INDEX

Aceh, 9, 113, 115–116, 120–125, 127–129, 131, 136

conclusions about, 172–173, 175–177, 180

conflict progression, 139–145

African Development Bank (Afdb), 47

All Burma Student’s Democratic Front (ABSDF), 104, 187n2 (chap. 5)

All People’s Congress (Sierra Leone; APC), 31, 34, 36–37, 40, 47

alluvial, 7, 31, 40

Al Qaeda, 1, 132–133

American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), 148, 151–154, 161

Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM), 34, 36

Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL), 96

Arakan Parties, 98, 108

conflict progression, 107–109

Arbulu Galliani, Guillermo, 151

Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), 33, 35, 37, 48, 50, 166, 170, 182

conclusions about, 166, 170, 182

conflict progression, 43–46

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 107, 143

Aung San, 93, 96, 174

autonomy: Aceh, 139–140, 142

conclusions about, 171, 173, 181

Congo, 64

Indonesia, 116, 122, 125–126, 131

Myanmar, 93–94, 109–110

Sri Lanka, 69, 75, 78, 80, 82–85, 90

theoretical importance, 5, 15, 21, 27

West Papua, 134–136

Ayacucho, 149, 151, 153–154, 156

Bakongo, 52, 57

Bangladesh, 91, 94

influence on Arakan rivalry, 98, 107–109

Bejar, Hector, 156–157

Belaunde Terry, Fernando, 149–151, 158

Bio, Julius Maada, 35, 42–43

Bitsangou, Frederic (NTOUMI), 57–59, 65

Black Tigers, 186–187

Bloku Unidade Popular (BUP), 138

Bockarie, Sam, 35, 45

Bongo, Omar, 54, 60–61, 66

Bustamante, Jose Luis, 151

capacity, government, 4–5, 7, 187n2 (chap. 5)

conclusions about, 166–184

Congo, 54

Indonesia, 117, 120, 130, 135, 142, 144–145

Myanmar, 102, 107, 111

Peru, 159

Sierra Leone, 32, 38–39, 41–44, 46, 50

Sri Lanka, 78, 82–83, 87–90

theoretical importance, 14–15, 17–20, 22, 27–28

capacity, rebel, 2–5, 8, 186n1 (chap. 4)

conclusions about, 166–184

Congo, 54, 62

Indonesia, 123, 130–135, 139–145

Myanmar, 91, 93, 96, 102–104, 109–111

Peru, 154–157, 161–163

Sierra Leone, 38–39, 41, 43–46, 48–50

Sri Lanka, 74, 77, 80–81, 83–86, 88–90

theoretical importance, 14–15, 17–20, 22–23, 27–28

Chin, 93, 95

China, influence on conflicts: conclusions about, 166, 171, 179, 182

Indonesia, 121

Myanmar, 93–95, 99–100, 102–104, 107, 110

Peru, 155

Chinese Kuomintang (KMT), 94, 99, 103, 109

Coalition, 2, 37, 42

Congo, 55–56, 61, 65

Indonesia, 129, 138

Myanmar, 97, 99, 110–112

Sierra Leone, 37, 42, 46, 49–50

theoretical importance, 19–20, 185n4 (chap. 1)

Cobras, 9, 55, 57–58, 166, 170, 182

conflict progression, 59–65

Coca, 159–160, 175

Cocoyes, 9, 54, 57–58, 166, 170, 182

conflict progression, 59–65

Colombo, 70, 73, 76–77, 83, 87

colonial history, 6

conclusions about, 166

Congo, 54

Indonesia, 113, 116–117, 119, 121, 123, 126, 139, 144

Myanmar, 93, 96, 101

Peru, 146, 149, 155

Sri Lanka, 67, 72

theoretical importance, 13

Communist Party of Burma (CPB), 94–97, 99, 109–110, 179

conflict progression, 101–105

Communist Party of Peru, 150, 152

Da-nu, 93

Darul Islam Movement, 9, 113, 120–121, 124, 127, 139, 174

conflict progression, 128–133

Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA), 98, 106

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 51, 186n1 (chap. 3)

di Tiro, Hasan, 139–141

East Timor, 9, 120–122, 124–125, 129, 140–141, 144–145

conclusions about, 172, 175–176, 180–181, 183

conflict progression, 135–138

Economic Community of West African States, 34, 36, 39, 44, 46, 50

conclusions about, 170, 179, 182

Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group, 7, 36, 39, 43–46, 182

Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF), 73, 166, 170, 182

Elephant Pass, 70–71, 85, 88

Elf-Congo, 61, 63

embargo, 20, 36, 44

ethnic cleansing, 54, 57, 60, 170, 177–178

Executive Outcomes, 35, 42

extrajudicial killing, 119

Fernandez Maldonado, Jorge, 151

foreign terrorist organization (FTO), 83, 132

Four Cuts policy, 110

Free Aceh Movement (GAM), 9, 122–125, 166, 172–173, 183

conflict progression, 139–144

Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC), 61

Fujimori, Alberto, 151, 155, 160, 162, 174

Gandhi, Indira, 77

Gandhi, Rajiv, 70, 78

Garcia Perez, Alan, 151

Golden Triangle, 106, 175

group goals, 7, 27, 64, 110

conclusions about, 175, 181, 184

theoretical importance, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23

group size, 14, 60

group splintering, 1–2, 85

conclusions about, 170–172, 174, 182–183

Congo, 51, 54, 58, 61

Indonesia, 132, 140

Myanmar, 93–94, 98–99, 102, 104, 106, 109

Peru, 153–154, 160

Sri Lanka, 85

theoretical importance, 16–19

guerrilla warfare, 5

conclusions about, 166–173, 177, 180

Congo, 52, 60

Indonesia, 131, 134

Myanmar, 93, 100, 105, 110–111

Peru, 146, 150, 154–159, 161–162

Sri Lanka, 67, 70, 73, 77, 89

theoretical importance, 11, 22, 27

Guevara, Che, 159, 185n5 (chap. 1)

Gusmão, Xanana, 137

Guzman, Abimael, 151–156, 160–161, 167, 174–175, 178, 183

Habibie, B. J., 119, 122

Harkate Jihadul Islam, 9, 97–98

Huallaga Valley, 154, 159, 161, 175

Huancavelica, 149

human rights: conclusions about, 180

Congo, 60

Indonesia, 116, 119–120, 136–138, 141–145

Myanmar, 98, 107

Peru, 155, 158

Sierra Leone, 47

Sri Lanka, 88

Indian Peacekeeping Force (IPKF), 70, 78–79

intervention, 3, 5, 7–8, 185n3 (chap. 1)

conclusions about, 165–166, 168–170, 177, 179–182, 184

Congo, 52, 54, 58, 61, 63–64

Myanmar, 96–111

Peru, 162

Sri Lanka, 67, 89

theoretical importance, 23–28

Irrawaddy delta, 93, 97, 103, 105–106

Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), 1, 3, 132–133

Jamil, Mohammad, 31

Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), 9, 72–73, 76, 89–90

conclusions about, 165–170, 182, 184

conflict progression, 79–80

Jayawardene, J. R., 77, 81

Jemaah Ansharut Tauhid, 132

Jemaah Islamiyah, 132, 180

Kabbah, Ahmed Tejan, 35–36, 41, 43–47

Kachin, 9, 93–95, 97, 99

conclusions about, 166, 168, 171, 182

conflict progression, 100–101, 103–104, 109–111

Kachin Independence Army (KIA), 95, 99–100, 109–110

conflict progression, 109–111

Ka Kwe Ye (KKY), 103

Kamajors, 33, 35, 37, 50

conclusions about, 166, 170, 182

conflict progression, 39–48

Karen, 9, 93, 94–95, 97–99, 100–101, 187n3 (chap. 5)

conclusions about, 166, 168, 171, 182

conflict progression, 104–107, 110

Karen organizations, 94–95, 97–98, 102, 110

conflict progression, 104–107

Kartosuwiryo, 123, 128, 132, 145

Kawthoolei Armed Forces, 9, 97–98

Kilinochichi, 83, 88

kimberlite, 31

Kokang Revolutionary Front, 9, 99

Kolelas, Bernard, 55–63, 65–66, 168, 178

Koroma, Johnny Paul, 35, 43–45

Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 27

Kumaratunga, Chandrika, 70, 82

Kurdistan Workers’ Party, 1

Lari, 54, 57

leadership, 5, 38, 43, 50, 56

conclusions about, 165, 170, 172, 173–175, 178, 182

Congo, 56, 60, 62–65

Indonesia, 123, 132, 137, 139–140, 145

Myanmar, 95–97, 104, 106, 109

Peru, 150, 153, 155, 159–160, 162

Sierra Leone, 43, 50

Sri Lanka, 80, 86, 88–90

theoretical importance, 14–21

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE), 7, 9, 70–71, 89–90

conclusions about, 166, 170, 173–174, 176–179, 181

conflict progression, 75–89

Liberia, 7, 29, 34, 37–41, 46, 50

conclusions about, 166, 179, 182

Lissouba, Pascal, 54–65, 168, 170, 178

Manerplaw, 105–106

Massamba-Debat, Alphose, 55–56

Masyumi, 125, 128–129, 171

Maung Maung, U, 95

Mbochi, 52, 54, 56–57, 60, 63

Mendes, 31

Momoh, Joseph Saidu, 32, 34, 37, 39–40

Mon, 9, 94–95, 97, 101, 105, 107, 110

conclusions about, 166, 168, 171, 182

Mong Tai Army (MTA), 99, 109

Mon National Defense Organization, 94, 97

Morales Bermudez Cerruti, Francisco, 151

Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), 9, 151–153

conclusions about, 165, 167, 169, 172, 178

conflict progression, 156–162

Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR)— the Militant, 152–153

Mpila, 55, 57

Mujahidine Indonesia Timur (MIT), 132

Mujahid Party, 9, 97

Muralitharan, V. (KARUNA), 71, 85–86, 90, 175

Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam (NAD), 142

National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction Party (CNRT), 138

National Diamond Mining Company (NDMC), 31

National Liberation Army (ELN), 9, 150–153, 165, 167, 169, 172, 178, 183

conflict progression, 156–162

National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), 39, 41

National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC), 34, 37, 42

National Reformation Council (NRC), 34, 36

National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), 55–56

National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), 61

Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA), 111

negotiation, 4, 7

conclusions about, 166, 170–172, 177, 182

Congo, 58, 60, 62, 64–66

Indonesia, 125, 131–133, 136–137, 141–143

Myanmar, 93, 100–102, 108, 110–111

Sierra Leone, 35, 43–44, 46

Sri Lanka, 78–79, 82, 84–87

theoretical importance, 11–12, 16–18, 22–23, 26–28

Ngombi, Marien, 56

Nibolek, 54, 57

Ninjas, 9, 54–55, 57–58, 166, 170, 182

conflict progression, 59–65

Ninjas-Ntoumi, 9

conflict progression, 59–65

Noom Suik Harn (aka Young Warriors), 9, 97–98

Ntoumi, Pasteur, 9, 54, 57–59, 65

Ntsiloulous, 54, 57–58, 60, 62, 65

Nu, U, 94–95, 99, 101–102, 169

Nzabi, 57

Odria, Manuel, 151

Organization for a Free Papua (OPM), 9, 121–122, 124–126, 166, 171, 183

conflict progression, 134–136

Organization of African Unity (OAU), 60, 66

Palaung, 95

Pallochia, Molina, 151

Pan-African Union for Social Democracy (UPADS), 55–56

Panglong Agreement, 93, 95, 110, 166

Pa-O, 93, 95, 99

Papuan Presidium Council (PDP), 135–136

Parti congolais du travail (PCT), 55–56

Peace and Development Council, 95

People’s Democratic Front (PDF), 102

People’s Liberation Party (PLP), 138

People’s Volunteer Organization (PVO), 96, 102

Pointe-Noire, 52, 61–62

Polay, Victor, 151, 154, 159

Pool region, 52, 57–58, 65, 170

Popular Action (AP), 151

popular support, 5, 15, 20, 106, 170

Prabhakaran, Velupillai, 7, 71, 73–75, 78, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 178, 182

Prado y Ugarteche, Manuel, 151

Premadasa, Ranasinghe, 70, 79–81

premans, 119, 138

Rajapaksa, Mahinda, 87

Red Flag, 9, 94, 96–97, 102–103, 105–108, 110

representation, 5, 8, 49, 64

conclusions about, 170, 175, 178, 181

Indonesia, 144

Sri Lanka, 67, 69, 75, 79, 86, 90

theoretical importance, 15, 21

repression, 5, 17, 72, 74, 104, 109–110, 116

conclusions about, 167, 172–173, 180, 197n4 (chap. 5)

Indonesia, 139, 142, 144

Peru, 153, 157

Republic of South Moluccas (RSM), 9, 121, 125–126, 187n1 (chap. 6)

conclusions about, 165–167, 171, 180, 183–184

conflict progression, 133–134

Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (FRETILIN), 9, 121, 124–125, 127, 166, 172, 180, 183

conclusions about, 166, 172, 180, 183

conflict progression, 136–139

Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI), 9, 113, 121, 124, 125, 166, 171, 182

conflict progression, 129–132

Revolutionary Socialist Party (PSR-MI), 152–153

Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 7, 9, 33, 48–50, 186n2 (chap. 2)

conclusions about, 166, 170, 173, 176–179, 181–183

conflict progression, 39–48

Rohingya, 9, 93, 96, 98, 104, 108–109

Rohingya groups, 9, 97–98

Sa, Khun, 104, 106, 109

San, Aung, 93, 96, 174, 187n2 (chap. 5)

sanctions, 23, 44, 187n4 (chap. 5)

sanctuary, 91, 108, 154

Sandline International, 36, 50

Sankoh, Foday, 34, 38–46, 49

Sassou N’Guesso, Denis, 54–66, 168–170, 178

secession, 15

conclusions about, 170–171, 175–176, 181

Congo, 64

Indonesia, 113, 115–116, 120, 128, 143–144

Myanmar, 93, 98, 100, 110

theoretical importance, 15, 21

Sendero Luminoso, 9, 148, 150–156, 163

conclusions about, 167, 172, 174–175, 177, 180, 183

conflict progression, 156–162

Sendero Luminoso Rojo, 152, 154, 160

Shan, 9, 93–95, 97–100, 103–104, 106, 110

conclusions about, 166, 168, 171, 181–182

conflict progression, 109

Shan Armies, 95, 99, 106

conflict progression, 109

Sharia, 142, 166

Sierra Leone Army (SLA), 33, 42, 44, 46

conflict progression, 39–48

Sinhala, 7, 67, 69, 72, 74, 76–77, 79, 82–84

conclusions about, 166–167, 173, 176–178

Soe, Thakin, 96

spoiler, 18

Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission (SLMM), 70, 85–87

Sri Lankan Army (SLA), 70–71

conclusions about, 171, 179

conflict progression, 75–89

State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), 104–105, 107, 187n1 (chap. 5)

Stevens, Siaka, 31–34, 36–37, 40, 176

Strasser, Valentine, 34–35, 37, 40–43

Suharto, 115–119, 121–122, 134–135, 137, 140, 144–145, 173, 175

Sukarno, 117, 121, 125, 129–130, 132, 187n1 (chap. 6)

Sukarnoputri, Megawati, 122

Supreme Council of the United Hill Peoples (SCOUHP), 93

Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO), 9, 73, 80

conclusions about, 166, 170, 182

Tamil Nadu, 72, 77–79, 173, 179

Tamil New Tigers (TNT), 75

Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), 72, 75, 78, 90

Taylor, Charles, 7, 34, 38–41, 43–44, 46–47, 49–50, 170, 179, 186n2 (chap. 2)

Temnes, 31

Temple of the Tooth, 83–84

terrain, 4

conclusions about, 165, 167, 180

Congo, 52

Indonesia, 113

Myanmar, 93, 104, 110–111

Peru, 146, 153–154, 157, 162–163

Sierra Leone, 29

Sri Lanka, 67

theoretical importance, 13, 15, 22–23

terrorist tactics, 1

conclusions about, 167, 177–178

Congo, 54, 57, 62

Myanmar, 110

Peru, 155, 159

Sri Lanka, 70, 73

theoretical importance, 13

Thailand: conclusions about, 171

Indonesia and, 115

Myanmar and, 91, 95, 100, 107

Timorese Social Democratic Association (ASDT), 136–137

transmigrasi/transmigration, 116–117, 120–122, 126, 128, 134, 136–137, 142, 176, 178

Tun, Thakin Than, 96

Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Army (MRTA), 9, 151–156

conclusions about, 167, 172, 174–175, 180, 183

conflict progression, 156–163

2004 Asian tsunami, 69, 71, 86–87, 123, 142–143, 172–173, 180, 183

U, Tin, 103

United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL), 36, 46–47

United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone (UNMOSIL), 46, 182

United Wa State Army (UWSA), 96, 104

University of Huamanga, 154, 158

Vargas Prieto, Oscar, 151

Velasco Alvarado, Juan, 150–151, 162

Wa, 9, 93, 95–97

conclusions about, 181

conflict progression, 100, 103–104, 106

Wahid, Abdurrahman, 122, 135

White Flag, 96

Win, Ne, 94–95, 103, 108

Yhombi-Opango, Joachim, 55, 58

Youlou, Fulbert, 55–56

Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 123, 143