PICTURE CREDITS

Alamy: © Ian Dagnall: 216; © Paul Fearn: 298; © Everett Historical: 144; © Interfoto: 118; © ITAR-TASS Photo Agency: 206; © Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library: 16; © Mary Evans Picture Library: 170; © North Wind Picture Archives: 126, 174, 248

Chris Bain: 105

Bridgeman Art Library: © Shelburne Museum: 195 right top

Duke University: James Buchanan Duke Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library: 121; John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising & Marketing History, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library: 125

Flickr/Preus Museum: 161

Getty Images: 92; © Bettmann: iv, vi; © Chicago History Museum: 133; © Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago: 342

Granger Images: 46, 60, 134, 210, 238

Internet Archive: 3, 22, 24, 202, 219

iStock: © CSA Images/B&W Engrave Ink Collection: 122 bottom, 301; © ilbusca: 54, 177, 273; © Diane Labombarbe: 215; © Man_Half-tube: 143; © Oak68: 200

Library of Congress: 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 19, 20, 26, 27, 32, 33, 35, 38, 41, 43, 45, 49 right, 50, 51, 52, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 76, 79, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 94, 95, 97, 99, 107, 109, 112, 115, 119, 127, 128 right, 129, 131, 136, 142, 146, 151, 151, 153, 155, 156, 158, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 176, 178, 180, 184, 187, 188, 189, 191, 195 left and middle, 197, 198, 213, 221, 224, 226, 228, 231, 237, 240, 241, 243, 246, 250, 252, 254, 256, 261, 268, 269, 271, 274, 277, 281, 282, 283, 284, 288, 290, 291, 292, 295, 296, 300, 302, 307, 309, 310, 312, 314, 317, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, 325, 327, 333, 335, 337, 338, 339, 341, 344, 346, 350, 352, 357, front and back endpapers

National Archives: 49 left, 57 left

National Gallery of Art: 222

National Park Service/Thomas Edison National Historic Park: 110

Courtesy of the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources: 122

New York Public Library: 30, 103, 148, 149, 171, 172, 194, 209, 247, 263

Shutterstock: © Digiselector: throughout (ornaments); © Everett Historical: 116, 353; © Fotoluminate LLC: 195 right bottom; © Horenko: throughout (background); © ivgroznii: : throughout (ornaments); © julijamilaja: throughout (ornaments); © Tatiananna: throughout (ornaments); © Liubou Yasiukovick: throughout (ornaments)

Wellcome Library: 15, 55

Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons: 29, 48, 82, 106, 128 left, 160, 196, 211, 233, 264, 272; British Library: 25; Smithsonian Institution: 138, 186; © Soerfm: 278; © Beth Stiner: 223; © victorgrigas: 182; © Yale University Libraries: 286