice, Report (Annapolis: Maryland State Government), 1:2.

38. Sun, 28 February 1912; Society for Suppression of Vice, “Abolition of Red-Light Districts,” 9.

39. Commission on Vice, Report, 1:346, 350.

40. Sun, 5 December 1917.

41. Ibid.

CHAPTER 28. WORLD WAR AND MUNICIPAL CONQUEST

1. Secretary Baker to Mayor Preston, 10 August 1917, BCA, Preston Administrative Files, folder 59D(3); Preston to Baker, 13 August 1917, ibid.; Dr. Franklin Martin to Preston, 25 January 1918, ibid., folder 59E(3); “The Responsibility of Civil Communities for Venereal Diseases in the Army,” ibid.

2. Bldg Balto, 299.

3. Preston to William Howard Taft, 21 June 1915, Preston Files, folder 59(1); Preston to Rufus M. Gibbs et al., 26 November 1915, ibid., folder 59(2); Preston to S. S. Menken, 3 March 1917, ibid., folder 59A(4).

4. Preston to S. Davies Warfield, 3 April 1917, ibid., folder 59B(1); Baltimore Sun, 2 April 1917.

5. To the Citizens of Baltimore, n.d., Preston Files, folder 59B(1).

6. Dieter Cunz, The Maryland Germans: A History (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1948), 320–324, 395–401.

7. Preston to W. H. Maltbie, 7 June 1916, Preston Files, folder 60(1); Sun, 30 March 1914, 24 October 1915, 17 September 1916.

8. Sun, 7 May 1915.

9. Towson New Era, 12 June 1915.

10. Sun, 16 June, 24, 26 September 1915.

11. P. Nicole King, “Baltimore: Seeing the Connections of Research, Teaching, and Service Justice,” Journal of Urban History 40 (May 2014): 431.

12. Joseph L. Arnold, “Metropolitan Growth and Suburban Annexation,” MHM 73 (Summer 1978): 121.

13. Sun, 30 December 1915.

14. Ibid., 26 November 1915.

15. Anti-Annexation Association to Dr. B. H. Smith, 14 December 1915, Preston Files, folder 68(1); Anti-Annexation Association to Charles Hackett, January 1916, ibid.

16. City-Wide Congress, “Report of Committee on Enlarging the Boundaries of Baltimore City,” 20 May 1915, ibid.; A. S. Goldsborough to William J. Ogden, 20 May 1915, ibid., folder 68(2); Preston to A. R. L. Dohme, 21 May 1915, ibid.; A. H. Hecht to Preston, 29 May 1915, ibid.

17. Sun, 10 February 1916.

18. Ibid., 18 March 1916.

19. Ibid., 19, 23, 24 March 1916.

20. Ibid., 23 February, 4 March 1916.

21. Ibid., 24 March 1916; Preston to John J. Mahon, 23 March 1916, Preston Files, folder 91A(1).

22. Sun, 25, 26 March 1916.

23. Arnold, “Metropolitan Growth,” 121; Sun, 27, 31 March, 1 April 1916.

24. Sun, 1 April 1916.

25. Ibid., 2 April 1916.

26. Ibid., 1 April 1916.

27. Ibid., 5, 14, 30 April 1916.

28. W. W. Davis to Preston, 20 March 1917, Preston Files, folder 68C(3).

29. Eugene H. Beer to Preston, 27 August 1917, ibid., folder 68C(5).

30. Sun, 30 May 1916.

31. M. Rosewin Sweeney, “ ‘Sonny’ Mahon and Baltimore’s Irish Machine: Ethnic Politics in a Semi-Southern Setting” (MA thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1979), 22; Sun, 20 October 1912.

32. Sun, 5 January, 7 April 1915.

33. Ibid., 18 September 1915; Joseph L. Arnold, “The Last of the Good Old Days: Politics in Baltimore, 1920 to 1950,” MHM 71 (Fall 1976): 444.

34. Sun, 30 August 1917.

35. Ibid., 31 August 1917; Baltimore American, 24 August 1917.

36. Sun, 31 August 1917.

37. Preston to Van Lear Black, 18 September 1917, Preston Files, folder 68C(4). Black was board chairman of the A. S. Abell Company, publisher of the Baltimore Sun.

38. Sun, 21, 27 September, 2 October 1917.

39. Statement for State Central Committee for Baltimore City, [21 September 1917], Preston Files, folder 68C(5).

40. “Historical Attitudes of the Counties to Baltimore City and Reasons for a Change in This Attitude,” n.d., ibid.

41. Lana Stein, St. Louis Politics: The Triumph of Tradition (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 2002), 250; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 21 August 2013.

42. Horace Edgar Flack, “The Government of the City of Baltimore and Its Relationship to the State Government,” in Frederick P. Stieff (ed.), The Government of a Great American City (Baltimore: H. G. Roebuck, 1935), 21, 24–25.

43. Preston’s handwritten bill of indictment seems to have been a partial outline for an article that appeared in the Baltimore News, 1 October 1917, offering a critique of the state’s treatment of its largest city—whose residents were largely excluded from the state’s judgeships and patronage appointments, whose harbor was the state’s most valuable asset, and whose taxes covered the bulk of state expenditures.

44. Sun, 13 September, 7 November 1917.

45. Ibid., 2 February, 22, 30 March 1918.

46. Municipal Journal, 4 October 1918.

47. Sun, 8 March 1918.

CHAPTER 29. CIVIL SERVICE AND PROHIBITION

1. See “Baltimore’s Battle Plans” in chapter 28.

2. Baltimore Sun, 21 October, 2 November 1917.

3. Ibid., 26 October 1918.

4. Ibid.; Walter L. Clark, “City Service Commission,” in Frederick P. Stieff (ed.), The Government of a Great American City (Baltimore: H. G. Roebuck, 1935), 252–256.

5. Sun, 6 November 1918; Joseph L. Arnold, “The Last of the Good Old Days: Politics in Baltimore, 1920–1950,” MHM 71 (Fall 1976): 444; Mahon quoted in Sun, 22 October 1922.

6. Sun, 6 November 1918.

7. Preston to Thomas Hastings, 3 April 1919, BCA, Preston Administrative Files, folder 63E(1); Antero Pietila, Not in My Neighborhood: How Bigotry Shaped a Great American City (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2010), 50–52. For Preston’s justification of the St. Paul Street project, see James H. Preston, “Greater Baltimore—A City Beautiful and Useful,” Baltimore Municipal Journal, 22 November 1918.

8. Sun, 1 October 1918.

9. Ibid., 29 October 1911.

10. Ibid., 13 April, 1, 3 May 1919.

11. Ibid., 13 April 1919.

12. Baltimore American, 4 April 1919.

13. Sun, 1 May 1919.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid., 7 May 1919, 13 October 1953.

16. Ibid., 7 May 1919.

17. Ibid., 30 April 1919.

18. Baltimore Afro-American, 1 July 1911, 31 January 1918, 28 March 1919.

19. Sun, 22 April 1922.

20. Municipal Journal, 9 May 1919.

21. Sun, 21 May 1919.

22. Baltimore American, 16, 18, 29, 31 October 1920; Sun, 3 November 1920.

23. Sun, 3 November 1920.

24. Report of the Committee Appointed by the Mayor to Consider an Amendment to the City Charter with Reference to the Legislative Department of City Government, 12 April 1922, BCA, RG 16, ser. 1, no. 17.

25. Sun, 21 June 1921, 27, 29 June 1922.

26. Baltimore American, 5 March 1920.

27. Evan Andrew Rea, “The Prohibition Era in Baltimore” (MA thesis, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 2005), 52; Sun, 2 September 1925.

28. See “Prelude to Prohibition” in chapter 27; Thomas R. Pegram, “Temperance Politics and Regional Political Culture: The Anti-Saloon League in Maryland and the South, 1907–1915,” Journal of Southern History 63 (February 1997): 57–58, 83–84, 86.

29. Rea, “Prohibition Era in Baltimore,” 24; Sun, 18 March 1916.

30. Michael Thomas Walsh, “Wet and Dry in the ‘Land of Pleasant Living’: Baltimore, Maryland, and the Policy of National Prohibition, 1913–1933” (PhD diss., University of Maryland Baltimore County, 2012), 82–83.

31. Ibid., 93, 102.

32. Rea, “Prohibition Era in Baltimore,” 47.

33. George Liebman (ed.), Prohibition in Maryland: A Collection of Documents (Baltimore: Calvert Institute for Policy Research, 2011), 6. Ritchie’s statement was delivered as part of his second inaugural address in January 1924.

34. Walsh, “Wet and Dry,” 190.

35. Ibid., 83; Maryland, 468–469.

36. Walsh, “Wet and Dry,” 313–314; David E. Kyvig, Repealing National Prohibition, 2nd ed. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2000), 39–46.

37. Kyvig, Repealing National Prohibition, 46–49; Walsh, “Wet and Dry,” 316.

38. Sun, 6 December 1933.

39. Ibid., 16 August 1934, 14 July 1942.

40. Liebman, Prohibition in Maryland, 26–40.

41. William Cabell Bruce, The Negro Problem (Baltimore: John Murphy, 1891). See also “Living Apart” in chapter 26.

42. Walsh, “Wet and Dry,” 298.

43. Ibid., 302.

44. Ibid., 305–306.

CHAPTER 30. BOOM TO BUST

1. Edwin Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics: William Curran and the Baltimore City Democratic Party Organization, 1929–1946” (PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1949), 61; Dorothy M. Brown, “Baltimore between the Wars,” in Md. Hist., 675.

2. Baltimore Sun, 1 October 1909.

3. Ibid., 17 March 1923; Suzanne Ellery Greene, Baltimore: An Illustrated History (Woodland Hills, Calif.: Windsor Publications, 1980), 190.

4. Sun, 20 December 1910, 21 December 1911.

5. The commission’s membership included William Maltbie, who had once headed Baltimore’s independent Bureau of Economy and Efficiency.

6. Municipal Journal, 26 May 1924; Sun, 27 May, 29 June, 1 September 1923, 16 February, 24, 27 August, 18 September 1924.

7. Sun, 10, 12 July 1925.

8. Ibid., 14, 16 July 1925.

9. Articles of Consolidation, n.d., BCA, Preston Administrative Files, RG 9, ser. 17, folder A18-6.

10. Sun, 10 August 1924; Theodore Merselles to Howard Jackson, 15 August 1924, BCA, Jackson Administrative Files, RG 9, ser. 17, folder R10(2).

11. Industrial Bureau, Board of Trade, “Baltimore’s Industrial Progress in 1923, for Release,” Jan. 1, 1924, Jackson Files, folder A18-6.

12. Quoted in Brown, “Maryland between the Wars,” 697–698.

13. Eleanor Bruchey, “The Industrialization of Maryland, 1860–1914,” in Md. Hist., 421; Bldg Balto, 259–261.

14. Sun, 23 July 1925; Edward Bieretz to Mayor Jackson, 22 July 1925, Jackson Files, folder B30-219(1); Mayor Jackson to Edward Bieretz, 27 July 1925, ibid.

15. Mayor Jackson to Edward Bieretz, 11 August 1925, Jackson Files, folder B30-219(1); Special Committee on Strike in City Work, 10 August 1925, ibid; Sun, 27 August 1925.

16. Sun, 7 August 1925. See, for example, Bieretz’s early demand that the commission appoint an “impartial” stenographer to keep a word-for-word record of its proceedings. Proceedings of the Current Wage Arbitration Committee, Held in the Mayor’s Reception Room, Friday, October 9 [1925], Jackson Files, folder B30-219(4).

17. Executive Session of the Current Wage Arbitration Committee Held in the Mayor’s Office, Friday, January 14, 1927, Jackson Files, folder B30-219(4); Opinion by the City Solicitor to the Current Wage Arbitration Committee, 6 November 1925, ibid; Sun, 2 November 1926.

18. Sun, 20 January 1927.

19. Brown, “Maryland between the Wars,” 684–685; Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics,” 37–38.

20. Shannon Lee Parsley, “Presidential Politics and the Building of the Roosevelt Coalition in Baltimore City, 1924–1936” (MA thesis, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 2001), 84–86; Sun, 7 April, 1, 4 May 1927; Brown, “Maryland between the Wars,” 685.

21. Parsley, “Presidential Politics,” 23–27.

22. Marc V. Levine, “Standing Political Decisions and Critical Realignment: The Pattern of Maryland Politics, 1872–1948,” Journal of Politics 78 (May 1976): 306n, 312–314.

23. Ibid., 314.

24. Quoted in Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics,” 55. After 1923, the First Ward became part of the First District.

25. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 7.

26. Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics,” 81–82; Baltimore Observer, 22 January 1929.

27. Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics,” 14.

28. Sun, 18 May 1919, 7 March, 26 April 1924, 17 October, 24 December 1926.

29. Ibid., 8, 25 February, 2 October, 11 December 1928.

30. Ibid., 7 June 1929; Form Letter, 17 June 1929, BCA, Broening Administrative Files, RG 9, ser. 8, folder B1-208(1).

31. H. G. Crosby to Broening, 22 June 1929, Broening Files, folder B1-208(1); William L. Coff to Broening, 5 July 1929, ibid., folder B1-208(2); Gladys Carroll to Broening, 6 July 1929, ibid.; Helen K. Elphinstone to Broening, 27 June 1929, ibid.; Sun, 23 November 1928, 23 April 1929.

32. Sun, 26 June, 10, 18 July 1929; [Rev.] Luke Schmucker to Broening, 10 July 1929, Broening Files, folder B1-208(2).

33. James Clarke Murray to Broening, 16 July 1929, Broening Files, folder B1-208(2); Sun, 18 July 1929.

34. Sun, 7 August 1931.

35. Ibid., 17 December 1928.

36. Ibid., 26 January 1929.

37. Ibid., 10 May, 14 December 1929; Frederick Law Olmsted to Robert W. Williams, 2 Decem-ber 1929, Broening Files, folder D1-427(2).

38. Mrs. Arthur Bibbens (Federation of Republican Women) to Broening, 23 October 1929; James T. Klima (Young Men’s Bohemian Democratic Club) to Broening, 13 October 1929; and G. Frank Young (Old Town Merchants and Manufacturers Association), 31 May and 12 June 1929, Broening Files, folder D1-427(1).

39. Sun, 17 December 1929, 29 December 1935.

40. Ibid., 1 April 1939, 16 November 1941; Sen. John H. Bouse to Robert Garrett (Chair, Public Improvement Commission), 17 March 1928, Broening Files, folder R10-3(5); Park Heights Improvement Association to Broening, 14 September 1928, ibid., folder R10-3(4).

41. Baltimore Building Trades Alliance to Baltimore Federation of Labor, 13 November 1929; Henry F. Broening, President, Baltimore Federation of Labor, to Broening, 14 November 1929; Broening to Henry F. Broening, 22 November 1929; and Senator E. Milton Altfelt to Broening et al., 22 January 1931, Broening Files, folder D1-427(3).

CHAPTER 31. RELIEF, REPEAL, NEW DEAL

1. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and Government in the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 1–2; Dorothy M. Brown, “Baltimore between the Wars,” in Md. Hist., 697–698.

2. Argersinger, New Deal in Baltimore, 3; Brown, “Baltimore between the Wars,” 702.

3. Commissioner of Labor and Statistics, press release, 17 March 1930, BCA, Broening Administrative Files, folder N2-24(2); “What Baltimore Is Doing to Meet the Unemployment Crisis,” ibid.

4. Nathan L. Smith, Highways Engineer, Department of Public Works, to George J. Clautice, Executive Secretary, Baltimore Association of Commerce, 16 December 1930, ibid., folder N2-24(1); Brown, “Maryland between the Wars,” 731; Sun, 17 February 1931.

5. Citizens Emergency Relief Committee, 9 March 1931, Broening Files, folder N2-24(1); Broening to W. Frank Roberts, 16 March 1931, ibid.

6. W. Frank Roberts to Broening, 14 February 1931, ibid.

7. Argersinger, New Deal in Baltimore, 27; Broening to Chairman of House Judiciary Committee, 1 February 1930, Broening Files, folder G1-585; Ellen M. Holloway to Broening, 15 June 1929, ibid.; Sun, 4 March 1931.

8. Edwin Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics: William Curran and the Baltimore City Democratic Party Organization, 1929–1946” (PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1949), 86, 88.

9. Ibid., 90, 94.

10. Ibid., 89.

11. Argersinger, New Deal in Baltimore, 7, 27–28; Charles M. Kimberly, “The Depression in Maryland: The Failure of Voluntarism,” MHM 70 (Summer 1975): 198; Sun, 20, 22 July 1932; John R. Elly to Jackson, 22 July 1932; Commission on Governmental Efficiency and Economy, “Financial Status of the Municipal Corporation of Baltimore,” 30 December 1931; Gideon Numsen Stieff to Jackson, 20 July 1932; and Commission on Governmental Efficiency and Economy, “Report on the Financial Situation Facing the City of Baltimore during the Year 1932,” 24 March 1932, BCA, Jackson Administrative Files, RG 9, ser. 19, folder B1-38(3).

12. Argersinger, New Deal in Baltimore, 29. Many unemployed men drifted into Baltimore from rural Maryland, and elimination of relief funds in the city might induce them to drift back. Ibid., 119.

13. Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics,” 94–95.

14. Argersinger, New Deal in Baltimore, 30ff.; Sun, 21 June 1933.

15. Sharon Perlman Krefetz, Welfare Policy Making and City Politics (New York: Praeger, 1976), 156–157.

16. Sun, 22 March 1933; Michael Thomas Walsh, “Wet and Dry in the ‘Land of Pleasant Living’: Baltimore, Maryland, and the Policy of National Prohibition, 1913–1933” (PhD diss., University of Maryland Baltimore County, 2012), 370–371.

17. Brown, “Maryland between the Wars,” 744, 744n.

18. William W. Bremer, “ ‘Along the American Way’: The New Deal’s Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed,” Journal of Politics 62 (December 1975): 636–652.

19. Argersinger, New Deal in Baltimore, 46, 98–99.

20. Ibid., 46; Samuel G. Freedman, The Inheritance: How Three Families and the American Political Majority Moved from Left to Right (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 89–90.

21. Argersinger, New Deal in Baltimore, 186; Brown, “Maryland between the Wars,” 764–765; Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics,” 101.

22. Quoted in Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics,” 107.

23. Ibid., 109, 113.

24. Harry W. Kirwin, The Inevitable Success: Herbert R. O’Conor (Westminster, Md.: Newman Press, 1962), 202–203.

25. Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics,” 128–129; Sun, 5 February 1939.

26. Argersinger, New Deal in Baltimore, 201.

27. Bruce M. Stave, The New Deal and the Last Hurrah: Pittsburgh Machine Politics (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970), 9–10, 23; Roger Biles, Memphis in the Great Depression (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1986), 82–83; Lyle W. Dorsett, “Kansas City and the New Deal,” in John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and David Brody (eds.), The New Deal: The State and Local Levels (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1975), 2:408–409; Andrew J. Badger, “The New Deal and the Localities,” in Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones and Bruce Collins (eds.), The Growth of Federal Power in American History (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1983), 102–115.

28. Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics,” 115.

29. Frank Friedel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990), 244–245, 520–521.

30. A 1934 study sponsored by the Baltimore Urban League estimated that 400 black social clubs operated within the city’s black community, as well as more than 20 fraternal organizations and a variety of recreational and social welfare groups, such as the black YMCA. There were also numerous Democratic and Republican neighborhood clubs and women’s organizations, such as a black chapter of American University Women. The study found 71 black neighborhood clubs with a collective membership of over 5,000. Average Sunday attendance at the city’s black Protestant churches was 87,097, and there were four predominantly black Roman Catholic churches with a total membership of 9,000. See Andor D. Skotnes, “The Black Freedom Movement and the Workers Movement in Baltimore, 1930–1939” (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1991), 51–52, 78.

31. Verda Welcome, My Life and Times (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Henry House, 1991), 44, 192; Marion Orr, Black Social Capital: School Reform in Baltimore, 1986–1998 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1999), 49; Arthur M. Bragg, Josiah F. Henry, Jr., and Edward C. Ridgely to Jackson, n.d., Jackson Files, RG 9, ser. 20, folder A16.

32. Orr, Black Social Capital, 48.

33. Skotnes, “Black Freedom Movement,” 193, 197; Denton L. Watson, Lion in the Lobby: Clarence Mitchell, Jr.’s Struggle for the Passage of Civil Rights Laws (New York: William Morrow, 1990), 89.

34. Genna Rae McNeil, “Youth Initiative in the African American Struggle for Racial Justice and Constitutional Rights: The City-Wide Young People’s Forum of Baltimore, 1931–1941,” in John Hope Franklin and Genna Rae McNeil (eds.), African Americans and the Living Constitution (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995), 65–66; Skotnes, “Black Freedom Movement,” 221–224.

35. Larry Gibson, Young Thurgood: The Making of a Supreme Court Justice (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2012), 159–161.

36. Skotnes, “Black Freedom Movement,” 228.

37. Ibid., 229–230, 235; Gibson, Young Thurgood, 162–164.

38. Gibson, Young Thurgood, 165.

39. Ibid., 233.

40. Quoted in David Taft Terry, “ ‘Tramping for Justice’: Dismantling Jim Crow in Baltimore, 1942–1954” (PhD diss., Howard University, 2002), 73; Gibson, Young Thurgood, 254–256.

41. W. Edward Orser, “Neither Separate Nor Equal: Foreshadowing Brown in Baltimore County, 1935–1937,” MHM 92 (Spring 1997): 5–35. Orser (pp. 22–23) quotes from Thurgood Marshall, “Draft Statement of Baltimore County Case,” presented 10 September 1937, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

42. Terry, “Tramping for Justice,” 71; George H. Callcott, Maryland and America, 1940 to 1980 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 147; Juan Williams, Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary (New York: Times Books, 1998), 73, 76–77; Hayward Farrar, The Baltimore Afro-American, 1892–1950 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1998), 180–181.

43. Watson, Lion in the Lobby, 99.

CHAPTER 32. DEMOCRATIC HARMONY, REPUBLICAN VICTORY

1. Edwin Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics: William Curran and the Baltimore City Democratic Organization, 1929–1946” (PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1949), 138–139.

2. Baltimore Sun, 30 August 1940.

3. Roulhac Anderson to Jackson, 4 September 1940; Carl O. Long to Jackson, 31 August 1940; John M. Whitmore to Jackson, 30 August 1940; and Jackson to W. T. Saunders, 3 September 1940, BCA, Jackson Administrative Files, RG 9, ser. 20, folder G1-1630.

4. Sun, 31 October 1940.

5. Ibid., 6 November 1940.

6. Jackson to Roosevelt, 26 May, 7 July, and 19 October 1941, Jackson Files, folder G1-2634.

7. Sun, 28 May, 20, 21, 26 October 1941.

8. Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics,” 142–149; Sun, 11 January 1942.

9. Sun, 30 August, 5 September 1941.

10. Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics,” 147–148; Harry W. Kirwin, The Inevitable Success: A Biography of Herbert R. O’Conor (Westminster, Md.: Newman Press, 1962), 353–354.

11. Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics,” 153; Sun, 5 May 1943.

12. Sun, 1, 5 May 1943.

13. Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics,” 155–157.

14. George H. Callcott, Maryland and America, 1940 to 1980 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 133.

15. Sun, 8 January 1944.

16. Ibid., 6 June 1943.

17. McKeldin to Hamilton F. Atkinson, Police Commissioner, 26 June 1943, BCA, McKeldin Administrative Files, folder T20.

18. Sun, 2, 5, 10, 20 February, 12 March 1942.

19. Baltimore Afro-American, 14 February 1942.

20. Ibid., 2 May 1942; Kirwan, Inevitable Success, 298–299.

21. Sun, 25 September 1942; Afro-American, 2 October 1942; David Taft Terry, “Tramping for Justice: Dismantling Jim Crow in Baltimore, 1942–1954” (PhD diss., Howard University, 2002), 91–92.

22. Terry, “Tramping for Justice,” 102–103; Sun, 24 March 1943.

23. Terry, “Tramping for Justice,” 104–105.

24. Ibid., 121; Afro-American, 15 May 1943.

25. Kenneth Durr, “When Southern Politics Came North: The Roots of White Working-Class Conservatism in Baltimore, 1940–1964,” Labor History 37 (Summer 1996): 311–312; Kenneth D. Durr, Behind the Backlash: White Working-Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940–1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 64.

26. Sun, 24 March 1943.

27. Ibid., 3 April 1943; Baltimore Housing Authority, “Low Rent Housing Survey, 1941,” table IIA, McKeldin Files, RG 9, ser. 22, folder G1-38(2); Cleveland R. Bealmear, Chairman, Housing Authority of Baltimore City, “Post-War Housing Program for Baltimore, General Statement,” January 1944, ibid.

28. Sun, 3, 10 April 1943.

29. Ibid., 21, 23, 24 April 1943.

30. Ibid., 28 April, 10, 11 June 1943; Statement of Mayor McKeldin, 9 June 1943, McKeldin Files, folder G1-48(1).

31. Sun, 29 June, 6, 9 July 1943; Oliver C. Winston, Director, Region III, to Thomas J. S. Waxter, President, Citizens Planning and Housing Association, 2 July 1943, McKeldin Files, folder G1-48(3). A coalition of labor leaders and local clergy, both black and white, was prepared to send a delegation to the White House to overcome local indecision about the location of black housing. They had scheduled a meeting with Roosevelt aide Stephen Early. A meeting with the head of the PHA induced them to abandon their White House appointment. See Sun, 10 July 1943.

32. Sun, 13 July 1943.

33. Ibid., 14 July 1943; Afro-American, 24 July 1943. A more detailed presentation of McKeldin’s nonposition on housing for black workers appears in Statement of Mayor McKeldin, 9 June 1943, McKeldin Files, folder G1-48(1).

34. Sun, 21, 27 July, 6 August 1943; Mayor McKeldin to Members of the Baltimore City Council, 23 July 1943, McKeldin Files, folder G1-48(4). The legislation had been drafted by three attorneys representing groups opposed to use of the Herring Run site. One of them was William Curran.

35. Sun, 6 August 1943.

36. Herbert Emmerich to McKeldin, n.d., McKeldin Files, folder G1-48(5); McKeldin to Oliver C. Winston, Regional Director, Federal Public Housing Authority, 23 July 1943, ibid.

37. Emmerich to McKeldin, n.d.; McKeldin to Emmerich, 11 August 1943; and McKeldin to R. L. Cochran (Acting Commissioner), National Housing Authority, 16 August 1943, ibid.

38. Sun, 11, 17 August, 1 September 1943.

39. Ibid., 1 September 1943.

40. Ibid., 1, 5, 13 October 1943.

41. Ibid., 25 October 1943.

42. Thomas J. Sugrue, “All Politics Is Local: The Persistence of Localism in Twentieth-Century America,” in Meg Jacobs, William J. Novak, and Julian E. Zelizer (eds.), The Democratic Experiment: New Directions in American Political History (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003), 309.

43. Sun, 25 July 1943, 18 February 1945.

44. Ibid., 31 January, 9, 10 February 1945.

45. Ibid., 23 April, 11 June 1944; Simon Sobeloff, City Solicitor, to McKeldin, 17 January 1944, McKeldin Files, folder G1-38(3); McKeldin to Bancroft Hill, President, Baltimore Transit Company, 26 April 1944, ibid., folder G1-38(1).

46. Statement made by Gen. Schley, n.d., McKeldin Files, folder A4(1); Robert Bonnell, Chairman, Baltimore Aviation Commission, to McKeldin, 9 May 1946, ibid.; Baltimore City Aviation Commission, “Master Plan Report, Proposed City Airport, Friendship Church Site,” 21 June 1946, ibid., folder A4(3).

47. Sun, 3 April 1945.

48. Ibid.; Afro-American, 20 January 1945.

49. Sun, 20 April 1944.

50. Ibid., 11 February, 12 June 1946.

51. Callcott, Maryland and America, 134.

CHAPTER 33. D’ALESANDRO AND HIS DEMOCRATS

1. Edwin Rothman, “Factional Machine-Politics: William Curran and the Baltimore City Democratic Party Organization, 1929–1946” (PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1949), 159.

2. Baltimore Sun, 2 September 1946.

3. Ibid., 22 February, 5 March 1947.

4. Ibid., 14 March 1947.

5. Ibid., 2 April, 7 May 1947.

6. Kenneth D. Durr, Behind the Backlash: White Working-Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940–1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 20, 54–56.

7. Sun, 10 December 1947.

8. Ibid., 20 December 1947, 3, 4 January 1948.

9. Ibid., 10, 25 February, 30 May 1948, 2, 6 April 1949.

10. Ibid., 12 September 1947.

11. Ibid., 9 January 1948.

12. Ibid., 6 July, 22 August, 17 September 1947, 5 November 1948.

13. Ibid., 7 August 1948; ibid., 27 August 1947.

14. Ibid., 30 September 1948.

15. Ibid., 28 August, 27 November 1948; John Kronau et al. to D’Alesandro, 26 November 1948, BCA, D’Alesandro Administrative Files, folder 196(2). Trucking interests still felt sidelined. Baltimore’s Industrial Traffic Managers Association complained that it was denied the opportunity to testify before the port committee. It sought “improved approaches to the piers by both rail and roadways” and submitted a report to the Baltimore Association of Commerce emphasizing the need for improved trucking facilities. See Sun, 26 February 1949.

16. Sun, 26 September 1949; Bldg Balto, 353.

17. Sun, 13 March 1950.

18. Ibid., 27 August, 24 October 1950.

19. Ibid., 26 June 1950, 26 February 1952.

20. George H. Callcott, Maryland and America, 1940 to 1980 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 86.

21. Maryland, 558–559; Sun, 18 November 1947, 22 October 1949, 27 March 1950, 19 August 1951.

22. Sun, 5 February, 25, 27 March 1953.

23. Callcott, Maryland and America, 200.

24. W. Edward Orser, Blockbusting in Baltimore: The Edmondson Village Story (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994), 1; Matthew A. Crenson, “Roots: Baltimore’s Long March to the Era of Civil Rights,” in Richardson Dilworth (ed.), The City in American Political Development (New York: Routledge, 2009), 213.

25. Sun, 28 May, 12 June 1951.

26. Lillie Mae Jackson to D’Alesandro, 19 January 1948, D’Alessandro Files, folder 156; Lillie Mae Jackson to D’Alesandro, 24 July 1948, ibid., folder 97.

27. Robert Garrett to D’Alesandro, 27 January 1948, ibid., folder 97.

28. Ibid.

29. D’Alesandro to Garrett, 29 January 1948, ibid.

30. Sun, 10 July 1951; ibid., 5 June 1950.

31. Ibid., 24, 30 January, 23, 24, 26 February 1951.

32. Ibid., 25 March 1951.

33. Ibid., 28 March 1951.

34. Ibid., 5, 11, 15 April 1951.

35. Ibid., 10 May, 25 June 1951.

36. Department of Finance, Central Payroll Bureau, “Comparative Statement Re Negro Employment, 1946 vs. 1948,” 14 June 1948, D’Alesandro Files, folder 156.

37. Baltimore Afro-American, 24 November 1951; Sun, 14 August 1952. A further complication for Local 825 was its simultaneous dispute with the national Teamsters Union, which ordered the dismissal of the local’s officers and seizure of its assets because it had threatened to declare its independence from the Teamsters. See Sun, 16, 18 February 1952.

38. Sun, 3, 6 January 1953.

39. Durr, Behind the Backlash, 79; Board of Estimates Minutes, 31 December 1952, D’Alesandro Files.

40. Sun, 12 November 1952, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17 January 1953; Board of Estimates Minutes, 5, 6, 14 January 1953, D’Alesandro Files, folder 301.

41. Sun, 25 January 1951, 8, 23 January, 2 February 1952.

42. Howell C. Baum, Brown in Baltimore: School Desegregation and the Limits of Liberalism (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2010), 69–70; Elinor Pancoast and Others, Report of a Study on Desegregation in the Baltimore City Schools (Baltimore: Maryland Commission on Interracial Problems and the Baltimore Commission on Human Relations, 1956), 30; David Taft Terry, “Tramping for Justice: Dismantling Jim Crow in Baltimore” (PhD diss., Howard University, 2002), 336–340.

43. “Segregation,” Sun, 14 September 1954.

44. “Integration at Southern Stirs Unrest,” ibid., 2 October 1954; “19 Groups O.K. School Board Firmness on Desegregation,” ibid., 3 October 1954; “Unrest Is Laid to Agitators’ ‘Cruel’ Calls,” ibid., 4 October 1954; “Pickets Use NAAWP Technique,” Afro-American, 9 October 1954; “Judge Favors Mixed Schools,” ibid., 16 October 1954.

45. Pancoast et al., Study on Desegregation, 69; Baum, Brown in Baltimore, 84–86.

46. Robert L. Crain, The Politics of School Desegregation (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1968), 72.

47. Quoted in Durr, Behind the Backlash, 96.

48. Pancoast et al., Study on Desegregation, 39.

49. Ibid., 31. See also Crain, Politics of School Desegregation, 75, 82.

50. Callcott, Maryland and America, 151. D’Alesandro quoted in Terry, “Tramping for Justice,” 333.

51. Pancoast et al., Study on Desegregation, 28; Odell Smith, “Preparation for End of Segregation Is Praised,” Afro-American, 7 September 1954; Baum, Brown in Baltimore, 54–57, 68–69.

52. Callcott, Maryland and America, 152.

53. Durr, Behind the Backlash, 15–16.

54. C. Fraser Smith, Here Lies Jim Crow: Civil Rights in Maryland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 182.

55. Sun, 2, 14, 15, 29 June 1954.

56. W. Theodore Durr, “The Conscience of a City: A History of the Citizens’ Planning and Housing Association and Efforts to Improve Housing for the Poor in Baltimore, Maryland, 1937–1954” (PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1972), 377–378, 399, 401–402.

57. Ibid., 315.

58. Sun, 5 April 1953.

59. Clarence Miles, Chairman, Greater Baltimore Committee, to D’Alesandro, 27 January 1956, D’Alesandro Files, folder 43; Sun, 7 January 1955, 29 August 1956; Commission on Governmental Efficiency and Economy, “Civic Center Performance Spotlights Faulty Planning Practice,” August 1957, no. 514; “Proposed Loan for Civic Center and Civic Center Projects,” June 1958, no. 541; and Civic Center Authority to Board of Estimates, 7 February 1956, D’Alesandro Files, folder 43.

60. Urban Renewal Subcommittee, “Report to the Greater Baltimore Committee,” 15 November 1955, D’Alesandro Files, RG 9, ser. 23, folder 83(1).

61. Sun, 23 September 1956, 1 January 1957.

62. Ibid., 14 July, 23 August 1957.

63. Callcott, Maryland and America, 87; “New Heart for Baltimore,” Architectural Forum, June 1958, pp. 88–92; Baltimore Urban Renewal and Housing Agency, “Review of Charles Center Proposal: A Report to Mayor Thomas D’Alesandro, Jr.,” 30 July 1958, p. 6., D’Alesandro Files, folder 39.

64. Martin Millspaugh (ed.), Baltimore’s Charles Center: A Case Study of Downtown Renewal (New York: Urban Land Institute, 1964), 9.

65. Ibid., 14–15; Speech by Mayor Thomas D’Alesandro, Jr., at Meeting Sponsored by the Greater Baltimore Committee on the Report of the Urban Renewal Study Board on Monday, October 29, 1956, D’Alesandro Files, folder 339(4).

66. Speech by Mayor D’Alesandro.

67. “Charles Center–Inner Harbor Management, Inc., Fact Sheet,” Martin Millspaugh Archive, Johns Hopkins University, Milton S. Eisenhower Library, Special Collections, box 9, folder 13, “Baltimore’s Inner Harbor: A History of Ideas, 1969,” ibid., folder 14; David A. Wallace, “An Insider’s Story of the Inner Harbor,” Planning, September 1979, pp. 20–24

CHAPTER 34. I’M ALL RIGHT, JACK

1. Baltimore Sun, 8 May 1953, 3, 9, 19 November 1954.

2. Ibid., 29 June 1954.

3. Ibid., 10 August 1957; Schaefer, 42.

4. Sun, 1 October 1957.

5. Ibid., 30 October 1958.

6. Ibid., 5, 6 November 1958.

7. Ibid., 21 December 1958, 19 January, 27 February, 1, 5 March 1959.

8. Ibid., 3 April 1959.

9. Schaefer, 40–41.

10. Sun, 9 April 1959.

11. Ibid., 30 April, 1 May 1959.

12. Ibid., 1–4, 10 May 1959.

13. Ibid., 4 May, 3 July, 25 September 1960.

14. For release PMs of Tuesday, Feb. 16, 1960, BCA, RG 9, ser. 24, folder 60(2). “PMs” refers to evening newspapers.

15. Planning Council, Greater Baltimore Committee, “Housing Code Enforcement: A Report to Mayor J. Harold Grady,” February 1961, ibid., folder 97; Marjorie Teitelbaum, President, Baltimore League of Women Voters, to Mayor Grady, ibid., folder 246(1); Frances H. Morten, Executive Director, Citizen’s Planning and Housing Agency, to Mayor Grady, 19 May 1960, ibid.; Sun, 21 July 1961.

16. Sun, 6 May 1961.

17. Ibid., 27 June 1961.

18. Ibid., 7 December 1962.

19. Statement by Mayor Philip Goodman, 26 January 1963, BCA, RG 9, ser. 24, folder 115.

20. Sun, 19 August 1962.

21. Schaefer, 56; Sun, 13 March 1962.

22. Sun, 12 December 1962, 6 March 1963.

23. Ibid., 18 January, 11, 13 February, 6 March 1963.

24. Ibid., 14, 25, 28, 29 March, 5 April 1963.

25. Ibid., 8 April 1963; ibid., 21 March, 15 April 1963. In Baltimore, the Democratic Party’s straight-ticket voters are known as “muldoons.”

26. Ibid., 8, 9 May 1963.

27. Ibid., 18 November 1949, 12 June, 28 December 1953, 9, 24 February 1954, 2 February 1955, 16 October 1962.

28. David Barton, Chairman, City Planning Commission, to Mayor McKeldin, 16 December 1965, BCA, RG 9, ser. 25, folder 84(3); News release from the Office of Mayor Theodore R. McKeldin, 18 September 1966, ibid., folder 84(2).

29. Expressway Design Advisory Committee to McKeldin, 10 February 1965, BCA, McKeldin Administrative Files, folder 163; McKeldin to Walter Sondheim, 27 May 1964, ibid.

30. Sun, 23 July, 22 August 1963.

31. Ibid., 7, 27 September 1963.

32. Ibid., 5 October, 31 December 1963, 8 January 1964.

33. Ibid., 29 November 1964.

34. Statement by Mayor McKeldin, “Coordination of Baltimore’s Interstate Expressway Program,” 4 February 1965, McKeldin Files, folder 164(2).

35. George Fallon to McKeldin, 5 March 1965, ibid.

36. Thomas Ward to Abel Wolman et al., 1 February 1965, ibid.

37. Robert Levi and Albert Hutzler to McKeldin, 17 March 1967, ibid., folder 183(1); Report to the Honorable Theodore R. McKeldin, Mayor of Baltimore City, from the Special Mass Transit Committee of the Committee for Downtown and the Greater Baltimore Committee, ibid.

38. Statement of Mayor Theodore R. McKeldin, for immediate release, 25 May 1965, McKeldin Files, folder 164(1).

39. Eugene M. Feinblatt to McKeldin, 29 June 1965; Philip Darling to Joseph Allen, 5 August 1965; and R. L. Steiner to Joseph Allen, 6 August 1965, ibid.

40. Sun, 13 April 1965, 18 March 1983.

CHAPTER 35. SLOW-MOTION RACE RIOT

1. Baltimore Sun, 5, 18 June 1963.

2. Ibid., 11, 13, 20 June 1963; McKeldin to Rev. Marion Bascom, 14 June 1963, BCA, McKeldin Administrative Files, RG 9, ser. 25, folder 206(2).

3. Sun, 29 July, 11 August 1963.

4. Ibid., 12 October 1963.

5. Ibid., 22 October 1963, 22, 25 February 1964; Baltimore Afro-American, 26 October 1963; C. Fraser Smith, Here Lies Jim Crow: Civil Rights in Maryland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 231–232.

6. Sun, 21 January, 8 May, 25 November 1964, 14, 21 November 1965, 18 January, 6 February, 16 November 1966, 26 September 1967.

7. Shriver to McKeldin, September 6, 1965, McKeldin Files, folder 107(1).

8. Meeting on Comprehensive Plan for Attacking Poverty in the City of Baltimore—“Briefing Session,” 13 March 1964, McKeldin Files, folder 207; Peter Bachrach and Morton S. Baratz, Power and Poverty: Theory and Practice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 162–163; Health and Welfare Council of the Baltimore Area, Inc., “A Letter to Ourselves,” 21 July 1961, University of Baltimore, Langsdale Library, Special Collections, ’68 Collection.

9. Sun, 8 March, 11 August, 6 December 1964; George H. Callcott, Maryland and America, 1940 to 1980 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 204.

10. Sun, 12, 18 December 1964.

11. Ibid., 18 December 1962, 13 June 1963; Statement by Mayor Goodman, 26 January 1963, BCA, Grady-Goodman Administrative Files, RG 9, ser. 24, folder 115; Bachrach and Baratz, Power and Poverty, 82–83.

12. Sun, 30 June 1965.

13. Afro-American, 22 May 1965.

14. McKeldin to Rep. Carlton Sickles et al., 8 October 1965, McKeldin Files, folder 107(1); Frederick News, 10 February 1966.

15. James Griffin to McKeldin, 4 January 1965, McKeldin Files, folder 107(3).

16. Walter Carter and John Roemer, III, to McKeldin, 9 August 1965, ibid., folder 107(6); Statement of Mr. Morton Macht, 27 August 1965, ibid.

17. Statement of the Community Action Commission to the Board of Estimates, 19 October 1965, ibid., folder 107(2); Sun, 10 December 1965.

18. Sun, 9 December 1965.

19. Ibid., 30 November 1965.

20. Ibid., 8, 9 December 1965.

21. Ibid., 10 December 1965; Afro-American, 25 December 1965.

22. Sun, 22 December 1965, 8 March 1966.

23. Ibid., 17, 18, 22 January 1966.

24. Ibid., 15 April 1966.

25. Ibid., 27 April 1966.

26. Louis C. Goldberg, “CORE in Trouble: A Social History of the Organizational Dilemmas of the Congress of Racial Equality Target City Project in Baltimore (1965–1967)” (PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1970), 2, 20.

27. For example, Frank L. Williams, President, Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance, to McKeldin, 7 May 1966; Rev. Thomas M. Downing to McKeldin, 3 May 1966; Charles H. Butler to McKeldin, 19 April 1966; and Lillian L. Isbell to McKeldin, [n.d.] May 1966, McKeldin Files, folder 126.

28. McKeldin to Mrs. Lillian Isbell, 1 June 1966, ibid.

29. Sun, 17, 21 April 1966.

30. Ibid., 22 June 1966.

31. Goldberg, “CORE in Trouble,” 85.

32. “Discussion Guide for Meeting with Community Leaders,” McKeldin Files, folder 126; Statement of Mayor Theodore McKeldin, for release at 10:30 a.m., Friday, June 3, 1966, ibid.

33. Sun, 3, 5 June 1966.

34. Bachrach and Baratz, Power and Poverty, 71.

35. Goldberg, “CORE in Trouble,” 9–11, 22, 26, 31.

36. Ibid., 33–39.

37. Afro-American, 14 May 1966.

38. Goldberg, “CORE in Trouble,” 62–64; Sun, 3, 7 May 1966; Barbara Mills and Sampson Green (CORE Housing Committee) and H. Wharton Smith (Public Accommodations Committee) to McKeldin, 8 May 1966, McKeldin Files, folder 126.

39. McKeldin to Barbara Mills, 11 May 1966, ibid.

40. Sun, 20, 21, 25 May, 4 June 1966; Afro-American, 4 June 1966.

41. Goldberg, “CORE in Trouble,” 110–111, 114.

42. Ibid., 104–105, 123; Sun, 31 May 1966.

43. Goldberg, “CORE in Trouble,” 129, 133–134.

44. Sun, 2, 5 July 1966.

45. Statement by Mayor Theodore R. McKeldin, for Delivery, Annual Convention of the Congress of Racial Equality, July 1, 1966, [delivered on July 3], McKeldin Files, folder 126; Sun, 4 July 1966.

46. McKeldin to McKissick 28 September 1966, McKeldin Files, folder 126; McKissick to McKeldin, 4 October 1966, ibid.

47. Sun, 6 October 1966.

48. Ibid., 20 July 1966.

49. Ibid., 2 February, 10 April 1967.

50. Ibid., 7 February 1967.

51. Ibid., 16 February 1967.

52. Bachrach and Baratz, Power and Poverty, 84.

53. Sun, 29 June 1967.

CHAPTER 36. RACIAL BREAKDOWN

1. Baltimore Sun, 26 June 1967.

2. Ibid., 2, 22 July 1967; Baltimore Afro-American, 8 July 1967; Pollack’s press release in Sun, 23 July 1967.

3. Sun, 3 September 1967.

4. Ibid., 18 September 1967; ibid., 8 September 1967.

5. Ibid., 8 November, 6, 10 December 1967.

6. Afro-American, 9 December 1967.

7. Sun, 11, 14 January, 9 February, 5 March 1968.

8. Ibid., 10, 26 February, 30 March 1968.

9. See the opening discussion in chapter 7.

10. Raymond Mohl, “Stop the Road: Freeway Revolts in American Cities,” Journal of Urban History 30 (July 2004): 689.

11. “Analysis of Freeway Proposal” (statement by Herbert M. Brune, Jr. to Harbor Crossing–Freeway Committee, October 11, 1944; as supplemented by statement of October 13, 1944), University of Baltimore, Langsdale Library, Special Collections, Movement Against Destruction (MAD) Collection, ser. 7, http:/ubalt.libguides.com/mad; Mencken quoted in James Dilts, “A Brief History of Baltimore’s Transportation Planning,” typescript, n.d., 1977, ibid; Sun, 22 January 1945.

12. Andrew Giguere, “And Never the Twain Shall Meet” (MA thesis, Ohio University, 2008), 90–92.

13. Michael P. McCarthy, “Baltimore’s Highway Wars Revisited,” MHM 93 (Summer 1998): 140; Mohl, “Stop the Road,” 690.

14. Giguere, “Never the Twain,” 93, 99–100.

15. Ibid., 103; Sun, 31 January 1962.

16. Mohl, “Stop the Road,” 698. On disagreements among city leaders, see Giguere, “Never the Twain,” 101–109.

17. Dilts, “Brief History,” 3.

18. Mark Reutter, “Expressway Paper,” typescript, p. 27, n.d., MAD Collection, ser. 7, box A7; Giguere, “Never the Twain,” 145.

19. Mark H. Rose and Raymond A. Mohl, Interstate: Highway Politics and Policy since 1939 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2012), 125. Congress later extended this deadline.

20. Mohl, “Stop the Road,” 692.

21. Robert Gioielli, Environmental Activism and the Urban Crisis (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2014), 77.

22. James Bailey, “How S.O.M. Took on the Baltimore Road Gang,” Architectural Forum, March 1969, pp. 41–42; Giguere, “Never the Twain,” 147–148.

23. Sidney Wong, “Architects and Planners in the Middle of a Road War: The Urban Design Concept Team in Baltimore, 1966–71,” Journal of Planning History 12 (2012): 185.

24. Mohl, “Stop the Road,” 680–681.

25. Sun, 28 April, 1 August 1967.

26. Quoted in Giguere, “Never the Twain,” 149.

27. Gioielli, Environmental Activism, 77, 87.

28. Ibid., 81; Louise Campbell, “In Baltimore, New Options Are Opened and New Alliances Formed,” City 2 (September/October 1968): 30–34.

29. Quoted in Gioielli, Environmental Activism, 75; “Position Statement,” Relocation Action Movement, 16 January 1968, MAD Collection, ser. 7.

30. Quoted in Gioielli, Environmental Activism, 81; “Position Paper of the Harlem Park Neighborhood Council on the East-West Expressway,” n.d., MAD Collection, ser. 7, box A7.

31. Community Information Office, Urban Design Concept Associates, n.d., MAD Collection, ser. 7, box A7; Bailey, “S.O.M. Took on the Road Gang,” 43; Giguere, “Never the Twain,” 110.

32. Emily Lieb, “White Man’s Lane: Hollowing out the Highway Ghetto in Baltimore,” in Jessica Elfinbein, Thomas Hollowak, and Elizabeth Nix (eds.), Baltimore ’68: Riots and Rebirth in an American City (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2011), 63; Peter B. Levy, “The Dream Deferred: The Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968,” in Elfinbein et al., Baltimore ’68, 6–8.

33. Baltimore Evening Sun, 1 March 1968.

34. Sun, 11 February 1968.

35. “How Baltimore Fends off Riots,” Reader’s Digest, March 1968, pp.109–113.

36. Robert H. Osborne, “Report on Baltimore City Civil Disorder: Relief and Support Activities,” 15 June 1968, pp. 3–4, BCA, D’Alesandro Administrative Files, folder 479(2).

37. Ibid., 11–15.

38. Sun, 25 November 1967.

39. Ibid., 23 March 1968.

40. Police Department, City of Baltimore, “1968 Riots,” 13 April 1968, pp. 8, 12–13, 15, 18, Middle Atlantic Region, American Friends Service Committee, University of Baltimore, Langsdale Library, Special Collections, Baltimore ’68; Jane Motz, “Report of Civil Disorders in Baltimore, April, 1968,” n.d., ibid.

41. Police Department, “1968 Riots,” 23.

42. Ibid., 16–19; Motz, “Civil Disorders in Baltimore,” 8.

43. Motz, “Civil Disorders in Baltimore,” 6.

44. Sun, 10 April 1968; Police Department, “1968 Riots,” 44; Motz, “Civil Disorders in Baltimore,” 14–18.

45. Quoted in Schaefer, 59.

46. Sun, 19 April, 9 May, 8 June 1968.

47. Reuben Jacobson to Commissioner Pomerleau, 11 July 1968, D’Alesandro Files, folder 38(3); Thomas Ward to Mayor D’Alesandro, 9 April 1968, ibid.

48. A transcript of Agnew’s remarks appears in the Sun, 12 April 1968. As evidence that racial radicals had engineered the riot, Agnew cited reports that Stokely Carmichael had visited Baltimore shortly before the riot to confer with black militants. Carmichael did visit Baltimore for about four hours, but on April 3—the day before the assassination of Martin Luther King. The editor of the Afro-American, who had spent time with Carmichael on that day, denied that he had met any militants; he had spent the afternoon with a female friend.

49. Eleanor N. Lewis to Mayor D’Alesandro, 10 May 1968, D’Alesandro Files, folder 38(3); Sen. Verda Welcome to Mayor D’Alesandro, 19 April 1968, ibid.; NASW Letter to Maryland Public Officials and Statement for Press Release, n.d., ibid., folder 479(1).

50. Sun, 13 April 1968.

51. Kenneth D. Durr, Behind the Backlash: White Working-Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940–1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 144.

52. Sun, 6 December 1967, 23, 25, 30 June, 3, 7 July, 1, 6 October, 6, 8 December 1968.

53. Ibid., 4 August 1968; Giguere, “Never the Twain,” 164.

54. Sun, 23 August 1968; Reutter, “Expressway Paper,” 30.

55. Giguere, “Never the Twain,” 151–155. The Fort McHenry Tunnel proposed by the team was preceded by the Harbor Tunnel opened in 1957, connecting industrial Fairfield on the west with industrial Canton on the east. It served as the harbor crossing for Baltimore’s suburban Beltway and did little to relieve traffic congestion in the city. Critics had noted this shortcoming when the tunnel was still in the planning stage.

56. Sun, 25 September 1968; Reutter, “Expressway Paper,” 30–32; Bailey, “S.O.M. Took on the Road Gang,” 44.

57. Giguere, “Never the Twain,” 158; Wong, “Architects and Planners,” 188; Sun, 22 December 1968.

58. Giguere, “Never the Twain,” 157–158.

59. Ibid., 158; Reutter, “Expressway Paper,” 34.

60. Sun, 13 October 1968; Matthew Crenson, Survey of Organized Citizen Participation in Baltimore (Baltimore: Urban Observatory, 1970), 140–141; “Renewing Rosemont Condemnation Corridor,” June 1970, D’Alesandro Files, folder 654(1).

61. Sun, 29 December 1968, 29 March 1976; [Baltimore] Department of Housing and Community Development and Urban Design Concept Associates, “Proposed Actions for Renewing the Rosemont Condemnation Corridor,” June 1970, D’Alesandro Files, folder 654(1).

62. Jan D. Bishop to D’Alesandro, 5 March 1969; Florence R. Bahr to D’Alesandro, 7 April 1969; and Virginia S. Park to D’Alesandro, 7 April 1969, D’Alesandro Files, folder 655(2).

63. Matthew A. Crenson, Neighborhood Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), 244–245.

64. Sun, 23 May 1969.

65. Resident quoted in Crenson, Neighborhood Politics, 245; Sun, 22 February 1987; Neil Friedman, “City Hall,” Baltimore Magazine, November 1971, p. 18.

66. Sun, 26, 27 March 1969.

67. Ibid., 7 September, 8, 9, 24 October 1969, 25 March, 27 June 1970.

68. Ibid., 21 April 1971.

69. Afro-American, 9 March 1968; Schaefer, 63.

CHAPTER 37. BALTIMORE’S BEST

1. Schaefer, 43.

2. Ibid., 66–68; Baltimore Sun, 28 May 1967.

3. Sun, 15 May, 11 July 1971.

4. Baltimore Afro-American, 10 July 1971.

5. Sun, 23 June 1971.

6. G. James Fleming, Baltimore’s Failure to Elect a Black Mayor in 1971 (Washington, D.C.: Joint Center for Political Studies, March 1972), 1:1.

7. Ibid., 4, 6.

8. Quoted in ibid., 8–9; Sun, 14, 15 September 1971.

9. Sun, 14 September 1971.

10. Schaefer, 80; Fleming, Baltimore’s Failure, 5.

11. Sun, 6 October, 28 November 1971.

12. Mark K. Joseph to Robert Gilka and enclosure, 21 December 1972, BCA, William Donald Schaefer Mayoral Papers, box 33, Baltimore Industrial Development folder; Data on the Development of the Baltimore Industrial Development Corporation,” n.d., ibid.; Sun, 20 April 1980.

13. Sun, 26 March 1972; Schaefer, 79.

14. Mark K. Joseph to Robert Hillman, Michael Kelly, Quentin Lawson, James Smith, “Monthly Outlines,” 22 February 1972, Schaefer Papers, box 29, Cabinet Briefings folder.

15. Schaefer, 120.

16. Sun, 11 May 1911.

17. “Mayor’s Cabinet,” 14 March 1972, Schaefer Papers, box 29, Cabinet Briefings folder; “Functioning of the Mayor’s Cabinet,” n.d., ibid.; Sun, 15 March 1972. Creation of the cabinet was coupled with Schaefer’s takeover of the Expenditure Control Committee, formed under Mayor D’Alesandro III but run by the outspoken city comptroller, Hyman Pressman. Pressman would continue as a member of the committee, but the city auditor—one of the comptroller’s subordinates—would no longer serve on it. The mayor’s new development coordinator and labor commissioner were added to the panel. Unnamed city hall sources claimed that reorganization of the committee was “a direct result of the deteriorating relationship between Mr. Schaefer and Mr. Pressman.” Sun, 15 March 1972.

18. Special Tuesday Cabinet, 15 June 1976, Schaefer Papers, box 329.

19. Second Level Personnel Meeting, n.d., ibid., Maxi-Mini Cabinet folder; Second Level Personnel Agenda, 6 September 1973, ibid.; Richard Cole to Members of the Mayor’s Cabinet, Executive “Swap,” 10 September 1980, ibid., box 278, Cabinet Meetings folder.

20. First Meeting of the Mayor’s Executive Cabinet, 2 February 1975, ibid., box 500, Memos/Personal/City Depts, Dec, 1975 and 1976 folder. The Maxi-Mini Cabinet seems to have been reborn in 1981 as the “Junior Executive Cabinet.” See Submitted by the Mayor, “Jr. Executive Cabinet,” n.d., ibid., box 730, Junior Executive Cabinet folder.

21. Joseph M. Coale to William Donald Schaefer, “Special Cabinet Meeting Format,” 24 April 1976, ibid., box 500, Special Meeting Cabinet folder.

22. Sun, 3 February 1974.

23. Ibid., 18 May 1974.

24. Mayor Schaefer to As Listed, Mayor’s Cabinet, Schaefer Papers, box 415, (Dept.) Discussion Cabinet (M.O.) folder; General Interest Cabinet Minutes, 10 July 1984, ibid.

25. Douglas S. Tawney, “Report from the Mayor’s Cabinet Meeting,” 1 June 1976, Schaefer Papers, box 329, Mayor’s Cabinet and Special Cabinet folder.

26. Purchase of Service Proposal—Multi-Service Centers—and Addendum, 24 June 1974, ibid., box 29, Multi-Service Center folder.

27. Theodore J. Lowi, “Machine Politics—Old and New,” Public Interest, no. 9 (Fall 1967): 89. On dispersion of the urban multitude, see also Matthew A. Crenson, “Urban Bureaucracy in Urban Politics: Notes toward a Developmental Theory,” in J. David Greenstone (ed.), Public Values and Private Power in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 214–225.

28. Schaefer, 161.

29. Statement by Mayor William Donald Schaefer, Advertising Club of Baltimore, 25 October 1972, Schaefer Papers, box 52, Approachways to the City folder.

30. Sandy Hillman to All Media, “The 1974 Baltimore City Fair,” ibid., box 111, Baltimore City Fair folder.

31. WBAL-TV, Editorial #57, 6 October 1972; Natalie Levy to Mayor Schaefer, 2 October 1972; and M. J. Brodie to Mayor Schaefer, “Citizens’ Comments on Tape at City Fair,” 26 September 1974, ibid., box 111, City Fair, 1972 folder.

32. Mayor’s Statement to Department Heads, n.d., ibid., box 329, Maxi-Mini Cabinet inc. Mayor’s Talks, 1973–74 folder.

33. Sun, 22 January, 18 December 1976, 4 August 1977.

34. Mark Joseph to As Listed, 5 February 1973, Schaefer Papers, box 329, Mayor’s Cabinet, 12/72–12/73 folder.

35. Maxi-Mini Cabinet, 3 January 1974, ibid., Maxi-Mini Cabinet folder; Mayor’s Office, “Human Resources Unit Bulletin,” February–June 1977, ibid., box 255, Human Resources “Little Things Mean a Lot” folder.

36. Sun, 5, 30 May 1976, 18 April 1977.

37. Schaefer, 216.

CHAPTER 38. DRIVING THE CITY

1. Thomas P. Perkins III to Mayor Schaefer, 16 November 1971, BCA, William Donald Schaefer Mayoral Papers, box 117, East/West Expressway folder.

2. Baltimore Sun, 26 January 1972.

3. Douglas H. Haeuber, The Baltimore Expressway Controversy: A Study of the Political Decision-Making Process (Baltimore: Center for Metropolitan Planning and Research, Johns Hopkins University, 15 May 1974), 23–24; Charles L. Benton, “Report to the People: Highway Financing 1973–1978,” 25 January 1972, p. 10, Schaefer Papers, box 64, Expressway Hearings, 1/25 & 1/27 (releases) folder.

4. Benton, “Report to the People,” 9.

5. Citizens Planning and Housing Association, “Testimony of CPHA for the Baltimore City Council Regarding the Financing Plan for the Interstate System,” for release 21 June 1973, University of Baltimore, Langsdale Library, Special Collections, Movement Against Destruction (MAD), ser. 6, Citizen, Community, and Organizational Statements folder, www.ubalt.libguides.com/MAD. The CPHA estimated that indirect costs of the expressway would add about 14 cents to the city’s property tax rate.

6. Hugo O. Liem (Commissioner of Transit and Traffic) to Robert C. Embry, Jr., 11 March 1974, Schaefer Papers, box 117, East/West Expressway folder; Sun, 6 March 1974.

7. The Harbor Tunnel, completed in 1957, linked industrial Fairfield, west of the harbor, to industrial Canton, but ran some distance south and east of the city. It functioned primarily as a link in suburban Baltimore’s beltway. See also “On the Road Again “ in chapter 36.

8. Baltimore Evening Sun, 6 August 1971.

9. Sun, 5 April 1972, 11 February 1975; Haeuber, Baltimore Expressway Controversy, 59.

10. Sun, 11 February 1975.

11. Robert Gioielli, Environmental Activism and the Urban Crisis (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2014), 94–95.

12. Quoted in Matthew Crenson, Neighborhood Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), 243; Kenneth D. Durr, Behind the Backlash: White Working-Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940–1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 156.

13. Haeuber, Baltimore Expressway Controversy, 61–62; Gioielli, Environmental Activism, 101.

14. Sun, 15, 16 December 1972.

15. Ibid., 19 January 1973, 30 June, 1 October 1975, 5 March 1977.

16. Ibid., 7, 8 December 1979, 6 May 1980.

17. Statement by Mayor William Donald Schaefer, the Advertising Club of Baltimore, 25 October 1972, Schaefer Papers, box 52, Approachways to the City folder; Sun, 12 September 1976.

18. Howell C. Baum, Brown in Baltimore: School Desegregation and the Limits of Liberalism (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2010), 217.

19. Ibid., 75–79.

20. Sun, 22 November 1966, 13 June 1973; Adams v. Richardson, 480 F. 2nd 1159, 156 US App. DC 267 (1972).

21. Baum, Brown in Baltimore, 151–152.

22. Sun, 24 June 1971.

23. James Zeller to Charles Benton, 11 July 1974, Schaefer Papers, box 305, Desegregation Material folder; Patterson to Board of Estimates, 14 August 1974, ibid., box 280, Desegregation folder. Patterson later submitted a significantly smaller request to the board of estimates in which he estimated the costs of desegregation at about $1.6 million.

24. Sun, 16, 24 March 1974; Baum, Brown in Baltimore, 126–128.

25. Durr, Behind the Backlash, 167.

26. Sun, 24, 25 May 1974. Schaefer had treated an African American school board member in a similar fashion when he failed to inform her that she was being replaced.

27. Ibid., 9 June 1974; Concerns of Black Citizens of Baltimore City, n.d., Schaefer Papers, box 325, Black Relations folder.

28. Sun, 11 July 1974.

29. Ibid., 12 May, 1 June 1975.

30. Ibid., 19 February, 26 June 1975.

31. Ibid., 15 September 1975.

32. Motion for the Appointment of an Administrative Law Judge, 5 May 1975, Schaefer Papers, box 280, Desegregation folder.

33. Statement by Mayor William Donald Schaefer Announcing Baltimore City Suit against the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 8 January 1977, ibid., Desegregation, Office of Civil Rights; Complaint for Declaratory Relief and for Preliminary and Permanent Injunction, ibid.; Baum, Brown in Baltimore, 195–201.

34. Marion Orr, Black Social Capital: The Politics of School Reform in Baltimore, 1986–1998 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 57–58.

35. Schaefer, 137.

36. Donald Norris, “”If We Build It, They Will Come! Tourism-Based Economic Development in Baltimore,” in Dennis Judd (ed.), The Infrastructure of Play: Building the Tourist City (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), 128; Sun, 12 July 1976.

37. Eugene Feinblatt to M. J. Brodie, 26 September 1977, Schaefer Papers, box 33, Inner Harbor, General folder; Zanvyl Krieger to Schaefer, 30 March 1977, ibid.

38. Sun, 1, 8 November 1978.

39. Ibid., 11 July 1979.

40. Orr, Black Social Capital, 58; Hal Reidl, “Don Schaefer’s Town,” New Republic, 25 Novem-ber 1981, p. 27.

41. Daily Record (Maryland), 26 November 1976.

42. San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, 22 August 1976; New York Times, 8 August 1976; Wall Street Journal, 10 February 1978.

43. Fred Kline, “Baltimore: The Hidden City,” National Geographic, February 1975, pp. 188–213. Fitzgerald quoted (by Kline) from a letter to his friend and sometime secretary Laura Guthrie in 1935.

CHAPTER 39. TURNING POINT

1. Baltimore Sun, 25 November 1977, 15 July 1978, 28 May 1979.

2. Ibid., 17 December 1982.

3. Baltimore Afro-American, 7 October 1978; David O. Hash to Gloria DeBarry, 19 December 1984; Councilman Timothy D. Murphy to Bernard L. Berkowitz, 19 September 1984; and Berkowitz to Murphy, 2 October 1984, BCA, William Donald Schaefer Mayoral Papers, box 246, Beth. Steel Shipyard folder.

4. Berkowitz to Murphy, 2 October 1984; Sun, 22 September 1984.

5. Richard Swirnow to Mayor, 14 December 1984, Schaefer Papers, box 247, Beth. Steel Shipyard folder; Malcolm Berman to Mayor, 15 December 1984, ibid.; Sun, 5 February 1986, 14 October 1987.

6. Sun, 24 July, 20 August, 14 September 1983; Schaefer, 223.

7. “A Perspective: The Black Community’s Role in Baltimore City Politics (1960–1980),” fact sheet, Schaefer Papers, box 325, Black Relations folder.

8. COPE ’83, “Objective: to Elect Black City Wide Officials,” 31 July 1980, ibid.

9. Sun, 20 September 1982, 5 May 1983, 7 January 2005.

10. Ibid., 15 September 1983.

11. Afro-American, 19 October 1985.

12. Daily Record (Maryland), 26 November 1976.

13. Jon C. Teaford, The Rough Road to Renaissance: Urban Revitalization in America, 1940–1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 160.

14. Sun, 13 April 1980; Fred Durr, “The Corporate Branch of Baltimore City’s Government” (paper presented before the Baltimore City Council Policy and Planning Committee, 19 Octo-ber 1981), 35.

15. Sun, 14 April 1980.

16. Ibid., 20 April 1980; Durr, “Corporate Branch.”

17. Sun, 20 April 1980.

18. C. Fraser Smith, Sun, 13, 15 April 1980.

19. Ibid., 15, 16 April 1980.

20. Ibid., 15 April 1980.

21. Ibid., 18 April 1980; Sun, 21, 23 May 1982.

22. Smith, Sun, 13 April 1980.

23. Sun, 25 May 1982.

24. Ibid., 17 August 1982.

25. Burns became president of the city council when Walter Orlinsky was convicted of fraud and extortion for accepting money from companies seeking contracts to haul sludge from the city’s sewer system. Sun, 23 October 1982.

26. Ibid., 15 September 1984; Richard Ben Cramer, “Can the Best Mayor Win?” Esquire, Octo-ber 1984, p. 60.

27. Marc Levine, “Downtown Redevelopment as an Urban Growth Strategy: A Critical Appraisal of the Baltimore Renaissance,” Journal of Urban Affairs 9 (June 1987): 103–123.

28. Bernard L. Berkowitz, “Rejoinder to Downtown Development as a Growth Strategy,” Journal of Urban Affairs 9 (June 1987): 125–132.

29. Donald F. Norris, “If We Build It, They Will Come! Tourism-Based Economic Development in Baltimore,” in Dennis R. Judd (ed.), The Infrastructure of Play: Building the Tourist City (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), 140–142.

30. Peter L. Szanton, “Baltimore 2000” (report to the Morris Goldseker Foundation, 1986), 10, 12, 14–15.

31. Schaefer, 251, 262.

32. Sun, 8 February 1987.

33. Washington Post, 5 January, 22 June 1987.

34. Afro-American, 7 February 1987.

35. Sun, 25 November 1986, 8, 16 April, 5 July 1987.

36. Ibid., 3 June 1987.

37. Ibid., 4, 27, 29 March, 22 August 1987.

38. Ibid., 16 September 1987.

39. Ibid., 8 March 1987.

AFTERWORD: NOT YET HISTORY

1. New York Times, 10 May 2015.

2. Census Scope, “United States, Segregation: Dissimilarity Indices,” www.censuscope.org; John R. Logan and Brian Stults, “The Persistence of Segregation in the Metropolis: New Findings from the 2010 Census,” 24 March 2011, www.s4.brown.edu/us2010.

3. Alan Berube and Brad McDearman, “Good Fortune, Dire Poverty, and Inequality in Baltimore: An American Story,” The Avenue: Rethinking Urban America (blog), 11 May 2015, www.brookings.edu/blogs/the-avenue/posts/2015/05/11-poverty-inequality-baltimore-berube-mcdearman; David Rusk, Baltimore Unbound: A Strategy for Regional Renewal (Baltimore: Abell Foundation, 1995)

4. Berube and McDearman, “Good Fortune, Dire Poverty”; Washington Post, 8 May 2015. In the economists’ study, Baltimore was treated as a county because it is an independent municipality, not part of any county.

5. Washington Post Wonkblog, 7 May 2015.

6. Baltimore Sun, 23 March, 9 December 1987.

7. Marion Orr, Black Social Capital: School Reform in Baltimore, 1986–1998 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1999), 123–125, 133.

8. Sun, 3 July 1988.

9. Ibid., 12, 16 December 1987, 8, 18 August, 14 September, 14 December 1988.

10. Ibid., 10, 15, 16 March, 30 May 1989, 1 August 1991.

11. Orr, Black Social Capital, 178–179.

12. Sun, 24 December 1990.

13. David Simon, “Crisis in BLUE,” Sun, 6–9 February 1994.

14. Baltimore Afro-American, 1 December 1999.

15. Detroit News, 13 February 2000.

16. Afro-American, 10 June 1995; Sun, 30 March 1995.

17. Marion Orr, “The Struggle for Black Empowerment in Baltimore,” in Rufus P. Browning, Dale Rogers Marshall, and David H. Tabb (eds.), Racial Politics in American Cities, 3rd ed. (New York: Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, 2003), 268–269.

18. Ibid., 269–270; Sun, 3 September 1999.

19. Orr, “Struggle for Black Empowerment,” 269; Sun, 11 February 1997, 30 March 1998, 17 September, 21 December 1999.

20. See, for example, Bernard E. Harcourt, Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001); Tanya Erzen, “Turnstile Jumpers and Broken Windows: Policing Disorder in New York City,” in Andrea McArle and Tanya Erzen (eds.), Zero Tolerance: Quality of Life and the New Police Brutality in New York City (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 19–49.

21. Orlando Patterson, “The Real Problem with America’s Inner Cities,” New York Times, 9 May 2015.

22. Ta-Nehisi Coates, Between the World and Me (New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2015).

23. Sun, 5 June 2015.

24. Ibid., 11 March 2016.