Index
Page numbers in italic denote figures
accretionary complexes
Andes 144
New Zealand 114
North American Cordillera 131–132, 136
Songpan-Ganzi 93
Southeast Asian Fold Belt 98, 100, 102, 106
SW Honshu Arc 123
Turkey 71 Variscan Belt 185, 186
accretionary prism 24
Apennines 56
Caledonides 177
Caribbean 142 Dinarides 63, 64, 65
Makran 83
Mediterranean Ridge 69
North American Cordillera 133
Sulawesi 109
Sunda Arc 102
collision with Alkapeca 47, 55
overthrusting 54
Palaeozoic basement 53
Adria-Alcapa microcontinent 54, 61, 65
Adrian Platform 56, 61, 63, 64
Adriatic Foreland 53
Aegean Sea Basin, crustal thinning 69
Aegir Ocean 172, 187, 188, 190
Afar Hotspot 161
Afar Triple Junction 22
Anatolian-Tauride Zone 73
collision with Eurasian Plate 28, 31, 33, 37, 41, 46
Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe (1807-1873), on Alpine glaciation 45
Alborán Complex 31, 33, 38, 40
metamorphism 41
Alcapa Platform 65
convergence with Adria 54
Aleutian Arc 111, 125, 127, 131–132
Aleutian Trench 16, 17, 19, 125, 127
Alexander Terrane 129, 131, 132
Alkapeca Terrane 31, 32–33, 46, 47
collision with Adria 47, 55, 57
Alleghenian Orogeny 182, 183, 184
allochthonous zone 26, 175, 176
Alps 51
Andes 147
Betic Cordillera 40
Scandinavian Caledonides 173–174
Alpine Atlas Belt 184
Alpine collisional belts 26, 44, 62
Alpine Fault, New Zealand 112, 113
Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt 2, 21, 28–109
india-Asia collision zone 86–96
work of Wegener 9
crustal deformation 54
early geological investigations 45–46
formation 32
shortening 54
subduction 54
Alpujarride Complex 40
Alto Adige 52
American-Antarctic Ridge 149, 152, 163
Amsterdam-St Paul’s Hotspot 162, 164, 165
Anatolian Plateau 70, 71, 72, 73
Anatolian-Tauride Zone 58, 59, 70, 71, 72–73
Andaman Sea back-arc basin 97, 98
Andaman-Nicobar Island Arc 97, 98
Andean Orogeny 147
plate tectonics 144
Andrew Bain Transform Fault 163
Angayucham Terrane 130
Anglo-Brabant Fold Belt 177
Antalya back-arc basin 73
Antarctic Plate 19, 144, 145, 148
Antilles Arc 126
tectonic history 57
tectonic setting 55
tectonic structure 56
Appalachian Orogenic Belt
Apulian Platform 56
Arabian Plate 19, 20, 22, 70, 73
collision with Eurasian Plate 28, 73–74, 76
collision with Iranian Terrane 78, 79, 80, 81
Archaean Eon 2
Argand, Emile (1879-1940), on Alpine geology 45, 50
Armorican Massif 33
Armorican Terranes Assemblage (ATA) 172, 185–186
Assyrian-Zagros Suture 70, 71, 72, 73
ATA terranes see Armorican Terranes Assemblage Atacama Desert 148
Atlantic Ocean
opening 31–32, 33, 46, 176, 177
Atlantic-Antarctic Ridge 162, 163
Atlas Orogenic Belt 42–43, 56, 183, 184
boundary with Pacific Plate 112, 116
collision with Indian Plate 98
collision with SE Asia 103, 104, 105
Austro-Alpine nappes 52–53, 54, 61
Betic Cordillera 40
axis of rotation, plate tectonics 19, 20
Azores Transform Fault 156, 157–158
Azov-Kuban Basin 75
Antalya 73
circum-Pacific 111
Hellenic Arc 69
Hellenide-Rhodope belt 67
North Fiji 115
Western Mediterranean 47
back-thrusts, Alps 54
Balearic Basin 33, 46, 47, 54, 57
Balkan Mountains 65
Baltica 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 187
fold/thrust belt 106
Bangong-Nujiang Suture 87, 93, 94
Barbados Ridge 142
basalt, mid-ocean ridge 155, 159, 160
Basin and Range Province 126, 127, 133, 135–136
basins see back-arc basins; foredeep basins; foreland basins
Bay of Biscay Rift 33
Bay of Biscay Transform Fault 31, 32, 33
Beerenberg 158
Benham Rise 118
Benioff-Wadati zones 16–17, 144
Betic Cordillera 28, 29, 37–41
crustal thickening 41
formation 33
Betic-Rif-Tell belt, tectonic interpretation 41–42
Biblical flood 4
Binaiya 102
Bitlis deformation front 71
Black Sea Basin 58, 59, 72, 73
‘black smokers’ 155
Bombolai Volcano 107
Bouvet Hotspot 162
Bouvet Triple Junction 156, 157, 162, 163
Briançonnais Terrane 46, 51–52, 54
British Isles, Caledonides see Caledonian Orogenic Belt, British
Isles British-Irish Caledonides 178, 179
Brooks Range 126, 127, 129–130
Cadomian basement 186
Cagayan Ridge 107–108, 109, 118
Cagayan Trench 109
Caledonian Orogenic Belt 3, 170, 171, 172, 173
structure and composition 173–174
work of Du Toit 10
Cambrian Period 2, 171, 176, 179
carbonates
Alborz Mountains 80
Makran 82
Southern Alps 53
Zagros Belt 79
Alps 51
Caribbean island chains 138, 141–143
Caribbean Plate 19, 138, 140, 141
Caribbean Sea, formation 143
Carlsberg Ridge 22, 151, 152, 161, 162
spreading rate 161
formation 32
rotation 62
Cascades Volcanic Arc 16, 17, 133, 133, 136, 137
Cascadia Subduction Zone 127, 133, 136
Cassiar belt 129
Catalan Coastal Ranges 28, 29, 34, 37
tectonic history 76
Celebes Basin 103, 106–107, 109, 119
Cenozoic Era 2
Central Accretionary Complex, North American Cordillera 131–132
Central American Orogenic Belt 138–141
tectonic history 143
Central American Volcanic Arc 139, 141
Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex 58, 59, 71, 72–73
Central Asian orogenic belt 170, 171, 187, 190–191
Central Burma Basin 95
Central Highlands, Taiwan 120
Central Indian Ridge 152, 161, 162, 163, 165
Central Iranian Plateau 77, 78, 79, 80, 83
Central Mediterranean 44–57, 44
Chagos Ridge 162
Chaman Fault Zone 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92
Chanthaburi Arc Terrane 87, 96, 97, 99, 100
Chichibu Zone 123
Chile Rise 144, 145, 148, 152, 166
Chile Triple Junction 145, 148, 166
Chin-Naga-Patkai Fold Belt 87, 95–96
Chortis Block 140
Chugach-Prince William-Yakutat Terrane 129, 132
Cimmerian Orogeny 81
Cimmerian Super-terrane 73, 80, 84, 92–93, 99
circum-Pacific orogenic belt 2, 110–125
work of Wegener 9
climate, indicator rocks 10
Clipperton Fault Zone 166, 168
Coast Mountains, Canada 126, 127
Coast Range, California 136
Coast Range Plutonic Complex, Canada 129, 131, 132
Coastal Cordillera 148
Coastal Range, Taiwan 120
Cocos Plate 19, 127, 128, 139, 140, 141, 165, 166
Cocos-Nazca Ridge 152, 165, 166, 167
Collet, Leon, on Alpine geology 45
collisions
Africa-Eurasia 28, 31, 33, 37, 41, 46
Arabia-Iranian Terrane 78, 79, 80, 81
Gondwana-Laurasia 184
Gondwana-Laurussia 186
India-Eurasia 25, 26, 28, 86–96, 98, 103, 104
Laurentia-Avalonia 176, 177, 179, 181
Laurentia-Baltica 176, 177, 178, 179
pre-Mesozoic orogenic belts 171
Columbia Plateau 126
Columbia Volcanic Province 133, 136, 137
compression
deformational features 25
Pyrenees 33
Conrad Rise 163
conservative plate boundaries 19
see also transform faults
constructive plate boundaries 19, 20, 21, 152
see also ocean ridge networks
continental crust
continental margin subduction zone 23
Andes 144
contracting Earth hypothesis 5–6, 8
convection currents 10, 11, 12, 13, 152
work of Hess 12
Cook-Austral Chain 166, 168, 169
Cordillera Central 144
Cordillera de Mérida 140, 144, 145
Cordillera Occidental 146, 147
Corno Grande 54
Cortis Block 140
Cotabo Trench 107, 108, 109, 118, 119
creation myths 4
Cretaceous Period 2
Carpathians 61
Caucasus 76
Central America 140
Gondwana 10
North American Plate accretion 128, 132
palaeogeography 30, 31, 32, 46
Pontide Zone 72
SE Asia 102
Turkish Alpine Belt 73
Zagros Belt 80
Crete 68
Crozet Hotspot 162
crust
lateral extrusion 93
see also continental crust; oceanic crust
crust-mantle boundary 20
crustal extension 24
Cyprus Terrane 73
Dacia Terrane 59
Rhodope Massif 67
Dana, James Dwight (1813-1895) 5
geosynclines 7
Dead Sea Transform Fault 22, 71, 73
Makran 83
Apennines 55
Caucasus 75
India-Asia collision 89
Pamir region 92
Pre-Mesozoic orogenic belts 179–180
Rocky Mountains 134
and tectonic environment 25, 26
Tibetan Plateau/Tarim Basin 92–93
Zagros Belt 80
Denali (Mount McKinley) 126, 127, 128
Dent Blanche Nappe 48, 50, 52–53, 54
destructive plate boundaries 19, 21–24
see also subduction; trenches, ocean
detachment faults 25
Devonian Period 2, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 182
Diableret Nappe 49
Dinaric Alps see Dinarides collisional belt
Dinaride Orogeny 65
Dinarides collisional belt 28, 44, 58, 59, 61, 62–65
formation 32
Disang Thrust 96
discontinuities, spreading ridges 163, 164
Discovery Hotspot 163
Dolomites 53
Dolores-Guayaquil Megashear 144, 145, 146
Du Toit, Alexander (1878-1948)
dykes 20
Earth
age of, work of Holmes 10
convection currents 10, 11, 12, 13, 152
formation of, historical theories 4
earthquakes
Andaman-Nicobar Island Arc 98
Apennines 55
Hellenic Arc 68
and tectonic activity 15
Tien Shan 95
Zagros Belt 80
see also seismicity
East Borneo Thrust 109
East Pacific Rise 16, 17, 19, 152, 153, 165–167
East Scotia Ridge 152
East Tasman Plateau 165
Easter Fracture Zones 168
Easter Island Hotspot 166, 167
Easter Island Triple Junction 166
Eastern Carpathians 58, 59, 60
Eastern Thrust Belt, Dinarides 63, 64, 65
echo-sounding 151
Edinburgh, work of Hutton 4, 5
Elburz Range 28
Eltanin-Louisville Fracture Zone 166, 167, 168
Emperor Chain see Hawaii-Emperor Chain
Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault 140, 141
Eo-Alpine orogeny 32, 46, 54, 65, 67
Eocene Epoch 2
Alps 51
Turkish Alpine Belt 73
erosion 1
Etna 56
collision with Africa 28, 31, 33, 37, 41, 46
evaporites
Alps 52
Central Iranian Plateau 80
Jura Mountains 49
Pyrenees 35
extension
Antarctica 149
Apennines 57
Basin and Range Province 135–136
deformational structures 25
Hellenic Arc 69
Himalayan Belt 93
upper plate 24
Western Mediterranean 33
External Region, Betic Cordillera 39–40
Eyjafjallajökull volcano 20, 159
Fairweather-Border Ranges Fault 129
Farallon Plate 16, 127, 128, 130, 132, 137, 141, 167
faults see detachment faults; normal faults; reverse faults; ridge-fault junction; strike-slip faults; transform faults; trench-fault junction; wrench faults
Fiji Platform 115
Finnmarkian Event 173, 175, 176
Alps 50
Apennines 56
Carpathians 60
Caucasus 75
Hellenide-Rhodope belt 68
Pontides 72
Pyrenees 35
folding 25
Fore-arc Basin, Banda Arc 105, 106
foredeep basins 26
Carpathians 60
Northern Apennine Arc 56
Po Basin 53
Banda Arc 106
Carpathians 60
Dinarides 63
foreland fold-thrust belt
Alps 50
Foreland Thrust Belt, Himalayan Belt 89, 90
fracture zones, Pacific Ocean 168
Galapagos Rift 166
Galdhøpiggen 173
Gangdese batholith 90
Gannett Peak 134
Gavrovo-Tripolitsa Zone see Ionian Zone
Geikie, Sir Archibald (1835-1924), on contracting Earth 5, 6
Gerlachovský štit 60
Gibraltar Transform Fault 31, 33, 156, 158
Gilbert Islands see Marshall-Gilbert Island Chain
Glen Canyon 134
breakup 10, 97–98, 111, 148, 163, 186
collision with Laurasia 184
collision with Laurussia 186
separation from Eurasia 31, 46, 73
Gongga Shan 95
Grampian Highlands 177, 179, 180
Grampian Orogeny 178, 179, 180
Gran Sasso d’Italia massif 54, 56
gravitational equilibrium 1, 7–8, 24, 154
Great Glen Fault 177, 179, 181
Great Salt Desert see Dasht-e-Kavir
Greater Antilles Arc 138, 140, 141, 143
Greater Caucasus 58, 59, 74–75, 76
Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex 89, 90
Greek mythology 4
Grimsvötn volcano 20
Gulf of Aden Rift 20, 22, 152, 162
Gulf of California Rift Zone 165, 166
gypsum
Jura Mountains 49
Pennine Zone 52
Pyrenees 35
Haast Schist 114
Hadean Eon 2
Hall, James (1811-1898), geosynclines 6–7
Hamun-i-Mashkel depression 82, 85
Heim, Albert (1849-1937), on Alpine geology 45, 48–49
Heligoland-Pomerania Fold Belt 177
Hellenic Arc 28, 66, 67, 68–69
Hellenic Trench 58, 68, 70, 73
Hellenide-Rhodope belt
subduction-accretion complex 67
Hellenides active continental margin 44, 58, 65–68
Helmand Basin 84
Helvetic-Dauphinois Zone 50–51, 54
Hercynian Orogenic Belt 172, 173, 183
Hercynian Orogeny
see also Alleghenian Orogeny
Hess, H.H. (1906-1969), on sea-floor spreading 12
Hida Zone 123
Highland Boundary Fault 177, 179, 181
Hikurangi Trench 112, 113, 114
Himalayan Frontal Thrust 84, 89
collisional mountain belt 25, 26
tectonic history 90
Hindu Kush Range 28, 83, 84, 86, 92
Holmes, Arthur (1890-1965)
Holocene Epoch 2
Honshu see NE Honshu Arc; SW Honshu Arc
horsts 135
Hoshab Fault 84
hotspots see mantle plumes
Hudsonian Belt 191
Hunter Fracture Zone 115
Hunter Ridge 115
formation of Earth 4
Iapetus Suture 181
Iberia
collision with Alkapeca 57
Iberian Cordillera 28, 29, 36–37
spreading rate 20
Iceland Plateau 156
Iceland-Faeroes Ridge 156
Indian Plate 19
collision with Eurasian Plate 25, 26, 28, 86–96, 98, 103, 104
Indochina Terrane 87, 96, 97–98, 100
Indonesia see Eastern Indonesia; Sunda Arc
Indus-Tsangpo Suture 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94
Inner Tauride Ocean 73
Inner Tauride Suture 71, 72, 73
Insubric-Balaton Line 59
see also Balaton Line
Intermediate Zone, Betic Cordillera 40
intra-plate orogenic belt 43, 94–95
Intra-Pontide Suture 71, 72, 73
Inuitan orogenic belt 170, 173
subduction 47
Iran, Alpine orogenic belt 77–83
Iranian Terrane 80
collision with Arabian Plate 78, 80, 81
island arc systems 12, 15, 22, 23, 27
Ivrea Zone 53
Izmir-Ankara Suture 70, 71, 72, 73
Jangish Choksu see Pik Pobedy
Jeffreys, Sir Harold (1891-1989) 6
on origin of mountains 6
Jinghong-Nan Uttaradit Suture 99, 100
Jinsha Suture 87
Jolo Volcano 107
Juan de Fuca Plate 16, 127, 136, 166
Juan de Fuca Ridge 16, 17, 152
Juan Fernandez Ridge 144, 145, 148, 166
Jurassic Period 2
Alps 51
Carpathians 61
Dinarides 65
Kaikoura Orogeny 114
Karakoram Range 28, 83, 86, 88, 90–91
Karakoram-Himalayan collisional belt 86–90, 87
Kazakhstania 172, 173, 187–188, 190
Kerinchi Volcano 101
Kermadec Volcanic Arc 114
Kırşehir Terrane 73
Klabat Volcano 107
Kluchevskoi Volcano 125
Knoydartian Orogeny 178
Kokchetav Block 187
Kolbeinsey Ridge 152, 156, 158, 159
Kongur 91
Kopeh Dag Mountains 77, 78, 80–81
Koyukuk Basin 129
Kuh-e-Darband 80
Kuh-e-Khrajeh Mohammed 84
Kura Basin 76
Kurile-Kamchatka Arc 110, 111, 122, 125
La Babia Fault 133
Laramide Orogeny 132, 137, 140
large igneous provinces (LIPs) 164
Lau Ridge 115
Laurentia 129, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177
Laurentia-Avalonia collision 176, 177, 179, 181
Laurentia-Baltica collision 176, 177, 178, 179
Le Pichon, Xavier
rigid plates 18
Lesser Antilles Arc 138, 140, 141–142, 143
Lesser Antilles Subduction Zone 141, 143
Lesser Caucasus 58, 59, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76
Lesser Himalayan Schists 89, 90
Lesser Sunda Islands 102
Lewisian Complex 178
Line Islands Ridge 166, 168, 169
lithosphere 18
Lo’ihi Seamount 168
Lord Howe Ridge 165
Luzon Arc 119
Lyell, Charles (1797-1875) 5
McKenzie, Daniel, rigid plates 18, 19
Mackenzie Mountains 126, 127, 129, 130
Macquarie Arc 111, 112, 165, 166
Macquarie Ridge 112
Macquarie Triple Junction 162, 164, 165, 166, 167
magma
basaltic
continental rift 23
mid-ocean ridges 20, 21, 23, 155, 159, 160
magnetic reversal 13
magnetisation see palaeomagnetism
Main Boundary Thrust, Himalayan Belt 89, 90
Main Central Thrust, Himalayan Belt 89, 90
Main Frontal Flexure, Zagros Belt 78
Main Mongolian Lineament 187, 188, 191
Main Pamir Thrust 92
Main Zagros Thrust 78, 79, 81, 82, 82
plate tectonics 81
tectonic history 83
Malaguide Complex 40
mantle
convection currents 10, 11, 12, 13, 152
heat flow 152
mantle plumes 136, 152, 157, 161, 164, 168
see also hotspot trails
Marcus-Necker Ridge 166, 168, 169
Mariana Ridge 122
Marion Hotspot 163
Marshall-Gilbert Island Chain 166, 168, 169
Mayon Volcano 118
Median Sumatra Suture 101
Median Tectonic Line 123
Mediterranean Ridge 69
Melville Transform Fault 163
Mesozoic Era 2
Gondwana 10
Turkish Alpine Belt 73
metamorphic core complexes 26, 73, 80, 135, 177
Anatolian-Tauride Zone 72
Andes 148
Apennines 56
Banda Arc 106
Himalayan Belt 90
North American Cordillera 128, 132
Pennine Zone 52
Pyrenees 35
Rhodope Massif 67
Scandinavian Caledonides 173–174, 176
SW Honshu Arc 123
Meteor Rise 163
Meteora Mountains 66
mica-schist 51
microplates 28
Mid-America Trench 16, 17, 139, 140, 141, 165, 166
Mid-Atlantic Ridge 12, 20, 151, 152, 153, 155–161, 156, 163
spreading rate 153, 154, 155, 157
Mid-Hungarian Fault Zone 59, 61
Mino-Tamba accretionary complexes 123
Miocene Epoch 2
Apennines 57
Central America 140, 141, 143, 146
Indian-Eurasian plate collision 89
palaeogeography 33
Southeast Asia 103, 104, 106, 109
Zagros Belt 80
Miocene inversion 63
Miocene wrench zone 63
Mizuho Orogeny 124
Moesian Platform 58, 59, 60, 61, 66, 67
Mohave-Sonora Fault 133
Moine Thrust Belt 178, 179, 180
Molasse Basin 49
Betic Cordillera 39
Caucasus 75
Dinarides 65
Makran 83
Po Basin 53
Pyrenees 36
Western Alps 49
Zagros Belt 78
Mont Blanc massif 50
Monte Perdido 33
Monte Tidirhine 41
Morgan, Jason, rigid plates 18–19
Motagua-Swan Transform Fault 141, 143
Mount Belukha 190
Mount Elbert 134
Mount Elbrus 75
Mount Melbourne 149
Mount Mitchell 182
Mount Pelée 142
Mount Prokletije 62
Mount Rainier 136
Mount Robson 130
Mount St Helens 136
Mount Spurr 132
Mount Whitney 126, 127, 136, 137
mountain belts 1
age of elevation 1
formation by continental drift 9
historical understanding of 4–43
mountain building, plate collision 24–25
Mountain Front Flexure, Zagros Belt 78–79
Mozambique Ridge 163
Mulhacem 37
Musala 65
mythology 4
Naga Hills 95
Nan Shan see Qilian Shan Range Nanga Parbat 87, 88, 90, 91
Nansen Cordillera 159
nappes 45
Hellenide-Rhodope belt 67
Scandinavian Caledonides 173, 176
Nazca Plate 19, 138, 140, 144–146, 148, 166, 167
tectonic history 124
Negros Trench 107, 108, 109, 118
Neo-Tethys Ocean 30, 65, 72–73, 73, 74
subduction zone 42, 56, 58, 80
see also Meliata-Vardar Ocean
Neogene Period 2
Carpathians 61
Dinarides 65
extension 42
Neptunism 4
Nevado-Filabride Complex 40, 41
New Guinea 102–103, 104, 116–117
Newfoundland, Caledonides 177
Nicaragua Rise 143
Ninety-East Ridge 98, 162, 164, 165
Norfolk Ridge 165
North American Cordillera 126–137
North American Foreland 127, 129, 134
fold-thrust belt 130
North American Plate 16, 17, 19, 127, 138, 140
North Banda Basin 103
North China Block 97–98, 187, 191
North Fiji Basin 115
North Island, New Zealand 112, 114
North Karakoram Suture 91
North Pyrenean Fault Zone 34, 35, 36
North Pyrenean Thrust Zone 34, 35–36
North Sulawesi Trench 109
North Sulawesi-Sangihe Arc 107, 108, 109
Northern Bonin Trench 125
Northern Calcareous Alps 52
Northern Kohistan Suture 91, 92
Northwest Foreland 178
Northwest Sulu Basin 108
Nyak Basin 129
ocean floor
ridges see ocean ridge networks
ocean ridge networks 2, 12, 13, 21, 151–169, 152
spreading rates 153, 154, 159, 163, 166
surveying 151
temperature and heat flow 154
topography and structure 153–154
volcanism 155
oceanic crust
Odle Mountains 53
Older Torlesse Zone 114
Oligocene Epoch 2
Dinarides 65
ophiolites
Alps 52
Anatolian-Tauride Platform 71, 72, 73
Banda Arc 106
Carpathians 61
Central America 143
Hellenide-Rhodope Belt 67
Himalayan Belt 90
Troodos Massif 73
Zagros Belt 80
Ordovician Period 2, 172, 176, 179, 181–182
Scandinavian Caledonides 173, 175
Ornach-Nal-Ghazaband Fault Zone 82, 84, 92
see also mountain belts
Oshima Orogeny 124
Ouachita-Marathon Fold Belt 184
Ouachita Orogenic Belt 170
boundary 133
Outer Banda Arc 106
Outer Foreland, Carpathians 60
Pacific Ocean
fracture zones 168
North-East, transform faults 16, 17, 19
Pacific Plate 16, 17, 19, 111, 127, 165, 168
boundary with Australian Plate 112, 116
Pacific-Antarctic Ridge 152, 165, 166, 167–168, 168
Palaeo-Tethys Ocean 73, 74, 99, 100
subduction beneath Eurasia 84
Palaeocene Epoch 2
palaeogeography, reconstruction 8–9, 10
Orogenic Belt 3
Upper Belts 182
work of Du Toit 10
Palawan Block 119
Palawan Trough 118
Paleogene Period 2
Alps 52
Betic Cordillera 41
Pamir Range 28
collisional mountain belt 25, 83, 84, 88, 91–92
Panama Canal Fault Zone 140
Panama Isthmus 138, 140, 141, 143
formation of mountain belts 9, 31
Pannonian Basin 44, 58, 59, 61
Pantemano 107
Parece Vela Basin 125
Parker, R.L., plate tectonics 19
Patagonian Batholith 145, 146, 148
Patkai Hills 95
Pelagonia Terrane 64, 65, 68, 73
Peloritani-Calabria 31
Peninsula Terrane 129
Pennine Zone 48, 50, 51–52, 54
Permian Period 2
Alps 51
Peru-Chile Trench 144, 145, 148, 166, 166
Peruvian ‘flat-slab’ segment 144, 146
Phanerozoic Eon 2
Philippine Orogenic Belt 108, 117, 118, 119
tectonic history 119
Philippine Ridge 106, 107, 109
Philippine Sea Plate 19, 103, 104, 107, 108, 120, 121
convergence with Eurasia 119
Philippine Trench 107, 108, 117, 119
Pico de Aneto 33
Pico de Orizaba 139
Piedmont Province, Appalachians 182–183, 183
Piémont-Liguria Ocean 31, 32, 41, 46, 52, 54
Pik Pobedy 94
pillow lava 155
Pindos Nappes 67
Pizzo d’Intermesoli 56
plate boundaries 19, 20–24, 152
plate collision
and mountain building 22, 24–25
temperature and pressure 25
see also collisions
rigidity 18
Pleistocene Epoch 2
Pliocene Epoch 2
Pobeda Peak 87
polar-wander tracks 11
Pontides 28, 58, 59, 70–72, 73
Precambrian orogeny 191
Proterozoic Eon 2, 174, 178, 181
Puerto Rico Trench 138, 140, 141, 142
Puysegur Arc 111
Puysegur Trench 112
Pyrenean Frontal Thrust 34, 36
Pyrenean Orogenic Belt 28, 29, 31, 33–36, 34
tectonic setting 33
Qiangtang Terrane 87, 88, 92–93
Quaternary Period 2
Queen Charlotte Fault 127, 129, 131, 133, 166
radioactivity
dating rocks, work of Holmes 10
Rangitata Orogenies 114
reconstruction
pre-Mesozoic orogenic belts 171
Red Sea-Gulf of Aden-African rift system 20, 22, 152
Renbu-Zedong Thrust 89
reverse faults 33, 36, 37, 41, 43
Reykjanes Ridge 152, 153, 156, 158, 159
Rhodes 68
Rhodope Massif 58, 59, 61, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71
ridge-fault junction 16
ridge-push 152
ridges see constructive plate boundaries; ocean ridge networks
Rif-Tell belt 41
rigidity, tectonic plates 18
Ring of Fire see circum-Pacific orogenic belt
Rockall Plateau 156
Rocky Mountains 126, 127, 133, 134
Canada 130
Rodinia supercontinent 191
Rodriguez Triple Junction 162, 163, 164, 165
Romanche Fracture Zone 156, 157
Ruby-Angayucham Terrane 129, 131
Runcorn, S.K. (1922-1995), on palaeomagnetism 11
Ryoke Zone 123
Sacramento Range 134
Saharan Atlas 42
Salisbury Crags, Edinburgh 4, 5
Samfrau Orogenic Belt 170, 171
San Andreas Fault 16, 17, 19, 127, 128, 133, 136, 165, 166
Sanandaz-Sirjan Zone 78, 79, 80
Sanbagawa Zone 123
Sangihe Islands 107
Saramati 95
Scandinavia, Caledonides see Caledonian Orogenic Belt, Scandinavia
Schistes Lustrées 51
Scotia Sea Plate 19, 148–149, 150
Scythian Platform 75
SE Indian Ridge 152, 162, 164–165, 165, 166
sea-floor spreading 12–14, 152
seamount chains, Pacific Ocean 167, 168–169
seismicity Andes 144
Apennines 55
Hellenides 68
SE Asia 98
Tien Shan 95
Zagros Belt 80
see also earthquakes
Serbo-Macedonian Zone 66, 67, 68
Shackleton Fracture Zone 148, 149
Shackleton Ridge 166
Shackleton, Sir Ernest (1874-1922), Antarctic expeditions 149, 150
Shan Boundary Suture 99
Shikoku Basin 122
Shona Chain 163
Sibayak Volcano 101
Sibumasu Terrane 87, 95, 98, 99–100, 101
Sierra de Mérida 146
Sierra de Perijá 144, 145, 146
Sierra Madre Occidental Volcanic Province 126, 127, 133, 137, 138
Sierra Madre Oriental 134
Sierra Nevada
Sierra Nevada Batholith 133, 136–137
Silurian Period 2, 172, 173, 174, 176, 179, 182
Sinabung Volcano 101
Siwalik Formation 90
Slovenian Basin 63
Snake Range 135
Solomon Trench 116
Somalia Sub-Plate 22
Songpan-Ganzi Terrane 87, 88, 92–93
South American Plate 138, 140, 149
South Atlantic Ocean 144
South Banda Basin 103
South China Sea Block 108, 109, 119
South China Terrane 87, 96, 97–98, 100
South China-Indochina-East Malaya super terrane 98
South Fiji Basin 115
South Island, New Zealand 112, 114
South Pyrenean thrust Zone 34, 36
South Sandwich Subduction Zone 148, 149
South Sandwich Trench 149
South Scotia Transform Fault 149
South Tibetan Detachment 89, 90
Southern Alps
Southern Carpathians 58, 59, 60
Southern Uplands 181
Southern Uplands Fault 177, 179
Stanovoy Mountains 187, 190, 191
Stara Planina see Balkan Mountains
Staub, Rudolf (1890-1961), on Alpine geology 45
Stikine volcanic belt 127
Stikine-Quesnellia Terrane 129, 131
strain partitioning 43
Strandja Terrane 72
strike-slip faults 16
British Caledonides 177
North American Cordillera 133
transform faults 155
Stromboli 56
Alps 54
Andes 144
Arabian-Iranian plate boundary 81
Carpathians 61
North American Cordillera 128, 132, 135–136, 137
Pacific Rim 112–116, 117, 119, 121, 122, 123, 165–166
pre-Mesozoic orogenic belts 171
SE Asia 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109
Turkish Alpine Belt 70
Zagros 80
Suess, Eduard (1831-1914)
Tethys Ocean 9
Sulaiman fold-thrust belt 77, 84, 86, 87, 91, 92
Sulaiman Mountains 92
Sulu Basin 103, 106–107, 109, 119
Sulu Ridge 106, 107, 108, 109, 118
Sulu Trench 108
Sundaland 100, 102–103, 104, 105
Suo Zone 123
Svalbard Archipelago 158
Sveco-Karelian Belt 191
Sveco-Norwegian Belt 191
SW Honshu Arc 122
tectonic history 124
SW Indian Ridge 152, 156, 162, 163
spreading rate 163
Tabwemasana 116
Taiwan Shan 120
Takht-e Sulaiman 92
Tarfaya Basin 183
Tarim Block 187
Tasman Orogenic Belt 171
Tasman Sea Basin 113
Taupo volcanic zone 112, 113, 114
Taylor, F.B. (1860-1939), on continental drift 8, 88
Tehuantepec Fault 138, 139, 141
Tell Atlas 42
Teplá-Barrandian Zone 185, 186
Terek-Caspian Basin 75
thrusts
Betic Cordillera 40
Caledonides 178
Jura Mountains 49
Pyrenean Mountain Belt 35, 36, 37
Tibetan Plateau 86, 87, 88, 92–94
crustal thickening 94
Tien Shan Range 86, 87, 92, 94–95
collisional mountain belt 25
Tindouf Basin 183
Tjörnes Fracture Zone 159, 161
Togiak Basin 129
Tonga-Kermadec Arc 111, 114–115, 167
Trans-Antarctic Mountains 149, 150
Trans-Caucasus Massif 74, 75–76
Trans-Mexico Volcanic Belt 138, 139
transform faults 15–16, 17, 18, 153, 155, 157, 161, 163
Transylvanian Alps see Southern Carpathians
Carpathians 61
Central Iranian Plateau 80
Hellenic Arc 69
Pacific Rim 111
trench-fault junction 16
trenches
see also destructive plate boundaries
Triassic Period 2
Hellenide-Rhodope belt 68
Antarctica 150
Mid-Atlantic Ridge 157
Pacific Rim 125
Tristan da Cunha Hotspot 156, 157
Troodos Massif 73
Turan Block 77
turbidites 23
Alps 50
Hellenide-Rhodope belt 68
New Zealand 114
Tuva-Mongol Massif 187
Tyrrhenian Sea Basin 47, 47, 54, 57
Udintsev Fracture Zone 166, 168
Umbgrove, J.H.F. (1899-1954), on formation of mountain belts 7–8
Alps 5
Antarctica 149
Central Iranian Plateau 80, 83
Pacific Rim 116
Pre-Mesozoic 176
Uralian Foredeep Basin 188, 189
plate tectonics 188
tectonic evolution 190
Urals Orogenic Belt 170, 171, 172, 173, 186–190
Urumiyeh-Dokhtar magmatic arc 78, 80
Valais Ocean 46
Valley and Ridge Province 182, 183
Varangian Glaciation 176
Vardar Ocean 64, 65, 67–68, 72, 73
Variscan Front 185
Variscan Orogenic Belt 170, 171, 173, 184–186
Venezuela Basin 140
Verkhoyansk Fold Belt 125
Vesuvius 56
Vitiaz Trench Lineament 115
Volcanic Arc, New Zealand 113
Central America 139, 140, 141, 142
Kohistan 91
Makran 83
New Zealand 113
Philippines 118
volcanism
Carpathians 61
Caucasus 75
Columbia Volcanic Province 136–137
continental-margin subduction zone 23
New Zealand 112
ocean ridge networks 20, 155, 157
tectonically active zones 15, 22, 23
Walvis Ridge 156, 157, 162, 163
Wegener, Alfred (1880-1930), on continental drift 8–9, 88, 151
Welsh Basin 181
West Africa, Hercynian Orogeny 183, 184
West Coast Province, New Zealand 113
West Sumatra Block 98, 99, 100, 101–102
Western Accretionary Zone 98, 99, 136
Western Alps 44, 45, 46, 47, 52
Western Carpathians 58, 59, 60
Western Coastal Plain, Taiwan 120
Western Foothills, Taiwan 120
Western Thrust Belt, Dinarides 63, 64, 65
Western United States and Mexico 133–137
Wheeler Peak 135
Wilson, J. Tuzo (1908-1993)
tectonically active zones 15
Wind River Range 134
Wrangellia Terrane 129, 131, 132
wrench faults 16
Afghan Block 84
Himalayan deformation 93
Makran 81
Yablonovyy Mountains 187, 190, 191
Yamruchka 75
Yellowstone mantle hotspot 136, 137
Younger Torlesse Zone 114
tectonic history 80
Zagros Deformation Front 78
Zrmanja River canyon 62