INDEX
Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
ʿAbbas I, Shah, 10, 12, 136, 180, 220–21, 226, 264, 266, 269–73; funeral of, 224; and repression, 14; tolerance of, 13–14
ʿAbbas II, Shah, 15, 18, 80, 271
ʿAbbasid dynasty, 186, 192n37
ʿAbd al-Rahman (Sufi), 178
ʿAbd al-Rahman Efendi, Muʾayyadzade, 319–20
ʿAbd al-Sattar b. Qasim Lahauri, 10, 55–64, 69n1
ʿAbdullah Rumi, Shaykh Eşrefoğlu, 347, 367–70, 377
Abkar Armani, 1, 10–11, 18–20
Abraham (Ibrahim), Prophet, 187, 307, 316n3, 572
Abrahamic religions, 9
Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (caliph), 88–89, 93, 102–3, 138, 163, 166, 191n32
Abuʾl Fazl ʿAllami, 121n14, 256n10, 287, 347, 384, 391–93, 452–53, 475n33, 555
Abu Hanifa, 103
Abuʾl Khayr, Shaykh Abu Saʿid, 163, 167, 173n23
accounting, 510–11
Acts of Bhanucandra, 108–9, 111–112
ʿAdil Shah I, ʿAli, 562
ʿAdil Shah II, ʿAli, 562
ʿAdil Shahi dynasty, 558
Afghans, 272
Afshar, Khalil Khan, 180
Afzal Khan. See Shirazi, Maulana Shukrallah
Agha Zaman, 16
Agra, 119, 247–49, 292, 297, 392, 506, 556
Ahmad Shah Durrani, 272
Ahmed b. Bayezid, Prince, 494–95
Ahmed I, Sultan, 439
Ahmed Pasha (poet), 496, 499
Ahrar, Khwaja ʿUbaydullah, 163–64, 166
ʿAʾisha bt. Abi Bakr, 69, 102, 137, 139, 147n29
Akbar, Emperor, 10, 57, 59, 68, 72n21, 107, 178, 242, 259n35, 270–71, 287–297, 384–85, 404–5, 454, 457, 530, 556, 558; birth and childhood of, 462–64; as insan-i kamil, 392; as khilafa, 298n3; as patron of translation, 451–53
Akbarnama, 287, 289, 298n7, 347, 391–92
Akhisar, 200
akhlaq, 506–507, 516–17, 519n4. See also ethics; nasihat
Akshemeddin, 151
alchemy, 345–48, 366–70, 374–377, 379n1, 389
ʿAli b. Abi Talib (imam and caliph), 19, 76, 86, 103, 131, 134, 138, 150, 158, 176, 181, 186, 191n32, 316n7, 350, 354, 357, 364n8, 530, 564; poetry in praise of, 406–7
ʿAli Abkar of Isfahan. See Abkar Armani
ʿAli Agha, 238
ʿAli Khan, Raja, 68, 73n40
Alqas Mirza, 100, 219–20, 236, 269
Amasya, 231–32, 235, 494–95, 539, 543–44, 546–48; Treaty of, 100
ʿAmili, Shaykh ʿAli b. Muhammad, 82
ʿAmili, Shaykh Bahaʾ al-Din Muhammad, 18, 79, 130, 136, 141, 145, 349–50
al-ʿAmili, Shaykh Muhammad b. Hasan b. Zayn al-Din, 79
Anatolia, 33, 97, 151, 226, 231, 366, 429, 495
al-Ansari, Abu Ayyub, 404, 433–34
apostasy, 14, 16, 17–18, 77, 103; Islamic forms of, 36, 45–46, 50n29
Aqa (Khaja) Piri, 20, 26
Aqquyunlu dynasty, 97, 182, 193, 348
Arabic (language), 1, 23–24, 55, 100, 130, 151, 163, 200, 254, 339, 346, 349, 354, 365n11, 366–67, 379n1, 380n7, 385–86, 390, 403, 405, 448n13, 450, 454, 489, 494, 498, 526, 548, 562
Arakel of Tabriz, 18
Ardabil, 97, 180–81, 346, 530, 561
architecture, 416, 431
Aristotelianism, 306, 316n2, 317n13
Armenia, 12
Armenian Church, 16
Armenians: Gregorian-Catholic disputes between, 17; in Safavid Iran, 13–16, 18, 103; and Sufism, 144; in Venice, 19
asceticism, 385, 451, 501
al-Asfar al-Arbaʿa, 303, 305, 315
Ashʿarism, 320, 326–27, 328n1, 330n12, 330n13, 332n15, 341–42
Aslams Beg, 16
Assar-ı Tebrizi, 432
Astarabad, 236–37
astrologers, 223, 250, 269, 365n17, 371, 394–97
astrology, 345, 347–48, 368–69, 371–73, 377–79, 384, 386, 389
ʿAttar, ʿAlaʾuddin, 166
ʿAttar, Farid al-Din, 244, 517
Augustinians, 12
Aurangabad, 248
Aurangzeb ʿAlamgir, Emperor, 109, 220, 240–54, 259n30, 339, 506
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), 316n10, 323, 489
Avicennan philosophy, 322, 329, 332n14
Azerbaijan, 97, 181, 269–70
Babur, Emperor Muhammad Zahir al-Din, 211, 267–68, 287, 289, 385, 389, 450, 454, 459–60; memoirs of, 384
Badakhshi Talaqani, Muhammad Jadid, 162
Badaʾuni, ʿAbd al-Qadir, 57
Baghdad, 97, 138, 144, 180, 270
Bahaʾuddin Naqshband, 160, 166–67, 173n19
Bahmani Dynasty, 556–57, 564, 588n20
Bahr al-ʿUlum, ʿAbd al-ʿAli, 304, 339
Bahram Gur, 292, 295, 299n14
Bahram Mirza, 528–29, 535n7
Bahrani, Yusuf Ahmad, 82
Balkans, 37, 151, 200, 366
Balkh, 116
Baqibillah, Shaykh, 126, 160, 162–65, 169, 172n4, 173n28
barzakh, 142, 149n52, 168, 173n25
Bayezid II, Sultan, 193–94, 228, 319–21, 495, 498, 501–2, 543–44, 546–50
Bayezid b. Suleyman, 219–20, 230–39, 269, 409
Bayrami Sufi Order, 151
Belgrade, 280, 284
Bhanucandra, 108–10, 119
Bible: authenticity of, 10
bidʿa (religious innovation), 77, 89, 101–2, 125, 132, 138, 187, 244, 251, 254, 258n27
Bidar, 557, 567, 569, 588n20
al-Bihari, Muhibballah, 303, 338
Bijapur, 554, 556–60, 569, 574, 589n34
Bilqis, 410, 413–14, 426n9, 427n13
Bistam, 136
Bistami, Bayazid, 126, 133–37, 143, 146n10, 146n13
Bitlisi, Idris, 178, 193–95, 286n4
blacks (arab taifesi), 202
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 200
Brahman (god), 462
Brahman, Chandar Bhan, 480, 505–6, 518n2, 519n11
Brahmans, 56–57, 64, 114, 452, 455
Buda, 235, 264, 280–86
Budaq Munshi, 180
al-Buni, Shaykh Ahmad ʿAli, 350, 353
Burhanpuri, Muhammad Hashim Kishmi, 162
Bursa, 33–34, 231, 432, 494
Buyid dynasty, 187
Cairo, 34, 432
caliphate: of Abu Bakr, 88–89, 93, 103; of ʿAli, 103, 215; of Mughals, 213, 215, 248–51, 275, 395, 516; Ottoman Sufistic conception of, 194–97, 199–200; of Safavids, 225. See also khilafat
calligraphy, 523, 525–26, 529–30, 540–50
Castro, José de, 72n24
Çatalcalı ʿAli Efendi, 33–35
Caucasus, the, 12, 15, 270
Cehangir b. Suleyman, 230
Çelebi, Aşık, 379n2, 479, 493, 496–97, 500, 503n18
Çelebi, Cafer, 495, 501
Çelebi, Evliya, 28n8, 35, 431
Çelebi, Halimi, 496
Çelebi, Lamii, 500
Çelebi, Mustafa, 550
celibacy, 110
Cem b. Mehmed II, 228
Central Asia, 56, 385, 556
Cesi Persiano, Pietro, 13
Chagatai language, 448n13
Chaghatay troops, 268
Chakar Hisari, ʿAbdulhayy b. Khwaja, 162
Chaldiran, battle of, 97, 263, 268, 277n12, 528
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 280, 283
Chardin, Jean, 15–16, 18
Chisti Sufi Order, 178, 557
Chittor, 288, 292–97, 298n7, 299n16
Christianity, 9, 59, 61; Crypto-Christianity, 37, 51n33
Christians, 57, 280; European, 12, 107
Christian-Muslim relations, 2, 5, 9–10, 15, 17, 51n34, 51n36
chronograms, 224–25, 250, 409, 414–15, 431, 530
churches: construction of, 38; taxes on, 16; in territories conquered by Muslims, 42–45
Circassians, 12
civilization: Islamic, 4
coinage, 226, 252, 299n17, 588n20
Coli Begum (Hamida Banu Begum), 460–62, 471, 475n32
consensus (ijmaʾ), 87–88, 93
conversion, 9–10, 17; degrees of, 91–93; and inheritance, 18, 29n20, 30n44; in Iran, 11–12, 15, 23, 28n10; Islamic forms of, 34–35; Jewish, 17; Protestant model of, 30n39; rural, 52n44; under pressure, 35
cosmopolitanism, 56
court chronicles, 181, 188n8
Court of Gayumars, The, 523, 525–26, 532–34, 535n1
cows: in India, 216, 469, 472–73
Daghestan, 12
Damascus, 432
Dara Shukuh, 220, 240–51, 254–55, 256n9, 256n11, 258n24, 258n27
Dashtaki, Sadr al-Din, 321–22, 335n31
Davani, Jalal al-Din, 303, 315, 317n23, 319–22, 328n1, 329n2, 330n13, 333n18
debate (jadal). See disputation
Deccan, the, 66, 212–14, 275, 555; arts of, 554–55, 585; Aurangzeb and, 216, 240, 247; links with Iran, 556–57; Mughals and, 557, 560, 562; rulers of, 524, 554–55; Timurid and Turkmen influence on, 557–58
De La Maze, Jean-Baptiste, 17
Delhi, 160, 162, 169, 216, 247, 249–50; Sultanate of, 289
Dernschwam, Hans, 35
Dervish Hüseyin, 368, 380n6
dhimmis, 9, 14, 17; relations with Muslims, 37
dialogue: between Mughals and West, 55; as munazara, 56–57, 212
din-i ilahi, 287, 299n17, 392, 405, 454, 476n44
dissimulation (taqiyyah), 84, 136–37, 140–42, 145, 147n28
disputation (jadal; munazara), 56, 58, 70n3, 82, 90. See also dialogue
divan literature, 448n13, 495, 497
divination, 132, 137, 345, 348, 393. See also jafr; magic
divorce, 51n41, 68, 71n17
Diyarkbakir, 97, 141
dreams: in Islam, 19; of the emperor Jahangir, 57
Dust-Muhammad Haravi, 529, 536n10
Dust-Muhammad Mosawwer, 529–30, 536n10
East India Company, British, 339
Easter, 2
Ebuʾs-Suʿud Efendi, 33–35, 37, 77, 97, 98, 103, 183
Edirne, 33–34, 432, 494, 497
Egri campaign, 437
Egypt, 19, 63, 142, 148n42, 378, 412, 432
Elements of Wisdom (Usuluʾl-Hikem), 178, 200
Empedocles, 311, 316n12
Emir Dede, 151
empire: concept of, 3–5
endowments (vaqf, waqf, pl. awqaf), 44, 180, 479, 482–83, 489, 491n29, 497, 548
endowment deeds (waqfiyya, waqf-nama), 479, 482–89, 561, 591n57
eroticism, 418
ethics, 313, 430, 480, 507, 516–17. See also akhlaq; nasihat
eunuchs, 428–30, 481, 502
Eurocentrism, 4
Europe, Eastern, 9
exile, 109–11, 119–20, 121n13, 189n11, 268, 385
faith. See iman
faqih, 86, 94n6, 333n21. See also jurists
Fatehpur Sikri, 57, 454, 468
Fatima al-Zahra, 177, 181, 357, 365n8
Fatimid dynasty, 192n44
Fathnama-i Chittor, 289–90
fatwas, 2, 18, 83, 89, 98; character of, 32; in Hanafi school, 100; Ottoman style of, 100; as sources, 9–10, 33, 49n6. See also fetvahane
Favaʾid al-Fuʾad, 56
Fayz Kashani, Mulla Muhsin, 77, 79–81, 93n3, 94n17, 94n18, 95n22, 95n23, 191n28, 489, 491n47
Fazil Samarqandi, Muhammad, 347, 389
Ferdinand I of Austria, 280–83, 285–86
fetvahane, 34
fiqh, 59, 83, 100; usul al-fiqh, 59, 81, 83–87, 329n1, 339
Firdawsi, Abuʾl-Qasim, 523, 526–28
fratricide, 219–20, 228, 230
Gayumars, 527–28, 532
geomancy, 348, 389, 552n24
Georgia, 12
Gerlach, Stephan, 35
Ghafari, Qazi Ahmad, 181
Ghawth Gwaliyari, Muhammad, 347, 385
ghazal, 244–45, 255, 406, 417–20, 445–47, 495, 498, 501–2, 506
al-Ghazali, Muhammad, 81, 190n24, 379n2, 507
Ghazan Khan, 187
ghulam, 28n10. See also slaves
ghulat, 182
gilded cage system, 220
gnosis (ʿirfan), 132–33, 151, 197
Golconda, 555–56, 560, 589n34
grimoires, 350
Gujarat, 64, 108–9, 451, 454
Gulbarga, 557, 585
Gülzar-ı Savab, 541–44, 552n36
gunpowder, 263–64
Gunpowder Empires, 2
Habeşi Mehmed Ağa, 448
Habsburg dynasty, 280
hadd, 42, 52n49, 102
hadith, 78, 80–81, 83–90, 127, 132, 177, 186, 306, 489; sacred (qudsi), 67, 159n3; Shiʿi compliations of, 93n5, 94n6, 95n25, 191n36
Hafiz-i Shiraz, Khwajah Muhammad, 161, 210, 453, 499–500, 517, 523, 529, 536n9
Hakiki, 126, 150–51
al-Hallaj, Husayn b. Mansur, 124, 25, 133–34, 137, 143, 146n12
Hallaq, Wael, 49n6
Haleti, ʿAzmizade, 404, 428, 432–35, 439, 442
Hamdullah, Shaykh, 523, 539–50
Hamida Banu Begum. See Coli Begum
Hanafi, 338–39
Hanafi legal school, 35–36, 100, 170
haqq (hakk, God, Truth), 224, 245, 253–55, 257n21, 308, 368, 370, 475n23
harem, 17
al-Hasan b. ʿAli b. Abi Talib, Imam, 165, 176, 444, 527, 570
al-Hasan b. ʿAli al-ʿAskari, Imam, 147n32
Hayali Bey, 495–96, 501
Hazar Jarib, monastery of, 16
Herat, 268, 530
heresy, 258n27
Hijaz, the, 79
hikma. See philosophy
al-Hikma al-Khalida, 55
Hilli, Allamah, 136, 191n28
Hindavi (Old Hindi), 110–11, 116, 258n28, 450
Hinduism, 9, 59, 64, 240–41, 287, 453
Hindu-Muslim syncretism, 559
Hindus, 10, 57, 61, 72n18, 107, 178, 247, 480; as monotheists, 256n9; as non-Muslim Indians, 475n46, 505
Hindustan, 186, 215, 244, 252, 254, 267, 292, 556. See also India
Hiravijaya, Suri, 455, 472, 476n50
historiography, 227n4
Hormuz. See Hurmuz
horoscope, 347, 393, 395–97, 400n49
Houghton Jr., Arthur A., 533–34
Hulegu Khan, 186
Humayun, Emperor Nasir al-Din Muhammad, 211, 267, 454, 475n32, 590n45; and the occult, 384–86, 392–93, 396, 399n38, 399n40; and the Safavids, 268–69, 271, 277n16, 278n30, 409; tomb of, 254; youth of, 459–60
Hungary, 280–85
al-Husayn b. ʿAli b. Abi Talib, Imam, 106n19, 147n17, 165, 176, 444, 527, 570
Hurmuz, 14, 271
Hurrem, 230–31
Hyderabad, 560
ʿIbadat-khanah (House of Worship), 107, 120n1, 287
Ibn ʿArabi, 81, 126, 142, 148n40, 164, 167, 191n31, 306, 308, 313, 315
Ibn Miskawayh, 55
Ibrahim I of Bijapur, 556
Ibrahim II of Bijapur, 586n7
Ibrahim ʿAdil Shah II, 556, 558–62
Ibrahim Mirza, 530, 556
Ibrahim Pasha (vizier), 494, 500, 502n5, 503n12
ijtihad, 78, 83
imams, Shiʿi, 80, 83, 87, 126, 129, 133, 138, 147n32, 185–86, 190n23, 312–14, 404; and the occult, 345, 350; as sages, 317n17; on seals, 562, 589n32, 592n66; shrines of, 483–84, 490n20; as Sunni, 139
Imam Quli Mirza, 223
iman, 50n22, 156
India, 3–4, 21, 110, 142, 385. See also Hindustan; Mughals
Indian Ocean, 555
Indo-Persian: adab and akhlaq treatises, 506–7; culture and politics, 480, 555; literary circles, 506, 511; prose thought, 243; translations, 451
Indra (god), 73n30, 456, 458, 461, 466, 468
innovation. See bidʿa
inshaʾ, 506–507
invocation (occult practice), 347, 350–51, 353–54, 357, 360–61, 364n4, 385–86, 389–91, 528
Iraq, 270
Iran, 1, 56; 234–36, 266–67, 319, 495; Greater, 556, 561; links with India, 422; religious atmosphere of, 79. See also conversion; Safavids
Irshadname, 151
Isabella of Poland, 281–82
'ʿishk, ʿishq (love), 133, 147n14, 151–52
Iskandar Beg Munshi, 12, 221–22
Isfahan, 10, 12, 16, 20, 79, 129–30, 223, 226, 266, 271, 479, 489, 556; ʿAbbasabad district of, 20, 23; New Julfa district of, 12, 15–16, 24, 26; sack of, 272; school of philosophy, 222, 332n14; water supply of, 226
Isfahani, Muhammad Maʿsum b. Khvajagi, 221, 225
Islam, 9, 57, 60; as magic, 345–46; political language of, 177; Shiʿi, 10, 20, 80, 90; Sunni, 51n36, 89, 93, 106n20, 132, 164–65; Sunni-Shiʿi relations, 77, 82–83, 87–88, 95n23, 95n26, 102, 104, 137, 140–41, 183, 187; superiority of, 290
Ismail I, Shah, 19, 97, 98, 101, 128, 181–82, 184–88, 192n43, 193, 222, 225, 267, 350, 366, 530
Ismail II, Shah, 180, 350, 354–56
Istanbul, 16, 20, 33–34, 103, 151, 200, 283, 319, 366, 404, 429, 432, 498, 539, 544, 548; conquest of, 493; Galata district of, 28n8; poets of, 433–34, 494
Iʿtirafnama, 11, 13, 18, 20
Izmir, 20, 26
Jabir b. Hayyan, 369, 377, 380n7
Jaʿfar al-Sadiq, Imam Abu ʿAbd Allah, 85, 136, 184, 310, 481; and the occult, 353
Jaʿfar b. ʿAli (‘the Liar’), 137, 147n32
Jaʿfarian, Rasul, 146n6, 188n4, 491n36
jafr (letter divination, prognostication), 348, 351–52, 355–56, 358, 365n8, 393
Jahanara, Princess, 220, 243, 245, 259n30
Jahangir, Emperor, 1, 10, 55–64, 78, 124; 264, 270, 273, 405, 505; and Jahangir Nama, 71n10; and Siddhicandra, 107–19; and Ahmad Sirhindi, 163
Jainism, 454, 476n45, 476n50
Jains, 57, 78, 107–9, 122n28, 122n29, 451, 454, 472–73
Jaipal, 288, 293
Jami, ʿAbd al-Rahman, 167, 173n23, 193, 402, 493, 499, 509, 517, 523, 530, 561, 573, 580, 583
janissaries, 20, 36, 532
Jaswant Singh, 248
Jesuits, 1, 10, 55, 58–59, 71n15
Jesus, 8, 60, 62, 177, 211–12, 255, 375, 439, 443
Jesus, António de (ʿAli Quli Bayg Jadid al-Islamʾ), 13
Jews, 56, 294; in Iran, 15; in Mughal India, 57, 72n19; in Ottoman Empire, 38, 4. See also Judaism
jihad, 138, 292, 294, 297
al-Jildaki, Aydamir ʿIzz al-Din, 369, 372, 377, 380n8, 381n20
jizya, 17, 43, 45–46, 53n53, 242, 473
John of the Cross, St., 172n8
Judaism, 9, 58–59
Julfa, 12. See also Isfahan
Junayd Baghdadi, Abu al-Qasim b. Muhammad, 132–33, 146n10
jurisprudence, 82. See also fiqh
jurists, 171, 178, 300n34. See also faqih; mujtahid
Kabul, 454, 458–59
Kaempfer, Engelbert, 18, 29n22
kadı. See qadi
kadıasker, 99, 234
Kafi al-Akhisari, Hasan, 178, 200–201
kafir. See unbelievers
kalam (theology), 83–84, 87, 331, 342. See also theology
Kamran, Prince, 268, 530
kanun, 34, 98
al-Karaki, Shaykh ʿAli, 184, 191n28
Karbala, 191n32, 444
Kar-Kiya Mirza ʿAli, 188
karma, 109, 120, 121n11, 470, 509
Karpenesi, 36
Kashan, 79–80, 82, 224, 266, 271, 406, 412, 414, 489
Kashani, Mulla Fazlullah, 82
Kashmir, 275
kaside (qasidah), 403, 438–41, 444, 495, 498, 500–502
Kawsar, 416, 427n19
Ketevan, Princess, 12
Khalifa Sultan (Sultan al-ʿUlamaʾ), 15
Khan Aʿzam, 65, 67–68, 72n33, 73n40
Khan Jahan, 72n27
Khan-i Khanan, ʿAbd al-Rahim, 73n37, 454, 469, 560, 590n46
Khandesh, 68, 73n40, 73n41
Kharatara Gaccha, 108, 121n13
Khatunabadi, Muhammad Baqir, 483–84, 489, 491n26
Khawarij, 103
khilafat, 196, 199, 215, 291–92, 297, 298n9. See also caliphate
Khizr (Khidr), 416, 427n18, 440
Khudabandah, Muhammad, 273
Khudabandah, Shah Sultan Muhammad, 180
Khurasan, 97, 267, 454, 458–59
Khusrau, Prince, 73n42, 73n43
Khusraw, Amir, 500, 511, 517
kingship, 177, 190n24, 190n25, 195, 197, 201, 222–24, 244, 290, 299n12, 453–54, 479
Konya, 231–33, 235
kuffar. See unbelievers
kufr (infidelity, unbelief), 242, 245, 255, 314, 317n18. See also unbelievers
Kurdistan, 13
Kurds, 193
Kütahya, 494
Lahore, 214–16, 250, 275, 389–90, 505
Lando, Pietro, doge of Venice, 264, 282–83
language: of the infidels, 38, 47, 53n59. See also Arabic; Persian; Sanskrit; translation; Turkish
Latifi, 496–97
law: Islamic, 51n43, 52n49; in Mughal India, 59. See also fiqh; kanun; shariʿa
Lebanon, 128
lettrism (ʿilm-i huruf), 346–47, 349, 355–64, 364n4, 364n8, 365n13, 368–69, 374–76, 384, 386, 389, 392–93, 399nn41–43
logic, 200, 319–20, 329n1, 334n25, 338–39, 389, 489; Aristotelian, 58
Louis XIV, 18
Lucknow, 338–39
Luqman, Prophet, 308, 311
Lutfi Paşa, 195, 200
madrasa (medrese); xi, 33–34, 49n12, 84, 95n23, 138, 151, 200, 332n15, 339, 431–33, 478, 479; Madrasa-yi Sultani, 479, 481–9
magic, 345, 348, 386
magic squares, 351, 356–59, 361
Mahabat Khan, 59, 61, 72n25
Mahabharata, 452. See also Razmnama
Mahd-i Awliya (Khayr al-Nisa Begum), 180, 270
al-Mahdi, Imam, 59, 184, 186–87, 190n26, 191n36, 192n43, 313, 350, 357
Majalis-i Jahangiri, 55–56, 58–59, 71n10, 120n2
majlis, 56, 59, 70n5
Majlisi, Muhammad-Baqir, 130, 191n28
Majlisi, Muhammad-Taqi, 125–26, 130
Malatya, 234–35
Malcolm, Noel, 17
malfuzat, 56, 70n8
Malpur, 119
Mamluk dynasty, 193, 263, 283, 348, 557
Manisa, 231, 234, 238, 494
Manu, King, 523, 526
marketplace, 37, 44
marriage, 36, 45–47, 58, 71n17, 78, 110, 263–64, 374, 376
Martinuzzi, Frater George, 281–83
Mary, Virgin, 1–2, 8, 24, 63, 211
Maryam Begum, 489
Maryam Makani, 394–95
Mashhad, 129, 486, 530, 556, 561
maslaha, 184–85, 191n27
Maʿsum, Muhammad, 162
Mazandaran, 224
Mehmed II, Sultan, 219, 228, 263, 493, 495, 498–99
Mehmed III, Sultan, 437, 494
Mehmed IV, Sultan, 34
Mehmed b. Suleyman, 230
Menteşizade ʿAbdürrahim Efendi, 33–36
metempsychosis (tanasukh), 182
Mir ʿAbdulbaqi, 252
mir ʿadl, 66, 68, 73n34, 73n35
Mir Damad, Amir Muhammad Baqir, 222, 225–26, 331n13
Mir Lawhi, 125, 130–31, 146n9
missionaries, Christian, 13, 14, 71n15. See also Jesuits
Mohacs, battle of, 280
Mongols, 57, 71n14, 150, 187
Moreen, Vera, 17
Moses (Musa), 60, 143, 147n20, 155; and alchemy, 346, 367
mufti, 32, 47, 49n12
Mughal court, 55–58, 112; and the occult, 384–85; relations with non-Muslim subjects, 78, 107–10; Safavid bureaucrats at, 188n11
Mughal dynasty, 220; collecting by, 589n35; multilingualism of, 450–52; and succession crises, 240
Mughal Empire, 1–2, 10, 55, 109, 272; expansion of, 263–64, 287; religious ideology of, 57–58, 71n9, 71n11
Muhammad, Prophet, 1, 19, 25–26, 60, 69, 82–83, 102, 126, 135, 139, 163, 245, 255, 290, 298n11, 350, 357; companions of, 106n20, 133, 291; family of, 101, 133, 165, 181, 183–84, 291, 407, 444, 595n91; leadership of, 197–98; and philosophy, 307–8; Reality of, 153–55, 158; seal of, 299n13; as Ta-Ha, 368, 370–71
Muhammad ʿAdil Shah, 560
Muhammad Baqir, Imam, 89
Muhammad Beg, 15
Muhammad Muʿazzam, Prince, 254
Muhammad Quli Khan, 18
Muhammad Sultan, Prince, 254
Muhtasham Kashani, Kamal al-Din, 404, 406–12, 414, 422, 518
Muhyi al-Din, Shaykh, 140–43
Muʿin al-Din, Shaykh, 178
mujtahid, 80, 86–87, 225, 287, 339
Mulla Sadra, Sadr al-Din, 80–81, 94n17, 148n41, 303–305, 313–15, 316n2, 316n11, 317n16, 317n20, 331n13, 486
Mulla Shah-i Badakhshi, 253
munshi (secretary), 289, 298n4, 480, 507, 509–11, 516
Murad II, Sultan, 493–95, 498–99
Murad III, Sultan, 429–30, 437, 495–96
Murad Bakhsh, Prince, 216, 240, 247–48, 250
Murtaza Khan, Shaykh Farid Bukhari, 68–69, 73n42
Musa al-Kazim, Imam, 182
music, 69
Muslim-Christian relations. See Christian-Muslim relations
Muslims, 57, 82, 87; Indian, 162, 178
Mustafa, Prince, 230
Mustafa ʿAli (historian), 220, 230
Mustafa Pasha, Lala, 231–32
Mustaʿidd Khan, Muhammad Saqi, 243, 247
Mustaʿsimi, Celaleddin Yaqut, 539, 541, 545–48, 551n1, 551n10, 582–83
Muʿtazilites, 313, 328, 340
mystical civility, 509–10
Nader Shah, 272
Najaf, 129
najasat, 13, 16
Nakhjavan, 15; archbishop of, 17; campaign of (Nahcivan), 100, 103
Naqshbandi Sufi Order, 160, 162–63
nasihat, 480, 506–7, 513, 515
nationalism, 4
Near East, 3–4
Nefeszade Ibrahim, 541–42, 544–46
Neoplatonism, 308, 317n14
Nicholas the Grocer, Saint, 36
Nicholas the New, Saint, 36
Niʿmat Allahi Sufi Order, 557, 563, 567, 588n22
Nizam al-Din Awliyaʾ, 557
Nizami Ganjavi, 290, 298n11, 438, 453, 555, 560
nonviolence, 108, 455, 472
Nouruz, 244, 253, 259n35
Nuqtavi Sufi order, 349
Nur Ahmad, 162
Nur Jahan (Nur Mahal), 109–10, 115–16, 121n17, 122n25, 270
occultism, 312, 319, 330n5, 345–51, 364n8, 384–86, 389–90, 392–93, 395
Oljeitu, Sultan Muhammad Khudanbandah, 187
Orientalism, 4
ʿOsman II, 430
Ottoman dynasty: demilitarization of, 429; dynastic law of, 219, 228; relations with Habsburgs, 280–83; and sovereignty, 228
Ottoman Empire, 1–2, 10, 11, 15, 20, 177–78, 193; conflict with Safavids, 97, 183, 195; decline of, 428 expansion of, 263–64; fathnamas of, 282–83; invasion of Iran, 269; Iranian influence on, 493–94; legitimacy of, 195, 200–201; patronage in, 430, 494; and Sufism, 150–51, 178, 194; takeover of Iraq, 129; war with Holy League, 34
Pakistan, 162
Pari Khan Khanum, 180, 188n6, 410
Pathan Misr (Pathan Mishra), 64–65, 72n29, 72n30
patronage, 430, 479–80, 493–96, 502n4; artistic, 523, 530
People of the Book, 15. See also dhimmis
Persia, 128
Persian (language), 18–19, 55, 57–58, 107–108, 110–11, 130, 151, 162–63, 183, 193, 258n27, 272, 339, 350, 366, 378, 385–86, 403, 405, 448n13, 480, 494; in the Mughal Empire: 450–55, 506–11; in the Ottoman Empire, 498–500
Persianate literature, 511. See also Indo-Persian
primogeniture, 220, 230
philosophy, 303–4, 339, 509; and alchemy, 368, 377; criticism of, 313–14, 317n15; dispute with theologians, 325–28; exclusion of from curriculum, 488–89; as hikma, 305–308, 313–14, 316n5; Iranian-Indian links in, 330n1, 332n15; Iranian-Ottoman links in, 319–20, 332n15, 333n18, 334n23; Jain, 117; and legal theory, 336–37. See also theology
planets, 213, 347, 351–54, 369, 373–74, 378, 384, 386, 389–90, 392, 395, 397, 413, 463
Platonism, 305, 316n1. See also Neoplatonism
pluralism, religious, 57, 150
poetry, 403, 416; Ottoman, 430–34, 442, 448n13, 493–96, 502n1. See also ghazal; kaside
prognostication (fal), 137. See also jafr
Punjab, 275, 297, 505
purdah, 110
Pythagoras, 310, 316n9
qadi, 32, 49n9, 66, 68–69, 328n1, 338, 432
Qadiri, Sayyid Ahmad, 72n35
Qadiri Sufi order, 242, 257n12, 339, 593n71; Eshrefi-Qadiris, 347, 368
Qandahar, 264–75, 277n6
Qanun-i Shahanshahi, 178, 194
Qasidah. See kaside
Qazvin, 17, 179–80, 236, 239, 530
Qazvini, Yahya, 180–81
Qishm, 271
Qizilbash, 36, 51n36, 98, 100, 102–4, 128, 181–82, 191n35, 235–36, 239, 268–69, 349, 354, 528; suppression of, 182
Qum, 79–80, 82, 129–30, 133, 137, 306
Qummi, Mulla Muhammad Tahir, 82, 125–26, 129–45, 146n14, 304, 306, 313–15, 317n16, 317n18, 317n20
Qummi, Qadi Saʿid, 306, 308, 316n9, 316n11
Qurʾan, 1, 24, 78, 82–83, 86, 102, 126, 152–55, 198, 225, 290; and ablution (wuduʾ), 95n26; abrogation of verses of, 65–67, 72n33, 74n38; manuscripts of, 531–32, 548, 561; and the occult, 346, 373, 376; and philosophy, 307–8, 317n16; reciters of, 483, 485, 487; superiority of, 10
Qutb Shah, Sultan ʿAbd Allah, 562
Qutb Shah, Sultan Muhammad, 560–62
Qutb Shah, Sultan Muhammad Quli, 562–63
Qutb Shahi dynasty, 560–61, 563
Rajputs, 264, 287–90, 293, 405, 454
Rah-i Sawab, 79, 82
Ram (Rama) (god), 287, 289, 460
Ram Das Kachhwaha, 64, 73n28
Ramayana, 450, 452
Ramazan (Ramadan), 216, 243–44, 246, 249–50, 252–54, 297, 334n25, 361, 488
Rana Udai Singh, 289–90, 292–93
Razi, Najm al-Din, 126
Razmnama, 404–5, 451–53
Rhodes, 497
al-Rida, Imam, ʿAli b. Musa al-Kazim, 101, 308–10, 312–13, 427n27, 561
Rumelia, 33–34, 98, 202, 235, 432
Rumi, Mawlana Jalaluddin, 126, 135–36, 138–40, 143, 163
Rumlu, Hasan Beg, 181
Rustem Pasha, Grand Vizier, 232–35, 284
Ruzbihan, Shaykh, 136, 144, 147n27, 149n58
Saatcukuru, 235
Sabzavari, Muhammad Baqir, 16, 184
Saʿdi, Shaykh Abu Muhammad Muslih al-Din, 244, 290, 298n10, 453, 509, 517
Sadiqi Bahrani, Shaykh Majid b. Hashim, 79
Safavi, Haydar, 181–82
Safavi, Junayd, 182
Safavid dynasty, 11, 97; as descendants of the Prophet, 183, 185, 189n15, 189n17, 190n19, 190n22, 279n38, 530; and historiography, 181; legitimacy of, 177, 181–85, 191n32, 192n44; patronage of occult scientists, 349; and Shiʿi ʿulamaʾ, 182; and Sufism, 128–29, 182, 188
Safavid Empire, 1–2, 10, 181; bureaucracy of, 179; fall of, 278n33; ideology of, 354, 404, 406–7; relations with Christian Europe, 14; relations with Mughals, 264, 266–67, 271–72; relations with Ottomans, 14–15, 100, 104n4, 219–21, 226, 270, 366, 531–32
Safavid Sufi order, 222
Safi I, Shah (Sam Mirza), 14–15, 80, 220–23, 225–26, 271
Safi al-Din Ardabili, Shaykh Ishaq, 19, 129, 133, 182–83, 189n18; as alchemist, 346, 366, 372, 375–77, 379
sahib-qiran, 187, 207, 211–12, 225, 245, 247, 257n22, 277n17, 397, 398n36
Salonica, 34
Sanaʾi, Hakim, 242, 517
Sanskrit, 108, 110, 403–5, 450–55, 475n27, 475n32, 475n34, 476n36, 476n46; translation into Persian, 73n29, 474n6, 474n7, 475n22
Sarkar, Sir Jadunath, 241
sayyids, 222
seals, 558–584, 588n18, 589n29, 590n42, 590n48, 591n58
Sehi Bey, 496–97
Selim I, Sultan, 193, 228, 263, 496, 500
Selim II, Sultan, 219, 230–35, 238–39, 497, 530
Seljuq dynasty, 11
Shabistari, Shaykh Mahmud, 134–135, 130
Shah Abuʾl-Khayr, 162
Shah ʿAlam, 339
Shah Imdadullah, 162
Shah Jahan, 72n37, 109, 178, 220, 240, 245–47, 257n22, 259n30, 270, 275, 405, 505–6
Shahnamah, 76, 193, 299n14, 535n2, 555, 561, 584; of Shah Tahmasb, 76, 522, 523, 526–34, 535n3, 536n9, 536n20, 537n24, 537n27, 537n30
Shahquli Sultan, 235–36
Shah Shujaʿ, 240, 247, 250–51, 254
Shanticandra, 405, 454–55, 472–73, 475n27, 475n32, 476n41, 476n42, 476n47
shariʿa, 32, 34, 59, 71n17, 98, 101–2, 131, 134, 156, 195, 198, 376–77, 379
Shattariyya Sufi order, 385
Shaykh ʿAli Khan, 17
shaykh al-Islam: Ottoman, 32–34, 36, 49n11, 51n32; in shrine cities, 130
Shiʿism, Twelver, 11, 88, 128, 147n32, 186–87; eschatology in, 183; and Humayun, 268; political authority in, 184. See also imams; Islam, Shiʿi
Shiites, 236; and the occult, 345
Shiraz, 79–80, 266, 320, 328n1, 555–56; as occult capital, 349; school of philosophy, 557
Shirazi, ʿAbdi Beg, 177, 179, 181–84, 188n1, 189n14, 191n28, 191n32, 192n43, 192n44
Shirazi, Afzal Khan, 505, 518n3
Shirazi, Mahmud Dihdar, 345, 349–50
Shirazi, Maulana Ruzbih, 66–67, 72n36, 74n38
Shirazi, Maulana Shukrallah, 66, 72n37
Shirazi, Mir Fath Allah, 350
Shirvan, 12, 97
Siddhicandra, 78, 107–19
silk, 226
Sijzi, Amir Hasan, 56
Simnani, Shaykh ʿAlaʾ ud-Dawla, 164, 167
Sirhindi, Ahmad, 126, 160, 162–63, 170, 172n6, 172n14, 172n16, 173n18, 173n19; Collected Letters of (Maktubat), 162–63, 172n11; family of, 162–3;
Sırr-e Ta-Ha, 346–47, 366–70
Skopje, 497–98
slaves, 12; Abyssinian, 69; captured in war, 41–42, 43, 52n51, 53n52, 103; Caucasian ghulams, 14, 16; and sexual intercourse, 103
Sofia (city), 36
Solomon, Prophet, 184, 187, 285, 310, 413–14, 426n9, 439, 441–42, 562–63, 580, 592n63
sovereignty, 56, 150, 177–78, 181–83, 185–88, 190n22, 191n32, 194, 206, 207, 211–12, 215–16; cooperative, 219–20, 228, 240; and the occult, 349. See also kingship
Spain, 13
Stadler, Johann Rudolf, 12
Sufis, 274; and Bahmani kingship, 557, 559; criticism of, 306, 314, 317n22, 489; and the occult, 345, 384, 386; and poetry, 403; practices of, 385; and relations with Ottomans, 380n5; and Safavid coronation ceremonies, 222; Sufi-Vedantic mysticism, 508
Sufism, 3, 55–57, 80–81, 133, 171; brotherhoods, 150; and music, 69, 125, 138; persecution of, 125–26, 129, 146n5; polemics against, 82; and the shariʿa, 156–57, 160, 170–71; Shiʿi influence on, 150, 179–80; and Shiʿi ʿulamaʾ, 128–31; as Sunni, 136–138, 145, 183; reform of, 126. See also Bayrami, Chisti, Naqshbandi, Niʿmat Allahi, Nuqtavi, Qadiri, Safavid, Shattariya, Suhrawardi Sufi orders
al-Suhrawardi, Shahab al-Din, 177–78, 195, 317n20
Suhrawardi, Abuʾl-Najib, 210, 548, 552n16
Suhrawardi Sufi order, 215, 543, 546, 548, 552n16
Suhuf-i Ibrahim, 58
Sulayman, Shah, 13, 16, 20, 23
Suleyman the Magnificent, Sultan, 100, 194, 195, 219, 229, 230, 232–35, 264, 269, 280, 428, 550; as patron of poetry, 493–97, 500–502
Sultan Husayn, Shah, 16, 20, 481–84, 486–89, 490n20
Sultan-Muhammad, Nizam al-Din, 523, 527–28, 534
sunna, 198
Sunnism. See Islam, Sunni
Sunni-Shiʿi rivalry: in the Deccan, 562. See also Islam
Syria, 97
Tabriz, 15, 97, 128, 181, 193, 269, 526
Tahmasb, Shah, 12, 19, 76, 97, 180, 184, 219–20, 231, 235–39, 266, 268–69, 271, 350, 354, 356, 404, 406–7, 409, 526–28, 535n5; embassy to the Ottomans, 531; and painting, 520; Shahnamah of, 526–34; and Twelver Shiʿism, 527
Takmilat al-Akhbar (Addendum to History), 179
Taj Mahal, 505–6
Tajalli, Mirza ʿAli, 81
Taliqan, 186, 191n32
talismans, 349, 356, 358, 360, 384, 389
Taqi, Mirza Muhammad, 15
taxes, 226, 469
temporality, 310n10
tezkire, 479–80, 496–97, 503n15, 503n18, 543
theology, 80–81, 85, 87, 148n48 195, 200, 306, 308, 311, 319–20, 339, 408. See also Ashʿarites; kalam; Muʿtazilites; philosophy
Thrace, 34
Timur, 257n22, 266, 269, 271, 276n4, 277n17, 330n1, 393, 398n36
Timurid dynasty, 193, 240, 266–67, 320, 330n11, 348, 526, 555, 557
tobacco, 226, 404, 444–47
tolerance, 10, 13, 16, 58, 240, 242, 257n17, 289
Topkapi Palace, 429, 532, 545, 547
trade, 19, 266, 270, 276n3, 391
translation, xi, 5, 55, 57–58, 71n14, 256n10, 257n12, 258, 369, 380n9, 382n31, 385, 404–5, 450–52, 474n6, 497, 555, 572
Transoxiana, 268. See also Central Asia
Treasury of Compassion, 404–5, 451, 454, 457
Turkmen, 97, 182, 194, 412, 557
Twelver Shiʿism, 313, 485–86; in the Deccan, 558
Turkish (language), 53n59, 100, 151, 183, 200, 346–47, 366–69, 380n10, 382n31, 382n36, 403, 405, 431, 448n12, 450, 494, 496, 498, 500, 542
al-Tusi, Shaykh Abu al-Jaʿfar, 87, 95n25
ʿulamaʾ, 10, 56, 58, 222, 228, 297; in Iran, 14–15, 128–31; in Mughal India, 59, 72n21; opposition of to Sufism, 125, 145; Ottoman, 33, 49n12, 549; Shiʿi, 184; Sufi, 134, 146. See also faqih; mufti; mujtahid; qadi; shaykh al-Islam
ʿUmar b. al-Khattab (caliph), 102, 138, 166, 191n32
Umayyad dynasty, 187, 191n32
unbelievers, 13, 21, 26, 38, 60, 66, 73n33, 100–103, 183, 192n46, 255, 283–85, 292, 295, 297
Universal Peace (sulh-i kull), 178. See also tolerance
Urdu, 386, 448n13
Uruch Beg (“Don Juan de Persia”), 13
Üsküdar, 34, 231
usul al-fiqh. See fiqh
ʿUthman b. ʿAffan (caliph), 166, 173n17, 191n32
Uzbeks, 183, 221, 266, 268–70, 272
Uzun Hasan, 182, 187
valide sultan, 429
vaqf. See endowment
Veli, Hacı Bayram, 151
Venice, 20, 25, 264
violence, 6, 11, 77, 111, 180, 209, 220, 240, 266, 272, 278n21, 455, 472. See also nonviolence
wahdat al-shuhud (witnessing unity of being), 170
wahdat al-wujud (unity of being, tawhid-i wujudi), 82, 150, 167, 170–71, 173n29, 314–315, 316n11
waqf. See endowments
waqf-nama. See endowment deeds
wine, 38, 40–41, 46, 82, 155, 213, 255, 420, 426, 436, 572; prohibition of, 37–38, 213
wine-gatherings, 496, 499
women, 3, 12, 36, 224, 234–35, 240, 256n2, 297, 354, 387, 418, 488
Xavier, Jerónimo, 10, 55, 58
Yazdi, Sharaf al-Din ʿAli, 55
Yenişehir, 34
yoga, 385
Yusuf Bayk, Amir, 412
Yusuf the Jew, 58
Zafar Nama, 55
Zamzam. See Kawsar
Zapolyai, John, 280–83, 285
Zapolyai, John Sigismund (Estefan), 282–83
Zayn al-Din, Shaykh, 87
Zaynal Beg, 270–71, 275
Zebrowski, Mark, 554–55
zikr, 385
Zoroastrians, 9