(Page references are to the pagination of the French editions from 1922 onwards, indicated in the margins of the present translation.)
abduction 58ff.; distinguished from adduction in spelling, 59, 69
abstract entities 161ff.
adduction 58ff., 67ff.; distinguished from abduction in spelling, 59, 69
adsonant 65
agglutination 200, 208ff., 213
alliteration 41
phonetic 38
alternation 4, 285ff., 190, 197
analogy 188, 190ff., 208ff., 224, 273
aphasia 12
arbitrariness 78ff., 84, 86–7, 133, 138; absolute and relative, 153ff., 190, 196; and linguistic change, 155–6, 179, 190
articulation: linguistic 12, 132; suspended, 59; vocal, 9, 66ff., 76fn.
association: faculty of 15; between signal and signification, 76
associative relations 144ff., 149ff., 159, 161ff., 195
assonance 41
auditory impressions 44ff.
Aufrecht 3
axes of simultaneity and succession 93
Benfey 3
Berthelot 29
Bopp, F. 2–3, 29, 95, 218, 256
borrowings 24, 41, 184, 266; sound b., 245
Braune, W. 5
Broca 12
Brugmann, K. 5
chemistry 126
children’s language 10, 16, 177, 199
climate and linguistic change 175, 235
common origin of languages 228
comparative grammar: see comparative philology and linguistics (comparative)
comparative philology 2ff., 256
comparison in linguistics 4ff., 228ff., 236, 259ff.
concepts 13ff., 76ff., 122, 133ff.; defined negatively, 137 concrete entities, 121ff., 129–30, 133
construction 210
co-ordination, faculty of 15
Curtius, G. 3
d’Arbois de Jubainville 265fn.
Darmesteter 36
delimitation of linguistic units 123ff.
dentals 50ff.
derivation 210
Deschamps, G. 29
diachrony 95ff. (see also linguistics (diachronic)); diachronic identities, 212ff.; diachronic laws, 105ff.; diachronic realities 212ff
diachronic units 212ff.
‘dialects 24, 104, 229, 231ff.
dialect borrowings 184; dialect features, 239
Diez, F. 5
differentiation, linguistic 234ff.; principle of, 135ff.
diphthong 68ff.
diversity of languages 227ff.
duality of linguistic phenomena 9ff.
duration 67
epochs 120
ethnology 23
etymology 32, 35, 111, 223–4, 265ff.; popular, 147fn., 205ff., 208
exclamations 80
expiration 48ff.
explanation 224
Feist, S. 265fn.
forms 122
fricatives 51ff.
Gauthiot 106fn.
Gilliéron 239
glottis 46ff.
grades 4
grammar 1, 10, 156, 157ff., 187ff., 194, 197; abstract entities in, 161ff.; changes in, 178; facts of, 142; general, 119; historical, 157, 169, 170fn.; traditional, 95–6
grammarians 40, 42, 95, 129, 148, 197, 217–18; task of, 161
gutturals 50ff.
habit 243
hiatus 66
Hirt, H. 266
history 23, 92, 126, 177; of linguistics, 1ff., 94ff.
homonymy 147ff.
idiom 227ff.
idiomatic expressions 146
idiosynchronic systems 119
intercourse 243ff.
invariability of linguistic signs 82ff.
Jones, W. 2
koinè 233
labials 50ff.
labio-dentals 51
Lactantius 201
language (langage): articulated 12; as unknowable, 22; faculty of, 11ff.; individual and social aspects of, 10; in its totality, 89; naturalness of, 11ff.
language acquisition 84, 176–7
language boundaries 241ff.
language families 7, 228ff., 270ff.
language, the (langue): artificial – s 88; and civilisation, 23; and climate, 175, 235; and geography, 24; and mentality, 268ff.; and nation, 23, 247; and other institutions, 24, 82ff., 85, 88, 126; and politics, 23; and race, 175, 227, 263ff., 273; as a closed system, 114; as a form, 143; as a semiological system, 18ff., 76ff., 126; as a social product, 14ff., 82ff.; as a system of differences, 141; as a system of values, 92ff., 131ff., 135; as intermediary between thought and sound, 132; compared to air in contact with water, 132; compared to a dictionary, 21; compared to a patched dress, 203; compared to a plant, 24; compared to a river, 167; compared to a sheet of paper, 132; compared to a symphony, 20; compared to a tapestry, 38; compared to chess, 25, 102–3, 110, 126, 130; compared to the solar system, 98; complexity of, 85; definition of, 11ff.; distinguished from speech, 21, 145–6; interdependence with speech, 21; internal and external elements, 23ff.; literary, 24–5, 28, 167–8, 232ff.; mechanism of, 149ff.; not a nomenclature, 75; summary of characteristics, 16–17; languages: Albanian, 231; Anglo-Saxon, 97, 246, 258, 267; Arabic, 272; Armenian, 271; Bantu, 114, 228; Basque, 231, 254; Breton, 231, 233; Bulgarian, 231; Celtic, 231, 242; Chinese, 30, 156, 196, 229, 272; Cypriot, 45; Czech, 100, 138, 219; Danish, 206; Dutch, 230, 241; English, 32–3, 37–9, 56, 59, 65, 97, 113, 135–6, 154, 156, 162–3, 172, 230–1, 246, 271; Esperanto, 88, 196; Etruscan, 231, 265; Finnish, 175, 228, 231; Finno-Ugrian, 228; Flemish, 233; Frankish, 244; French, 29, 31–5, 41, 50–1, 54–5, 62, 70, 78–80, 87, 96–7, 99–100, 105, 107, 110–11, 114, 123, 127, 129, 135–7, 139–41, 154, 156, 158, 162–3, 168–9, 174–6, 180–6, 189, 191, 193–4, 197–8, 203–6, 208, 210fn., 214, 217, 220–4, 231–4, 238, 241–2, 246, 255, 258; German, 32, 69–71, 97, 105, 112–13, 136, 139, 154, 156, 158, 168–73, 175–6, 179, 182, 185–9, 191–3, 197–8, 201, 205–6, 221–3, 231, 233, 241, 244, 246, 248, 258, 261, 267, 269, 272; Germanic, 2–3, 5, 95, 137, 168–9, 172–3, 176, 179, 182, 185, 233, 242, 244, 246, 248, 254, 258, 263–4, 267–8; Gothic, 42, 172–3, 182, 258, 267; Greek, 1–4, 18, 30, 40, 62, 67, 105–6, 108, 112, 114, 138, 158, 168–70, 172, 174, 176, 186, 191–2, 202, 208–9, 213, 217–20, 222, 227–9, 231, 233, 242, 254–7, 259–61, 267; Hebrew, 137, 221, 272–3; Indo-European, 3–4, 95, 222, 228–9, 242, 247–9, 256–7, 265, 267, 270–1; Iranian, 242; Irish, 229, 271; Italian, 172, 175–8, 184, 232, 241–2; Italic, 242, 256, 260; Javanese, 114; Lappish, 175, 228; Latin, 2–3, 5, 9, 28, 32, 42, 70, 75, 77, 80, 87, 96, 99, 106, 111, 127, 141, 148, 151, 156, 158, 161–2, 171–6, 178–86, 190, 192, 195, 197, 201, 206, 209–11, 213–15, 217, 222–4, 228, 231, 234, 236–8, 246, 253–5, 257–62, 265–8; Lettish, 231; Lithuanian, 28, 231, 257; Mordvin, 228; Numidian, 231; Old English, 97, 248; Old French, 42, 107, 114, 182, 184, 186, 191, 205–6, 224, 269; Old High German, 28, 33, 41, 57, 71, 97, 168, 188, 192, 206, 258; Old Norse, 206, 258, 267; Old Saxon, 267; Old Slavonic, 25, 254, 257–8; Oscan, 231, 267; Persian, 257–8; Phoenician, 231; Polish, 158, 231; Portuguese, 241; Proto-Germanic, 5, 28, 137, 172; Proto-Indo-European, 3–4, 28, 40, 50, 58, 62, 66, 69, 100, 105–6, 108, 156, 172–3, 176, 179, 182–3, 186, 197, 200–3, 208, 210, 213, 247, 254–7, 259–62, 267, 269, 272; Provençal, 176, 178, 234, 241; Punic, 231; Romance, 5, 95, 178, 197, 233, 253, 258; Rumanian, 231, 246; Russian, 140, 158, 175, 222, 228, 231; Sanskrit, 2–4, 40, 62, 136, 156, 197, 229, 254–7, 261–2, 267; Scandinavian, 51, 175; Semitic, 45, 228, 268, 272–3; Serbian, 175, 231; Slavic, 137, 176, 222, 231, 242, 256, 258, 271; Spanish, 176, 230–1; Suomi, 228; Swedish, 231; Tartar, 232; Turkish, 231; Ural-Altaic, 228, 271; Walloon, 233; Zend, 25, 229
language typology: lexicological vs. grammatical languages 156, 196
larynx 46ff.
laterals 53
laws: diachronic 105ff.; of alternation 286ff.; of consonantal mutation, 29; of least effort, 176; panchronic, 109–10; phonetic, 108ff., 274ff.; semiological, 18–19; synchronic, 105ff., 188
Leskien 5
lexicology 157ff.
linguistic atlases 228–9, 239ff.
linguistic change 21, 85ff., 96ff., 119, 155–6, 213ff., 234ff.; and analogy, 200; and political instability, 178; compared to changes in the solar system, 98
linguistic community 89–90; inertia of, 85
linguistic dualities 9ff.
linguistic evolution 10, 21, 112ff., 196ff.; see also linguistic change and diachrony
linguistic interpretation 200ff.
linguistic paleontology 265ff.
linguistic reconstruction 95, 259ff.
linguistics: aims of 7; comparative, 228–9, 236; data of, 7; diachronic, 92ff., 115, 157, 165ff., 251ff., 270; – prospective diachronic, 104, 251ff.; – retrospective diachronic, 104, 251ff.; evolutionary, see linguistics (diachronic); external, 23ff., 120, 227; geographical, 225ff.; history of, 1–6; idiosynchronic, 104; and other sciences, 7–8, 92–5, 126; of language structure, 20ff.; of speech, 20ff.; properly so called, 22; object of study of, 9ff., 28; scope of, 20ff.; static, 92ff., 115ff., 157; static, compared to drawing a panorama, 95; synchronic, 92ff., 119ff.; synchronic vs. diachronic, 167–70, 188, 217–18, 223–4; – compared to a two-dimensional projection, 101; – compared to the section of a plant, 101; utility of, 8
linguistic state 119ff., 161, 167
linguistic structure 11ff., 16ff., 23–6
linguistic terminology 6fn., 49
linguistic types 268ff.
linguistic units 122ff., 133, 142, 163, 200ff., 212; and values, 130; compared to parts of a building 145; complex, 145; delimitation of, 123ff., independent, 150; smaller than the word, 125, 130, 149–50, 218ff.
logic 1
meaning 134ff.
Meillet 106fn.
metaplasm 192
Millardet 239fn.
mime 78
morphology 157ff.; changes in, 107
motivation 153ff.
Müller, F. M. 3
mutation, consonantal 29, 172, 244
nasal cavity 47ff.
Nyrop 42
objective analysis 217ff.
oppositions 142ff., 152ff., 185–6, 188, 223
oral cavity 46ff.
Osthoff, H. 5
palate, soft 46
paradigms, flexional 148, 158, 161
paraplasm 193
Paris, G. 257
parochialism 243ff.
Paul, H. 5
periods 119
permutation 189
phonation 43ff., 47ff.; not part of the language 20
phonetics 133; historical, 38, 167–70; physiological, 37ff., 43–71, 133; – not part of linguistics, 38; – inadequacy of purely articulatory criteria, 43–4
physiology 8
Plautus 2
poetry 42
politics 92
Port Royal 96
Pott 3
prefix 222
pronunciation 139; and spelling, 31ff.; of children, 176–7
proper names 204
reading 39
rhyme 41
Ritschl 2
Rousseau 199
Schrader 265fn.
semantic change 107, 147fn., 168
semantics 18fn.
signal 75ff., 121ff.; linearity of, 80, 122; not phonic in nature, 139
signs: linguistic 75ff., 119, 140ff.; – arbitrary nature of, 79ff., 84–5, 87, 133, 138, 153ff., 224; – absolute and relative arbitrariness of, 153ff.; – compared to chemical compounds, 122; – compared to human beings, 122; – concrete nature of, 121ff.; – invariability of, 82ff.; – motivation of, 154ff.; number of, 85, 94; – science of, see semiology; – unmotivated nature of, 79; – variability of, 86ff.; zero, 100, 138, 220, 222; of politeness, 79; natural, 78–9
sociology 8
sonority 66
sound pattern (image acoustique) 14ff., 76ff.
sound 9ff., 17, 45, 47ff., 76, 131ff., 139, 152–3, 262; as instrument of thought, 10; not language, 10, 139; classification of os: – closing, 58ff.; – laryngeal, 47ff.; – opening, 58ff.; – transitory, 61–2, 262; – trilled, 53; – voiced, 49; – voiceless, 49; s. borrowing, 245; s. changes, 20–1, 108–9, 171ff., 190, 192–4, 203, 245; – causes of, 174ff.; – combinative, 172ff.; conditioned, 172; – conditions governing, 172ff.; – grammatical consequences of, 181ff., 200; regularity of, 171; – spontaneous, 172ff.; – unconditioned, 172; – unlimited nature of, 179–80; – word composition and, 182–3; s. sequences, 43ff., 56ff.; s. systems, 39ff., 261–2; – compared to musical instruments, 109; – description of, 39; s. types, 43ff., 48ff.; – compared to zoological species, 60; – definition of, 45 – and s. change 171;
speech (parole): definition of 16; distinguished from langue, 16, 21, 195; interdependence with langue, 21; role in linguistic change, 112ff., 199; sum total of what people say, 22; s. act, 13ff.; s. circuit, 13ff.
spelling 28ff., 38ff.; s. reforms, 29, 40; s. pronunciations, 35–6; indirect, 33
spirants 51ff.
stem 220
stops 50
stress: in Latin and French 99–100
structure 210
subjective analysis 217ff.
suspended articulation 59
sustainment 59
syllable 77, 98, 144; s. boundary, 86ff.; syllabic stress, 89, 94 syllabification, 65ff.
symbol 79
synchronic identities 127ff.
synchronic linguistics, see linguistics
synchronic realities 127ff.
synchrony 95ff., 117ff., 187–8
synonyms 136
syntagmas 144ff., 162–3, 208ff.
syntagmatic interdependences 149ff.; compared to the working of a machine, 150
syntagmatic relations 144ff., 159, 195
syntax 157ff., 163; changes in, 107
theme 220
thought 131ff.
time, effect of, on a language 85ff., 90, 234ff.
transcription 38ff.
trills 53
Trombetti 228
units, see linguistic units
uvula 47
values 92ff., 110, 119, 127ff., 144, 149, 152, 157, 162, 170fn., 180, 182, 187, 221; as distinct from meaning, 134ff.; as part of meaning, 134ff.
variability of the linguistic sign 86ff.
velars 50ff.
Verner’s law 173
versification 41
vocal apparatus 46ff.
vocal cords 46ff.
vocalic peak 64ff.
voiced sounds 49ff.
voiceless sounds 49ff.
vowel alternations 4
vowel 54, 65ff.; v. alternations, 4; v. harmony, 271
waves of innovation 240, 243ff.
Weigand 239fn.
Wellentheorie 247
Wenker 239
Wolf, F. A. 1
word: compared to a house 218; compared to a melody, 108–9; not a concrete linguistic unit, 124ff., 133; w. formation, 149–50; w. order, 161–2; productive -s, 196; sterile -s, 196
writing 17, 27ff., 37, 39, 81, 140; ideographic, 30; phonetic, 30ff.;
Xenophon 183
zero: z. aperture 50ff.; z. ending, 220; z. sign, 100; z. suffix, 221–2
zoology 126