INDEX

Subheadings are arranged in alphabetical. Page numbers in italic denote illustrations. Page numbers in bold denote information boxes.

Abbeville Conference (May 1918) 168

Afghanistan 10

Agar, Lieutenant Augustus 169, 176

aircraft

French 157

German 73, 97, 129

Russian 102

Alexander III, Tsar 12

Alexandra, Tsarina 12, 15, 119

Alexeev, General Mikhail 198

and Brusilov Offensive 101–2

command in Eastern Front 82

places tsar under arrest 122

and Provisional Government 125

urges tsar to abdicate 121

and Volunteer Army 187–8, 198–201

Allies: intervention in Russia 165–78, 184–90

Alsace 22

Andrei Pervozvanni (Russian battleship) 176

Arab Revolt 115

Archangel 167, 170, 171–2, 174–5

Armed Forces of South Russia (formerly Volunteer Army)

206–7, 208

armoured cars 155, 214

armoured trains 179, 182, 216

artillery

10cm M1917 guns 108

15cm guns 68

21cm howitzers 148

4.5in howitzers 203

75mm field guns 104

77mm field guns 41

Austro-Hungarian 24, 51, 53, 75

German 41, 108, 148

M1902 light field guns 46

Model 14 howitzers 53

Romanian 104

Russian 46, 54–5, 68, 90, 93

Auffenberg, Moritz von 52–3

Augustowo Forest 35, 71, 72

Austria-Hungary

empire 23–4

Minister of War 60, 61–2

relations with Germany 18–20

relations with Italy 20

relations with Russia 12

relations with Serbia 14, 24–5

strategic importance of 73–4

and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 157–8, 162

Austro-Hungarian Army

A-Staffel and B-Staffel 48, 50, 52

artillery 24, 51, 53, 75

and Brusilov Offensive (1916) 92–103, 103

cavalry 83

field defences 58

Galician offensive 47–8, 50–3, 58, 95

German dominance of 74, 101

infantry 52, 79, 94

invasion of Serbia 47, 77

at Lemberg 56–9

machine guns 76

mobilization 27–8

officers 56–7

pistols 125

prisoners of war 95

at Przemysl 60–2

racial mix 30

and Second Brusilov Offensive (July 1917) 130–6

‘shop-window’ defence 95

South Tyrol Offensive 94–5

Auta River 217

Bad Homburg 160

Balkan League 14, 31

Balkan Wars (1912–13) 10–11, 14, 31, 47, 103

Ballets Russes 12

Baltic Germans 15

Banat 104, 105

Beeley, M. 169

Belarus 214, 215

Berezina River 217

Bereznik 172

Berezovka 189

Berthelot, Henri 109

Bessarabia 104, 161

Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von 123, 123

Biazroza 215

Biorko 169

Böhm-Ermolli, Eduard Freiherr 116, 130, 133, 134, 136

Bolsheviks

and 1917 Revolution 148, 150, 152–3

activity 121

foreign policy 163

growing influence of 128, 136

reforms 195, 196

territory 196, 197–8

units 177

Bosnia-Herzegovina 14

Bremner, Lieutenant W.H. 176

Breslau (German ship) 23

Brest-Litovsk 82, 218

Treaty of 155–63, 170, 182

Britain

intervention in Russia 164–5, 167–78, 184–9

relations with Ottomans 22–3

relations with Romania 104–5

relations with Russia 10–12

Brusilov, General Alexei 92

and beginning of hostilities 51

Brusilov Offensive (1916) 92–103, 115

command of Russian Army 125, 126

fears Bolshevik propaganda 128

in Galicia 52

at Grodek 59

at Halicz 56

Second Brusilov Offensive (1917) 130–6

on state of Russian Army 119

Brzezany 133

Bucharest 107, 109, 111

Budenny, Marshal 207–8, 217, 219

Bukovina 104, 105, 134

Bulgaria: declares war on Romania 106

Bulgarian Army: in Balkan Wars 10–11

Burgfriede (civil truce) 35

Cannae, Battle of (216 BC) 39

Caporetto 143

Carpathian Mountains 31, 32, 53, 57, 72, 97

Caucasus Mountains 89, 160

cavalry 39

Austro-Hungarian 83

Japanese 180–1

Romanian 105

Russian 43, 48–9

Central Powers: war plans 28–30

Chantilly Conference (December 1915) 84–5, 86, 88–9

Cheka 197

Chelyabinsk 182–3

Chemin des Dames 141

Chernigov 207

Clausewitz, Carl von 163

CMB4 (coastal motor boat) 169

CMB24 (coastal motor boat) 176

CMB62 (coastal motor boat) 176

CMB88 (coastal motor boat) 176

‘committees of poor peasants’ 195

Congress of Soviets 150, 153

Congress of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Delegates 126

Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz 25

and Brusilov Offensive 96–7, 98–9, 100

and Galician offensive 51–3

and invasion of Serbia 47

overlooked by Germans 66–7, 77, 88

war strategy 24–5, 27–8, 48, 50

Constantinople: Russian designs on 13, 118

Cossacks 61, 206, 207

and 1917 (March) Revolution 120–1

and Civil War 187–8, 198, 200–1, 205, 206

and Russo-Polish War 217

Cowan, Admiral 169, 176

Cracow 52, 59, 70

Crimea 161

Crimean War (1853–56) 13

Czech Legion 178

and Civil War 171, 175, 180–7, 209–10

in Russian Army 132, 133

trapped in Russia 166–7, 168, 170

Czernin, Ottokar von 157, 158

D’Abernon, Lord Edgar Vincent 216

Dagö 143

Danilov, General Yuri 30–1

Dardanelles campaign 72, 86

Dayrell-Reed, Lieutenant 176

‘Death’s Head’ Hussars 64

Denikin, General Anton Ivanovich 188, 189–90, 189, 191, 202, 205–8

Diederichs, General 211

Directory government (Omsk) 209–10

Dmowski, Roman 213, 213

Dniester River 88, 134

Dobruja 111

Dobrwa 107

Dobson, Commander Claude 176

Don Soviet Republic 205

Drohobycz 128

Dukla Pass 59

Durov, General 177

Dvina River 142, 175

Dvinsk 161

Dzerzhinsky, Felix 197

East Prussia

division of 213

German counterattack in 71–2

Russian invasion of 33–6, 33, 36

Eastern Front 17

lack of trenches 47, 47

Eichhorn, Field Marshal Hermann von 160

Ekaterinburg 153, 184

Ekaterinodar 203, 206

Erzerum 89

Estonia 135, 167

Evert, General Alexei 50, 52, 53, 97, 98, 99–100, 101, 102

Falkenhayn, General Erich von 76, 108

and Gorlice-Tarnow campaign 77–8

military strategy 75, 76

and Romanian campaign 106–9

and South Tyrol campaign 98–9, 100

suggests peace treaty with Russia 83

and Verdun 88

Finland 145, 161, 168

Fiume 20, 104

Foch, Marshal 188

France

intervention in Russia 171–2, 173, 174, 188–90, 191

relations with Russia 10–12, 13

François, General Hermann von 36–7, 41, 44

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke

assassination 24, 25

lying in state 23

Franz Joseph, Emperor 22, 24, 125

Fraser, Lovat 184

Frunze, Mikhail 211, 215

Gadja, General 211

Galicia: Austro-Hungarian offensive in 47–8, 50–3

Galzov 211

Gavrill (Russian destroyer) 176

George V, King 15, 34, 153

German Army

aircraft 73, 97, 129

artillery 41, 108, 148

counterattack in East Prussia 71–2

in Finland 158

Gorlice-Tarnow campaign (May 1915) 77–9

infantry 42, 64, 66–7

machine guns 116

Operation Albion 144

pistols 161

Polish campaign 63–70, 69

prisoners of war 63

at Riga 140, 142–6, 143

stormtroopers 138–9, 140–1

at Tannenberg 38

‘westerners’ and ‘easterners’ 45–6, 74–6

German Navy 116

Germany

British blockade of 115–16

declares war on Romania 106

relations with Austria-Hungary 18–20

relations with Italy 20, 22

relations with Ottomans 22–3

relations with Russia 15–16

submarine warfare 116

and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 155–63

unrest in 123

war plans 16–17, 25

Gnila Lipa Line 52

Goeben (German ship) 23

Gorlice-Tarnow campaign (May 1915) 77–9

Grigoriev, Ataman 189

Grishin-Almazov, General 189

Grodek 59

Grodno 82, 218

Gumbinnen, Battle of (20 August 1914) 36–7

Halicz 56, 134

Hampshier, Lieutenant J. 169

Helsinki 161

Hermannstadt fortress 108

Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von 19

command in Eastern Front 101

fear of Russia 17–18

and Masurian Lakes campaign 70

and Polish campaign 63, 64, 66, 67, 68

sent to Eastern Front 37–8

at Tannenberg 43, 45

and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 157, 160

Hoffmann, General Max 39, 40, 43, 157–8, 159

Hungary: strategic importance of 72

Hutier, Oskar von 140, 140–2, 141, 143–4

‘Ice March’ 202–3, 204, 205

India 115

infiltration tactics 140

influenza pandemic 172, 173

Irkutsk 211

Ironside, General Edmund 172, 175, 177–8

Isabella, Archduchess 96

Isonzo River 73, 89

Italy

entry into war 73, 74, 74

Isonzo Offensive 89

relations with Austria-Hungary 20

relations with Germany 20, 22

Ivangorod 64

Ivanov, Nikolai 50, 92, 121

Japan 115, 166

cavalry 180–1

intervention in Siberia 178–80, 191

intervention in Vladivostok 185–6

Jaroslav 59

Joffre, Joseph 33, 67, 86, 88–9, 92

Josef Ferdinand, Archduke 96, 99

Jutland, Battle of (1916) 116

Kaledin, General 188, 198, 200, 202

Karl I, Emperor 125, 126–7

Kemp, Admiral 170

Kerensky, Alexander 130, 131, 133, 154

alliance with Petrograd revolutionaries 150

overthrow 151–2

and Provisional Government 124–6

removes Kornilov from command 146–7

as war minister 128, 129, 136, 137

Kerensky Offensive (July 1917) 130–6, 146

Kesselschlacht (killing cauldron) 39

Kharkov 207

Kielce 67

Kiev 161, 188, 207, 216, 217

Kolchak, Admiral Aleksandr 186, 188–9, 207, 209–11, 210

Königsberg 44

Kornilov, General Lavr 136

attempted coup 150–1

and Civil War 198–201, 202, 203

command 134–5

death 205

and Kerensky 146–7

and march to Petrograd 136–7

and Volunteer Army 187–8

Kowel 95

Kozience 65

Krasnaya Gorka 169

Krasnov, General 205

Kronstadt 108, 169

British attack on 176

naval mutiny (1906) 50

Kuban Army 203, 205

Kuban region 202, 206, 208

Kühlmann, Richard von 157

kulaks 195, 196

Kursk 207

Lake Naroch

Battle of (March 1915) 89–91

Russian trenches 87

Latvia 167

Lemberg 51, 52, 53, 55–9, 61, 79,

79, 95, 130, 134

Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov)

assassination attempt on 197

background 147–8

and Poland 214

role in 1917 Revolution 148, 150

and Russian armistice 153, 158

Ten Theses 137

and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 163

Liège 37

Lithuania 167, 215

Lloyd George, David 153, 175, 190

Lodz 68–9

Lommica River 134

Lublin 52, 102

Ludendorff, General Erich and

Masurian Lakes campaign 70

and Polish campaign 68

recruitment of Poles 102–3

sent to Eastern Front 37–8

at Tannenberg 43

and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 157, 160

Luger P08 Parabellum pistol 161

Lutsk 95

Lvov 58–9, 79, 219

Lvov, Prince Georgi 124, 125, 130

Lysva, Perm Province, Russia 120

Macbean, Lieutenant R. 176

Macedonia 31

machine guns

Austrian Schwarzlose 76, 199

Bergmann MG15 Na 116

Maxim MG1910 140

PM1910 190

Spandau (‘The Devil’s Paint Brush’) 45

Mackensen, August von 62

attack on Warsaw 70

Polish campaign 64, 67, 68

Romanian campaign 107–9

Mai-Maevsky, General 207, 208

Manchuria 10

Manievwicze 215

Marie, Queen (of Romania) 104, 111

Marousheffski, General 177–8

Masurian Lakes 35

First Battle of the (September 1914) 43–5, 50

Second Battle of the (February 1915) 70–2

Maynard, Major-General 171

Michael, Grand Duke 121–2

Middlesex Regiment 185–6, 191

Military Revolutionary Council 200

Minimalgruppe Balkan 47

‘miracle of the Vistula’ 217–19

Mirbach, Count von 197

Mironov, Philip 200

Modlin fortress 218

Modyugski 172

Mogilev 120

Moltke, Helmuth von 28, 33, 37, 43

Moon (island) 143

mortars: Russian 100

Mosty 215

Murmansk 88, 164–5, 167–72, 171, 175, 191

Nairene (seaplane carrier) 172

Narev River 81

Nicholas II, Tsar 12

abdication 119, 121, 122

arrest 122

as commander-in-chief 82, 92, 117

and Czech Legion 180

death 153, 184

imprisonment 124, 153

promise of Polish autonomy 63

relations with Wilhelm II 15, 16

restoration of, plans for 146

and Russian war effort 29, 35

Niemen River 71, 218

Battle of the (1920) 219

Nikolai, Grand Duke 29, 32, 33, 34, 67, 68, 81, 82

Nivelle, Robert 117

Northwest Front 34

Novibazar 31

Novocherkassk 202, 205

Novogeorgievsk 64

Novorossiysk 191, 208

Odessa 188–90, 191, 207

Oie, General 186

Oleg (Russian cruiser) 169

Olympia, USS 170

Omsk 186, 209–11

Onega 178

Operation Kiev 216

Orel 207

Ösel 143

Ottoman Empire

declares war on Romania 106

relations with Britain 22–3

relations with Germany 22–3

relations with Russia 13

war against Russia 89

Pact of London 165

Palestine 115

Pamyat Azova (Russian cruiser) 176

Passchendaele 141

Penza 184

Pétain, Henri Philippe 89

Petrograd 112–13, 121, 137, 146–7, 150–1, 152–3

Petropavlovsk (Russian battleship) 176

‘pig war’ 14

Pilsudski, Jozef 211, 213, 214, 215–16, 218–19

Pistols

Austrian 125

German 161

Russian 89

Plan 19 (Russian) 30–1, 32

Plehve, General Wenzel von 50–1, 52

Ploesti oil fields 107, 109

Poincaré, Raymond 34

poison gas 76

Poland

German campaign in 63–70, 69

as German vassal state 102

mixed loyalties of 63

nationalism 167

Russo-Polish War 212–19

territory acquired from Russia 212–13, 212

‘Polish Corridor’ 213

Polish Salient 28, 29, 46, 63, 64, 67, 69

Poole, General 170–5

Pripet Marshes 92, 98

Prittwitz, Maximillien von 35–6, 37

Przemysl 53, 59, 65

German capture of 79

siege of 60–2

Pskov 121

Rasputin, Grigori 117, 119

Red Army 192–3

brutality of 205

and Civil War 201–12

composition of 193–5

machine guns 209

officers 195, 195

political commissars 195

and Russo-Polish War 215–19, 218, 219

Red Guard 152, 154

Redl, Colonel Alfred 18, 19, 30

refugees 70

Rennenkampf, General Pavel 33–4, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39–40, 41, 44–5, 68

revolvers 177, 188, 205

Rifles 7.62mm Russian Moisin-Nagant 12

Mousqueton Berthier 213

Riga 90–1

German capture of 140, 142–6, 143

Romania

armistice imposed on 111, 163

entry into war 72, 73, 103–6

exit from war 106–11

relations with Britain 104–5

renewal of war 134

Romanian Army

artillery 104

cavalry 105

losses 109, 110–11

Root, Elihu 125, 128, 130

Rostov-on-Don 198, 199, 208

Royal Marine Light Infantry 190–1

Royal Marines 168

Royal Navy: intervention in Russia 167–8, 169, 170, 176

Russia

1905 Revolution9

1917 (March) Revolution 113–22

1917 (October) Revolution 152–3

Bolshevik activity 121

Bolshevik reforms 195, 196

Civil War 201–12

Duma (parliament) 114, 120, 121, 126, 152

foreign policy 12–13

hardships 119

lack of overseas credit 129

‘Liberty Loan’ 128

peasants 195, 196

Provisional Government 121, 122, 124, 136–7, 146, 150

public support for war 29, 31

railways 173

relations with Austria-Hungary 12

relations with Britain 10–12

relations with France 10–12, 13

relations with Germany 15–16

relations with Ottomans 13

renewal of war effort 126, 128–37

strength of 9–10

strikes 120–1, 120, 129, 147

support for Serbia 12, 13–14, 15, 25

and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 155–63

‘War Communism’ 197

war plans 30–1

weather conditions 170

workers’ demonstrations 115

Russian Army 26–7

aerial reconnaissance 93, 94

aircraft 102

artillery 46, 54–5, 68, 90, 93

Brusilov Offensive (1916) 92–103, 115

cavalry 43, 48–9

changes in command 82

communications 32–3, 35

Cossacks 61, 67, 120–1

Czech Legion 132, 133

at Gorlice-Tarnow 78–9

‘Great Retreat’ 79, 80, 81, 83

indiscipline 119–20, 129–30, 137

invasion of East Prussia 33–6, 33, 36

Kerensky Offensive (July 1917) 130–6, 146

at Kielce 67

at Lake Naroch 89–91

at Lemberg 57–9

losses 91, 142

mobilization 28–30, 32

mortars 100

officers 59, 101

pistols 89

prisoners of war 162

revolutionaries in 118–19, 151

at Riga 142–3

rivalries within 32

ski troops 72, 73

state of after Gorlice-Tarnow 85–6

strategy after Tannenberg 46–7

trenches 87

uniforms 32

war against Ottomans 89

and winter warfare 71

Women’s Battalion 145

Russian Navy 150, 169, 176

Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) 14, 15, 179

Russo-Polish War 212–19

Ruzski, General Nikolai 64

Salonika front 88, 105, 108

Samara 209

Samsonov, General Alexander 34, 35, 37, 38–42

San River 59, 78

Schlieffen, Count Alfred von 16

Schlieffen Plan 16–17, 27, 30

Scott, Hugh 133

Seeben 39

Seeckt, General Hans von 99, 104

Serbia

Austro-Hungarian invasion of 47, 77

relations with Austria-Hungary 14, 24–5

Russian support for 12, 13–14, 15, 25

Sevastopol 191

Shenkursk 176–7

Siberia 166, 185

Allied intervention in 184–7

Civil War in 209–12

Japanese intervention in 178–80, 191

Sidorin, General 207

Sikorski, General Vladislav 218

Silistria fortress 108

Skoda Iron Works, Bohemia 24

Slavs 12, 15, 16, 58

Social Revolutionary Party 197

Soldau 41

Somme Offensive (1916) 86, 117

South Tyrol 92, 95, 99

Southwest Front 50

Stavka (Russian general staff) 34, 35, 44, 92, 94

Steele, Lieutenant Gordon 176

stormtroop tactics 140–2

Supreme Allied War Council 180

Taganrog 201–2

Tambov 197

Tannenberg, Battle of (26–30 August 1914) 37–43

Tchaikovsky, Nicholas 172

Terrioki 169

Teschen 96

Thomas, Albert 125

Tilsit 71

Trans-Siberian railway 179, 183–4, 209

Transylvania 72, 73, 104, 105, 107

Treaty of Bucharest 111

Treaty of London (March 1915) 73

Treaty of Riga (1921) 219

Trieste 104

Triple Alliance 20, 21, 29

Trotsky, Leon 146, 147, 159, 194

on Bolshevik foreign policy 163

and British intervention in Murmansk 168, 170

and Czech Legion 179, 180, 183

role in 1917 Revolution 152

and Russian armistice 153

and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 155, 158, 159, 160

as War Commissar 194–5, 197

Tsaritsyn 207

Tsarskoe Selo 122

Tukhachevski, General Mikhail 217–19

Tula 207

Turtukai fortress 106, 108

Tyrol 20

U-boats 116

Ukraine 159, 160, 161, 180–1, 188, 208, 216

Ulla 216

uniforms: Russian Army 32

United Supreme Command 101

USA

entry into war 123, 140, 141

in Far East 183

intervention in Russia 172–7

Usciezko 88

Ussurie River 185

Ust Padenga 177

Verdun 88–9, 90, 91, 98–9, 117

Versailles Peace Conference 188

Victor Emmanuel III (of Italy) 92

Vilna 82

Vindictive, HMS 168, 176

Vistula River 64–5, 81, 82, 217–19

Vladivostok 179, 181–7

Vologodsky, Pyotr 209

Volunteer Army (White Russian) 187, 188, 199, 199, 201–5, 201

Voronezh 207

Ward, Lieutenant-Colonel John 185–6, 186

Warsaw

Battle of (1920) 217, 218

German attacks on 65, 67, 70, 80–2

German capture of 82, 82

‘Whites’ (Russia) 190

aims of 198

and Civil War 177–8, 187–8, 201–12

forces 198–201

formation of 166

training 200

Wilhelm II, Kaiser 18

Burgfriede policy 35

and creation of Polish vassal state 102

on Eastern Front 71, 72, 81

relations with Nicholas II 15, 16

and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 159–60

unrealistic plans 115

visit to Turkey 20, 22

Wilhelm, Crown Prince 19

Wilson, Woodrow 123, 129, 172, 173–4, 175, 179, 184–5

Winter Palace, storming of 149, 152

winter warfare 71

Wrangel, General Pyotr

Nikolayevich 207, 208, 208

Yaroslavl 197

Yorkshire Regiment 178

Ypres, Second Battle of (April 1915) 76, 86

Yudenich, General 207

Zelenoy, Admiral A.P. 169

Zeppelins 65

Zhilinski, General Yakov 34–5, 40, 43, 86, 88, 88