CONTENTS
ONE INTRODUCING CONCEPTS IN GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS
Beginning Your Study of Geochemistry
An Example: Comparing Thermodynamic and Kinetic Approaches
Elements, Atoms, and the Structure of Matter
Elements and the Periodic Table
The Atomic Nucleus and Isotopes
The Basis for Chemical Bonds: The Electron Cloud
Structural Implications of Bonding
THREE A FIRST LOOK AT THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
Temperature and Equations of State
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Reprise: The Internal Energy Function Made Useful
Cleaning Up the Act: Conventions for E, H, F, G, and S
Changes in E, H, F, and G Due to Composition
Conditions for Heterogeneous Equilibrium
Solutions That Behave Nonideally
Activity in Electrolyte Solutions
FIVE DIAGENESIS: A STUDY IN KINETICS
Kinetics of Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation
SIX ORGANIC MATTER AND BIOMARKERS: A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE
Organic Matter in the Global Carbon Cycle
Organic Matter Production and Cycling in the Oceans
Fate of Primary Production: Degradation and Diagenesis
Factors Controlling Accumulation and Preservation
Degradation in Oxic Environments
Chemical Composition of Biologic Precursors
Application of Biomarkers to Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions
SEVEN CHEMICAL WEATHERING: DISSOLUTION AND REDOX PROCESSES
Fundamental Solubility Equilibria
Solubility of Magnesian Silicates
Solubility of Aluminosilicate Minerals
Rivers as Weathering Indicators
Thermodynamic Conventions for Redox Systems
Redox Systems Containing Carbon Dioxide
Activity-Activity Relationships: The Broader View
EIGHT THE OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE AS A GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEM
A Classification of Dissolved Constituents
Chemical Variations with Depth
Carbonate and the Great Marine Balancing Act
Chemical Modeling of Seawater: A Summary
Global Mass Balance and Steady State in the Oceans
How Does the Steady State Evolve?
A Summary of Ocean-Atmosphere Models
Gradual Change: The History of Seawater and Air
Early Outgassing and the Primitive Atmosphere
NINE TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CHANGES: THERMODYNAMICS AGAIN
What Does Equilibrium Really Mean?
Determining When a System Is in Equilibrium
Changing Temperature and Pressure
Temperature Changes and Heat Capacity
Pressure Changes and Compressibility
Temperature and Pressure Changes Combined
A Graphical Look at Changing Conditions: The Clapeyron Equation
Raoult’s and Henry’s Laws: Mixing of Several Components
Standard States and Activity Coefficients
Solution Models: Activities of Complex Mixtures
Thermobarometry: Applying What We Have Learned
TEN PICTURING EQUILIBRIA: PHASE DIAGRAMS
Derivation of T-X2 and P-X2 Diagrams
T-X2 Diagrams for Real Geochemical Systems
Simple Crystallization in a Binary System: CaMgSi2O6-CaAl2Si2O8
Formation of a Chemical Compound in a Binary System: KAlSi2O6-SiO2
Solid Solution in a Binary System: NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8
Unmixing in a Binary System: NaAlSi3O8-KAlSi3O8
Thermodynamic Calculation of Phase Diagrams
Binary Phase Diagrams Involving Fluids
ELEVEN KINETICS AND CRYSTALLIZATION
Effect of Temperature on Kinetic Processes
Aragonite ⇄ Calcite: Growth as the Rate-Limiting Step
Iron Meteorites: Diffusion as the Rate-Limiting Step
Bypassing Theory: Controlled Cooling Rate Experiments
Bypassing Theory Again: Crystal Size Distributions
TWELVE THE SOLID EARTH AS A GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEM
Cycling between Crust and Mantle
Heat Exchange between Mantle and Core
Fluids and the Irreversible Formation of Continental Crust
Thermodynamic Effects of Melting
Differentiation in Melt-Crystal Systems
The Behavior of Trace Elements
Trace Element Fractionation during Melting and Crystallization
Compatible and Incompatible Elements
Crust and Mantle Fluid Compositions
Mantle and Crust Reservoirs for Fluids
Cycling of Fluids between Crust and Mantle
THIRTEEN USING STABLE ISOTOPES
What Makes Stable Isotopes Useful?
Mass Fractionation and Bond Strength
Geologic Interpretations Based on Isotopic Fractionation
Isotopic Evolution of the Oceans
Fractionation in the Hydrologic Cycle
Fractionation in Geothermal and Hydrothermal Systems
Fractionation in Sedimentary Basins
Fractionation among Biogenic Compounds
Isotopic Fractionation around Marine Oil and Gas Seeps
FOURTEEN USING RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
Decay Series and Secular Equilibrium
Geochemical Applications of Induced Radioactivity
40Argon-39 Argon Geochronology
Radionuclides as Tracers of Geochemical Processes
Heterogeneity of the Earth’s Mantle
Isotopic Composition of the Oceans
Degassing of the Earth’s Interior to Form the Atmosphere
FIFTEEN STRETCHING OUR HORIZONS: COSMOCHEMISTRY
Origin and Abundance of the Elements
Chondrites as Sources of Cosmochemical Data
Cosmochemical Behavior of Elements
Controls on Cosmochemical Behavior
Chemical Fractionations Observed in Chondrites
How Equilibrium Condensation Works
Evidence for Condensation in Chondrites
Infusion of Matter from Outside the Solar System
Isotopic Diversity in Meteorites
The Discovery of Stardust in Chondrites
The Most Volatile Materials: Organic Compounds and Ices
Extraterrestrial Organic Compounds
Estimating the Bulk Compositions of Planets
Some Constraints on Cosmochemical Models
The Equilibrium Condensation Model
The Heterogeneous Accretion Model
Planetary Models: Cores and Mantles
Appendix A: Mathematical Methods
Appendix B: Finding and Evaluating Geochemical Data