Notes

INTRODUCTION

1.  “The Battle,” Compiler, June 7, 1887.

2.  Kathryn Jorgensen, “Gettysburg 150th Brings Thousands to Programs, Battlefield, Reenactments,” Civil War News (August 2013), 10.

TOUR 1: CONFEDERATE BATTLE LINE

1.  A.L. Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee (Secaucus, NJ, 1983), 292. A note regarding our use of unit designations (division, brigade, etc.) within this book. We have elected to capitalize the names of Confederate units when it refers to their formal designation and typically includes the name of the commanding officer (i.e. Pickett’s Division, Armistead’s Brigade.) Exceptions are made for artillery batteries that often had different official designations or when used differently in contemporary quotations. Official designations for the Army of the Potomac were typically numeric (i.e. Second Division) and we have not capitalized when we use an unofficial designation with an officer’s name (i.e. Gibbon’s division.)

STOP C1: General Robert E. Lee’s Headquarters

2.  The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 128 vols. (Washington, DC, 1880-1901), Series 1, Vol. 27, pt. 2, 318. Hereafter cited as OR. All references are to series 1 unless otherwise indicated.

3.  James Longstreet, “Lee’s Invasion of Pennsylvania,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, ed., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York, 1956), Vol. 3, 246-247.

4.  James Longstreet to Lafayette McLaws, July 25, 1873. Lafayette McLaws Papers #472, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; William Allan, “Memoranda of Conversations with General Robert E. Lee,” in Gary Gallagher, ed., Lee: The Soldier (Lincoln, NE, 1996), 15.

5.  James Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, ed., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York), Vol. 3, 339. It should be noted that Longstreet’s recollections of this Seminary Ridge conversation are the only versions known to exist.

6.  Several accounts besides Longstreet’s support the notion that Lee was unusually “agitated” at Gettysburg. For example see the letter from Prussian observer Justus Scheibert, “Letter from Maj. Justus Scheibert, of the Prussian Royal Engineers,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 5, 92. Also see Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 275. Colonel Armistead Long, Lee’s military secretary, commented on Lee’s “uneasiness” and he “exhibited a degree of anxiety and impatience, and expressed regret at the absence of the cavalry.”

7.  OR, 27/2: 318.

8.  Ibid.

9.  OR, 27/2: 320.

10. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants: A Study in Command (New York, 1944), Vol. 3, 140.

11. For example, Lee allegedly told William Allan in 1868, “victory would have been won if he could have gotten one decided simultaneous attack on the whole line. This he [Lee] tried his utmost to effect for three days, and failed. Ewell he could not get to act with decision…Then Longstreet & Hill & c. could not be gotten to act in concert.” See Allan, “Memoranda of Conversations with General Robert E. Lee,” 14.

12. OR, 27/2: 320. Artillerist Edward Porter Alexander argued that Lee’s insistence upon continuing the attack showed that “the strongest features of the enemy’s position were not yet apprehended.” See Edward Porter Alexander, Military Memoirs of a Confederate (New York, 1907), 414.

13. OR, 27/2: 320.

14. Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, 3: 144.

15. OR, 27/2: 359.

16. James Longstreet, “General James Longstreet’s Account of the Campaign and Battle,” reprinted from the Philadelphia Weekly Times in Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 5, 68.

17. James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox (1992), 385-386.

18. OR, 27/2: 447.

19. Walter Taylor, “Memorandum by Colonel Walter H. Taylor, Of General Lee’s Staff,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 4, 84.

20. Edward Porter Alexander, “The Great Charge and Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 3: 360-361.

21. David Callihan, “Neither Villain Nor Hero,” Gettysburg Magazine 26 (July 2002), 16.

22. Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 287-288; Arthur Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States (Lincoln, NE, 1991), 262.

23. Historians have debated how and when Lee learned of Wright’s perceived success, but it is logical to assume Lee was aware of it. See Paul Cooksey, “The Plan for Pickett’s Charge,” Gettysburg Magazine 22 (January 2000), 69-70 for a discussion.

24. Longstreet, “General James Longstreet’s Account of the Campaign and Battle,” 5: 68.

25. Ibid.

26. Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 387.

27. Long, Memoirs of R.E. Lee, 288.

28. OR, 27/2: 321.

29. OR, 27/2: 359.

30. Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 287-288.

31. OR, 27/2: 320; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 293-294.

32. OR, 27/2: 320.

33. Ibid. Several other participant accounts support this understanding. For example, see the report of Brig. General William N. Pendleton, C. S. Army, Chief of Artillery, OR, 27/2: 352.

Sidebar C1: The Role of Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart’s Cavalry

1.  Henry Brainerd McClellan, The Life and Campaigns of Major-General J.E.B Stuart, Commander of the Cavalry of the Army of Northern Virginia (New York, 1885), 337.

2.  William Brooke-Rawle, Gregg’s Cavalry Fight at Gettysburg. Historical Address Delivered October 15, 1884, Upon the Dedication of the Monumental Shaft Erected Upon the Site of the Cavalry Engagement on the Right Flank of the Army of the Potomac, July 3d, 1863, During the Battle of Gettysburg (Philadelphia, 1884), 13.

3.  OR, 27/2: 308-309.

4.  OR, 27/2: 322.

5.  OR, 27/2: 697.

6.  OR, 27/2: 724.

7.  For a thorough discussion on the fighting for East Cavalry Field, refer to Eric Wittenberg’s Protecting the Flank at Gettysburg: The Battles for Brinkerhoff’s Ridge and East Cavalry Field, July 2-3, 1863 (Savas Beatie, 2013.)

8.  McClellan, Life and Campaigns of Major-General J.E.B. Stuart, 338.

9.  Mark Nesbitt, Saber and Scapegoat: J.E.B. Stuart and the Gettysburg Controversy (Mechanicsburg, PA, 1994), 96.

10. Eric J. Wittenberg and J. David Petruzzi, Plenty of Blame to Go Around: Jeb Stuart’s Controversial Ride to Gettysburg (New York, 2006), 177, 276.

11. Wittenberg, Protecting the Flanks, 150; John W. Busey and David G. Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg (NJ, 2005), 245.

12. McClellan, Life and Campaigns of Major-General J.E.B. Stuart, 338-339.

13. William Styple, ed., Generals in Bronze: Interviewing the Commanders of the Civil War (Kearny, NJ, 2005), 258-259.

STOP C2: The Confederate Left Flank (David McMillan Farm)

1.  Gregory A. Coco, A Vast Sea of Misery (Gettysburg, PA, 1988), 7; Adams Sentinel, August 25, 1863; Abdel Ross Wentz, History of the Gettysburg Theological Seminary (Philadelphia, PA, 1926), 204.

2.  Margaret McMillan account, January 6, 1941, McMillan Farm File, Association of Licensed Battlefield Guides (ALBG), Gettysburg National Military Park (GNMP); “McMillan Woods Earthworks: Update,” www.Gettysburgdaily.com, April 28, 2011.

C2A: Hill and Ewell’s Artillery

3.  OR, 27/2: 610.

4.  Monroe F. Cockrell, ed. Gunner with Stonewall: Reminiscences of William Thomas Poague (Jackson, TN, 1957), 74. Poague’s memoirs were written for family in 1903 and were clearly influenced by other post-war accounts and controversies. For example, Poague insisted Longstreet should have attacked “early in the morning” on July 2, echoing post-war claims of an anti-Longstreet faction comprised of artillery chief William N. Pendleton and others.

5.  Captain Archibald Graham’s battery of four 20-pounder Parrotts from Capt. Willis Dance’s battalion was detached here on both July 2 and July 3. Per Dance’s report, Graham fired “occasionally upon the enemy with good effect.” OR, 27/2: 604-605. Lt. Colonel William Nelson, who commanded a battalion in Ewell’s reserve, reported that his batteries, “in connection” with Graham, fired “about 20 or 25 rounds” during the third afternoon. OR, 27/2: 605-606. These rounds were fired by Capt. John Milledge’s Georgia Battery of three guns as per their War Department battlefield tablet. Finally, the tablet to Capt. Charles Raine’s battery (also on Benner’s Hill) states that their two 20-pounder Parrotts “were actively engaged in the great cannonade.” Battalion commander R. Snowden Andrews did not record any firing from Raine in his report, and only acknowledged that Raine spent the morning in reserve and was ordered “to the front” during the “evening.” OR, 27/2: 544. It should be noted, however, that Snowden Andrews was not actually present at Gettysburg.

6.  OR, 27/2: 675.

7.  OR, 27/2: 603. Carter’s battalion consisted of four batteries under William P. P. Carter, R. C. M. Page, C. W. Fry, and William J. Reese. OR, 27/2: 545. Page’s battery was not engaged and two additional Napoleons from William Carter’s were also held in reserve and not used. See OR, 27/2: 603.

8.  McClellan, Life and Campaigns of Major-General J.E.B. Stuart, 338-339. Maryland artillerist Henry Haw Matthews told early Gettysburg National Park Commissioner William McKenna Robbins in 1903 that McClellan mistook the Baltimore Light for Jackson’s Virginia Battery on East Cavalry Field. See Jaime Boyle and Robert Rehr, editors, Journal of William McKenna Robbins (Gettysburg, PA), 174. For information on Matthews, see Robert J. Trout, editor, Memoirs of the Stuart Horse Artillery Battalion (Knoxville, TN, 2010.)

9.  W.W. Goldsborough, The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army (Baltimore, MD, 1900), 285; David and Audrey Ladd, editors, The Bachelder Papers: Gettysburg in Their Own Words (Dayton, OH, 1995), Vol. 2, 1250-1251, 1289. John F. Hayden told John Bachelder that they arrived on the evening of July 2 and were placed “about 200 yards” from the “left” of the pike. See Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1289.

10. Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, 3: 178-179; Alexander, Military Memoirs, 419. Carter did assert that he successfully softened the Federal artillery: “The effect of this concentrated fire on that part of the line was obvious to all. Their fire slackened, and finally ceased. It was feebly resumed from a few guns when Pickett’s and Hill’s troops advanced, but the most destructive fire sustained by these troops came from the right and left of this salient.” See OR, 27/2: 603. Alexander lamented Ewell and Hill’s failure to place more batteries “in and near the town” to enfilade the Federal position but did not offer any suggestions on where such favorable positions might have been located. See Alexander, Military Memoirs, 419.

11. William S. White, Contributions to a History of the Richmond Howitzer Battalion, Pamphlet No.2, A Diary of the War or What I Saw of It, (Baltimore, MD, 2000), 206. Also see Philip Laino, Gettysburg Campaign Atlas (Dayton, OH, 2009), 317; John Michael Priest, Into the Fight: Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg (Shippensburg, PA, 1998), 186.

12. Colonel Alexander wrote that Walker had 60 Third Corps guns on Seminary Ridge to the Hagerstown (Fairfield Road), plus the two Whitworth rifles further north. Alexander added another 20 pieces and had four more positioned northeast of Cemetery Hill for Ewell. In Alexander’s estimate, 41 rifles and Napoleons of the Second Corps and 15 in the Third Corps went unused. See Alexander, Military Memoirs, 419.

C2B: A.P. Hill’s Infantry Left Flank

13. OR, 27/2: 666.

14. George Newton, “Brockenbrough’s Virginia Brigade at Gettysburg,” Blue & Gray Magazine (Vol. XXVII, No. 4), 44.

15. Newton, “Brockenbrough’s Virginia Brigade at Gettysburg,” 43-44; Larry Tagg, The Generals of Gettysburg (Cambridge, MA, 2003), 346-347.

16. Bradley M. Gottfried, Brigades of Gettysburg (Cambridge, MA, 2002), 621-623; Newton, “Brockenbrough’s Virginia Brigade at Gettysburg,” 45.

17. OR, 27/2: 669-670.

18. Gottfried, “To Fail Twice: Brockenbrough’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 23 (July 2000), 71.

19. OR, 27/2: 638.

20. Gottfried, “To Fail Twice,”72.

21. Newton, “Brockenbrough’s Virginia Brigade at Gettysburg,” 46.

22. Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Wilmington, NC, 1995), Vol. 5, Serial 5, 415. Hereafter cited as OR Supplement. Richard Rollins cited Mayo as reporting “not more than 500 muskets.” See Richard Rollins, Pickett’s Charge: Eyewitness Accounts (Redondo Beach, CA, 1994), 259.

23. The debate amongst historians is not over whether Brockenbrough was present at Gettysburg (he was), but whether he led his troops in combat on July 3. In submitting the report, Mayo wrote that Brockenbrough “commanded” the brigade “in the recent engagements… at Gettysburg” but does not record any further specific actions by Brockenbrough on July 3. (In contrast, Mayo does reference Brockenbrough on the field on July 1.) See OR Supplement, Part I, Reports, Vol. 5, Serial 15, 415. Douglas Southall Freeman wrote, “On the 3rd, for reasons that do not appear in the records, the Brigade was commanded by Col. Robert Mayo of the 47th Virginia.” Freeman was aware of Mayo’s report, but apparently did not physically see it since it was not published as part of the ORs. See Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenant’s, 3: 185, including n. 83. Also see Newton, “Brockenbrough’s Virginia Brigade at Gettysburg,” 46.

24. Newton, “Brockenbrough’s Virginia Brigade at Gettysburg,” 44-46.

25. OR Supplement, Part I, Reports, Vol. 5, Serial 15, 415; Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 258; Newton, “Brockenbrough’s Virginia Brigade at Gettysburg,” 46.

Sidebar C2: Longstreet’s Command of Hill’s Troops

1.  OR, 27/2: 666.

2.  Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 388.

3.  Donald Bridgman Sanger, General James Longstreet and the Civil War (Chicago, 1934), 19.

4.  Thomas W. Cutrer, ed., Longstreet’s Aide: The Civil War Letters of Major Thomas J. Goree (Charlottesville, VA, 1995), 168; Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, 3: 147, 185.

5.  Jeffry D. Wert, Gettysburg Day Three (New York, 2001), 128; Sanger, “General James Longstreet,” 18.

6.  Callihan, “Neither Villain Nor Hero,” 18-19.

STOP C3: Pettigrew and Trimble’s Battle Line (North Carolina State Memorial)

1.  Frederick W. Hawthorne, Gettysburg: Stories of Men and Monuments As Told by Battlefield Guides (Gettysburg, PA, 1988), 36.

2.  OR, 27/2: 320.

3.  OR, 27/2: 608.

4.  T.M.R. Talcott, “The Third Day At Gettysburg,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 41, 40.

5.  Cockrell, Gunner with Stonewall, 70; Tagg, Generals of Gettysburg, 343-344.

6.  Birkett Fry, “Pettigrew’s Charge at Gettysburg,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 7, 92. Capt. Benjamin Little of the 52nd North Carolina wrote that Lee, Longstreet, Hill, and several other officers “met in a shady bottom near a little branch. Lee sat on a stump, was reading a paper of some kind a long time before the action.” See Little account, 52nd North Carolina Infantry File, ALBG, GNMP.

7.  OR, 27/2: 666.

8.  Tagg, The Generals of Gettysburg, 328-330.

9.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 251; Trimble quoted in James Lane, “Letter from General James H. Lane,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 5, 43.

10. Marshall was born April 17, 1839. Charles D. Walker, Biographical Sketches of the Graduates and Eleves of the Virginia Military Institute Who Fell During the War Between the States (Philadelphia, PA, 1875), 369.

11. OR, 27/2: 650.

12. OR, 27/2: 671.

13. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 269; Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, 3: 150.

14. Michael C. Hardy, North Carolina Remembers Gettysburg (Gettysburg, PA, 2011), 68.

15. OR, 27/2: 621.

16. OR, 27/2: 633-634.

17. A.T. Watts, “Something More About Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran VI (1898), 67.

18. OR, 27/2: 663, 668-669.

19. Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 302.

20. William H. Swallow, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” Southern Bivouac, Vol.1, No. 9, 565.

21. Ibid.

22. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 270.

23. Fry, “Pettigrew’s Charge,” 7: 93.

24. Lt. Colonel S. G. Shepard, 7th Tennessee Infantry, reported for Archer’s Brigade: “There was a space of a few hundred yards between the right of Archer’s brigade and the left of General Pickett’s division when we advanced,” and the lines were not “an exact continuation of each other.” See OR, 27/2: 647.

C3B: 11th Mississippi Infantry Regimental Monument

25. Busey and Martin, Strengths and Loses, 299. Busey and Martin’s study arrived at a much higher total strength of 592. Sources are unclear on the precise regimental alignment of Davis’s Brigade. Modern secondary sources most frequently cite Baxter McFarland, who was a member of the 11th Mississippi regiment until June 1863 and by his own admission was not at Gettysburg. McFarland wrote that the 11th Mississippi was on the brigade’s left, the 55th North Carolina on the right, and “the 2nd and 42nd Mississippi regiments in the center.” McFarland did not specify, however, which of the two regiments was in the left center and which was in the right center. See Baxter McFarland, “The Eleventh Mississippi Regiment at Gettysburg,” Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society (Jackson, MS, 1918), 549 – 550.

26. Steven R. Davis, “Ole Miss’ Spirited University Greys Left Their Quiet University Campus for the War’s Worst Battlefields,” America’s Civil War (March 1992), 71-72.

C3C: Tennessee State Memorial

27. The Maryland State Monument was dedicated in 1994 and although they contributed troops to both sides at Gettysburg, Maryland never joined the Confederacy and are not counted as such here.

Sidebar C3: Strength of Pettigrew and Trimble’s Divisions?

1.  OR, 25/2: 798-799. Also see Wayne Motts, “A Brave and Resolute Force,” North & South (June 1999), 28-34 for another discussion regarding July 3 strengths and losses.

2.  All strength and casualty figures are from Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 297-300 unless noted otherwise.

3.  OR, 27/2: 667. Lane reported 660 total casualties.

4.  OR, 27/2: 671.

5.  Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 304-305.

6.  William Swallow estimated 7,500 men. See Swallow, 565. John Michael Priest, in his modern study, created some controversy by estimating Pettigrew’s strength downward to 3,819 and Trimble’s to 1,916 for a total of 5,735. This broke down by brigade-level as follows: Fry (900), Marshall (1,205), Davis (1,143), Brockenbrough (500), Lane (1,076), and Lowrance (840) with each summing to some negligible differences from the grand totals. See Priest, 199. As will be discussed again with Pickett’s strengths, researcher John Busey has also acknowledged nearly all estimates of engaged Confederate strengths and losses are purely speculative for a variety of reasons. See Busey and Martin, 159-168.

STOP C4: Virginia State Memorial

1.  Hawthorne, Stories of Men and Monuments, 38.

2.  Kathy Georg Harrison and John W. Busey, Nothing But Glory: Pickett’s Division at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, PA, 1993), 119-120.

3.  Walter Harrison, Pickett’s Men: A Fragment of War History (Baton Rouge, LA, 2000), 86-88. Charles Loehr, 1st Virginia later wrote: “Pickett’s men could have gone into battle on the previous evening, when they reached Gettysburg. They were in fine condition. The march from Chambersburg did not fatigue them at all. Anyone who will visit Gettysburg battlefield will see the truth of these views.” See Charles Loehr, “The Old First Virginia at Gettysburg,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 32, 40. John Dooley wrote that the men understood Pickett had made “representations…regarding the jaded condition of his men, we are allowed a respite of a few hours…” See Joseph T. Durkin, ed., John Dooley Confederate Soldier: His War Journal (1963), 101.

4.  OR, 27/2: 320. At least one writer, and probably others, has taken the extreme position that the July 3 assault and Pickett’s selection were specifically undertaken because “Lee thought that it would be dishonorable and disgraceful to his native state of Virginia if her troops were not prominent in this battle.” Henry J. Greenberg, “Pickett’s Charge: The Reason Why,” Gettysburg Magazine 5 (July 1991), 104.

5.  Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 385-386.

6.  OR Supplement, Part I, Vol. 5, Serial 5, 332; OR, 27/2: 999.

7.  Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 90-91.

8.  OR, 27/2:359.

9.  OR, 27/2:385. Little of note must have occurred during the morning halt as Southern accounts often short-hand or ignore this stop completely. See, for example, John Holmes Smith, “Captain John Holmes Smith’s Account,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 32, 190.

10. Harrison, Nothing But Glory, 13-14.

11. Wayne Motts, Trust in God and Fear Nothing (Gettysburg, PA, 1994), 42.

12. Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 92. One may reasonably question the accuracy of Harrison’s recollections and whether Longstreet actually intended for Pickett’s three brigades to advance in one line.

13. Harrison, Nothing But Glory, 17.

14. Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 91.

Sidebar C4.1: Major General George Pickett

1.  Longstreet quoted in LaSalle Corbell Pickett, Pickett and his Men (Philadelphia, PA, 1913), IX.

2.  Moxley G. Sorrel, At the Right Hand of Longstreet: Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer (Lincoln, NE, 1999), 54.

3.  Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 64; Edward G. Longacre, Pickett: Leader of the Charge (Shippensburg, PA, 1995), 3-6.

4.  Sorrell, At the Right Hand of Longstreet, 54.

5.  Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 64; Pickett, Pickett and His Men, 6; Longacre, Pickett: Leader of the Charge, 26.

6.  Longacre, Pickett: Leader of the Charge, 30, 40-41, 45-49; Pickett, Pickett and His Men, 22-25. Information on James Pickett contained in “Pickett” file, ALBG, GNMP. An undated copy of records from Riverview Cemetery (Portland, Oregon) lists James Pickett’s birth date as December 31, 1857 and his date of death as August 28, 1889. Also see correspondence of Mrs. James Tarte to Barbara Schutt, October 31, 1972 and Shelton-Mason County Journal, October 28, 1976 in “Pickett” File, ALBG, GNMP.

7.  One account, whose credibility has been questioned by some, had him “bewailing himself” and declaring the wound to be mortal. Longacre, Pickett: Leader of the Charge, 85-87; Pickett, Pickett’s Men, 93-94.

8.  OR, 19/2: 683; Longacre, Pickett: Leader of the Charge, 91-93.

9.  Sorrell, At the Right Hand of Longstreet, 54.

10. Richard F. Selcer, Lee vs. Pickett: Two Divided by War (Gettysburg, PA, 1998), 20-24, 27; OR, 18: 1090-1091.

11. Longacre, Pickett: Leader of the Charge, 111.

12. John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary (Philadelphia, PA, 1866), Vol. 2, 196-197.

13. Eppa Hunton, Autobiography of Eppa Hunton (Richmond, VA, 1933), 126; Selcer, Lee vs. Pickett, 1, 4-6.

14. Longacre, Pickett: Leader of the Charge, 31-33.

15. Sorrel, At the Right Hand of Longstreet, 155-156.

16. Hunton, Autobiography, 127.

17. Pickett, Pickett and His Men, 37-38; Longacre, Pickett: Leader of the Charge, 6-7. LaSalle published a collection of Pickett’s alleged letters in 1913 under the title, The Heart of a Soldier. For an assessment on why these letters are considered to be unreliable and not the work of General Pickett himself, see Gary Gallagher, “A Widow and Her Soldier,” The Virginia Magazine of History, Vol. 94, No. 3 (July 1986), 329-344.

18. Jan Vanderheiden, “Who Buried the Children?” The Longstreet Society, http://www.longstreet.org/children.html.

19. Longacre, Pickett: Leader of the Charge, 125-127; George R. Stewart, Pickett’s Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863 (Boston, MA, 1959), 256. For a discussion of the reported variances in Pickett’s reply see Selcer, Lee vs. Pickett, 115, n. 35.

20. OR, 27/3: 986-987.

21. Loehr, “The Old First Virginia at Gettysburg,” 32: 36-38.

22. OR, 27/3: 1075. For discussions of Pickett’s “lost” report, see Richard E. Selcer, “Re-Creating Pickett’s Lost Gettysburg Report,” Columbiad: A Quarterly Review of the War Between the States (1998), Vol. 1, no. 4, 93-121; Henry Clay McDougal, Recollections, 1844-1909 (Kansas City, MO, 1910), 376-377.

23. See Hunton, Autobiography, 126-127. Hunton “unquestionably” thought Pickett had been relieved based on information obtained from Taylor and Fitzhugh Lee. Mosby wrote that he had heard the story of Pickett being ordered under arrest from Charles Venable in 1892. See John S. Mosby, “Personal Recollections of General Lee,” Munsey’s Magazine, Vol. 45, No. 1, 68-69.

24. LaSalle Corbell Pickett, What Happened to Me (New York, 1917), 281.

25. Mosby, “Personal Recollections of General Lee,” 68-69.

Sidebar C4.2: Strength of Pickett’s Division?

1.  Before engaging in further speculation on the number of Confederates engaged, it may be useful to recall the work of noted researcher John Busey. Busey and David Martin’s work in estimating Gettysburg’s strengths and losses are considered to be as nearly definitive as possible by most serious students. In determining the Confederate strengths engaged at Gettysburg, Busey was forced to deal with incomplete returns and missing records and then applied a standard ratio to calculate available strength engaged based on one actual existing ratio from Doles’s Brigade of Rodes’s Division. The intent of this is not to criticize Busey’s methodology, but to remind readers that certain questions will never be answered with definitive certainty when the original data is simply lost. Diligent researchers can often only apply their best theories. See Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 159-165.

2.  Ibid., 167.

3.  OR, 27/3: 910.

4.  Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 90.

5.  Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 263.

6.  James Longstreet, “The Mistakes of Gettysburg,” in The Annals of the War: Written by Leading Participants North and South (Dayton, OH, 1988), 632.

7.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 139.

8.  David E. Johnston, The Story of a Confederate Boy in the Civil War (Portland, OR, 1914), 202.

9.  OR, 27/2: 387.

10. OR, 27/2: 291.

11. OR, 27/2: 363.

12. Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 159-165.

13. Stewart, Pickett’s Charge, 90-91. Stewart believed that 10,500 men comprised Pickett, Pettigrew, and Trimble’s columns with another 1,400 for Wilcox and Perry.

14. Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 184.

15. Harrison, Nothing But Glory, 4.

16. Ibid., 451-467. Busey acknowledged that his Strengths and Losses estimate of 5,474 engaged was simply too low based on continued analysis. See Nothing But Glory, 172-173.

17. For examples of the 5,830 number put forward in recent battle histories: Stephen Sears wrote that Pickett could “put but 5,830 men on the battle line.” Stephen Sears, Gettysburg, (New York, 2003), 383. Jeffry Wert’s “slightly more than 5,800 officers and men in the ranks.” Wert, Gettysburg Day 3, 106. Noah Trudeau came to 5,820 infantrymen. Noah Andre Trudeau. Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage (New York, 2002), 584. John Michael Priest also noted 5,820 “present.” Priest, Into the Fight, 199. All are referencing the same sources: Busey and Harrison. See notes for Sears, 578 (n. 9), Priest, 252 (n. 1-3), and Wert, 344 (n. 49) as examples.

18. A more generous 1,300 yard continuous front for Garnett and Kemper would bring the infantry to 5,400 plus 325 skirmishers for a total of 5,725. But this would require a nearly continuous line from the fence that currently runs north of the Virginia monument to the Sherfy farm. Some allotment needs to be made for a break in the lines between Garnett and Kemper’s two brigades.

19. Johnston, A Confederate Boy, 207.

20. Scott Bowden and Bill Ward, Last Chance for Victory: Robert E. Lee and the Gettysburg Campaign (Cambridge, MA, 2001), 38, 44.

21. OR, 27/3: 910.

22. OR, 27/3: 944-945. See OR, 27/3: 925-926, 931 for examples of Lee’s attempts to obtain more men from Richmond. Also see Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 99-101.

STOP C5: Support of Wilcox and Lang’s Brigades (Wilcox Brigade Tablet and Florida State Memorial)

1.  OR, 27/2: 359.

2.  Stuart Dempsey, “The Florida Brigade at Gettysburg,” Blue & Gray Magazine (Vol. XXVII, No. 4), 25.

3.  OR, 27/2: 619-620. Wilcox wrote in an 1877 letter: “About 10 A.M. Pickett’s Division arrived and formed in line nearly parallel with the pike, his center brigade [sic] directly in rear of Wilcox’s Brigade.” See Cadmus Wilcox, “Letter from General C. M. Wilcox, March 26th, 1877,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 4, 116.

4.  OR, 27/2: 632.

5.  Dempsey, “Florida Brigade at Gettysburg,” Blue & Gray, 25.

6.  OR, 27/2: 620.

7.  Totals in the accompanying table are from Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 307-308. Lang wrote in his report that 300 of his 455 reported casualties were actually suffered on July 2. See OR, 27/2: 632-633. Wilcox’s estimate of 1,200 on July 3 would then also presume that the majority of his losses occurred on the second.

8.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, p. 154; Alexander, Military Memoirs, 425-432.

9.  Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 265-266; Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 142. Fremantle was a captain in the Coldstream Guards and brevet lieutenant colonel in the British army. See Gallagher intro to Three Months in Southern States, viii.

10. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 142.

11. Ibid.; OR, 27/2: 619-620.

12. Wilcox, “General C. M. Wilcox Letter,” 4: 117. Author Richard Rollins supposed that Wilcox’s delay was intentional and their lag, in fact, was perfectly within the definition of “reinforcement.” See Richard Rollins, “The Second Wave of Pickett’s Charge,” Gettysburg Magazine 18 (January 1998), 102.

13. OR, 27/2: 632.

14. Dempsey, “Florida Brigade at Gettysburg,” 26.

15. Edward Porter Alexander, “Letter from General E. P. Alexander, March 17, 1877,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 4, 109.

16. Edward Porter Alexander, “The Great Charge and Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg, ” in Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buel, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. 3, 366-367.

17. OR, 27/2: 620.

C5B: Dearing’s Artillery Battalion

18. Joseph Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 34, 329.

19. Ezra J. Warner, Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders (Baton Rouge, LA, 1959), 69-70.

C5C: Eshleman’s Artillery Battalion

20. Hawthorne, Men and Monuments, 40.

Sidebar C5: Connected with the Rebel Army

1.  “Gettysburg History of Town Lots,” Adams County Historical Society (ACHS), Lot #72E, Eliza Harper (1863), n.p. Also see William Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, 1995), 370. Frank is listed as being 8 years-old on the 1850 census and his tombstone in Culpeper, VA, lists his birth date as May 13, 1842. The Hoffman’s Gettysburg residence was torn down about 1940. At the time of this writing, the property was the site of a Credit Union at 105 Chambersburg Street.

2.  Francis W. Hoffman, Compiled Military Service Record (CMSR), Record Group (RG) 109, Microfilm (M) 382, Roll 27. All references to CMSR are from the National Archives, Washington, DC; Michael J. Andrus, The Brooke, Fauquier, Loudoun and Alexandria Artillery (Lynchburg, VA, 1990), 112.

3.  Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 275.

4.  Frassanito, Early Photography, 370; Robert N. Hoffman, CMSR, RG 109, M 324, Roll 376.

5.  “Gettysburg History of Town Lots,” ACHS, Lot #72E; Frassanito, Early Photography, 370.

6.  Emily G. Ramey and John K. Gott, The Years of Anguish: Fauquier County, Virginia, 1861-1865 (Fauquier, VA, 1965), 196; “Frank W. Hoffman Dead,” The Culpeper Eaponent, October 14, 1920.

STOP C6: The Peach Orchard

1.  OR, 27/2: 320.

2.  James Longstreet, “Letter from General Longstreet,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 5, 52-53. This letter was addressed to Colonel Walton and dated November 6, 1877. Brigadier General William N. Pendleton, Confederate Chief of Artillery, noted in his report that Alexander was “placed here in charge [of Confederate batteries on the right] by General Longstreet.” OR, 27/2: 352.

3.  Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” 3: 360.

4.  Ibid. Richardson’s battery monument on West Confederate Avenue gives some insight into these movements. It states: “The Napoleons took position before daylight north of the Peach Orchard but moved at dawn further northward and West of Emmitsburg Road.”

5.  OR, 27/2: 351-352.

6.  Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” 3:360-362; Alexander, Military Memoirs, 420. Alexander added fuel to historians who debate Lee’s objectives as the clump of trees vs. Cemetery Hill when he wrote in Military Memoirs (418): “A clump of trees in the enemy’s line was pointed out to me as the proposed point of our attack, which I was incorrectly told was the cemetery of the town.”

7.  Our principal source for placement of Confederate batteries is John Bachelder’s “July 3 Troop Position Map,” but see our “Engaged Confederate Artillery Order of Battle” for additional comments and adjustments.

8.  Alexander, “The Great Charge and Artillery Fighting,” 3: 362.

9.  Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 390.

10. Miller quoted in Alexander, “The Great Charge and Artillery Fighting,” 3: 362. A note in the William Storrick Collection, Box 1, A-D, Artillery at Gettysburg Folder, ACHS, states that Miller’s battery position was “275 feet at right angles from the centre of the Emmitsburg Road at a point near John [sic] Sherfy’s barn. 570 feet north-easterly from the centre of the Wheatfield Road near the 68th Pa. monument. 445 feet from the iron marker U.S. marker [sic.] Said marker being 350 feet S.E. of the 105th Pa. monument. Authority of Lieut. Hero. General Alexander marks this position 40 feet in advance, 6 A.M. to 1 P.M. July 3rd, 1863.”

11. Harrison, Nothing but Glory, 132-133.

12. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 262; John P. Nicholson, ed., Pennsylvania at Gettysburg (Harrisburg, PA, 1914), Vol. 2, 606, 612; Kathleen Georg, “The Sherfy Farm and the Battle of Gettysburg” (NPS, 1977), 25.

13. Thomas Desjardin, Stand Firm Ye Boys From Maine (Gettysburg, PA, 1995), 102.

TOUR 2: PETTIGREW – TRIMBLE CHARGE

1.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 277.

STOP PT1: North Carolina State Memorial

2.  Swallow, “Third Day at Gettysburg,” 564.

3.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 257.

4.  Ibid., 277.

5.  Ibid., 269-270.

6.  Hardy, North Carolina Remembers Gettysburg, 31.

7.  Ibid., 40.

8.  OR, 27/2: 644, 651; Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 277; Swallow, “Third Day at Gettysburg,” 567.

9.  Fry, “Pettigrew’s Charge,” 7: 92-93.

10. OR, 27/2: 643-644, 650-651.

11. Stewart, Pickett’s Charge, 179-180. Author George R. Stewart speculated rather directly that Davis’s men had lost their nerve. See Stewart, 180.

12. Ibid., 180.

13. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1800.

STOP PT2: Bliss Farm

1.  Charles D. Page, History of the Fourteenth Regiment, Connecticut Vol. Infantry (Meriden, CT, 1906), 144.

2.  New Jersey Gettysburg Battlefield Commission, Final Report of the Gettysburg Battlefield Commission of New Jersey (Trenton, NJ, 1891), 108.

3.  John Archer, Fury on the Bliss Farm (Gettysburg, PA, 2012), 43, 48-49.

4.  Ibid., 50-51.

5.  Page, History of the 14th Regiment, 144-145; Archer, Fury on the Bliss Farm, 56-57.

6.  OR, 27/1: 454; Page, History of the 14th Regiment, 146-147.

7.  Battlefield Commission of New Jersey, 108. There was, not surprisingly, controversy over who burned the property before Bachelder accorded the honor to the 14th Connecticut. See Page, History of the 14th Regiment, 147-148. Also see the detailed account of the 14th’s Theodore Ellis in Bachelder Papers, 1: 406-407. Major Hill, 12th New Jersey, for example insisted it was artillery fire from Arnold’s battery that set the structures ablaze. For several eyewitness accounts from members of the 12th New Jersey regarding the Bliss farm, see Battlefield Commission of New Jersey, 108-117.

8.  Elwood Christ, “Struggle for the Bliss Farm,” http://www.gettysburgdaily.com/?page_id=4475.

PT2A: Bliss Farm Monuments to the 12th New Jersey, 14th Connecticut, and 1st Delaware

9.  Hawthorne, Stories of Men and Monuments, 126.

10. Christ, “Struggle for the Bliss Farm,” http://www.gettysburgdaily.com/?page_id=4475.

11. Archer, Fury on the Bliss Farm, 38.

12. Battlefield Commission of New Jersey, 22-23.

13. Christ, “Struggle for the Bliss Farm,” http://www.gettysburgdaily.com/?page_id=4475.

14. Battlefield Commission of New Jersey, 108.

15. OR, 27/1: 750.

16. OR, 27/2: 666.

STOP PT3: Long Lane

1.  Archer, Fury on the Bliss Farm, 35.

2.  Newton, “Brockenbrough’s Virginia Brigade at Gettysburg,” 46.

3.  Hardy, North Carolina Remembers Gettysburg, 45; Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 254.

4.  Hardy, North Carolina Remembers Gettysburg, 31.

5.  Turner is referred to as a lieutenant in some accounts, however he was appointed a major on May 3, 1863 and transferred to a Field and Staff position. Weymouth T. Jordan, compiler, North Carolina Troops 1861-1865: A Roster (Raleigh, NC, 2004), Vol. IV, 405.

6.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 261. It has been argued that the 7th North Carolina’s position on the right of Lane’s line would have been too far to the right to have been impacted by Brockenbrough’s men and that Turner was witnessing other stragglers from Pettigrew’s front. See Bruce Trinque, “Confederate Battle Flags in the July 3rd Charge,” Gettysburg Magazine 21 (July 1999), 111.

7.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 259. Christian was aware of criticism “that we gave back too quickly” and thought it “would be far more correct if it had been that we delayed starting too long.”

8.  Ibid.

9.  Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 289, 291-293, 303. Note that if we use the casualties as reported in OR, 27/2: 338-346, we achieve approximately 500 less casualties or 500 more men available.

10. OR, 27/2: 556, 598.

11. Rollins, “The Second Wave of Pickett’s Charge,” 105.

12. OR, 27/2: 668-669.

13. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 254.

14. OR, 27/2: 663.

15. Page, History of the 14th Regiment, 145.

16. Both accounts, along with portions of the 35th Georgia Regimental History and including the passage quoted above, are on file in the 35th Georgia Infantry File, ALBG, GNMP. Also see Rollins, “The Second Wave of Pickett’s Charge,” 106.

17. OR, 27/2: 556-557. See also the reports of Brig. General S. D. Ramseur, Col. J. M. Hall, and Maj. Eugene Blackford which describe the day’s artillery and skirmish activity in Rodes’s front. OR, 27/2: 588, 596, 598.

STOP PT4: 8TH Ohio

1.  Franklin Sawyer, The Eighth Ohio at Gettysburg (OH, 1887), 4-6.

2.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 296.

3.  Sawyer, 8th Ohio at Gettysburg, 5-6.

4.  OR, 27/1: 461-462.

5.  Sawyer, 8th Ohio at Gettysburg, 7.

6.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 296.

7.  Sawyer, 8th Ohio at Gettysburg, 7.

8.  Newton, “Brockenbrough’s Virginia Brigade at Gettysburg,” 46.

9.  Ibid.

10. Newton, “Brockenbrough’s Virginia Brigade at Gettysburg,” 46; Laino, Gettysburg Campaign Atlas, 343; New York Monuments Commission for the Battlefields of Gettysburg and Chattanooga, Final Report on the Battle of Gettysburg (Albany, NY, 1902), Vol.2, 907-908. Hereafter cited as New York at Gettysburg.

11. Sawyer, 8th Ohio at Gettysburg, 7-8; OR, 27/1: 462; Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 42.

12. Sawyer, 8th Ohio at Gettysburg, 1, 9.

13. Ibid., 9.

14. See Keith Snipes, “The Improper Placement of the 8th Ohio Monument,” Gettysburg Magazine 35 (July 2006), 68-93.

15. Ibid., 79.

16. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1132-33; Snipes, “The Improper Placement of the 8th Ohio Monument,” 87.

17. Francis A. Walker, History of the Second Army Corps (New York, 1887), 294; also in Thomas M. Aldrich, The History of Battery A: First Regiment Rhode Island Light Artillery in the War to Preserve the Union 1861-1865 (Providence, RI, 1904), 218.

STOP PT5: 26th North Carolina Regimental Monument

1.  Bruce Trinque, “Arnold’s Battery and the 26th North Carolina,” Gettysburg Magazine 12 (January 1995), 62-67; Trinque, “Confederate Battle Flags,” 110.

2.  Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 298.

3.  Robert Himmer, “Col. Hugh Reid Miller, 42nd Mississippi Volunteers, and the Pickett-Pettigrew-Trimble Assault,” Gettysburg Magazine 35 (July 2006), 58, 60; Terrence J. Winschel, “Heavy Was Their Loss: Joe Davis’ Brigade at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 3 (July 1990), 83; OR, 27/2: 651.

4.  F. Lewis Marshall Letter, VMI Archives Manuscript #0165; Hardy, North Carolina Remembers Gettysburg, 33. Marshall may have been struck by two bullets. Walker, Biographical Sketches, 372.

5.  OR, 27/2: 647-648.

6.  Fry, “Pettigrew’s Charge,” 7: 93.

7.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 251.

8.  Hardy, North Carolina Remembers Gettysburg, 44-45.

9.  Ibid., 31.

10. Ibid., 51; Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 261-262.

11. Hardy, North Carolina Remembers Gettysburg, 46, 56.

12. OR, 27/2: 666-667. In another account, Lane claimed that a staff officer from Longstreet arrived with orders to “move by brigade rapidly to the left, as the enemy had thrown out a flanking force in that direction.” Lane gave the order but a colonel in the 33rd North Carolina replied, “My God General, do you intend rushing your men into such a place unsupported, when the troops on the right are falling back?” Lane agreed it would be a “useless” sacrifice and ordered his men to fall back. See Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 254.

13. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 252.

14. Ibid., 271.

15. Trinque, “Confederate Battle Flags,” 111-112, 116-118.

Sidebar PT5: Farthest to the Front at Gettysburg

1.  Robert A. Bright, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran XXXVIII (1930), 264.

2.  Hunton, Autobiography, 93-94.

3.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 148.

4.  Carol Reardon, “Pickett’s Charge: The Convergence of History and Myth in the Southern Past,” in Gary Gallagher, ed., The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 62.

5.  Edward A. Pollard, The Second Year of the War (New York, 1864), 282; Reardon, “Pickett’s Charge,” 65.

6.  Edward A. Pollard, The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates (New York, 1867), 410.

7.  William Swinton, Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac (New York, 1882), 358-359. Swinton had obtained Longstreet’s cooperation in his reconstruction of the campaign, and it is interesting to speculate if Swinton was also relaying Longstreet’s opinions regarding the charge. For Swinton’s acknowledgements to Longstreet, see notes on 340, 358.

8.  “Obituary: Gen. George E. Pickett,” New York Times, July 31, 1875.

9.  Walter Taylor, “Second Paper by Walter Taylor,” in Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 4, 132-135.

10. Hardy, North Carolina Remembers Gettysburg, 60-61.

11. Newton, “Brockenbrough’s Virginia Brigade at Gettysburg,” 47.

12. William R. Bond, Pickett or Pettigrew? An Historical Essay (Scotland Neck, NC, 1900), 10-14, 18, 34, 36, 60, 64.

13. Reardon, “Pickett’s Charge,” 70, 77, 79.

14. William Faulkner, Intruder in the Dust (New York, 1972), 194-195.

15. Regarding the actual distances covered by each command, for Pettigrew it is roughly 1,152 yards from the modern North Carolina State Memorial to the Brien farm, and 1,243 yards from the same monument to the 26th North Carolina advance marker. For Pickett, it is roughly 1,200 yards from the left-center of Spangler’s Woods to the wall in front of the modern 72nd Pennsylvania memorial. Kemper’s right on the Spangler farm to the Copse of Trees is approximately 1,550 yards.

16. Hardy, North Carolina Remembers Gettysburg, 31.

STOP PT6: 11th Mississippi Advance Monument

1.  See J. Walter Coleman to Mrs. Calvin (Maud) Brown, February 28, 1941 and related correspondence in 11th Mississippi Infantry File, ALBG, GNMP.

2.  McFarland, “The Eleventh Mississippi Regiment at Gettysburg,” 549, 567.

3.  Terrence J. Winschel, “The Gettysburg Diary of Lieutenant William Peel,” Gettysburg Magazine 9 (July 1993), 104-106; Winschel, “Heavy Was Their Loss,” 82-83; Himmer, “Col. Hugh Reid Miller, 42nd Mississippi Volunteers,” 56-57, 59.

4.  Star and Sentinel, May 10, 1887; Compiler, Undated May 1887, Erik Dorr Collection. Special thanks also to Timothy Smith, Adams County Historical Society.

Sidebar PT6: Expected to be a Bloody Contest

1.  George W. Cullum, Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy, from 1802 to 1867 (New York, 1879), Vol. 2, 260.

2.  Cullum, Biographical Register, 2: 260; William T. Magruder, CMSR, RG 109, M 331, Roll 162; Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, From Its Organization, September 29, 1789 to March 2, 1903 (Washington, D.C., 1903), Volume 2, 183. It was reported that Magruder resigned following issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. Andrew J. Baker, “Tribute to Capt. Magruder and Wife,” Confederate Veteran VI (1898), 507. While this is possible since Lincoln issued his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, and Magruder resigned on October 1, Magruder had been on leave since August and it seems likely his loyalties were conflicted prior to issuance of emancipation.

3.  Field Diary of Capt. Magruder, July 3, 1863 entry, William T. Magruder Family Archives. The authors wish to thank Sam Magruder for permitting use of this material.

4.  Baker, “Tribute to Capt. Magruder and Wife,” 507.

5.  Letter of Capt. W. D. Nunn, July 9, 1863, Magruder Family Archives; Gregory Coco, Wasted Valor: The Confederate Dead at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, PA, 1990), 130; Baker, “Tribute to Capt. Magruder and Wife,” 507.

STOP PT7: Camp Colt and Other Developments

1.  See Jim Weeks, Gettysburg: Memory, Market, and an American Shrine (Princeton, NJ, 2003) for a discussion.

2.  Snipes, “The Improper Placement of the 8th Ohio Monument,” 80, 87.

3.  See Maj. Laurence Thomas, Commander Third Service Command, “Location of the Prisoner of War Camp on the Gettysburg Battlefield during World War II – 1944-1945,” in WW II German POW Camp File, ALBG, GNMP; also Sarah Fuss, “Gettysburg’s WWII Prisoner of War Camp,” Emmitsburg Area Historical Society, www.emmitsburg.net/archive_list/articles/history/gb/war/ww2_prisoner_camp.htm.

PT7A: Camp Colt Tree

4.  “Field Marshal Montgomery Comes to Gettysburg with President Eisenhower,” Gettysburg Times, May 11, 1957; “President, Montgomery Tour Battlefield Sunday,” Gettysburg Times, May 13, 1957.

TOUR 3: PICKETT’S CHARGE

1.  Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” 3: 345.

STOP PC1: Point of Woods

2.  Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” 3: 362.

3.  Ibid.

4.  Ibid.

5.  Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” 3: 345.

6.  Longstreet’s later public writings omitted the fact that he tried to defer responsibility to Alexander to call off the attack. In Battles and Leaders, Longstreet wrote, “I sent word to Alexander that unless he could do something more, I [emphasis added] would not feel warranted in ordering the troops forward.” See Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” 3: 345.

7.  Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” 3:362.

8.  Ibid., 3: 363.

9.  Ibid.

10. Alexander, Military Memoirs, 419-420; Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” 3: 363.

11. Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” 3: 364.

12. Pendleton noted in his report that he went to see “about the anticipated advance of the artillery, delayed beyond expectation…” telling us in one sentence that the artillery was expected to move (presumably with the infantry) and both were delayed longer than expected. See OR, 27/2: 352.

13. Alexander, Military Memoirs, 423.

14. Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” 3: 364.

15. Paul Cooksey, “Forcing the Issue: Brig. Gen. Henry Hunt at Gettysburg on July 3, 1863,” Gettysburg Magazine 30 (January 2004), 81.

16. Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg”, 3: 364. Also see Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 258-259; Cooksey, “Forcing the Issue,” 81-82.

17. Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” 3:345; Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” 3: 364-365.

18. Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” 3: 343-345; Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” 3: 365. By Alexander’s count, it was about 1:40 p.m. when he met with Longstreet. Both Alexander and Longstreet wrote that this conversation coincided with Pickett’s first steps forward, and the implications for the day’s overall timeline will be discussed later in our narrative.

19. Cooksey, “Forcing the Issue,” 85.

20. Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” 3: 365.

Sidebar PC1: A Most Terrific Artillery Duel

1.  OR, 27/2: 352.

2.  OR, 27/2: 389.

3.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 148.

4.  OR, 27/2: 610.

5.  OR, 27/2: 435.

6.  Cooksey, “Forcing the Issue,” 84-85. Also see Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 246.

7.  Priest, Into the Fight, 194-195.

8.  Jones Report, 7th Virginia Infantry File, ALBG, GNMP.

9.  Meade: OR, 27/1: 117; Hancock: OR, 27/1: 372-373; Hunt: OR, 27/1: 239. Hunt explained in Battles and Leaders that after the Confederates ceased fire “almost immediately his infantry came out of the woods and formed for the assault.” See Henry Hunt, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. 3, 374.

10. OR, 27/1: 883-884.

11. Michael Jacobs, The Rebel Invasion of Maryland & Pennsylvania and Battle of Gettysburg (Philadelphia, PA, 1864), 41-42.

12. OR, 27/2: 376.

13. Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing,” 3: 343.

14. OR, 27/2: 434-435.

15. Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” 3: 364-365. In Military Memoirs, 424, Alexander added that it was “doubtless 1:50 or later, but I did not look at my watch again.” In Fighting for the Confederacy, 251, Alexander noted that “many writers” mistook the 11:00 a.m. artillery firing along Hill’s front as part of the cannonade that preceded the charge, although this seems unlikely to have fooled the likes of Generals Meade, Hunt, Hancock, and Colonel Cabell, especially since several of them specifically recorded the opening as occurring around 1:00 p.m.

16. OR, 27/2: 352.

17. Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” 3: 363.

18. Alexander, Military Memoirs, 425-428. Although there are several Confederate reports that refer to the intended forward movement of Confederate batteries, no reports describe it actually occurring. When noted, they refer instead to covering actions taken as the Southern infantry was retreating. For example, Colonel Cabell’s report indicated: “After Pickett’s Division was ordered back from their assault on the Cemetery Hill, Captain McCarthy and Lieutenant Motes were ordered to move forward, and came in position immediately on the road [Emmitsburg] above mentioned, occupying the left flank of the line extended, upon which were placed the sections commanded, respectively, by Lieutenants Anderson, Payne, and Furlong. One of Lieutenant Furlong’s guns being entirely out of ammunition, was ordered to the rear. The other piece was placed about 300 yards on the left of his previous position.” See OR, 27/2: 376.

STOP PC2: Armistead’s Brigade

1.  George K Griggs, “From Diary of Colonel George K. Griggs,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 14, 253.

2.  Cooksey, “Forcing the Issue,” 77.

3.  Rawley Martin, “Rawley Martin’s Account,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 32, 188 and “Armistead at the Battle of Gettysburg,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 39, 186.

4.  James T. Carter, “Flag of the Fifty-Third VA. Regiment,” Confederate Veteran X (1902), 263; Martin, “Rawley Martin’s Account,” 32: 186; Martin, “Armistead at the Battle of Gettysburg,” 39: 186.

5.  John H. Lewis, Recollections from 1860-1865 (Portsmouth, VA: 1893), 79.

Sidebar PC2.1: Armistead and Hancock

1.  Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 33. Armistead was not expelled, but resigned in February 1836.

2.  James E. Poindexter, “General Armistead’s Portrait Presented,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 37, 144; Motts, Trust in God and Fear Nothing, 14-15.

3.  Almira Russell Hancock, Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock (New York, 1887), 69-70.

4.  Michael Shaara, The Killer Angels (New York, 1974), 258-259.

5.  Hancock, Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock, 69-70.

6.  Armistead’s letter of December 2, 1861 in W. Keith Armistead, CMSR, RG 109, M 324, Roll 62.

Sidebar PC2.2: The Son of a Brave Soldier

1.  See Motts, Trust in God and Fear Nothing, 17-33. Cecilia’s mother, Eliza Love, was very fond of her grandson Keith. She complained bitterly that then- Brevet Major Armistead took Keith to live with Lewis’s family, ignoring Cecilia’s “known wishes.” She also claimed that Lewis had not let her see Keith for ten years. “The Lord forgive him for his cruelty.” Eliza M. Love, Recollections of Eliza Matilda Love, Unpublished Typescript (Wayne Motts Collection), 12, 17.

2.  W. Keith Armistead, CMSR, RG 109, M 324, Roll 62.

3.  Ibid.

4.  Coupland R. Page Memoir, Typescript in Possession of Robert K. Krick (Fredericksburg, VA), 27.

5.  Cazenove Gardner Lee, Lee Chronicle: Studies of the Early Generations of the Lees of Virginia (New York, 1957), 306 (n.1); W. Keith Armistead, CMSR, RG 109, M 324, Roll 62.

6.  “Death of W. Keith Armistead,” Newport Daily News, March 30, 1896. A third son had been killed previously in a firearms accident.

STOP PC3: Garnett’s Brigade

1.  Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 18; Robert K. Krick, “Armistead and Garnett: The Parallel Lives of Two Virginia Soldiers,” in Gary Gallagher, ed., The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994), 95, 97, 100; Tagg, Generals of Gettysburg, 246.

2.  Krick, “Armistead and Garnett,” 95-97; Matthew W. Burton, The River of Blood and the Valley of Death: The Lives of Robert Selden Garnett and Richard Brooke Garnett, C.S.A. (Columbus, OH, 1998), 149-154.

3.  Krick, “Armistead and Garnett,” 104; Richard Hardoff, The Surrender and Death of Crazy Horse (Spokane, WA, 1998), 24-58. See Hardoff (24) for a photograph of Billie Garnett and a lengthy interview with him.

4.  Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 19.

5.  Krick, “Armistead and Garnett,” 113-115; Stephen Davis, “The Death and Burials of General Richard Brooke Garnett,” Gettysburg Magazine 5 (July 1991), 108; Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 21.

6.  Davis, “Death and Burials,” 108.

7.  Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 20.

8.  Davis, “Death and Burials,” 110; Krick, “Armistead and Garnett,” 122. See Davis, note 13, regarding disputes surrounding the date of Garnett’s injury.

9.  Alexander, “Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” 3: 365; Davis, “Death and Burials,” 110.

10. OR, 27/2: 385-386.

11. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 181.

STOP PC4: Henry Spangler Farm

1.  Historic American Buildings Survey: Spangler Farm (Gettysburg, 1985), n.p.

2.  Smith, “John Holmes Smith’s Account,” 32: 190; Hilary V. Harris to Father, July 7, 1863. Harris (Hilary Valentine) Papers, 1863. Pearce Civil War Collection, Navarro College, Corsicana, Texas.

3.  Laino, Gettysburg Campaign Atlas, 328.

4.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 156.

5.  Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” 34: 328-329.

6.  Johnston, A Confederate Boy, 207.

7.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 156.

8.  Charles T. Loehr, War History of the Old First Virginia (Richmond, 1884), 36 and “The Old First Virginia at Gettysburg,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 32, 34.

9.  Durkin, John Dooley, 103.

10. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1191.

11. Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” 34: 331-332.

12. Johnston, A Confederate Boy, 207.

13. Smith, “John Holmes Smith’s Account,” 32: 190.

STOP PC5: Emmitsburg Road (West Side) Across from Codori Farm

1.  See the previously unpublished OR of Capt. William W. Bentley in Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 176. Kemper’s movements have been of interest to historians- was it a distinct change of front or a series of left obliques? Captain John Holmes Smith described it as: “There was no distinct change of front; but ‘close and dress to the left’ was the command, and this gave us an oblique movement to the left as we pressed ranks in that direction.” See Smith, “John Holmes Smith’s Account,” 32: 191.

2.  Martin, “Rawley Martin’s Account,” 32: 186.

3.  OR Supplement, Part I, Reports, Vol. 5, Serial 5, 332.

4.  Loehr, War History of the Old First Virginia, 36.

5.  James Francis Crocker, Gettysburg-Pickett’s Charge, Address by James F. Crocker, November 7, 1894 (Portsmouth, VA, 1906), 18.

6.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 179.

7.  For example, John Bachelder’s 1863 Isometric Map shows an orchard west of the road and the Codori house. The 1868-69 Warren Map clearly places an orchard east of the house and the Emmitsburg Road. William Tipton images taken in 1876-1877 also suggest an orchard east of the road and behind the house. See Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg, 237.

8.  Loehr, “The Old First Virginia at Gettysburg,” 32: 40.

9.  Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” 34: 332-333.

PC5A: Nicholas Codori Farm

10. “Shocking Accident,” Star and Sentinel, July 11, 1878; “Death of Mr. Codori,” Star and Sentinel, July 18, 1878; Timothy H. Smith, Farms at Gettysburg: The Fields of Battle (Gettysburg, PA, 2007), 15.

PC5B: Daniel Klingle Farm

11. Smith, Farms at Gettysburg, 16.

12. Ibid., 16-17.

Sidebar PC5: Emmitsburg Road Fences

1.  Bond, Pickett or Pettigrew?, 67.

2.  Swallow, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” 568.

3.  Martin, “Rawley Martin’s Account,” 32: 188.

4.  V.A. Tapscott, “One of Pickett’s Men,” in Richard A. Sauers, ed. Fighting Them Over: How the Veterans Remembered Gettysburg in the Pages of the National Tribune (Baltimore, MD, 1998), 413.

5.  Crocker, Gettysburg-Pickett’s Charge, 18.

6.  Philadelphia Press, July 4, 1887; also in Wert, Gettysburg Day Three, 221-222.

7.  Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” 34: 332.

8.  OR, 27/2: 386.

9.  See account of Samuel Roberts, Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 967.

10. Styple, Generals in Bronze, 154.

11. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 179.

12. Ibid., 181.

13. Snipes, “The Improper Placement of the 8th Ohio Monument,” 88.

14. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 261-262.

15. Ibid., 303-304.

STOP PC6: Emmitsburg Road (East Side) West of Stone Wall

1.  OR, 27/2: 386.

2.  Ibid.

3.  Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” 34: 333. Mayo’s reference was to Garnett having been “seriously ill a few days before.”

4.  OR, 27/2: 387.

5.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 519.

6.  Davis, “Death and Burials,” 113.

7.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 149-150.

8.  Krick, “Armistead and Garnett,” 122.

9.  Swallow, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” 568.

10. Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 185.

11. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 149-150.

12. Krick, “Armistead and Garnett,” 123.

13. See accounts of Lt. Wyatt Whitman of the 53rd Virginia in Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 183; Carter, Confederate Veteran X, 263 (1904); Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” 34: 332. Martin, “Armistead at the Battle of Gettysburg,” 39:186, recalled Kemper’s appeal as, “General, hurry up, my men can stand no more.”

14. Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” 34: 333.

15. Smith, “Captain John Holmes Smith’s Account,” 32: 192-193; H.V. Harris to Father, Harris Papers, Pearce Civil War Collection, Navarro College. Unfortunately for Smith’s historical credibility, he also made the fantastic claim that “to my surprise and disgust, the whole line [broke] away in flight…Unmolested from the front or on either side, and with nothing to indicate that we would be assailed, we thus remained for fully twenty minutes” waiting for reinforcements. “Seeing no sign of coming help, anticipating that we would soon be attacked, and being in no condition of numbers or power to resist any serious assault, we soon concluded… to send the men back to our lines, and we so ordered.” Even decades after the fact, some ex-Rebels refused to admit that they had simply been overwhelmed and forced back. See Smith 32: 192-193.

16. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1192.

17. Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 103; H.V. Harris to Father, Harris Papers, Pearce Civil War Collection, Navarro College. Harris wrote his father on July 7 that Kemper “was brought off the field and was alive yesterday morning but there was no hope of his recovery.”

18. Carter, “Flag of the 53rd VA Regiment,” 263; Martin, “Armistead’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” 39: 186.

19. Carter, “Flag of the Fifty-Third VA. Regiment,” 263.

20. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 179-180.

21. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 163, 183, 193; Martin, “Rawley Martin’s Account,” 32: 187; Poindexter, “General Armistead’s Portrait,” 37: 149; Motts, Trust in God and Fear Nothing, 45.

Sidebar PC6.1: To Die in a Foreign Land

1.  Williams was born September 13, 1833. Walker, Biographical Sketches, 536; Robert K. Krick, Lee’s Colonels: A Biographical Register of the Field Officers of the Army of Northern Virginia (Dayton, OH, 1992), 4th edition, 400.

2.  Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,”34: 333; Bright, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” 264; Krick, Lee’s Colonels, 400; Richmond Times Dispatch, December 13, 1903.

3.  Allen was born June 22, 1834. Krick, Lee’s Colonels, 32; Walker, Biographical Sketches, 26.

4.  Walker, Biographical Sketches, 27-28.

5.  Hunton, Autobiography, 78.

6.  Walker, Biographical Sketches, 29; Confederate Veteran XXI (1913), 430.

7.  Walker, Biographical Sketches, 425; Krick, Lee’s Colonels, 300.

8.  Walker, Biographical Sketches, 426; Krick, Lee’s Colonels, 300.

9.  Walker, Biographical Sketches, 427.

Sidebar PC6.3: Where was Pickett?

1.  Styple, Generals in Bronze, 154.

2.  Bond, Pickett or Pettigrew?, 57.

3.  Hunton, Autobiography, 98-99.

4.  Harrison, Nothing But Glory, 131-132.

5.  Ibid., 130.

6.  Ibid., 132-133, 162 n. 14.

7.  Sorrel, At the Right Hand of Longstreet, 172-173.

8.  Martin, “Rawley Martin’s Account,” 32: 187-188.

9.  J.H. Stine, History of the Army of the Potomac (Washington DC, 1893), 538-539.

10. Bright, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” 265.

11. Harrison, Nothing But Glory, 129, 132.

12. Bond, Pickett or Pettigrew?, 57; Bright, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” 266.

TOUR 4: UNION BATTLE LINE

1.  John Gibbon, “The Council of War on the Second Day,” Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. 3, 313-314.

STOP U1: Major General George Meade’s Headquarters

2.  Her sister Catherine was married to John Slyder, whose farm was near the Round Tops. Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg, 224; Smith, Farms at Gettysburg, 40; 1860 United States Federal Census, Census Place: Cumberland, Adams, Pennsylvania, Roll: M653_1057, Page: 63, Image: 67, Family History Library Film: 805057. Leister’s age on the 1860 census is 49, making her birth year about 1811, but Leister did not know with certainty how old she or her children were. See Smith, 41. Historians have been careless in relaying the age of Leister’s children, often using their 1860 census ages as their ages at the time of the battle. For example, several sources state that Leister’s youngest child was 3 years old in 1863, however, the youngest (Matilda A. Leister) was 3 on the 1860 census, actually making her about 6 years old in 1863. The oldest, Eliza then 24, may not have been living at home in 1863.

3.  OR, 27/1: 72.

4.  OR, 27/1: 73; Gibbon, “The Council of War on the Second Day,” 3: 313. For a discussion about Meade’s relationship with Hooker and chief of staff Dan Butterfield, refer to James Hessler, Sickles at Gettysburg: The Controversial Civil War General Who Committed Murder, Abandoned Little Round Top, and Declared Himself the Hero of Gettysburg (New York, 2009), 44-48, 63-76.

5.  Gibbon, “The Council of War on the Second Day,” 3:314; George Meade, The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade (New York, 1913), Vol. 2, 97.

6.  Bill Hyde, ed., The Union Generals Speak: The Meade Hearings on the Battle of Gettysburg (Baton Rouge, LA, 2003), 127.

7.  Meade, Life and Letters, 2: 105; Frank Haskell, The Battle of Gettysburg (Wisconsin, 1908), 90-93.

8.  Meade, Life and Letters, 2: 105-106.

9.  OR, 27/1: 74.

10. Haskell, Battle of Gettysburg, 94-96.

11. Meade, Life and Letters, 2: 106-107.

12. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1360-1361.

13. Smith, Farms at Gettysburg, 41.

14. Meade, Life and Letters, 2:107, 111. As we will discuss in our sidebar regarding Meade’s counter-attack, the emphasis clearly seemed to be on defensively preventing a Confederate breakthrough and no clear orders were given to mass for a counter-assault.

15. Meade, Life and Letters, 2: 107-108.

16. Ibid., 2:112.

17. Frassanito, Early Photography, 225-229. The deteriorated house and shed were torn down in 1989.

18. Smith, Farms at Gettysburg, 41. Also see Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1360.

19. Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg, 224. The GBMA purchase of the Leister property was noted in the Compiler, January 3, 1888. In order to bring the home’s appearance back to 1863, the GBMA removed a two story structure that Leister had added in the 1870s.

U1A: Peter Fry (Frey) Farm

20. Coco, A Vast Sea of Misery, 63.

21. Ibid., 63.

22. See Biggs Family File and Leander Warren, “Recollections of the Battle of Gettysburg,” ACHS; Smith, Farms at Gettysburg, 37; “Leading Colored Citizen,” Compiler, June 13, 1906; James M. Paradis, African Americans and the Gettysburg Campaign (Lanham, MD, 2013), 8.

STOP U2: Wright and Howe Avenues

1.  Longstreet, “General James Longstreet’s Account of the Campaign and Battle,” 5: 68.

2.  OR, 27/1: 665, 675.

3.  Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 71.

4.  OR, 27/1: 661, 675, 678.

5.  Monuments at Gettysburg. Report of the Vermont Commissioners (Rutland, VT, 1888), 8.

STOP U3: Little Round Top

1.  OR, 27/2:320.

2.  Garry E. Adelman, The Myth of Little Round Top (Gettysburg, PA, 2003), 69.

3.  Paul Cooksey, “The Union Artillery at Gettysburg on July 3,” Gettysburg Magazine 38 (January 2008), 74.

4.  Benjamin F. Rittenhouse, “The Battle Seen From Little Round Top,” in Ken Bandy and Florence Freeland, ed. The Gettysburg Papers, Two Volumes in One (Dayton, OH, 1986), 526.

5.  Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” 34: 331.

6.  OR, 27/2: 386.

7.  OR, 27/1: 239.

8.  Adelman, The Myth of Little Round Top, 44.

9.  Hyde, The Union Generals Speak, 111.

STOP U4: Lieutenant Colonel Freeman McGilvery’s Artillery Line

1.  OR, 27/1: 883.

2.  Ibid.

3.  See Laino, Gettysburg Campaign Atlas, 384, note 13, for a discussion. McGilvery’s report claimed command of the following batteries: “Ames’ battery, six light 12-pounders; Dow’s Sixth Maine Battery, four light 12-pounders; a New Jersey battery, six 3-inch guns; one section New York [Pennsylvania] Artillery, Lieutenant Rock [Captain Rank], two 3-inch guns; First [Second] Connecticut, four James rifled and two howitzers; Hart’s Fifteenth New York Independent Battery, four light 12-pounders; Phillips’ Fifth Massachusetts, six 3-inch rifled guns; Thompson’s battery, F and C, consolidated Pennsylvania Artillery, five 3-inch rifled guns; total, thirty-nine guns.” OR, 27/1: 883. Thompson had lost one cannon to capture on July 2. OR, 27/1: 890.

4.  Cooksey, “The Union Artillery at Gettysburg on July 3,” 81-82; OR, 27/1: 896, 899-900. Lieutenant Parsons, however, wrote in 1889 that he unlimbered in an open space “between Fitzhugh’s and McGilvery’s batteries,” with Fitzhugh on the right and McGilvery on the left. See New Jersey Gettysburg Battlefield Commission, Final Report, 122, 124.

5.  Laino, Gettysburg Campaign Atlas, 318-319.

6.  Cooksey, “The Union Artillery at Gettysburg on July 3,” 76; OR, 27/1: 586.

7.  OR, 27/1: 238-239.

8.  Cooksey, “The Union Artillery at Gettysburg,” 89-90. In Cooksey’s estimate, the batteries commanded by Hart, Phillips, Thompson, Thomas, and Daniels complied with Hancock’s orders. Those batteries under Ames, Dow, Sterling, and Rank obeyed Hunt and McGilvery’s directives to not fire.

9.  OR, 27/1: 883-884.

10. Hunt, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” 3: 372-373.

Sidebar U4.1: Who Ordered the Cease-Fire?

1.  Cooksey, “Forcing the Issue,” 86-88.

2.  OR, 27/1: 239.

3.  Hunt, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” 3: 374.

4.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 431. In the later debate with Hancock over who had the ultimate control of the artillery on July 3, Hunt pointed to the fact that Meade had sent an order (through one of Hancock’s aides, no less) for Hunt to stop firing; demonstrating that Meade recognized Hunt as being the one accountable. See 1873 account of Hunt, Bachelder Papers, 1: 431.

5.  Meade, Life and Letters, 2: 107-108.

6.  Cooksey, “Forcing the Issue,” 80-81. Most historians give Hunt the credit for initiating the order based on his popular post-war writings, but Hunt’s contemporary report only states that he intended to first “report to” Meade and is therefore potentially ambiguous in determining whether Hunt decided to cease fire before or after riding along the Union lines.

Sidebar U4.2: How Little an Infantry Officer Knows About Artillery

1.  OR, 27/1: 238-239; Hunt, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” 3: 372; Cooksey, “Forcing the Issue,” 80.

2.  OR, 27/1: 117, 417.

3.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 802.

4.  Ibid., 2: 807, 811.

5.  Francis A. Walker, “General Hancock and the Artillery at Gettysburg,” Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. 3, 385-386.

6.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1361.

7.  Ibid., 2: 802-803.

8.  Cooksey, “The Union Artillery at Gettysburg on July 3,” 81.

9.  OR, 27/1: 884.

10. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 826-827; OR, 27/1: 888.

11. OR, 27/1: 885.

12. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 169.

13. History of the Fifth Massachusetts Battery (Boston, MA, 1902), 652, 654.

14. Cooksey, “The Union Artillery at Gettysburg on July 3,” 81.

15. OR, 27/1: 884.

16. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1:169.

17. Dempsey, “Florida Brigade at Gettysburg,” 26.

18. OR, 27/1: 373.

19. Hunt, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” 3: 375.

20. OR, 27/1: 366.

21. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 815. Anyone who questions the depths of the Hunt-Hancock feud beyond the semi-polite public exchanges that appeared in Battles and Leaders should read Hunt’s lengthy letter to Sherman in Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 790-828.

STOP U5: Stannard’s Brigade Counterattacks

1.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 52.

2.  Ibid., 1: 54, 58. Also see postwar account of Colonel Asa Peabody Blunt of the 12th Vermont in OR Supplement, Part I, Vol. 5, Serial 5, 153.

3.  Ibid., 1: 59. Most accounts such as Stannard’s OR imply that the entire 16th Vermont was on picket. Lieutenant George G. Benedict, on the other hand, wrote in a December 1863 account that only part of the regiment skirmished. See Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 48-50.

4.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 208.

5.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 55-56.

6.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 156.

7.  OR, 27/1: 349-350.

8.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 55-56.

9.  George G. Benedict, Army Life in Virginia (Burlington, VT, 1895), 178.

10. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 208.

11. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 56; OR, 27/1: 349-350.

12. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 62.

13. OR, 27/1: 349-350.

14. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 62.

15. Benedict, Army Life, 180-181.

16. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 56.

17. Dempsey, “Florida Brigade at Gettysburg,” 26.

18. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 57.

U5A: Vermont State Memorial

19. Report of Vermont Commissioners 1888, 8.

20. Hawthorne, Men and Monuments, 109.

U5B: 13th Vermont Regimental Monument

21. Ibid., 110-111.

U5C: 16th Vermont Regimental Monument

22. Gettysburg Stone Sentinels, http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/VT/16Vt.php. Thanks to Steve Floyd for sharing his research on the 16th Vermont monument, including clarifying the date as 1907 and not 1901 as has been printed elsewhere.

23. Report of the Vermont Commissioners 1888, 4.

STOP U6: Monument to the Wounding of Major General Winfield Hancock

1.  Hancock, for example, credited himself and his staff as issuing the order in his name. See Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1949.

2.  Benedict, Army Life, 182-183.

3.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1949; Hancock, Reminiscences, 214.

4.  Benedict, Army Life, 183-184; Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 56.

5.  Steven J. Wright, “’Don’t Let Me Bleed to Death.’ The Wounding of Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock,” Gettysburg Magazine 6 (January 1992), 91.

6.  Benedict, Army Life, 183.

7.  Hancock, Reminiscences, 216-217.

8.  John M. Vanderslice, Gettysburg Then and Now (New York, 1897), 256.

9.  Hancock, Reminiscences, 214-215.

10. OR, 27/1: 366.

11. Hancock, Reminiscences, 215.

12. Ibid., 98.

13. Hancock, Reminiscences, 99; Benedict, Army Life, 184; Winfield S. Hancock to William G. Mitchell, August 24, 1863, Ed and Faye Max private collection. Used with permission.

14. Report of the Vermont Commissioners, 8.

15. Wright, “Don’t Let Me Bleed to Death,” 87.

16. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1162-1163.

17. Wright, “Don’t Let Me Bleed to Death,” 87. Also see Hancock to Bachelder, December 20, 1885: “I saw no great boulders in front of the Vermont brigade or about it, and therefore I am satisfied that the position indicated where I was shot is incorrect. It was established in 1866 [in the presence of several people including Stannard and Benedict] but is not placed as indicated on that field, on my last visit by a sign-board”; Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1949.

18. See Timothy H. Smith, Gettysburg’s Battlefield Photographer- William H. Tipton (Gettysburg, PA, 2005), 47 for a before and after perspective.

19. It was said that he was near Company “K” of the 13th Vermont when hit, although this monument is in front of the 14th Vermont and some distance away from the 13th’s monument. See Wright, “Don’t Let Me Bleed to Death,” 89.

20. “After Thirty Years,” Compiler, July 4, 1893.

STOP U7: Monuments South of the High Water Mark

U7A: Brigadier General John Gibbon Statue and “The Gibbon Tree”

1.  Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes Jr., Yale’s Confederates: A Biographical Dictionary (Knoxville, TN, 2008), 81.

2.  John Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War (Dayton, OH, 1988), 9.

3.  Lardner Gibbon, CMSR, RG 109, M 331, Roll 105; Edward W. Callahan, ed. List of Officers of the Navy of the United States and of the Marine Corps from 1771 to 1900 (NY, 1901), 216; “Lardner Gibbon’s Explorations in South America,” Bulletin of the International Bureau of the American Republics (Washington, DC, 1910), 448-458.

4.  John Gibbon to William Seward, Case Files of Applications from Former Confederates for Presidential Pardons (“Amnesty Papers”), NARA, RG 94, M 1003, Roll 45.

5.  Robert Gibbon, CMSR, RG 109, M270, Roll 345 and RG 109, M 331, Roll 105; Hughes, Yale’s Confederates, 81.

6.  Nicholas Gibbon, CMSR, RG 109, M 270, Roll 345 and RG 109, M 331, Roll 105.

7.  Tagg, Generals of Gettysburg, 45.

8.  Fred Hawthorne, “140 Places Every Guide Should Know,” http://www.gettysburgdaily.com/?p=9080.

9.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 260.

10. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 319. John Bachelder likewise thought that an officer, presumably Gibbon, was wounded while amongst the 19th Maine. The officer discharged his pistol into the air, ordered a “charge,” and was then struck. See Bachelder Papers, 3: 1987.

11. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1163.

12. Ibid., 2: 1162-1163.

U7B: 1st Minnesota Secondary Monument (July 3)

13. Kathy Georg Harrison, The Location of the Monuments, Markers, and Tablets on Gettysburg Battlefield (Gettysburg, PA), 6. There is not universal consensus on how Union regiments in this area were deployed. For example, the historical sketch of the 82nd New York in New York at Gettysburg stated that the 1st Minnesota was posted on the left of the 82nd New York. The placement of the two regiments’ monuments is exactly the opposite. See New York at Gettysburg, 2: 664.

14. Nathan Messick’s exact birth date in unclear but he was born about 1827 in New Jersey. He relocated to Indiana in the 1840s (from where he enlisted in the 4th Indiana), before later moving to Minnesota. Nathan Messick, CMSR, RG 94, M 616, Roll 25 (4th Indiana, Mexican War); Nathan Messick, Pension Record, RG 15. All pension file references are to the National Archives in Washington, DC in Record Group (RG) 15. See also Travis W. Busey and John W. Busey, Union Casualties at Gettysburg: A Comprehensive Record (Jefferson, NC, 2011), Vol. 1, 320; James Cole and Roy Frampton, Lincoln and the Human Interest Stories of the Gettysburg National Cemetery (Gettysburg, PA, 1995), 43.

15. Busey, Union Casualties at Gettysburg, 1: 320; OR, 27/1: 425. How many men were in the 1st Minnesota’s ranks on July 3? The traditional version of July 2, as replayed on the primary monument, is that eight companies of 262 men participated in the July 2 counter-attack, and 47 returned unscathed. It is sometimes misinterpreted or implied that only these 47 then faced Pickett on July 3. See Richard Moe, The Last Full Measure: The Life and Death of the First Minnesota Volunteers (New York, 1993), 281 and T.J. Mosher, “The 1st Minn. Losses, ” in Richard Sauers, ed., Fighting Them Over: How the Veterans Remembered Gettysburg in the Pages of The National Tribune (Baltimore, MD, 1998), 330. The secondary monument, however, then indicates that 330 total men were engaged during the battle. Colonel Colvill, in an 1866 letter to John Bachelder, implied that actually three companies were detached on July 2 and “all joined the command the next morning, raising it to upwards of 100 men which came in at the final melee.” See Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 258. Busey and Martin (129, 358) likewise accept a total engaged of 330, implying that 68 detached men rejoined the 47 survivors on July 3. The regimental history estimated “about 140 officers and men.” R.I. Holcombe, History of the First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry (Gaithersburg, MD, 1987), 364. One then wonders how many fell as casualties on July 3. The secondary monument states that 17 fell on July 3 (for a battle total of 232 k/w/c), yet Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 129 only tally 224 casualties for the total battle. In Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1987, 35 men killed and wounded are computed as causalities for July 3. In the absence of definitive conclusions on the subject, we accept the secondary monument’s estimate of 17 casualties for July 3.

16. Holcombe, History of the First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, 364; Moe, The Last Full Measure, 283.

17. OR, 27/1: 425.

18. Moe, The Last Full Measure, 289.

19. Ibid., 290.

20. OR, 27/1: 425.

21. Nathan Messick, Pension Record, RG 15; Busey, Union Casualties at Gettysburg, 1: 320; Cole and Frampton, Lincoln and the Human Interest Stories, 43.

22. Cole and Frampton, Lincoln and the Human Interest Stories, 43.

U7C: 20th Massachusetts Regimental Monument

23. Hawthorne, Men and Monuments, 112. Captain, later Major, Henry Abbott wrote that Paine was 17-years-old, but his birth date was May 10, 1845, which would make him 18 at Gettysburg. See Robert Garth Scott, ed. Fallen Leaves: The Civil War Letters of Major Henry Livermore Abbott (Kent, OH, 1991), 186 and Harvard Memorial Biographies (Cambridge, MA, 1867), Vol. 2, 453. The youngest known officer in the Union army leading men at Gettysburg was 17-year-old Edward R. Geary who commanded a section of Knap’s Battery on Culp’s Hill. See James P. Brady, Hurrah for the Artillery!: Knap’s Independent Battery “E”, Pennsylvania Light Artillery (Gettysburg, PA, 1992), 12-15.

24. Harvard Memorial Biographies, 2: 453.

25. Ibid., 2: 454.

26. Ibid., 2: 455.

27. Scott, Fallen Leaves, 186.

28. Busey, Union Casualties at Gettysburg, 1: 209.

29. Vanderslice, Then and Now, 301, 411; Hawthorne, Men and Monuments, 112.

U7D: 19th Massachusetts Regimental Monument

30. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1609; OR, 27/1: 443. Hancock also mentioned this incident in his own OR, 27/1: 374 and together these accounts help create a timeline in which Webb’s front was threatened before, or at least concurrently with, Stannard’s flank attack and then Hancock’s wounding.

31. Joseph H. DeCastro, Pension Record, RG 15; OR, 27/1: 444. Devereux added in his report that his regiment had a fifth enemy flag but gave it to Webb upon protests from the latter that his brigade had actually captured the colors.

32. Original Battle Report of Col. Arthur Devereux, National Archives, Record Group 94; Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1610 and 3: 1879-1880.

33. After the war, DeCastro served in the 6th U.S. Cavalry from 1870-1874. He died in New York City in 1892 at the age of 47; Joseph DeCastro, Pension Record, RG 15.

STOP U8: Copse of Trees/High Water Mark and 69th Pennsylvania Regimental Monument

1.  Alexander S. Webb, An Address Delivered at Gettysburg, August 27, 1883 by Gen. Alexander S. Webb at the Dedication of the 72nd PA. Vols. Monument (Philadelphia, PA, 1883), 3.

2.  Samuel Roberts, “The 72d PA,” Fighting Them Over: How the Veterans Remembered Gettysburg in the Pages of the National Tribune, 417.

3.  OR, 27/1: 428. In later testimony, Webb modified his opinion to: “The concentration of the artillery fired from the rebel side upon the ground about the clump of trees had made known to us that there was to be the point of attack.” See Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 316.

4.  OR, 27/1: 428, 434; Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 316.

5.  Scott Hartwig, “It Struck Horror to Us All,” Gettysburg Magazine 4 (January 1991), 89-90; Michael H. Kane, “The Court Martial of Dennis O’Kane,” n.p., 69th Pennsylvania Infantry File, ALBG, GNMP.

6.  John H. Rhodes, The History of Battery B. First Regiment Rhode Island Light Artillery (Providence, RI, 1894), 207.

7.  Hartwig, “It Struck Horror to Us All,” 90, 92, 94; Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1146, 3: 1403; Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 316.

8.  OR, 27/1: 318-319. Also see Stewart, Pickett’s Charge, 67 and Hartwig, “It Struck Horror to Us All,” 90.

9.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 19.

10. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1410-1411; Hartwig, “It Struck Horror to Us All,” 96-97.

11. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1156-1157. Also see R.L. Murray, “Cowan’s, Cushing’s, and Rorty’s Batteries in Action during the Pickett-Pettigrew-Trimble Charge,” Gettysburg Magazine 35 (July 2006), 50.

12. Hartwig, “It Struck Horror to Us All,” 97.

13. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1410.

14. Ibid., 1:19.

15. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1157, 3: 1411; Hartwig, “It Struck Horror to Us All,” 98. In the typically warm afterglow of monument dedication speeches, General Webb (at the 72nd PA dedication) said: “the right of those who guarded the wall on the left of Cushing was pressed to the rear, but not penetrated or driven to the rear. They were better for defense in their new position.” See Webb, Dedication of the 72nd PA., 15.

16. Hartwig, “It Struck Horror to Us All,” 98; Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1414; Kane, “The Court Martial of Dennis O’Kane,” n.p.

17. OR, 27/1: 439.

18. Haskell, Gettysburg, 123-125.

19. OR, 27/1: 420.

20. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 393.

21. OR, 27/1: 318-319. Gates’s 80th New York was also referred to as the 20th Militia.

22. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1414-1415, 1656; Hartwig, “It Struck Horror to Us All,” 99. McDermott added: “The 69th has never claimed that no other troops came to their assistance for we always allow that Hall’s brigade came up and were followed by the 72nd, also that the 71st Penna. aided on our right [and then names numerous other regiments] all aided on our left in repulsing Pickett, but we claim that no troops came to the wall at our position…Not one of the 11 regiments you [Bachelder] mention came to the wall as such at any time, notwithstanding their official reports say so.” The 69th veterans all “solemnly” insisted that no other regiments reached the wall. See Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1655.

U8A: 1st Rhode Island Artillery, Battery B

23. Rhodes, History of Battery B, 189.

24. Rhodes, History of Battery B, 204; George Newton, “Gettysburg Artillery, Part 10,” http://www.gettysburgdaily.com/?p=5461.

25. Rhodes, History of Battery B, 209. Cowan said Battery B was “almost annihilated by the heavy cannonade.” See Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1146.

26. Rhodes, History of Battery B, 209-210, 379-380, 386; Hawthorne, Men and Monuments, 114-115.

27. Rhodes, History of Battery B, 211, 214.

28. Ibid., 213.

U8B: Cowan’s 1st New York Independent Battery

29. OR, 27/1: 690; Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 281; Cowan, “How Cowan’s Battery Withstood Pickett’s Great Charge,” Washington Post, July 2, 1911; Murray, “Cowan’s, Cushing’s, and Rorty’s Batteries in Action,” 46-47; New York at Gettysburg, 3: 1276.

30. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1146, 1: 282.

31. OR, 27/1: 690.

32. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1155-1157; Styple, Generals in Bronze, 157; Murray, “Cowan’s, Cushing’s, and Rorty’s Batteries in Action,” 48.

33. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 282.

34. Murray, “Cowan’s, Cushing’s, and Rorty’s Batteries in Action,” 51-52.

35. OR, 27/1: 690.

36. OR, 27/1: 690; Murray, “Cowan’s, Cushing’s, and Rorty’s Batteries in Action,” 53.

37. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1157.

38. Cowan, “How Cowan’s Battery Withstood Pickett’s Great Charge.” Also see Webb’s OR, 27/1: 428.

39. George Newton, Silent Sentinels: A Reference Guide to the Artillery at Gettysburg (New York, 2005), 110.

Sidebar U8.1: John Bachelder and the High Water Mark

1.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 9.

2.  John Bachelder, The Story of the Battle of Gettysburg and Description of the Painting of the Repulse of Longstreet’s Assault (Boston, 1904), 29.

3.  Ibid.

4.  Vanderslice, Gettysburg Then and Now, 395; Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 9-11. Bachelder resigned as Superintendent of Tablets and Legends on September 16, 1887. See Vanderslice, Gettysburg Then and Now, 379.

5.  Bachelder, Story of the Battle of Gettysburg, 5. Also in Frassanito, Early Photography, 239.

6.  Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” 429.

7.  Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” 3: 342.

8.  Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 388-394.

9.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1854-1855; Frassanito, Early Photography, 239-240.

10. Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 176.

11. Ibid., 183. As esteemed historian William Frassanito noted, Harrison had curiously not included this commentary in his original sketch of the third day’s activities, but instead added it to an almost appendix-like chapter about his visit. See Frassanito, Early Photography, 240.

12. John Bachelder, Gettysburg: What to See and How to See it (Boston, MA, 1878), 54; Frassanito, Early Photography, 239.

13. Webb, Dedication of the 72nd PA., 11, 13; Harrison, Location of the Monuments, 13.

14. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1855; Vanderslice, Gettysburg Then and Now, 375, 388; Frassanito, Early Photography, 240; Thomas Desjardin, These Honored Dead: How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American History (Cambridge, MA, 2003), 98.

15. Hawthorne, Men and Monuments, 116.

16. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1858; Frassanito, Early Photography, 240.

Sidebar U8.2: Murder and Mayhem in the Philadelphia Brigade

1.  Frank H. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War (Philadelphia, PA, 1913), 85-86; Gary Lash, “The Philadelphia Brigade at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 7 (July 1992), 97; Jim Heenehan, “Philadelphia Defends the Wall: The Philadelphia Brigade during ‘Pickett’s Charge,’” Gettysburg Magazine 38 (January 2008), 93.

2.  Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 85-86; Charles H. Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade (Philadelphia, PA, 1876), 3, 9-10; Lash, “The Philadelphia Brigade at Gettysburg,” 98.

3.  Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 86. Charles Banes tap-danced over the issue in the brigade history, saying only that there had been a “misunderstanding” between the state and the War Department concerning the regiments’ muster. See Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade, 33.

4.  Heenehan, “Philadelphia Defends the Wall: The Philadelphia Brigade During ‘Pickett’s Charge,’” 92.

5.  Lash, “The Philadelphia Brigade,” 99; Wert, Gettysburg: Day Three, 149-150.

6.  Lash, “The Philadelphia Brigade at Gettysburg,” 98.

7.  Kane, “The Court Martial of Dennis O’Kane,” n.p.

8.  Lash, “The Philadelphia Brigade,” 98-99; Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 968; Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade, 173-174. Why was Owen dismissed? Reasons given have included lax discipline, drunkenness, and arrest for allowing civilians to cross his picket line. See Heenehan, 93, note 9 for a good discussion.

9.  Gary Lash, “The Cases of Pvt. Jesse Mayberry and Capt. Bernard McMahon, 71st Pennsylvania Infantry,” Gettysburg Magazine 22 (January 2000), 88-89; Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade, 168. Then Lieutenant McMahon had been arrested in the fall of 1862 for levying taxes on store keepers and sutlers in Harpers Ferry. McMahon’s defense: “I was drunk.” He was soon thereafter promoted to captain of Company “C” anyways. McMahon was wounded during the Fredericksburg campaign. See Lash, 88-89.

10. Lash, “The Cases of Pvt. Jesse Mayberry and Capt. Bernard McMahon,” 89.

11. Ibid., 91, 94. For a very brief account of McMahon working one of Cushing’s guns; Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1628.

12. Ibid., 94-95.

13. OR, 27/1: 432; Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 294-295, 3: 1359; Harry W. Pfanz, Gettysburg: Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Hill (Chapel Hill, NC, 1993), 220-221; Wert, Gettysburg: Day Three, 149-150; Lash, ”The Philadelphia Brigade,” 101. Banes wrote in the brigade history that Smith withdrew from Culp’s Hill due to the “strong force” of the enemy, darkness, unfamiliarity with ground, and the capture of the regiment’s skirmishers. See Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade, 186.

STOP U9: The Angle

1.  “The Battle,” Compiler, June 7, 1887; Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade, 194.

2.  “The Battle,” Compiler, June 7, 1887; Lash, “Philadelphia Brigade at Gettysburg,” 104; OR, 27/1: 428; Edwin B. Coddington, The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command (New York, 1984), 511; Roberts, “The 72d PA,” 417. Stockton said that one gun was at the Angle and worked entirely by the men of the 71st and none of Cushing’s battery mates. See Rollins, Eyewitness Accts, 339. As we discuss in the tour stop for Cushing’s battery, many modern historical accounts accept that two of Cushing’s pieces were rolled forward although there were discrepancies amongst eyewitness accounts.

3.  OR, 27/1: 432; Coddington, The Gettysburg Campaign, 511. For some of the differing accounts regarding whether eight companies or two were in front, see Sgt. Major William Stockton in Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 339; A. McDermott in Bachelder Papers, 3: 1657; and Lash, “The Philadelphia Brigade,” 104, including n. 25. Some accounts suggest that there were two companies in front and eight in the rear. Capt. Charles Banes, brigade asst. adjutant general, is typical of the conflicts: “There were not over three and I think only two companies at the front. The rest of the Company was with Colonel Smith over on what is known as the Ridge.” See Bachelder Papers 3: 1707 and also 3: 1701. Colonel Smith, while vague on the exact numbers, specifically said that Banes was “entirely mistaken” in assuming only two companies at the front wall. See “The Battle,” Compiler, June 7, 1887. Still other historians have tried to address the distance issues by suggesting a five and five deployment. Esteemed chronicler John Bachelder, who interviewed many of the veterans and should have been more equipped than any modern historian to answer the question, actually left a blank space for the number of front-line companies in a circa. 1875 account. Clearly at one point he was not even sure! See Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1989. Banes’s brigade history states only that “one wing” was at the fence while the other was in the rear. See Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade, 187. Like so many “facts” that Gettysburg enthusiasts accept, the accounts of those who were here on July 3 are simply not conclusive enough to make a definite decision.

4.  William J. Burns, Civil War Diary, 59-60, in 71st Pennsylvania Infantry File, ALBG, GNMP.

5.  “The Battle,” Compiler, June 7, 1887.

6.  OR, 27/1: 428.

7.  OR, 27/1: 428; Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1:19. Curiously, Webb told sculptor James Kelly in 1905 that “the mass in my immediate front was forced to surrender…became a mob- threw down their arms and rushed in as prisoners. And have ever since claimed that they pierced the line and went over two lines of earthworks that never existed.” See Styple, Generals in Bronze, 155.

8.  Coddington, The Gettysburg Campaign, 516.

9.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1657.

10. Roberts, “The 72d PA,” 418.

11. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 339.

12. Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade, 190-191.

13. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1706. Historian George Stewart described the 71st’s retreat fairly directly in his seminal work Pickett’s Charge, asserting that the regiment’s “color-bearers and officers too- broke in wild flight, all but a few of them.” Stewart did accept that the regiment’s forward position was faulty to begin with. Stewart, Pickett’s Charge, 207-208, 212-213. John Bachelder acknowledged that the regiment’s retro-movement was necessitated by the fact that they had “no connection on its right.” See Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1901.

14. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 19.

15. Burns, Civil War Diary, 59-60.

16. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 412-414; Hawthorne, Men and Monuments, 120.

U9A: 72nd Pennsylvania Regimental Monuments

17. Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade, 11-13.

18. Jonathan D. Neu, “The 72nd Pennsylvania Monument Controversy,” Gettysburg Magazine 40 (January 2009), 84.

19. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 316-317.

20. Ibid., 317.

21. Ibid., 317. In Webb’s battle report, he wrote: “The Seventy-second Pennsylvania Volunteers fought steadily and persistently, but the enemy would probably have succeeded in piercing our lines had not Colonel Hall advanced with several of his regiments to my support.” OR, 27/1: 428.

22. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 328.

23. Ibid., 317.

24. Roberts, “The 72d PA,” 418.

25. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1609-1610.

26. Ibid., 3:1628, 1649.

27. Haskell, Gettysburg, 128-129.

28. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1701, 1704, 1706.

29. Roberts, “The 72d PA,” 418.

30. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 328.

31. Ibid., 337; Fuger to Sylvester Byrne, May 13, 1888, 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry File, ALBG, GNMP.

32. Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 129. The 72nd’s casualties were 50.5% on 380 engaged vs. 137 losses and 48.2% for the 69th and 98 losses and 37.5% for the 71st Pennsylvania.

33. Harrison, Location of the Monuments, 13.

34. Webb, Dedication of the 72nd PA, 15. Both Webb and Banes testified that the regiment had been “near” or a “little in front” of the monument. It has been proposed that part of the confusion in interpreting the court testimony is that there were numerous references to an east-west “hill” near the Copse that is often confused with the north-south Cemetery “Ridge.” See David Trout, “The Seventy-second Pennsylvania Monument Controversy,” Baxter’s 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry, http://baxters72ndpenninfantry.blogspot.com.

35. Vanderslice, Then and Now, 376; Letter of Samuel Roberts, June 22, 1888, 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry File, ALBG, GNMP.

36. Neu, “72nd Pennsylvania Monument Controversy,” 82.

37. “Circular No. I. 72nd Regt, P.V. vs. Gettysburg Battle-field Asso’n,” 72nd Pennsylvania File, ALBG, GNMP; Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1: 416.

38. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1: 416.

39. Letter from Sylvester Byrne to Samuel Harper, July 11, 1888, 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry File, ALBG, GNMP.

40. “History of the Case” extract, 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry File, ALBG, GNMP; Neu, “72nd Pennsylvania Monument Controversy,” 82.

41. Neu, “The 72nd Pennsylvania Monument Controversy,” 82-83, 88-89, 91.

42. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1: 416-417; Desjardin, These Honored Dead, 163; Neu, “The 72nd Pennsylvania Monument Controversy,” 89.

43. “Storm Topples Monument,” Gettysburg Times, June 27, 2013.

U9B: Lieutenant Alonzo Cushing’s Battery A, 4th US Artillery

44. Kent Masterson Brown, Cushing of Gettysburg: The Story of a Union Artillery Commander (KY, 1993), 53.

45. Frederick Fuger, “Cushing’s Battery at Gettysburg,” Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States, Vol. 41 (1907), 407.

46. Frederick Fuger, “Battle of Gettysburg and Personal Recollections of that Battle,” Typed manuscript, 22, in Alexander Stewart Webb Papers, MS 684, Box 7, Folder 110, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library; Fuger, Cushing’s Battery, 407.

47. Both quoted in Murray, “Cowan’s, Cushing’s, and Rorty’s Batteries in Action,” 43.

48. Brown, Cushing of Gettysburg, 237.

49. Fuger, Personal Recollections, 23 and Cushing’s Battery, 408. In Personal Recollections, Fuger wrote that the canister was placed behind both guns but in Cushing’s Battery, he wrote that all canister was piled in rear of gun number two. Also see Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 336-337; Murray, “Cowan’s, Cushing’s, and Rorty’s Batteries in Action,” 48.

50. OR, 27/1: 428.

51. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 316.

52. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1978, 1989.

53. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 336-337; Fuger, Personal Recollections, 23 and Cushing’s Battery, 408. For modern support of two guns, see Laino, Gettysburg Campaign Atlas, 343; Brown, Cushing of Gettysburg, 249-250; Sears, Gettysburg, 448-449. However, the esteemed Edwin Coddington (who relied heavily on Bachelder’s papers) went with three guns at the wall. See Coddington, 511. As noted in our 71st Pennsylvania tour stop, it is possible that two guns were initially rolled forward and that a third was later moved in amongst the space occupied by the forward portion of the 71st regiment.

54. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1411, 1649. Charles Banes (1890) testified that a portion of the battery was run to wall but couldn’t say how many. See Bachelder Papers, 3: 1705.

55. Fuger, Personal Recollections, 23 and Cushing’s Battery, 408.

56. Brown, Cushing of Gettysburg, 249.

57. Fuger, Personal Recollections, 24 and Cushing’s Battery, 408. Pickett’s men would also have been getting hit with canister from Cowan’s batteries. See Murray, “Cowan’s, Cushing’s, and Rorty’s Batteries in Action,” 48.

58. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1146, 1157; Scott Hartwig, “Lieutenant Cushing,” From the Fields of Gettysburg (June 21, 2002), http://npsgnmp.wordpress.com/2012/06/21/lieutenant-cushing/.

59. Roberts, “The 72d PA,” 417. Roberts’s account does not say how many guns were still in service.

60. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1978.

61. Fuger, Personal Recollections, 24 and Cushing’s Battery, 408-409. According to Fuger, Armistead and Cushing fell only about seven yards apart.

62. Thomas Moon, Reminiscences of Thomas Moon, Battery A, 4th US Artillery Regiment File, ALBG, GNMP, n.p.

63. Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 442, 444, 446-448.

64. Moon, Reminiscences; also quoted in Brown, Cushing of Gettysburg, 259-260.

65. Brown, Cushing of Gettysburg, 12.

66. Fuger Family Book, 16-17, Battery A, 4th US Artillery Regiment File, ALBG, GNMP.

67. Dirk Johnson, “Winning a Battle to Honor a Civil War Hero,” New York Times, June 11, 2010; Kathryn Jorgensen, “Alonzo Cushing May Yet Be Awarded the Medal of Honor,” Civil War News, July 2012; Peter Baker, “Civil War Hero Awarded the Medal of Honor at Last,” New York Times, November 7, 2014.

U9C: Brigadier General Lewis Armistead Fell Here

68. Martin, “Rawley Martin’s Account,” 32: 187; Poindexter, “General Armistead’s Portrait,” 37: 149; Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 163, 183, 193.

69. Tapscott, “One of Pickett’s Men,” 413.

70. Fuger, Recollections, 24.

71. OR, 27/1: 428; Earl J. Hess, Pickett’s Charge: The Last Attack at Gettysburg (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001), 261-265, 438, n.33; Michael Halleran, “’The Widow’s Son.’ Lewis Armistead at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 43 (July 2009), 96.

72. Harrison, Nothing But Glory, 107.

73. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 337-338. Fuger’s accounts become more confusing when he frequently fails to differentiate whether or not Cushing’s entire battery or only part was at the wall. Also see Heenehan, “Philadelphia Defends the Wall,” 105, n.72.

74. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1989.

75. Roberts, “The 72d PA,” 418.

76. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 19.

77. Ibid., 3: 1704-1705. Also see Motts, Trust in God and Fear Nothing, 45.

78. A higher-end estimate of four to five feet per pace would equate 33 paces as being from the Armistead marker to slightly east side of Hancock Avenue.

79. D.B. Easley, “With Armistead When He Was Killed,” Confederate Veteran XX (1912), 379. Easley misidentified the cannon as being “brass.”

80. Easley, “With Armistead When He Was Killed,” 379; Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 190-191. In a separate 1913 account, Easley problematically identified the position of the Union squad that shot Armistead as being “about where” the 71st Pennsylvania monument is located. See Rollins, 192.

81. OR, 27/1: 514; Brown, Cushing of Gettysburg, 242.

82. Tapscott, “One of Pickett’s Men,” 413.

83. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1412-1413.

84. Ibid., 3: 1647.

85. Sheldon A. Munn, Freemasons at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, PA, 1993), 16; Halleran, “‘The Widow’s Son’,” 93.

86. Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade, 192.

87. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1705, 3: 1901. Capt. John C. Brown, 20th Indiana, wrote John Bachelder a lengthy 1887 letter in which he claimed to have found a wounded Rebel officer near the spot of Armistead’s fall who introduced himself as a Mason. Brown never learned the name of this officer and later wondered if it was Armistead. Some historians have accepted Brown as Armistead’s first rescuer while others are skeptical of the account. See Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1494-1497. The soldier who heard this signal may have been a Pvt. Jacob Wildemore of the 72nd Pennsylvania. See Halleran, “‘The Widow’s Son’,” 106 and Glenn Tucker, High Tide at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, PA, 1995), 431, n. ⁵³

88. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 351-352.

89. Ibid., 1: 351. For a fanciful tale of the wounded Armistead meeting Hancock himself, see Martin, “Armistead’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” 39: 187. As Martin is an otherwise often used primary source, his inclusion of the Hancock-Armistead meeting highlights the troubling challenges faced in evaluating “reliable” sources.

90. Abner Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg (New York, 1882), 195.

91. Haskell, Gettysburg, 132-133.

92. James A. Stevens, “Do You Believe It?” Confederate Veteran XXVIII (1920), 356; Holland, “With Armistead at Gettysburg,” 62.

93. Loehr, “The Old First Virginia at Gettysburg,” 32: 34.

94. Coco, A Vast Sea of Misery, 105-106.

95. Ibid., 106-107.

96. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 358-359. Descriptions of Armistead’s wounds by others vary, but as an attending physician, Brinton’s recollections carry the most weight. Justus Silliman, 17th Connecticut, said Armistead was “wounded in the breast and leg.” Coco, A Vast Sea of Misery, 105. John Irvin, 154th New York, recalled two wounds in the body and one in the thigh. A Dr. Hovey said Armistead was shot in the chest. Doctor Henry Van Aernam found no fatal wounds, implying no body wounds. John M. Irvin and Henry Van Aernam interviews in Edwin Dwight Northrup Papers, #4190, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Cornell University Libraries, Ithaca, NY. Thank you to Mark H. Dunkelman for transcribing and providing the Northrup material.

97. Star and Sentinel, July 11, 1893.

98. Coco, A Vast Sea of Misery, 105; Irvin and Van Aernam Interviews, Northrup Papers, Cornell University Libraries; Storrick, “General Armistead Was Only Southern Leader to Cross Wall at ‘Angle’ in Pickett’s Charge,” Gettysburg Times, March 23, 1939; Holland, “With Armistead at Gettysburg,” 62; Motts, Trust in God and Fear Nothing, 48. Co-author Wayne Motts has corresponded with medical doctors on Armistead’s death and believes that the general died of a pulmonary embolism. (A blood clot that went from Armistead’s leg to his heart.) The facts that Armistead died quickly and had no indication of infection support this theory.

99. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1128.

100. Ibid.; Storrick, “General Armistead Was Only Southern Leader to Cross Wall at ‘Angle’ in Pickett’s Charge”; Wayne Motts and Silas Felton, “In Their Words: Recollections of Visitations at Gettysburg After the Great Battle in July 1863,” Gettysburg Magazine 46 (January 2012), 112.

101. Vanderslice, Gettysburg Then and Now, 376, 379; Carol Reardon, Pickett’s Charge in History and Memory (Chapel Hill, NC, 1997), 93-95.

102. Munn, Freemasons at Gettysburg, 8-15.

103. Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge,” 34: 334-335.

U9D: Brigadier General Alexander Webb Monument

104. New York Monuments Commission for the Battlefields of Gettysburg and Chattanooga, In Memoriam: Alexander Stewart Webb, 1835-1911 (Albany, NY, 1916), 93-94.

105. Ibid., 11-12.

106. Ibid., 54.

107. Ibid., 12, 95.

108. Lash, “The Philadelphia Brigade,” 98-99; Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 968; Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade, 173-174.

109. Styple, Generals in Bronze, 151.

110. Stine, History of the Army of the Potomac, 531.

111. Styple, Generals in Bronze, 144, 147, 151, 159.

112. New York Monuments Commission, In Memoriam, 13. However, Webb told monument sculptor James Kelly an interesting post-Gettysburg story in which Meade on one occasion “allowed his tongue to run away with him” and presumably insulted Webb, after which Webb refused to share his commander’s mess. See Styple, Generals in Bronze, 149-150.

113. New York Monuments Commission, In Memoriam, 12, 104-105; Tagg, Generals of Gettysburg, 51.

114. New York Monuments Commission, In Memoriam, 11-12, 14, 16; Tagg, Generals of Gettysburg, 51.

115. New York Monuments Commission, In Memoriam, 106.

116. Ibid., 18, 27.

117. Ibid., 19; Styple, Generals in Bronze, 152.

Sidebar U9.1: There Was a Great Boulder

1.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1411. Some accounts believe that this flight was caused by confusion that resulted from the company’s captain becoming an early casualty.

2.  OR, 27/2: 386.

3.  Harrison, Nothing But Glory, 85.

4.  Testimony of William S. Stockton, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 243-244. Also see “The Battle,” Compiler, June 7, 1887; Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 339. Stockton was born April 12, 1841, in Philadelphia and enlisted in May 1861 at Burlington, New Jersey. Occupation listed as “dentist.” William S. Stockton, Pension Record, RG 15.

5.  Fred Hawthorne, “140 Places Every Guide Should Know,” http://www.gettysburgdaily.com/?p=8821.

6.  Stockton Testimony, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 244. Anthony McDermott of the 69th Pennsylvania told John Bachelder that Stockton “claims to have remained at the wall right at the ‘Angle’ after the Rebels crossed, a sort of prisoner, and was of course there until the enemy gave up.” Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1648.

7.  William S. Stockton, Pension Record, RG 15; “Obituary Notice,” Public Ledger (Philadelphia, PA), August 30, 1913; Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 412; “Friends Not Foes,” The Atlanta Constitution, July 3, 1887.

Sidebar U9.2: Hazardous Service

1.  Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 486-487. Wainwright and Randolph’s brigades were tied for second with 106 losses and McGilvery’s was second in rate at 24.2%.

2.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1157.

3.  All Hazard quotes from OR, 27/1: 477-481.

4.  Register of Enlistments of the United States Army, NARA, RG 94, M233, Roll 27; Busey, Union Casualties at Gettysburg, 2: 1075.

5.  “Veteran Dies Fighting To Prove He Was Alive,” Oakland Tribune, June 13, 1926.

Sidebar U9.3: Why Don’t They Come?

1.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 157; also Rollins, “The Second Wave of Pickett’s Charge,” 96.

2.  Mayo, “Pickett’s Charge,” 34: 334.

3.  OR, 27/2: 360.

4.  OR, 27/2: 320.

5.  OR, 27/2: 614-615.

6.  OR, 27/2: 621.

7.  Private Joseph Folkes of the 41st Virginia and Westwood Todd of the 12th Virginia both left similar accounts of Mahone advancing briefly before being told to halt. Rollins, “The Second Wave of Pickett’s Charge,” 104-105.

8.  Walter H. Taylor, Four Years with General Lee (New York, 1878), 107-108.

9.  Taylor, “Memorandum,” 4: 84-85.

10. Long, Memoirs of R.E. Lee, 294; Rollins, “The Second Wave of Pickett’s Charge,” 108.

11. Long, Memoirs of R.E. Lee, 294.

12. Longstreet, “Longstreet’s Account of the Campaign and Battle,” 5: 71.

13. Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 393.

Sidebar U9.4: One Female in Rebel Uniform

1.  See Eileen F. Conklin, Women at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, PA, 1993) for a discussion.

2.  OR, 27/1: 378.

3.  Martha Keller, “The Hero of Pickett’s Old Brigade. By the Author of ‘Love and Rebellion,’” Confederate Veteran, Vol. I (1893), 174.

4.  Conklin, Women at Gettysburg, 134-135.

STOP U10: The “Inner Angle” and the Abraham Bryan Farm

1.  OR, 27/1: 454-455.

2.  George T. Fleming and Gilbert Adams Hays, General Alexander Hays at the Battle of Gettysburg (Pittsburgh, PA, 1913), 19.

3.  OR, 27/1: 454.

4.  OR, 27/1: 465.

5.  OR, 27/1: 706.

6.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 285-286.

U10A: Captain William Arnold’s Battery A, First Rhode Island

7.  Aldrich, History of Battery A, 215.

8.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 399.

9.  Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 442-444.

10. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 341.

11. Hunt, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” 374.

12. OR, 27/1: 480.

13. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 79 and 1: 407.

14. Aldrich, History of Battery A, 215-216.

15. Trinque, “Arnold’s Battery,” 64-66.

16. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 326. Weir’s recollections that he started with shorter range canister before using longer-range case and shot is counterintuitive unless he used the longer range rounds on retreating Confederates.

17. Aldrich, History of Battery A, 217.

18. Ibid., 218-219.

19. Harrison, The Location of the Monuments, 17.

U10B: 1st Massachusetts “Andrew” Sharpshooters

20. Hawthorne, Men and Monuments, 121; Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1101.

21. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 964.

22. OR, 27/1: 311.

23. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 291-292; Ladd, Bachelder Papers 2: 964; 3; 1902. Capt. Armstrong of the 125th New York likewise described the “charge” and “great execution” of the sharpshooters. See Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1001.

24. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 986-987.

U10C: 14th Connecticut Regimental Monument

25. Page, History of the 14th, 143.

26. Ibid., 151; Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 130.

27. Page, History of the 14th, 149.

28. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1:79.

29. OR, 27/1:467.

30. Page, History of the 14th, 152. Federal accounts often conflict on how many Confederate lines appeared to be coming. Charles Page wrote: “There were three lines, and a portion of a fourth line, extending a mile or more. It was, indeed, a scene of unsurpassed grandeur and majesty…As far as eye could reach could be seen the advancing troops.” See Page, History of the 14th, 151.

31. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 268.

32. Trinque, “Confederate Battle Flags,” 114.

33. Page, History of the 14th, 155-156. Elijah Bacon and Christopher Flynn were also awarded Medals for their July 3 valor.

34. Harrison, Location of the Monuments, 1.

U10D: 12th New Jersey Regimental Monument

35. Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 130.

36. Hawthorne, Men and Monuments, 126; Samuel Toombs, New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign from June 5 to July 31, 1863 (Orange, NJ, 1888), 294-295.

37. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 288-289.

38. From the Address of Col. William Potter in Toombs, New Jersey Troops, 298.

39. Ibid., 284.

40. New Jersey Gettysburg Battlefield Commission, Final Report, 107.

41. Hawthorne, Men and Monuments, 127.

U10E: Abraham Bryan Farm

42. Smith, Farms at Gettysburg, 13-14.

43. Frassanito, Early Photography, 229, 232-233. Bachelder described it in his 1873 guidebook as Hays’s headquarters.

U10F: Bryan Tenant House

44. Christ, “Struggle for the Bliss Farm, Part 3,” http://www.gettysburgdaily.com/?p=4574.

45. Paradis, African Americans and the Gettysburg Campaign, 60.

46. Frassanito, Early Photography, 234.

47. Peter Vermilyea, “The Effect of the Confederate Invasion on Pennsylvania’s African American Community,” Gettysburg Magazine 24 (July 2001), 113-119.

48. Paradis, African Americans and the Gettysburg Campaign, 9.

U10G: Willard/Sherrill’s Brigade

49. Dedication of the New York Auxiliary State Monument on the Battlefield of Gettysburg (Albany, NY, 1926), 136.

50. Eric Campbell, “’Remember Harper’s Ferry’: The Degradation, Humiliation, and Redemption of Col. George L. Willard’s Brigade,” Gettysburg Magazine 7 (July 1992), 73-75.

51. New York at Gettysburg, 2: 907; Laino, Gettysburg Campaign Atlas, 346.

52. Ezra Dee Frest Simons, A Regimental History: The One Hundred and Twenty-fifth New York State Volunteers (New York, 1888), 136, 138; OR, 27/1: 477.

53. OR, 27/1: 476.

54. Edith Armstrong Talbot, Samuel Chapman Armstrong: A Biographical Study (New York, 1904), 92.

55. Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1000-1001; Talbot, Samuel Chapman Armstrong, 92-93.

56. Simons, 125th New York State Volunteers, 136-138.

57. OR, 27/1: 473.

58. New York at Gettysburg, 2: 907-908.

59. Ibid., 2: 907; Dedication of the New York Auxiliary State Monument, 137.

60. OR, 27/1: 473.

STOP U11: Ziegler’s Grove

1.  Frassanito, Early Photography, 180; Harmon, Cemetery Hill, 117-131.

2.  Frassanito, Early Photography, 180; Christ, “Struggle for the Bliss Farm,” http://www.gettysburgdaily.com/?p=4289.

3.  Cyclorama Building, Historic American Buildings Survey (National Park Service), 5-6.; GNMP Commission Reports, 31.

4.  Cyclorama Building HABS, 3-4, 8-10. The cyclorama painting had been displayed in a building along the Baltimore pike since 1913. See HABS, 6.

5.  Ibid., 8-10.

6.  Ibid., 4.

7.  Sarah Allaback, Mission 66 Visitor Centers: The History of a Building Type (Washington, DC, 2000), n.p.

8.  Cyclorama Building HABS, 44.

9.  Robert Housch, “National Cemetery Parking and North Cemetery Ridge Updates,” Gettysburgdaily.com (February 24, 2012), http://www.gettysburgdaily.com/?p=13420. Thanks to Gettysburg National Military Park Historian John Heiser for providing updated information regarding the monuments’ return to their original positions.

U11A: Lieutenant George Woodruff’s Battery I, First U.S. Artillery and 108th New York

10. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 291.

11. Ibid.

12. Coco, A Vast Sea of Misery, 73; Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 291.

13. Toombs, New Jersey Troops, 282.

U11B: Brigadier General Alexander Hays Monument

14. Tagg, The Generals of Gettysburg, 53; Fleming, Hays at the Battle of Gettysburg, 3.

15. Fleming, Hays at the Battle of Gettysburg, 14.

16. Tagg, The Generals of Gettysburg, 53.

17. Fleming, Hays at the Battle of Gettysburg, 13.

18. Ibid., 20. Hays reportedly lost two horses at Gettysburg. See Tagg, Generals of Gettysburg, 54.

19. Fleming, Hays at Battle of Gettysburg, 22-23.

20. Harrison, The Location of the Monuments, 41; Wayne Manhood, Alexander “Fighting Elleck” Hays: The Life of a Civil War General from West Point to the Wilderness (NC, 2005), 173; Swift, “Gettysburg Monument to be Dedicated,” The Daily Item, August 11, 2007. One may note stylistic similarities between the Hays statue and several others on the field: President Lincoln, David M. Gregg and Alfred Pleasonton from the Pennsylvania State Monument, William Wells on South Confederate Avenue, John Geary on Culp’s Hill, and Andrew Humphreys along the Emmitsburg Road. All of these were the work of the same man: Swiss-born sculptor J. Otto Schweitzer.

STOP U12: Major General George Meade Equestrian Monument

1.  Haskell, The Battle of Gettysburg, 137; Meade, Life and Letters, 2: 109-110. Meade’s Life and Letters (2: 109) claimed Meade rode “straight to the front, arrived on the crest at the point where the enemy were making their attack, and rode among the batteries and troops encouraging the men by his voice and presence. He remained on the ridge throughout the attack, and until the enemy was repulsed.”

2.  OR, 27/1: 74-75.

3.  Harrison, Location of the Monuments, Markers, and Tablets, 41. On the Federal side, Reynolds’s statue was dedicated in 1899, Slocum in 1902, Sedgwick in 1913, and Howard in 1932. Amongst Confederates, Lee received his (via the Virginia memorial) in 1917 and Longstreet in 1998. John Bachelder wrote in 1890 that he secured 70,000 pounds of bronze to make equestrian statues of Meade, Hancock, Sykes, Sedgwick, and Warren, “and while I would erect those of the Corps Commanders with their commands I would place General Meade on the crowning summit of Cemetery Hill.” See Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 3: 1906.

4.  “Meade and Hancock,” Compiler, June 9, 1896; Vanderslice, Gettysburg Then and Now, 451. Also see “Meade and Hancock Statues,” Compiler, June 2, 1896.

5.  “Meade and Hancock,” Compiler, June 9, 1896.

6.  Meade, Life Letters, 2: 125; Hawthorne, Men and Monuments, 125.

Sidebar U12.1: Did General Meade Counterattack?

1.  Alexander, “Letter from General E. P. Alexander, March 17th 1877,” 4: 109.

2.  Alexander, Military Memoirs, 432.

3.  OR, 27/2: 321.

4.  OR, 27/2: 361-362.

5.  “Meade’s Great Mistake,” New York Times, July 4, 1888. Longstreet continued the notion in his memoirs, writing that a combined cavalry and infantry operation “pushed with vigor…could have reached our line of retreat.” See Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 396.

6.  Bond, Pickett or Pettigrew?, 61. Bond considered Longstreet to be personally “honest” but was “so largely imaginative, that his statement of facts is rarely worthy of credence.”

7.  OR, 27/1: 75.

8.  See OR, 27/1: 117. “This terminated the battle, the enemy retiring to his lines, leaving the field strewn with his dead and wounded, and numerous prisoners in our hands…Kilpatrick’s division, that on the 29th, 30th, and 1st had been successfully engaging the enemy’s cavalry, was on the 3d sent on our extreme left, on the Emmitsburg road, where good service was rendered in assaulting the enemy’s line and occupying his attention. At the same time, General Gregg was engaged with the enemy on our extreme right, having passed across the Baltimore pike and Bonaughtown road, and boldly attacked the enemy’s left and rear.”

9.  Hyde, The Union Generals Speak, 111.

10. OR, 27/1: 366.

11. Hyde, The Union Generals Speak, 218.

12. OR, 27/1: 593.

13. OR, 27/1: 654-655. As it was actually Colonel McCandless, and not General Crawford, who led this movement, refer also to McCandless’s OR, 27/1: 657-658. Regarding his orders, McCandless wrote: “I was ordered to advance and clear the woods on my front and left, to do which the command had to cross an open field about 800 yards wide.”

14. OR, 27/1: 654-655, 657-658.

15. Hyde, The Union Generals Speak, 345-348.

16. Ibid., 139-140. Pleasonton’s own report was considerably less dramatic. “General Kilpatrick did valuable service with the First Brigade, under General Farnsworth, in charging the enemy’s infantry, and, with the assistance of Merritt’s brigade and the good execution of their united batteries, caused him to detach largely from his main attack on the left of our line.” See OR, 27/1: 916.

17. OR, 27/1: 992-993. The report of Col. Nathaniel Richmond, First West Virginia Cavalry, described the assault: “General Farnsworth was ordered to charge the enemy’s right, which he at once did, making one of the most desperate, and at the same time most successful, charges it has ever been my lot to witness, and during which that gallant officer (General Farnsworth) was killed while in the thickest of the fight.” See OR, 27/1: 1005.

18. OR, 27/1: 992-993.

19. See Eric J. Wittenberg, Gettysburg’s Forgotten Cavalry Actions (New York, 2011), 145 for commentary on the lack of coordination between the infantry and cavalry.

20. Hyde, The Union Generals Speak, 170. Warren did add that casualties in the officers’ ranks contributed to a “shattered” feeling within the army.

21. Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 202-203. Abner Doubleday, another of Meade’s critics, proposed that the VI and portions of the XII Corps should have been moved into Gibbon’s rear at the moment Pickett’s Division was seen emerging from the woods.

22. Hunt, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” 376 and “The Second Day at Gettysburg,” 302.

23. Hyde, The Union Generals Speak, 119.

24. Ibid., 170.

25. Meade, Life and Letters, 2: 125.

Sidebar U12.2: Piles of Dead and Thousands of Wounded

1.  Page, History of the 14th Regiment, 156.

2.  OR, 27/1: 428.

3.  OR, 27/1: 454.

4.  OR, 27/1: 440.

5.  Haskell, Gettysburg, 131.

6.  Ibid., 140.

7.  “The Great Battles,” New York Times, July 4, 1863; “The Battle of Gettysburg,” Burlington Weekly Hawk-Eye, July 11, 1863. The New York Times of July 4 headlined that both Generals Longstreet and Hill had been killed.

8.  Ladd, Bachelder Papers, 1: 19.

9.  OR, 27/1: 440.

10. Hartwig, “It Struck Horror to Us All,” 99.

11. Fleming, Hays at Battle of Gettysburg, 13, 18.

12. Burns, Civil War Diary, 59-60.

13. Coco, Vast Sea of Misery, 67.

14. Harrison, Location of the Monuments, 34.

15. Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 129.

16. Davis (69th Pennsylvania) estimated 121 of 149 casualties on July 3. See OR, 27/1: 431. Colonel Smith approximated 100 of 117; OR, 27/1: 432. Colonel Hall estimated that “about 150 men” were killed or wounded on July 2 and subtracting from Busey’s estimated 377 total losses yields 227 on the third day. OR, 27/1: 437 and Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 129.

17. In Hays’s division, Maj. Theodore Ellis, 14th Connecticut, claimed all of the regiment’s 66 reported casualties were on July 3, save one injury on July 2, a captain “who was seriously injured accidentally by a runaway horse.” See OR, 27/1: 467-468. Lieutenant John Dent, First Delaware Infantry, estimated 32 lost on July 2, leaving about 45 (or 60% of total losses) on July 3. See OR, 27/1: 469 and Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 130.

18. Harrison, Pickett’s Men, 101-102; H.V. Harris to Father, Harris Papers, Pearce Civil War Collection, Navarro College. Capt. Bright similarly claimed: “5,000 in the morning; 1,600 were put in camp that night; 3,400 killed, wounded, and missing.” Bright, “Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg,” 266.

19. See OR, 27/2: 363. Medical Director Lafayette Guild’s initial estimate was 214 killed and 1,152 wounded. See OR, 27/2: 329-330. An addendum to Guild’s report estimates the total loss at 2,888. See OR, 27/2: 339.

20. Harrison and Busey, Nothing But Glory, 170, 467.

21. Ibid., 170 - 171, 451, 467. In this analysis, Busey tallied 1,476 total wounded of which 833 were also captured. An additional 681 of the captured were not wounded. See Harrison and Busey, Nothing But Glory, 170 – 171, 467. Four our purposes here, we have included the 833 wounded and the 681 non-wounded to arrive at the total missing/captured of 1,514.

22. OR Supplement, Part I, Reports, Vol. 5, Serial 5, 333-334.

23. Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, 299.

24. Coco, Vast Sea of Misery, 148.

25. Ibid., 135-136.

26. Ibid., 140-141.

27. Adams Sentinel, August 25, 1863.

28. Harrison and Busey, Nothing But Glory, 468, 494, 496-497.

29. Ibid., 501-503.

Sidebar U12.3: My Country Called, I Came to Die

1.  Beth Swift, “Captain Blinn,” Dear Old Wabash, February 5, 2009; Gregory Coco, Killed in Action (Gettysburg, PA, 1992), 103-105.

2.  A.H. Nickerson, “Personal Recollections of Two Visits to Gettysburg,” Scribner’s Magazine, Vol. 4, Issue 1 (June 1893), 25.

3.  Swift, “Captain Blinn,” Dear Old Wabash.

4.  “Letter from Dorthea Blinn to Amory Blinn,” July 29, 1863, Blinn Papers, Cincinnati Historical Society, Box 5, Folder/Letter 667. His mother applied for and received a pension of $20 per month. John Blinn, Pension Record, RG 15. There is dispute over Blinn’s date of death, as it has alternately been reported as July 14 or July 18. See Busey, Union Casualties at Gettysburg, 22. Blinn’s mother placed the date as July 14 and we would assume that a mother, who was present, would know the date of her son’s death. The authors wish to acknowledge Martha Brogan for assistance with materials related to John Blinn.

5.  Nickerson, “Personal Recollections of Two Visits to Gettysburg,” 26-28.

6.  “Col. A.H. Nickerson,” The Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the 52nd Congress 1892-1893, 2nd Session (Washington, DC, 1893), Report 2579, 1-6.

CONCLUSION: More Criticized and is Still Less Understood

1.  Alexander, Military Memoirs, 425-426.

2.  Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 268-269.

3.  Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 143.

4.  Loehr, “The Old First Virginia at Gettysburg,” 32: 36-38.

5.  OR, 27/2: 299.

6.  OR, 27/2: 309.

7.  OR, 27/2: 321.

8.  Robert E. Lee, Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee (Garden City, NY: 1924), 102.

9.  Allan, “Memoranda,” 17-18.

10. William Allan, “Letter from Colonel William Allan, of Ewell’s Staff,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 4, 79-80.

11. Imboden, “Lee after Gettysburg,” The Petersburg Index, March 25, 1871.

12. Rollins, Eyewitness Accounts, 149.

13. OR, 27/2: 360.

14. Longstreet, “The Mistakes of Gettysburg,” 627.

15. Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 292.

16. Numerous published works have recounted Longstreet’s post-war trials regarding his politics and war performance, notably the voluminous Southern Historical Society Papers, compiled primarily by Jubal Early and J. William Jones.

17. Jubal Early, “The Campaigns of Gen. Robert E. Lee. An Address by Lieut. General Jubal A. Early, before Washington and Lee University, January 19th, 1872,” in Gary Gallagher, ed., Lee the Soldier (Lincoln, NE, 1996), 37-73; Swinton, Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac, 340.

18. Wilcox, “Letter,” 4: 117. Wilcox also added as a primary reason: “Absence of the cavalry, and failure to report promptly when the Federal army had crossed the Potomac, and the line of direction of their march.”

19. Alexander, “Letter,” 4: 110.

20. Martin, “Rawley Martin’s Account,” 32: 189.

21. Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, 3: 178.

22. Ibid., 3: 178-180.

23. Ibid., 3: 181.

24. Ibid., 3: 182-186.

25. See Callihan, “Neither Villain nor Hero,” 18-19 for a similar viewpoint.

Sidebar Co1: Onslaught of Peace

1.  “It’s Again a Tented Field,” New York Times, July 1, 1888; Undated newspaper article, Folder #190, Battle of Gettysburg: 25th Anniversary, ACHS.

2.  “It’s Again a Tented Field,” New York Times; Undated newspaper article, Folder #190, Battle of Gettysburg: 25th Anniversary, ACHS; Star and Sentinel, July 17, 1888.

3.  “Meade’s Great Mistake,” New York Times, July 4, 1888.

4.  Public Ledger, July 1, 1913, Gettysburg 50th, PA State Archives; “Old Soldiers Defy Heat,” New York Times, July 2, 1913; Stan Cohen, Hands Across the Wall: The 50th and 75th Reunions of the Gettysburg Battle (1982), 13.

5.  Cohen, Hands Across the Wall, 13, 36; “Old Soldiers Defy Heat,” New York Times, July 2, 1913; “Son and Grandsons of Gen. Longstreet,” Atlanta Constitution, June 30, 1913; “Will Dedicate New Monument,” Gettysburg Times, June 28, 1913.

6.  “Lincoln Abused; 7 Men Are Stabbed,” Raleigh News and Observer, July 3, 1913.

7.  “Old Soldiers Defy Heat,” New York Times, July 2, 1913.

8.  “Limping Gray Men Once More Charge Up Cemetery Ridge,” The Atlanta Constitution, July 4, 1913; Cohen, Hands Across the Wall, 13.

9.  “Crowd of More than 35,000,” Gettysburg Times, July 3, 1963.

10. “Colorful Re-Enactment of Pickett’s Charge Attracts Huge Crowd,” Gettysburg Times, July 5, 1963.

11. “Battle Hero’s Son Here for Re-Enactment,” Gettysburg Times, July 5, 1963.

12. Jorgensen, “Gettysburg 150th Brings Thousands,” 1, 10.

13. Gast, “150th Anniversary of Battle of Gettysburg Provides a Bigger Story,” CNN.com, June 30, 2013.

14. “Gettysburg 150th- July 3 Battlefield Experience Programs,” From the Fields of Gettysburg, http://npsgnmp.wordpress.com/2013/05/17/gettysburg-150th-july-3-battlefield-experience-programs/.

15. Jorgensen, “Gettysburg 150th Brings Thousands,” 1.