SOURCE NOTES
INTRODUCTION: ALL THAT GLITTERS
1. Henry Demarest Lloyd, Wealth Against Commonwealth (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1899), 496.
2. Janette Thomas Greenwood, The Gilded Age: A History in Documents (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 25; Jeanne Sahadi, “The Richest 10% Hold 76% of the Wealth,” CNN Money (August 18, 2016), http://money.cnn.com/2016/08/18/pf/wealth-inequality/; Quote Investigator, “History Does Not Repeat Itself, But It Rhymes,” http://quoteinvestigator.com/2014/01/12/history-rhymes/.
3. Erica Werner, “Harry Reid Warns of ‘New Gilded Age’ in Senate Farewell Speech,” NBC News Chicago (December 8, 2016), http://www.nbcchicago.com/news/politics/Harry-Reid-Bids-Farewell-to-Senate-After-30-Years-405491516.html.
4. Paul Krugman, “Why We’re in a New Gilded Age,” New York Review of Books (May 8, 2014), http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/08/thomas-piketty-new-gilded-age/; Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/08/thomas-piketty-new-gilded-age/.
5. William Safire, Safire’s Political Dictionary (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 237.
6. “Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous (1984–), IMDb, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086750/.
7. The term “robber baron” first appeared in the New York Times (February 9, 1859) to describe Cornelius Vanderbilt. Cited by T. J. Stiles in “Robber Barons or Captains of Industry,” History Now, https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/gilded-age/essays/robber-barons-or-captains-industry.
8. United States Census, Bicentennial Statistics: Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, part 1, chapter K, Agriculture, 437, http://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1975/compendia/hist_stats_colonial-1970/hist_stats_colonial-1970p1-chK.pdf.
9. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Holt, 1921; e-Book reprint edition, Department of English, University of Virginia, 1996), chapter 1, http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/TURNER/home.html.
PART 1: PEOPLE AND THINGS
1. J. S. Ingram, The Centennial Exposition, Described and Illustrated, Being a Concise and Graphic Description of this Grand Enterprise, Commemorative of the First Centennary of American Independence (Philadelphia: Hubbard Bros., 1876, 5.
CHAPTER 1: CENTENNIAL
1. Stephanie Grauman Wolf, “Centennial Exhibition (1876),” in The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/centennial/.
2. Beth Swift, “From the Archives: Wielding Winged Lightning,” Wabash College Magazine, http://www.wabash.edu/magazine/index.cfm?news_id=4795; Wolf, “Centennial Exhibition (1876).”
3. Ingram, Centennial Exposition.
4. Ibid., 40.
5. Ibid., 109–116.
6. Wolf, “Centennial Exhibition (1876).”
7. Ingram, Centennial Exposition, 157–298.
8. Wolf, “Centennial Exhibition (1876).”
9. Ibid.
10. Susanna W. Gold, The Unfinished Exhibition: Visualizing Myth, Memory, and the Shadow of the Civil War in Centennial America (Oxford, UK, and New York: Routledge, 2017), “Conflict on the Fairgrounds” Kindle ed.
11. Ari Hoogenboom, Rutherford B. Hayes; Warrior and President (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 273.
12. The account of Sickles during Election Night 1876 is drawn from Thomas Keneally, American Scoundrel: The Life of the Notorious Civil War General Dan Sickles (New York: Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2002); the account of Sickles in the Keys murder and the trial that followed is drawn from Keneally, American Scoundrel, and from Fletcher Pratt, Stanton: Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1953), 81–85.
13. See Alan Axelrod, The Real History of the Civil War: A New Look at the Past (New York: Sterling, 2012), 266–271.
14. Quoted in Keneally, American Scoundrel, 261.
CHAPTER 2: THE DYNAMO, THE VIRGIN, AND THE BRIDGE
1. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (1907, 1918; reprint ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), 380, 379.
2. Ibid., 379–80.
3. Ibid., 380.
4. Ibid., 381.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 383.
CHAPTER 3: TITANS, PLUTOCRATS, AND PHILANTHROPISTS
1. William Tecumseh Sherman, quoted in Major David F. Boyd, “Gen. W. T. Sherman. His Early Life in the South and His Relations with Southern Men,” Confederate Veteran 18 (1910), 412.
2. Margaret E. Wagner, Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman, The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), 75.
3. Matthew J. Gallman, The North Fights the Civil War: The Home Front (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1994), 26.
4. James A. Rawley, The Politics of Union: Northern Politics during the Civil War (Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press, 1974), 28.
5. https://www.nps.gov/articles/industry-and-economy-during-the-civil-war.htm.
6. http://www.civilwarhome.com/civilwarindustry.htm.
7. Ibid.
8. Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present (1843), book IV, chapter IV; Kindle ed.
9. Quoted in T. J. Stiles, “Robber Barons or Captains of Industry,” History Now, https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/gilded-age/essays/robber-barons-or-captains-industry.
10. Mark Twain, “Open Letter to Com. Vanderbilt” (March 1869, reprinted in Milton Meltzer, Mark Twain Himself: A Pictorial Biography [1960; reprint ed., Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002], 202).
11. For the story of the sale, see Ron Chernow, “The Deal of the Century,” American Heritage 49, no. 4 (July/August 1998), http://www.americanheritage.com/node/59682. For Carnegie as the “richest man in the world,” see Carnegie Corporation of New York, “Andrew Carnegie’s Story,” https://www.carnegie.org/interactives/foundersstory/#!/.
12. Andrew Carnegie, “Wealth,” North American Review 148, no. 391 (June 1889), 653, 657–62.
13. Andrew Carnegie, “The Gospel of Wealth,” in The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays by Andrew Carnegie (New York: The Century Company, 1901), 1–46.
CHAPTER 4: SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY
1. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The House of the Seven Gables (1851), chapter 17, Kindle ed.
2. George Bernard Shaw, “Maxims for Revolutionists: Civilization,” in Man and Superman (Cambridge, MA: The University Press, 1903), 241.
3. Tom Sandage, science correspondent for the Economist, The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century’s On-Line Pioneers (New York: Bloomsbury, 1998).
4. “Improvement in Telegraphy,” UX 174465 A (March 7, 1876), https://www.google.com/patents/US174465.
5. Randy Alfred, “March 10, 1876: ‘Mr. Watson, Come Here …’” Wired (March 10, 2011), https://www.wired.com/2011/03/0310bell-invents-telephone-mr-watson-come-here/.
6. Ibid.
7. Associated Press, “T. A. Watson Dead; Made First Phone,” New York Times (December 15, 1934), http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0118.html.
8. Elon University School of Communications, Imagining the Internet: A History and Forecast, “1870s–1940s—Telephone,” http://www.elon.edu/e-web/predictions/150/1870.xhtml.
9. Mohammed Rasooldeen, “5 billion mobile phone users in 2017: GSMA,” Arab News (March 1, 2017), http://www.arabnews.com/node/1061261/business-economy.
10. “List of Edison Patents,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Edison_patents#1001_to_1084.
11. David A. Hounshall, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), 224.
12. R. E. Houston, “Model T Ford Production,” http://www.mtfca.com/encyclo/fdprod.htm.
13. History Channel, “[February 17,] 1972: Beetle overtakes Model T as world’s best-selling car,” http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/beetle-overtakes-model-t-as-worlds-best-selling-car.
CHAPTER 5: THE MARKETPLACE
1. Carnegie Corporation of New York, “Andrew Carnegie’s Story,” https://www.carnegie.org/interactives/foundersstory/#!/.
2. Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age, 3rd ed. (New York: New York University Press, 1993), Kindle ed., 63–64.
3. Ray Stannard Baker, “What the United States Steel Corporation Really Is, and How It Works,” published in McClure’s (November 1901) and quoted in Albert Shaw, ed., The American Monthly Review of Reviews: An International Magazine 24 (July–December 1901), 614–16.
4. “Topics in Brief,” Literary Digest (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1902), 635.
5. “SAMSON,” United States Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Search, http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=70011210&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch.
6. “J. Walter Thompson’s History of Advertising,” https://www.jwt.com/history/.
7. Edd Applegate, The Rise of Advertising in the United States: A History of Innovation to 1960 (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014), 134.
8. J. Walter Thompson Company, Things to Know about Trade-Marks: A Manual of Trade-Mark Information (New York: J. Walter Thompson Company, 1911).
9. Filed on May 27, 1899, the trademark was registered on July 18, 1899; Justia: Trademarks, “THOMAS A EDISON—Trademark Details,” https://trademarks.justia.com/700/58/thomas-a-edison-70058571.html.
10. Macy’s laid claim to the title of “world’s largest” department store until the Shinsegae Centum City Department Store was opened in Busan, South Korea, in 2009. Barbara Farfan, “What is the World’s Largest Retail Store?” The Balance (September 14, 2016), https://www.thebalance.com/largest-retail-stores-2892923.
11. Tradition as well as some authorities also attribute the more familiar maxim “The customer is always right” to Marshall Field, but there is compelling evidence that it originated with American-born British department store magnate Henry Gordon Selfridge. See “The customer is always right,” The Phrase Finder, http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/106700.html.
12. United States Census 2010, United States Summary: 2010 (September 2012), 20–26, http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf.
13. Sears Archives, http://www.searsarchives.com/catalogs/chronology.htm.
14. Sears Archives, http://www.searsarchives.com/history/history1890s.htm.
CHAPTER 6: STATUE AND ISLAND
1. Yasmin Sabina Khan, Enlightening the World: The Creation of the Statue of Liberty (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010), 130.
2. Jonathan Harris, A Statue for America: The First Hundred Years of the Statue of Liberty (New York: Four Winds Press, 1985), 7–9.
3. Rebecca M. Joseph with Brooke Rosenblatt and Carolyn Kinebrew, “The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor: An Inquiry into the History and Meaning of Bartholdi’s Liberté éclairant le Monde” (Boston Support Office, National Park Service, September 2000).
4. Edward Berenson, The Statue of Liberty: A Transatlantic Story (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 21.
5. Agence France-Presse and DailyMail.Com Reporter, “Was the inspiration for the Statue of Liberty a Muslim woman? Researchers say French sculptor turned ‘veiled peasant’ designed for the Suez canal into Lady Liberty,” DailyMail.com (December 1, 2015; updated December 2, 2015), http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3342140/Statue-Liberty-inspired-Arab-woman-researchers-say.html.
6. Glenn Collins, “Cracks Found in the Myths Around Statue; Park Service Librarian Writes Book to Clarify Lady Liberty’s Origins,” New York Times (October 28, 2000), http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/28/nyregion/cracks-found-myths-around-statue-park-service-librarian-writes-book-clarify-lady.html?pagewanted=all. Also see Agence France-Presse and DailyMail.Com Reporter, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3342140/Statue-Liberty-inspired-Arab-woman-researchers-say.html, and Sarah Birnbaum, “The Statue of Liberty was modeled after an Arab woman,” PRI (February 1, 2015), https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-01/statue-liberty-was-modeled-after-arab-woman.
7. Migration Policy Institute (MPI), “U.S. Immigrant Population and Share over Time, 1850–Present,” http://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-population-over-time.
8. The Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Foundation, “Ellis Island History,” http://www.libertyellisfoundation.org/ellis-island-history, puts the 1892–1954 total at more than 12 million; however, the Annual Reports of the Commissioner General of Immigration for 1892–1924 total about 14 million (National Park Service, “U.S. Immigration Statistics: Immigration Station at Ellis Island, NY,” https://www.nps.gov/elis/learn/education/upload/statistics.pdf).
9. Saum Song Bo, American Missionary (October 1885), 10.
10. Janette Thomas Greenwood, The Gilded Age: A History in Documents (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 31–32.
11. Daniel Griswold, “Immigrants Have Enriched American Culture and Enhanced Our Influence in the World,” Insight (February 18, 2002), republished by the Cato Institute, https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/immigrants-have-enriched-american-culture-enhanced-our-influence-world.
CHAPTER 7: HARD LABOR
1. Theodore W. Schultz, “Investment in Human Capital,” American Economic Review 51, no. 1 (March 1961), 1–17, http://la.utexas.edu/users/hcleaver/330T/350kPEESchultzInvestmentHumanCapital.pdf.
2. Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, 3rd ed. (New York: New York University Press, 1993), Kindle ed., 100.
3. Clarence D. Long, Wages and Earnings in the United States, 1860–1890 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960), 106, Table 48, http://www.nber.org/chapters/c2500.pdf.
4. See “Tenements,” History.com, http://www.history.com/topics/tenements.
5. Jacob August Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York (1890; reprint ed., New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1914), 184.
6. United States Department of Labor, “5. Progressive Era Investigations,” https://www.dol.gov/dol/aboutdol/history/mono-regsafepart05.htm.
7. US Department of Labor, https://www.dol.gov/dol/aboutdol/history/mono-regsafepart05.htm.
8. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 123–24.
9. Jacob August Riis, Theodore Roosevelt, the Citizen (New York: The Outlook Co., 1904), 131; Theodore Roosevelt, An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan 1913), 186.
10. Renamed the Brown Building, the Asch Building is now owned by New York University and serves as a science building. New York Landmarks Preservation Commission, “Brown Building (original Asch Building)” (March 25, 2001), Designation List 346, LP-2128, http://rememberthetrianglefire.org/images/brown.pdf. Also, http://www.law.nyu.edu/news/triangle_fire_centennial.
11. Today, the Pullman State Historic Site explains that the Pioneer was chosen by Colonel James H. Bowen, chairman of the Republican State Central Committee, for inclusion in the funeral train to accommodate the Lincoln family. (The Pullman State Historic Site, “Abraham Lincoln and the Pioneer” in “The Pullman Company,” http://www.pullman-museum.org/theCompany/.) The president’s remains were carried in “The President’s Car,” which was an ornate car built by the Alexandria, Virginia, car shops of the Military Railroad System in 1864. (See “Conventional Wisdom” and “Historical Fact” in “Pullmans Palace Car Co.-Page 2,” http://www.midcontinent.org/rollingstock/builders/pullman2.htm.)
12. See Coachbuilt, Pullman entry, http://www.coachbuilt.com/bui/p/pullman/pullman.htm.
13. Pullman State Historic Site, “The Town of Pullman,” http://www.pullman-museum.org/theTown/; Stanley Buder, Pullman: An Experiment in Industrial Order and Community Planning, 1880–1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), Table 3: Rental and Type of Dwelling Units, 90.
14. Buder, Pullman, 99.
CHAPTER 8: GILDED MONUMENTS
1. Karen Abbott, “What (or Who) Caused the Great Chicago Fire?” Smithsonian.com, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-or-who-caused-the-great-chicago-fire-61481977/.
2. Ibid.
3. Richard F. Bales and Thomas F. Schwartz, The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Mrs. O’Leary’s Cow (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005), 127–30; Matt Soniak, “Did a Cow Really Cause the Great Chicago Fire?” Mental_Floss, http://mentalfloss.com/article/12864/did-cow-really-cause-great-chicago-fire.
4. “Louis M. Cohn—Biography,” Jew Age, http://www.jewage.org/wiki/he/Article:Louis_M._Cohn_-_Biography.
5. Abbott, “What (or Who) Caused the Great Chicago Fire?”
6. See Ignatius Donnelly, Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel (1883), digital edition, part II, chapter 3, http://www.sacred-texts.com/atl/rag/index.htm.
7. Mica Calfee, “Was It a Cow or a Meteorite? Meteorite Magazine 9, no. 1 (February 2003), http://www.fireserviceinfo.com/cow-comet.html.
8. Bales and Schwartz, Great Chicago Fire, 111.
9. Donald Miller, City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 159.
10. Ibid., 146.
11. The “fire whirl” is discussed in Abbott, “What (or Who) Caused the Great Chicago Fire?”
12. Robert Collyer, quoted in Herman Kogan, “The Great Fire: Chicago 1871,” University of Chicago Magazine (November–December 1971), http://mag.uchicago.edu/law-policy-society/great-fire-chicago-1871.
13. Rob Bear, “Mapping PBS’ 10 Buildings That Changed America,” Curbed (May 10, 2013), http://www.curbed.com/maps/mapping-pbss-10-buildings-that-changed-america.
14. Quoted in Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age, 3rd ed. (New York University Press, 1993), Kindle ed., 191–92.
15. Quoted in Daniel D. McLean and Amy R. Hurd, Recreation and Leisure in Modern Society, 10th ed. (Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2015), 43.
16. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” 1862; reprinted in Henry David Thoreau: Collected Essays and Poems (New York: Library of America, 2001), 239.
CHAPTER 9: AMERICAN REALISM
1. Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, dated May 12, 1780, in Frank Shuffleton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin, 2004), 377–78.
2. Sydney Smith, “Review of Seybert’s Annals of the United States,” published in Edinburgh Review, 1820; reprinted in Evert A. Duyckinck, ed., Wit and Wisdom of the Rev. Sydney Smith (New York: Redfield, 1856), 190.
3. A Virginian Spending July in Vermont [Herman Melville]. “Hawthorne and His Mosses,” Literary World (1850), http://www.eldritchpress.org/nh/hahm.html.
4. Mark Twain, “Poor Little Stephen Girard,” in Anna Randall-Diehl, ed., Carleton’s Popular Readings (New York: G. W. Carleton & Co., 1879), 183–84. The story was first published in the New York Sun on October 21, 1872, where it was credited to “John in Philadelphia.” All subsequent publications of the story listed Mark Twain as the author. Twain never repudiated authorship, but Leslie Myrick, of the University of California’s Mark Twain Project, makes a case for removing it from the Twain canon. See Barbara Schmidt, “Removing ‘Poor Little Stephen Girard’ from the Mark Twain Canon,” http://www.twainquotes.com/StephenGirard.html.
5. Mark Twain, Following the Equator: A Journey Around the World (Hartford: American Publishing, 1897), http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2895/2895-h/2895-h.htm.
6. Myra Jehlen, “Banned in Concord: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Classic American Literature,” in Forrest G. Robinson, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Mark Twain (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 93.
7. Quoted in Stuart Hutchinson, ed., Mark Twain: Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn [Columbia Critical Guides] (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 21.
8. An excellent, concise account of Twain’s financial crisis was written by bankruptcy expert Leon D. Bayer, “Mark Twain Has Filed Bankruptcy!” The NACTT Academy (December 8, 2012), http://considerchapter13.org/2012/12/08/mark-twain-has-filed-bankruptcy/.
9. Kate Chopin, The Awakening (Chicago and New York: Herbert S. Stone & Co., 1899), 302–3, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Awakening_(Chopin)/Chapter_XXXIX.
10. See John E. Bassett, “Their Wedding Journey’: In Search of a New Fiction,” Studies in the Novel 19, no. 2 (Summer 1987), 175–86.
11. Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, 3rd ed. (New York: New York University Press, 1993), Kindle ed., 193.
CHAPTER 10: RECONSTRUCTION ENDS
1. Rayford Whittington Logan, The Betrayal of the Negro: From Rutherford Hayes to Woodrow Wilson (New York: Da Capo Press, 1997), originally published as The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Nadir, 1877–1901 (1954).
2. Ibid., 91.
3. National Park Service, “Jim Crow Laws,” https://www.nps.gov/malu/learn/education/jim_crow_laws.htm.
4. “Lynching Statistics,” the Charles Chesnutt Digital Archive, http://www.chesnuttarchive.org/classroom/lynchingstat.html.
5. Logan, Betrayal of the Negro, 133.
6. Campbell Gibson and Kay Jung, “Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990 …,” Population Division, Working Paper No. 56 (Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 2002).
7. James W. Loewen, “Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism,” http://sundown.tougaloo.edu/sundowntowns.php.
8. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/.
9. Louis R. Harlan, ed., The Booker T. Washington Papers, vol. 3 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974), 583–87; http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/39/.
10. Carole Merritt, Something So Horrible: The Springfield Race Riot of 1908 (Springfield, Illinois: Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Foundation, 2008), 7, 61–63, https://www.illinois.gov/alplm/museum/learning/documents/race_riot_catalog_2008.pdf
CHAPTER 11: A WOMAN’S PLACE
1. Dougald MacDonald, “10 Things You May Not Know about the Matterhorn,” Climbing (July 14, 2015), http://www.climbing.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-matterhorn/.
2. Annie S. Peck, “A Woman’s Ascent of the Matterhorn,” McClure’s Magazine (July 1896), 127–35.
3. Theodore Roosevelt, “The Strenuous Life,” Speech before the Hamilton Club, Chicago, April 10, 1899, Bartleby.com, http://www.bartleby.com/58/1.html.
4. Hooptactics, “Basketball Basics: Heritage of the Game—The 13 Original Rules of Basketball,” http://hooptactics.com/Basketball_Basics_Original_Basketball_Rules; and Hooptactics, “Basketball Basics: The Evolution of the Game—A Chronological Look at the Major Refinements,” http://hooptactics.com/Basketball_Basics_History.
5. James A. Naismith, “College Girls and Basket-Ball,” Harper’s Weekly (February 22, 1902), 234–35.
6. Charles Dana Gibson, quoted in Edward Marshall, “The Gibson Girl Analyzed by Her Originator,” New York Times (November 10, 1910).
7. Michelle Starr, “Vintage X-rays reveal the hidden effects of corsets,” CDNET (February 25, 2015), https://www.cnet.com/news/vintage-x-rays-reveal-the-hidden-effects-of-corsets/.
8. “Death from Tight Lacing,” Lancet 135, no. 3485 (June 14, 1890), 1316.
9. Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, What to Wear? (Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1873), 79.
10. Editorial, “Woman and her Work,” Scribner’s Magazine 21, no. 47 (February 1881), 633–34.
11. Legal Information Institute, Minor v. Happersett (88 US 162), https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/88/162.
12. Al Maxey, “A Bulldog for Jesus: Reflecting on the Life and Work of Carrie A. Nation,” Reflections, no. 335 (February 8, 2008), http://www.zianet.com/maxey/reflx335.htm.
CHAPTER 12: THE FRONTIER CLOSES
1. Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher, The American West: A New Interpretive History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 200.
2. Quoted in Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 1803–1898 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), 39.
3. Drew McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 9–10.
4. John Babsone Lane Soule, quoted in Hal Gordon, “‘Go West, Young Man’: Who Wrote It? Greeley or Soule,” Sakgit River Journal of History and Folklore, http://www.skagitriverjournal.com/us/library/newspapers/greeley1-gowest.html. The phrase—as “Go West, young man, go West and grow up with the country”—is commonly misattributed to an editorial Horace Greeley published in July 12, 1865, in his New York Tribune. It was lifted from Soule.
5. B. Byron Price, “Goodnight, Charles,” and Harwood P. Hinton, “Goodnight-Loving Trail,” in Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod, eds., Encyclopedia of the American West (New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 1996), vol. 2, 617–18, 618–19.
6. Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” in The Frontier in American History (1920; reprint ed., Bremen, Germany: Outlook, 2011), 24, 216.
7. “Official Report of the Naval Court of Inquiry into the Loss of the Battleship Maine,” March 21, 1898, http://www.spanamwar.com/mainerpt.htm.
8. John A. Gable, “Credit ‘Splendid Little War’ to John Hay,” New York Times (July 9, 1991), http://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/09/opinion/l-credit-splendid-little-war-to-john-hay-595391.html.
CHAPTER 13: DIRTY POLITICS
1. Alan Axelrod, Full Faith and Credit: The National Debt, Taxes, Spending, and the Bankrupting of America (New York: Abbeville Press, 2016), table published as front endpapers.
2. Harry S. Truman, “Making Up Your Mind,” in Margaret Truman, ed., Where the Buck Stops: The Personal and Private Writings of Harry S. Truman (New York: Warner Books, 1989), 78. The essay was posthumously published in this volume.
3. “Will Rogers on Politics,” Quotes by Will Rogers in “Will Rogers Today,” http://www.willrogerstoday.com/will_rogers_quotes/quotes.cfm?qID=4.
4. Some even assert that Booth was an agent of the Confederate government. See, for example, John C. Fazio, Decapitating the Union: Jefferson Davis, Judah Benjamin and the Plot to Assassinate Lincoln (N.p.: Morris Gilbert Publishing Co., 2017).
5. Candice Millard, Destiny of the Republic (New York: Doubleday, 2011), 230.
6. Christina Romer, “Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data,” Journal of Political Economy 84, no. 1 (1986), 1–37.
7. Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site, New York, “September 6, 1901,” https://www.nps.gov/thri/september6.htm.
8. Quoted in “Survey of the World,” The Independent: A Weekly Magazine (November 7, 1901), 2615.
9. “Haymarket and May Day,” in Encyclopedia of Chicago, http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/571.html.
10. Richard Ruben, “The Colfax Riot,” The Atlantic (July/August 2003), https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/07/the-colfax-riot/378556/.
11. Quoted in William Loren Katz and Laurie R. Lehman, eds., The Cruel Years: American Voices at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century (Boston: Beacon Press, 2001), 20.
12. Quoted in H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 219.
13. Joanne Reitano, The Tariff Question in the Gilded Age: The Great Debate of 1888 (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994), 129.
CHAPTER 14: THE PROGRESSIVES
1. Candice Millard, Destiny of the Republic (New York: Doubleday, 2011), 230.
2. Quoted in Stephen G, Yanoff, The Second Mourning: The Untold Story of America’s Most Bizarre Political Murder (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2014), 315.
3. Morris Hilquit, History of Socialism in the United States (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1903), 271, https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022571701#page/n7/mode/2up.
4. Gerald Parshall, “The Great Panic of ’93,” U.S News & World Report 113, issue 17 (November 2, 1992), 70.
5. William Jennings Bryan, “Cross of Gold Speech,” July 8, 1896, Chicago, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1876-1900/william-jennings-bryan-cross-of-gold-speech-july-8-1896.php.
6. H. L. Mencken, “In Memoriam: W. J. B.,” Baltimore Sun (July 27, 1925), http://www.thephora.net/forum/showthread.php?t=39549.
7. Vikki L. Jeanne Cleveland, “William Jennings Bryan: The Most Influential Loser in American History,” http://www.lib.niu.edu/2003/ih090311.html.
8. Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, chapter 104, 24 Stat. 379, approved February 4, 1887, https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=49&page=pdf.
9. See Title 15 of the U.S. Code at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code.
10. Pendleton Act (1883), https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=48.
11. Quoted in Link Hullar and Scott Nelson, The United States: A Brief Narrative History, 3rd ed. (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 2011), 118.
12. National Park Service, “Theodore Roosevelt and Conservation,” https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-and-conservation.htm.
13. Theodore Roosevelt, “First Annual Message,” December 3, 1901, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29542.
14. Quoted in William Safire, Safire’s Political Dictionary (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 310.
15. Edmund Morris, Colonel Roosevelt (New York: Random House, 2010), 215.
16. Gary Murphy, “‘Mr. Roosevelt Is Guilty’: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for Constitutionalism, 1910–1912,” Journal of American Studies 36, no. 3 (2002), 441–57; American Presidency Project, “Progressive Party Platform of 1912, November 5, 1912,” http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29617.
17. Theodore Roosevelt Association, “It Takes More Thant That to Kill a Bull Moose: The Leader and the Cause,” http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/site/c.elKSIdOWIiJ8H/b.9297449/k.861A/It_Takes_More_Than_That_to_Kill_a_Bull_Moose_The_Leader_and_The_Cause.htm.
CHAPTER 15: WHITE CITY
1. Woodrow Wilson, “April 8, 1913: Message Regarding Tariff Duties,” University of Virginia Miller Center, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/april-8-1913-message-regarding-tariff-duties.
2. Rodney Carlisle, “The Attacks on U.S. Shipping That Precipitated American Entry into World War I,” Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord 17, no. 3 (July 2007), 41–66, http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol17/tnm_17_3_41-66.pdf.
3. V. E. Tarrant. The U-Boat Offensive 1914–1945. New York: Sterling Publishing, 2000), 21.
4. The best account of the Zimmermann Affair is Barbara Tuchman, The Zimmermann Telegram (1958; reprint ed., New York: Random House, 1985).
5. Woodrow Wilson, “Wilson’s War Message to Congress, 2 April, 1917,” https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Wilson’s_War_Message_to_Congress.
6. Micheal Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000, 2nd ed. (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2002), 479.
7. Only two of the exposition’s buildings survive today in place (three other smaller structures were relocated to other states)—the Palace of Fine Arts and the World’s Congress Auxiliary Building. The Palace housed the Field Museum of Natural History, until it moved in 1921 to its present building on Lake Shore Drive. The Palace was closed, but rebuilt in place with permanent materials in 1933 to house the Museum of Science and Industry. The other survivor, the World’s Congress Auxiliary Building, was not built on the fair grounds proper, but downtown, in Grant Park, and became home to the Art Institute of Chicago.
8. Woodrow Wilson. “Should an Antecedent Liberal Education Be Required of Students in Law, Medicine, and Theology?,” in Arthur S. Link, ed., Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 8 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970), 290–92.