Index

Note: Page numbers for main entries are presented in boldfaced type.

AAIIL. See Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-i Islam Lahore (AAIIL)

ABC programme, 267

Abdul Aleem Siddique Mosque, 283

Abdurrahman, Sinta Nuriyah, 83

Abhidhamma (scholastic works), 24

Achaemenid Persian Empire, 86

Action for Peace and Justice (AKKAPKA), 245

Adams, Jan, 40

Adat, 127, 160

Adharma, 64

Administration of Muslim Act, 288

Agama Hindu Bali, 159

Agama Hindu Dharma, 107

Agama Hindu Kaharingan, 159

Agama Kaharingan, 160

Agama Tirtha, 160

Agenda for Peace, 215

Agni, 221

Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah, 200

Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam, xx, 1–2

Ahmad, Mirza Masroor, 2

Ahmadi Muslims. See Ahmadis

Ahmadis, 1–2

Ahmadiyya, 1–2

Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-i Islam Lahore (AAIIL), 1

Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama’at (AMJ), 1–2

Ahura Mazda, 359–60

Aihwa Ong, 184

Aisyiyah, 2–3, 186

AKKAPKA. See Action for Peace and Justice (AKKAPKA)

Alatas, Syed Farid, 232

Alatas, Syed Hussein, 3–4, 209–10, 231

Al-Bisthami, Abu Yazid, 309

Al-Bukhari, Ismail, 282

Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid, 309

Al-Hajjaj, Muslim ibn, 282

Allah, 53

All-Asian Women’s Conference, 16

Al-Nasa’i, 282

Al-Qaeda, 131

Al-Qur’an, 186

Al-Raniri, Nurruddin, 127

Al-Shafii, Muhammad, 282

Al-Sumatrani, Shamsuddin, 310

Alternative Discourses in Asian Social Sciences (Alatas), 232

Al-Tirmidzi, 282

Amitabha Buddha, 323–24, 326

AMJ. See Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama’at (AMJ)

Amnesty International, 75

Ampel, Sunan, 219, 346

Analects, 48–49

Ancestor worship, 4–7

Singapore, 6

Thailand, 6

Vietnam, 5–6

Anderson, Benedict, 203

Anger (Nhat Hanh), 104

Angkor Wat, 107

Anglican Church of Australia, 42

Angra Mainyu, 359

Animism, 7–10

described, 7

Edward Burnett Tylor on, 8

and Laos, 153

practices, 8

and relationships with nonhumans, 8

Southeast Asian, 8–9

An-Na’im, Abdullahi, 290

Anoratha, King of Burma, 249

Anwar, Zainah, 290

Aquino, Benigno, 286

Arahan, Shin, 228

Arahat, 30

Arbie, Albrecht Karim, 135

Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), 217

Armenian Apostolic Church of St. Gregory the Illuminator, 11

Armenian Apostolic Church of St. John the Baptist, 11

Armenians, 10–12

Armstrong, Karen, 90

Asbab nuzul, 85

ASEAN. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

ASEMI, 278

Ashram Bali Gandhi Vidhyapith, 208

Ashram Gandhi Canti Dasa, 207

Asian and the World Conference on Religion and Peace, 125

Asian Development Bank, 97

Asian financial crisis, 98

Asian Institute of Liturgy and Music, 161

Asian values, 209

Asian Women’s Resource Centre for Culture and Theology (AWRC), 241, 351

Asoka the Great, 86

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 72

Association of Theologically Trained Women in Indonesia (PERUATI), 354

As-Sunnah, 186

Atheism/Agnosticism, 12–13

Attas, Syed Muhammad Naquib al-, 13–14

Aung San Suu Kyi, 75, 111, 192

Australian National University, 115

Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), 222

Avatar, 32

Awakened One. See Buddha

AWRC. See Asian Women’s Resource Centre for Culture and Theology (AWRC)

Bà Chúa Xú’, 99–101

Ba’asyir, Abu Bakar, 131

Babaylanes, 221

Baguinda, Rajah, 222

Bahá’í, 154

Bahá’í Faith, 15–17

reform movements, 242

Baha’u’llah, 15

Bakhtin, Mikhail, 233

Bali

bombing, 130–31

Hinduism in, 159–60

Bali: A Paradise Created (Vickers), 210

Balinese Sacred Mandala Pilgrimage, 225

Baltazar, Julian, 173

Bannawiratma, J. B., 55

Baraka, 308

Barth, Fredrik, 78

Basic Christian Community (BCC), 47

Bathalang Maykapal, 53

Bavinck, Johanes Herman, 207

Beatas dela Compania de Jesus (Blesseds of the Friends of Jesus), 264

Being Peace (Nhat Hanh), 104

Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes, 17–18, 217

Bevan, Stephen, 82

Bhabha, Homi K., 231

Bhagwad Gita, 64

Bhakti, 320

Bhargava, Rajeev, 272

Bhikkhu, Buddhadasa, 18–20, 158

Bhikkhuni, Dhammananda, xxi, 20–21

Bhikkhuni Ta Tao Fa Tzu. See Kabilsingh, Voramai

Bhikkhuni: The Reflection of Gender in Thai Society (Dhammananda), 20

Bhikkhunis, 356–57

Bhineka Tunggal Ika, 159

Bhu-mandala, 105

Bible translations, 37–38

Bochner, William, 343

Bodhiraksa, 261

Bodhisattva, 28, 30–31, 74

Bogan, Sunan, 346

Borneo, 159–60

Brahma (Hindu diety), 107

Brahmanism, 23–24

Brenner, Suzanne, 232–33

Brent, Charles, 37

Brouwerious, D., 37

Browne, Malcolm, xix

Brunei Darussalam, 21–22

Buddha, 22–26, 249

Buddhism, 22–26

and Christmas Island, 41

dharma/dhamma in, 64–65

history of, 22–24

and Laos, 152–53

Mahayana, 25

reform movements, 240

and society, 243–44

and Songkran, 348

in Southeast Asia, 25–26

spread of, 25

teachings of, 24–25

Thai, 19

Tipitaka, 19

Buddhist Church of Vietnam, 47

Bumiputras, 319

Bungai, 195

Bunthoeun, Sam, 142

Bush, George, 91

Call Me by My True Names (Nhat Hanh), 104

Calungsod, Pedro, 27–28

Cambodia, 28–32

and Chaul Chnam Thmey, 348–49

Engaged Buddhism in, 76

popular religion in, 229

religious freedom in, 87

ritual dances in, 59

Canh Tinh, 51

Cao Dai, 32–33, 340

Caodaism. See Cao Dai

Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP), 224

CBCP. See Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP)

CCA. See Christian Conference of Asia (CCA)

Césaire, Aimé, 230

Chaiboon Sutipol, 62

Chamlong Srimuang, 262

Chan, 323–24

Ch’an-zong, 323–24

Chaul Chnam Thmey, 348–49

Chenla, 28, 30

Child trafficking, 330–31

China

Buddhism in, 65

emergence of Daoism in, 60

interfaith relations in, 123–24

Choan Seng Song, 156

Choco, 27

Christian Conference of Asia (CCA), 33–35, 125, 147, 157, 245

Christian conversion, 37

Christianity, 35–40

and Cocos Islands, 42

and contextualization, 51–52

cultural legacy of Western missions, 37–38

development of, 38–39

and fundamentalism, 90

and Laos, 153–54

in Philippines, 223–24

reform movements, 241

and society, 244–45

Southeast Asian church music, 39–40

Christianity and World History (van Leeuwen), 273

Christians for National Liberation, 39

Christmas Island, 40–41

Christmas Island: The Early Years, 1888 to 1958: Historic Photographs with Many Untold Tales from the Early Years of Christmas Island, an Isolated Island in the Indian Ocean (Adams and Neale), 40

Chua Beng Huat, 232

Chuon Nath, 31

“Church in Asia” (Ecclesia in Asia), 55

Churches

architecture, 55

Catholic, 56

music, 39–40, 55

Civic nationalism, 203

Cocos (Keeling) Islands, 41–42

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Muslim Small Business Association, 42

Coedes, George, 30

Cold War, 91

Colonialism, 42–45

of Burma, 44

and Islam, 127–28

and religion, 43

of Vietnam, 44

Commonwealth of Nations, 44

Communism, 45–48

and nationalism, 46–47

and religion, 46–47

and social transformation, 47–48

Communist Party of Burma (CPB), 46–47

Communist Party of Kampuchea, 296

Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV), 47, 89

Compassionate and Free (Katoppo), 351

Comte, Auguste, 303

Condominas, George, 298–99

Conflict Resolution Studies (CRS), 215–16

Confradia de San Jose, 172

Confucianism, 48–51

Confucius, 48–51, 149

Consumers’ Association of Penang, 320

Contextualization, 51–56

and Christianity, 51–52

defined, 51

histories of, in Southeast Asia, 52–54

and humanism, 110–11

local theology, in Southeast Asia, 54–56

Conversion, religious, 248–52

Cooke, Miriam, 84

Coolen, Coenrad L., 54

The Copenhagen Seminar for Social Progress, 96

Council of Elders (mahatherasamkhon), 62

Cox, Harvey, 90

CPB. See Communist Party of Burma (CPB)

CPV. See Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV)

Cross of Christianity, 156

Cyrus the Great, 86

Dalang, 235

Dance and drama (theater), 57–59

Dao Mâu, 99

Daodejing, 60, 149

Daoism (Taoism), 59–61

Darshan, 265

Davids, T.W. Rhys, 31

Da’wah, 186

Dawud, Abu, 282

de la Costa, Horacio, 136

de la Torre, Edicio, 39

de Nobili, Roberto, 52

de Rhodes, Alexandre, 54, 135

de San Jose, Francisco Blancas, 53

de San Vitores, Diego Luís, 27–28

dela Cruz, Apolinario, 172

Democratic Kampuchea, 29

Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA), 174

Derrida, Jacques, 210, 231

Descola, Philippe, 8

Dewan Syuriah, 201

Dewan Tanfidziyah, 201

Dewanto, Tarcicius, 135

Dhammakaya (Thammakaay), 61–63

Dhammakaya Channel (DMC), 63

Dhammakaya Movement, 318

Dhammantaraya (Dhamma in Danger), 47

Dhammayietra, 95, 216

Dhammayietra II, 216

Dharan, 325

Dharma/Dhamma, 24, 63–66

in Buddhism, 64–65

in Hinduism, 63–64

Dharmasastras, 64, 106

Dhikr, 308–9

Dhimmis, 86–87

Diaspora, 66–68

Digambara, 133–34

Dios-Dios, 173

Disharmony, 50

Displacement of people, and tourism, 331

DKBA. See Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA)

Don chees, 356

Duc, Thich Quang, xix, 68–69

Durand, Maurice, 299

Durkheim, Emile, 182, 195, 304

Dutch East India Company, 36, 44, 138

Dvipas, 105

EACC. See East Asia Christian Conference (EACC)

East Asia Christian Conference (EACC), 34, 38, 147

EATWOT. See Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians (EATWOT)

Ecology, and religion, 246–47

Economist, 96

Economy, and religion, 246–47

Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians (EATWOT), 157

Education, 71–73

Effendi, Jamal, 15–16

Effendi, Shoghi, 15–16

Elders (Sthaviras), 24

Eliade, Mircea, 197, 277, 278, 305

Elizalde, Manuel, 210

Ellis, E. H., 11

Emigration, 66–67

Engaged Buddhism, 73–76

in Cambodia, 76

elements of, 292

in Myanmar (Burma), 75

positive role of, xix

and Thich Nhat Hanh, 103

in Vietnam, 75

See also Buddhism

Engineer, Asghar Ali, 85

Entrencherado, Florencio, 173

Eriksen, Thomas, 77

Esposito, John, 84

Estrada, Joseph, 216, 286

Ethnic minorities, 176–77

Ethnic nationalism, 203

Ethnicity, 76–79

FABC. See Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences (FABC)

Fabella, Virginia, 351

Fanon, Frantz, 230

Fansuri, Hamzah, 14, 310

Feast of Thingyan, 349

Federal Territories Syariah Criminal Offences Act, 165

Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences (FABC), 54, 81–82

Central Committee of, 81

Central Secretariat of, 81–82

Plenary Assembly of, 81

Standing Committee of, 81

Federation of Taoist Associations Malaysia, 61

Feliciano, Francisco, 39

Feminism and Islamic traditions, 82–86

Fernando, Richie, 135

Fifty Meditations and Theology in Contact (Koyama), 146

Filipino Freethinkers, 13

Finot, Louis, 30

Fiqh, 281

Five Classics of Confucius, 48–49

Fo Guang Shan Temple, 20

Folk Catholicism, 221

For Equality in the Muslim Family, 290

For Mankind TV (FMTV), 263

Foucault, Michel, 231

Four Palace Religion (Dao Tu Phu), 340

Four Passing Sights, 23

Fozdar, Shirin, 16

Freedom of religion, 86–89

See also Religion

Friendship Group, 267

Funan, 28, 30

Fundamentalism, 89–93

challenges of, xxi–xxiii

and Christianity, 90

defined, 90

Islamic, 91

Fundamentalists, 90

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 96

Gandhi, Mahatma, 74, 207

Gautama, Siddhartha, 22–26

See also Buddha

Geertz, Clifford, 258, 307

Gerakan, 3–4

Ghosananda, Maha, 95–96

Giri, Sunan, 346

Globalization, 96–98

Gluckman, Max, 257

Goddess traditions, 98–102

Gospel of Matthew, 37

Gospel of St. John, 55

Guardia de Honor, 172–73

Gunungjati, Sunan, 346

Gus Dur. See Wahid, Abdurrahman

Gutiérrez, Gustavo, 155

Hadiths, 84

Hajj, 127

Halal, 168

Hanh, Thich Nhat, 47, 74–75, 103–4, 295

Hanifa, Abu, 282

Happiness in the Making (Dhammananda), 20

Hard Rock Café, 265

Harrison, Rachel V., 232

Haw phii, 153

Hem Chieu, 31

Hermano Puli. See dela Cruz, Apolinario

Herzfeld, Michael, 232

Hindu Gods, 106–8

See also specific Gods

Hinduism, 104–8

in Bali, 159–60

in Borneo, 159–60

dharma/dhamma in, 63–64

Hindu Gods, 106–8

and Holi, 347–48

overview, 104–5

reform movements, 242

in Southeast Asia, 105–6

Hiranyakashyap, 347–48

Hirao, 27

Hmong, 173–74, 336

Hòa Ho Buddhism, 109–10, 340

Holi, 347–48

Holika. See Holi

Holocaust, 138

Holy See, 224

Holyoake, George Jacob, 271

Horta, Jose Ramos, 328

House of Blues, 265

Htoo, Johnny, 174

Htoo, Luther, 174

Hubert, Henri, 257

The Human and the Holy: Asian Perspectives in Christian Theology (Nacpil), 200

Human Development Report, 97

Human Rights Watch, 75

Humanism, 110–13

and contextualization, 110–11

and humanist concerns, 112–13

nonreligious foundations, 111–12

religious foundations, 112

Humanist Society of Singapore, 13, 111

Humanistic Buddhism, 112

Huot Tath, 31

Huynh Phu So, 109

Hymns, 39–40

Hymns from the Four Winds, 161

I Ching (Confucius), 48–49

Ibn Anas, Malik, 282

Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, 282

Ibn Maja, 282

Ibn Mansur al-Hallaj, Al-Husayn, 309

Ibrahim, Maulana Malik, 219, 346

The Idea of the Holy (Otto), 305

Idiyanale, 221

Iglesia Filipino Independiente (Philippine Independent Church), 224

Iglesia ni Cristo (INC), 223–24

Ihsan, 308

Ijma, 281–82

Ijtihad, 119, 281–82

Ikatan Mahasiswa Muhammadiyah, 186

Ikatan Pelajar Muhammadiyah, 186

Ileto, Reynaldo C., 115–16, 233

Immigration, 66–67

Immigration Act, xviii, 293

In God’s Image, 351

In Search for Asian Sounds and Symbols in Worship, 161

In the Realm of the Diamond Queen (Tsing), 232

Indochina War, 109

Indonesia, 116–21

Armenians in, 11

atheistic movement, 13

Buddhism in, 118

education in, 71

Hinduism in, 107, 118

interfaith relations, 122–23

Islam's introduction to, 118–19, 128–29, 229

Muhammadiyah in, 73

multiethnic society of, 116–17

Muslim population in, xvii, 116–17

and Muslim women leaders, 354

religious freedom in, 87–88

transitional bilingualism in education, 72

Indonesia Communist Party, 46, 120

Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs, 160

Indonesian National Ulama Council, 2

Indonesian Ulema Council. See Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI)

Indra (Hindu diety), 107

Ingold, Tim, 8

Institute for Interfaith Dialogue in Indonesia (INTERFIDEI), 123

International Committee on Peace Council, 20

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 175, 250

International Fellowship of Reconciliation, 241

International Humanist and Ethical Union, 111–12

International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC), 14

International migration, xviii–xix

International Missionary Council (IMC), 147

International Network of Engaged Buddhists (INEB), 292

International Relations (IR), 215–16

Inter-Religious Organization (IRO), 283

Interreligious relations and dialogue, 121–25

Intraregional migration, xviii–xix

Invented Eden, 210

IRO. See Inter-Religious Organization (IRO)

Islam, 125–31

and Cocos (Keeling) Islands, 42

colonialism, 127–28

consolidation in Philippines, 222–23

and feminism, 82–86

and fundamentalism, 91–92

introduction to Indonesia, 118–19, 128–29

Islamization of Southeast Asia, 125–27

and Java, 53

and Laos, 154

in Malaysia, 165–66

postcolonialism, 128

and radicalism issue, 130–31

reform movements, 239–40

and society, 245–46

and South Thailand, 130

and Southern Philippines, 129–30

Islam and Secularism (Attas), 14

Islamic Council of Cocos Keeling Islands, 42

Islamic Defenders’ Front (Front Pembela Islam), 56

Islamic feminism, 84

Islamic fundamentalism, 91

Islamic modernism, 127

Islamic Religious Council of Singapore, 88

ISTAC. See International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC)

Jackson, Peter A., 232

Jainism, 133–34

Jains, 133–34

Jamaah Islamiyyah (JI), 131

Jamaat-i Ahmadiyya, 1

Jambudvipa, 105

James, William, 305

James Cook University, 115

Jam’iyyah Ahli Tarekat Mu’tabarah, 310

Jastrow, Morris, 303

Jatakas, 57

Jayavarma VII, King of Cambodia, 249

Jemaah Islamiyah, 289

Jesuits, 134–37

future of, 136–37

history, 134–35

work and ministries, 135–36

Jesus Christ, 34, 53–55, 174

Jesus’ Strategy for Social Transformation (Nacpil), 200

Jesus the Guru, 55

John Humphrey Freedom Award, 18

Joint Action Group for Gender Equality, 290

Judaism, 137–39

Judson, Adoniram, 37

Jung, C. G., 305

Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn. See Bhikkhuni, Dhammananda

Kabilsingh, Voramai, 20–21

Kabungsuan, Sharif, 222

Kaharingan, 160

Kahn, Joel, 210

Kala, 236

Kalijaga, Sunan, 346

Kambuja/Angkor, 28, 30

Karama, 308

Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), 174

Karpeles, Suzanne, 31

Kastom, 168–71, 213–14

Katoppo, Marianne, 351

Kavadi, 320–22

Kebatinan (“inwardness”), 53, 56

Kennedy, John F., 293

Kepercayaan, 159

Khaldun, Ibn, 343

Khalifat Al-Masih, 1

Kharijism, 308

Khmer Buddhism, 141–44

Khmer Leou (upper Khmer), 29

Khmer Rouge, 29, 142–43

Khomeini, Ayatollah, 91

Khun Yay, 62

Khurafah, 186

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 103

King Anawarhta, 25

King Anawratha, 228

King Ashoka, 23, 25

King Chulalongkorn, 316

King Hussein of Jordan, 14

King Jayavarman VII, 30

King Rama IV, 31

King Suddhodana, 23

Kitab kuning, 219

Kitiarsa, Pattana, 232, 300

Klinkert, H. C., 37–38

KNLA. See Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA)

Kosuke Koyama, 38

Koyama, Kosuke, 144–46

Kraemer, Hendrik, 37

Krishna (Hindu diety), 107

See also Visnu

Kudus, Sunan, 346

Kung-fu-tzu. See Confucius

Kurani, Ibrahim, 310

Kwon, Heonik, 300

Kyaw Than, U, 146–48

Lady of the Realm. See Bà Chúa Xú’

Lalahon, 221

Lao Lum, 78–79

Lao Muslim Society, 154

Lao Tzu, 60, 149–50

Lao United Buddhist Organization, 152

Laos, 150–55

animism, 153

Bahá’í, 154

Buddhism, 152–53

Christianity, 153–54

Islam, 154

messianic movements in, 173–74

popular religion in, 229

religion, 151–52

religious freedom in, 88

Layson, Robert, 217

Leach, Edmund, 78, 257

League of Nations, 16, 213

Lee Kuan Yew, 185

Lehman, Frederic, 78

Lembaga Antar Iman Maluku-LAIM (Maluku Interfaith Dialogue Foundation), 217

Leria, Giovanni-Maria, 151

Levi-Strauss, Claude, 306–7

Li Erh. See Lao Tzu

Liberation theologies, 155–59

Liêu Quán, 324

Life-cycle rituals, 340

Lim Guan Eng, 322

Lina Joy v. Majlis Agam Islam Wilayah & Anor, 167

Living Buddha Living Christ (Nhat Hanh), 104

Localization of Hinduism in Indonesia, 159–61

Loh, I-to, 39, 161–62

Loh Sian-chhun, 161

Lon Nol, 31

Lotus Sutra, 324

Loy Krathong, 108

Loyola School of Theology, 136

Luang Mae. See Bhikkhuni, Dhammananda

Luang Pho Sot, 62

Lumbini, 23

Maarif, Ahmad Syafi’i, 163–64

Madman’s War, 174

Madrasah, 129, 219

Madrasas, 32

Madzhab, 282

Mae Che Somcheen, 20

Mae chii, 356

Mae Phosop, 99, 101

Magnis-Suseno, Franz, 136

Magwaye, 221

Mahabharata, 30, 54, 57, 63–64, 106, 236

Mahachakri Sirindhorn, 62

Mahachulalongkorn Buddhist University, 19

Mahasi Thathana Yeithka center, 269

Mahayana Buddhism, 25, 326

Mahayana Buddhist Temple, 225

Mahdi, 1

Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act, 289

Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI), 120, 217

Makdum, Karimul, 220

Malacca, 126–27

Malay Bible, 37

Malaysia, 164–68

Daoism in, 61

Hinduism in, 108

immigration practices, 67

interfaith relations in, 122

Islam in, 165–66

Jewish heritage in, 138

politics in, 167–68

religions in, 166–68

religious freedom in, 88

Malaysia Militant Group, 131

Malaysian Islamic Development Department, 290

Malaysian Islamic Family Law, 290

Malinowski, Bronislaw, 257, 304

Manalo, Felix Y., 223

Manava Dharmasastra, 106

Mandala-structure, 77

Mandarangan, 221

Manifest Destiny, 223

Manikam, R. E., 147

Manuputty, Jacky, 217

Marcos, Ferdinand E., 39, 67

Marriage Law, 126

Marx, Karl, 182, 343

Matapang, 27

Maung Htin Aung, 228

Mauss, Marcel, 257

Mazdaism, 359

Mazumdar, Vina, 71

McGilvary, Daniel, 151

McKinley, William, 223

Mekong Mission Forum (MMF), 34

Melanesian religion, 168–72

Melanesian Way, 171

Memmi, Albert, 230

Messianic movements, 172–75

Lao PDR, 173–74

in Myanmar, 174

in Philippines, 172–73

Migration

international, xviii–xix

intraregional, xviii–xix

MILF. See Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)

Millenarianism, 109, 336

Milne, William, 37

Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA), 120

Minorities, 175–79

defined, 175

ethnic, 176–77

New Religious Movements, 177–78

religious, 176

Mission and Change (Nacpil), 200

Mission but Not Missionaries (Nacpil), 200

Missionary movements, 179–82

Misuari, Nur, 129

MMF. See Mekong Mission Forum (MMF)

MNLF. See Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

Moerman, Michael, 78

Mongkol “Rak” Rakpong. See Bodhiraksa

Monsignor Luong, 295

Moody, Kathleen, 161

MORA. See Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA)

Morality, 182–86

Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), 130, 217, 222

Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), 129, 222

Morris, Rosalind, 300

Morrison, Robert, 37

Mother Goddess Religion (Dao Mau), 340

Mother Ignacia. See Santo, Ignacia Del Espiritu

Mount Fuji and Mount Sinai (Koyama), 146

Movimento Internacional Lusófono, 18

Moyers, Bill, 90

Muhaddath, 1

Muhajir, Rahmatu’llah, 17

Muhammadiyah, xx, 2, 73, 119, 127, 186–87

MUI. See Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI)

Mujaddid, 1

Muller, F. Max, 303–4

Müller, Max, 31

MUSAPHIL. See Muslim Association of the Philippines (MUSAPHIL)

Music, 187–90

Muslim Association of the Philippines (MUSAPHIL), 130

Muslim feminists, 85

Muslim World League, 1

Muslimat NU, 190–91

Muslims Intelligentsia Association, 129

Muthos, 195

Myanmar (Burma), 191–95

Armenians in, 11

Engaged Buddhism in, 75, 193–94

and Feast of Thingyan, 349

interfaith relations in, 123

messianic movements in, 174

Muslims in, 194

Nat (spirit) worship in, 228

popular religion in, 227–28

religious freedom in, 88

and role of women in religion, 352–53

The Myth of the Lazy Native (Alatas), 4, 210, 231

Myth/mythology, 195–97

Nacpil, Emerito, 180, 199–200

Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), 200–202, 344

NASAKOM, 46, 204

Nasyiatul Aisyiyah, 2–3, 186

National Assembly of Pakistan, 1

National Awakening Party (PKB), 344

National Council of Women’s Organisations Malaysia (NCWO), 353–54

National Mandate Party (Partai Amanat Nasional), 238

National Opinion Research (NOR) Center, 220

The National Security Strategy of the USA, 97

National University of Singapore, 4

National Women Coalition (NWC), 85

Nationalism, 46–47, 202–5

civic, 203

ethnic, 203

Natraja. See Siva

Nats, 228

Navjote (“new birth”), 361

NCWO. See National Council of Women’s Organisations Malaysia (NCWO)

Neale, Marg, 40

Neocolonialism, 44–45

Neo-modernism, 119–20

New Economic Policy (NEP), 128

New People’s Army (NPA), 47

New Religious Movements (NRMs), 177–78

New Songs of Asian Cities, 161

New Testament, 37

Ngo Dinh Diem, 33, 69

Nguam Panitch. See Bhikkhu, Buddhadasa

Nianfo, 323

Niddesa, 106

Niles, D. T., 147

Nirvana, 62

No Handle on the Cross (Koyama), 145

Nonreligious foundations, 111–12

Norodom Sihamoni, 29

Norodom Sihanouk, 28–29

Northern Buddhism, 227

Oka, Gedong Bagus, 207–8

Omar, Irfan A., 156

Orientalism, 208–11

Orientalism (Said), 230–31

Osborne, Milton, 111

Otto, Rudolf, 304–5

Overseas Chinese Missionary Society, 37

Pacific Way, 171

Paj Cai Revolt, 174

Palang Dharma, 262

Pali Buddhism, 227

Pali Canon, 24–25

Pancasila, 83, 120, 126, 129, 163

Pantayong Pananaw (PP), 232

Papua New Guinea (PNG), 213–15

Parawansa, Khofifah Indar, 190

Paris Peace Talks, 104

Parliament of World’s Religions, 125

Parsi Association, 361

Partai Islam se-Malaysia (PAS), 128

Parti Islam SeMalaysia (the Islamic Party of Malaysia), 167

PAS. See Partai Islam se-Malaysia (PAS)

Pasyon and Revolution (Ileto), 233

Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840–1910, 115

The Path of Emancipation (Nhat Hanh), 104

Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO), 130

PCR. See Program to Combat Racism (PCR)

Peace Is Every Step (Nhat Hanh), 104

Peace-building, 215–18

Peacock, James L., 186–87

Pembaharuan, 120

Pemberton, John, 210

Pemuda Muhammadiyah, 186

Pengadilan agama, 190

Pengurus ranting, 202

Pentecostalism, 181

People Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat), 238

PERUATI. See Association of Theologically Trained Women in Indonesia (PERUATI)

Pesantren, 73, 119, 218–20

Phadet Pongswardi, 62

Philippine Atheists and Agnostics Society, 111

Philippine Revolution, 173

Philippine-American War, 44, 223

Philippines, 220–25

Christianity in, 124, 223–24

consolidation of Islam, 222–23

and emigration, 67

interfaith relations in, 124

and Islam, 129–30

Jewish in, 138

messianic movements in, 172–73

Muslim population in, xvii

popular religion in, 229–30

precolonial religion, 221

religion and politics, 224

religious freedom in, 88

and role of women in religion, 353

Phra Phothirak, 318

Picard, Michel, 210

Pigafetta, Antonio, 222

Pilgrim or Tourist (Koyama), 146

Pilgrimage, 225–26, 331–32

Pitaka: Sutta (Buddha’s sermons), 24

PKB. See National Awakening Party (PKB)

Plaek Phibunsongkram, 204

Platenkamp, Josephus, 258

Plato, 343

Pocket Oxford Dictionary, 168

Pol Pot, 31

Politics, and religion, 224

Pondok, 130, 218

See also Pesantren

Pope Benedict XVI, 28, 264, 286

Pope John Paul II, 28, 51, 52, 55

Pope Paul VI, 285

Popular religion, 226–30

in Cambodia, 229

in Indonesia, 229

in Laos, 229

in Myanmar (Burma), 227–28

Nat (spirit) worship, 228

in the Philippines, 229–30

in Thailand, 228–29

Postcolonial Studies, 232

Postcolonial theory, 230–34

“Practical Meditation Insight,” 269

Prahlad, 347–48

Preah Maha Ghosananda, 31

Pribumisasi Islam (Indigenization of Islam), 117

Princess Yashodhara, 23

Prior, John Mansford, 181

“The Process of Insight,” 269

Program to Combat Racism (PCR), 284

Progressive Islam, 3–4

Prophet Muhammad, 85, 125, 280–82, 293

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Weber), 182

Prothero, Stephen, 49, 156

Pulajanes, 173

PULO. See Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO)

Puntarigvivat, Tavivat, 158

Puppetry, 234–36

Purana, 105–6

Pure Land Buddhism, 47, 324

Puttaparthi, 265–66

Queen Mahamaya, 23

Qur’an, 84, 125, 281–82

Qur’an untuk Perempuan (Umar), 85

Qushashi, Ahmad, 310

Radical Islamists, 92

Radicalism, 130–31

Rafael, Vicente, 233

Rahima, 290

Raid, Hasan, 46

Rais, Muhammad Amien, 216–17, 237–38

Raja Lakandula, 222

Rama (Hindu diety), 107

See also Visnu

Rama VI, 204

Ramayana, 30, 54, 57–58, 105–6

Ramos-Horta, Jose, 18

Rangoon of Burma, 330

Ratu Adil, 54

Ratu Sima, 118

Reagan, Ronald, 91

Reductionism, 302

Reform movements, 238–43

Bahá’í Faith, 242

Buddhism, 240

Christianity, 241

Hinduism, 242

Islam, 239–40

Reformasi Era, 85

Religion

and colonialism, 43

and communism, 46–47

and ecology, 246–47

and economy, 246–47

in Laos, 151–52

and politics, 224

and society, xx–xxi, 243–48

and violence, 92

See also specific religions

Religion in the Secular City (Cox), 90

Religious conversions, 248–52

Religious discrimination and intolerance, 252–56

Buddhist-Muslim tension, 255

Christian missions, 254

defined, 252

militant Islam, 255

Religious diversity, xvii–xviii

Religious eclecticism, 316

Religious foundations, 112

Religious minorities, 176

Religious performing arts. See Dance and drama (theater)

Republic Act 10573, 220

Resolusi Jihad, 202

Rig Veda, 64

The Rights of Women in Islam (Engineer), 85

Rip off the Mask, 47

Ritual dynamics, 257–59

Rituals, defined, 257

Roman Catholic Federation of Asian Bishops Conference, 125

Rosales, Gaudencio, 264

Roumie, Syed Mustafa, 16

Royal Academy of Jordan, 14

Ruiz, Lorenzo, 259–60

Ruyl, A. C., 37

Saatsanaa phi, 78

Sadli, Saparinah, 84

Sadsana phii, 153

Saeed, Abdullah, 119

Saffron Revolution, 75, 111, 158, 192

Sai Baba, 265–68

Sai Baba movement, xx, 1–2

Said, Edward Wadie, 208–10, 230–31

Saivism, 107

See also Siva

Salafi, 83

Salesian Society, 17

Salvador, Felipe, 173

Samadhi, 324

Samana, 261

Samaneri bhikkhuni, 357

Samdech Preah Maha Ghosananda, 216

Samtao, 78

San Diego (ship), 27

San Jose Seminary, 136

Sanata Dharma University School of Theology, 136

Sangha, 23, 31, 65

Sangharaja, 31

Sangumas, 213

Santa Iglesia, 173

Santi Asoke, 261–63

Santi Asoke movement, 240

Santo, Ignacia del Espiritu, 263–64

Santri, 218–19

Sapa Tresna. See Aisyiyah

Saphir, Jacob Halevy, 138

Saraswati, Swami Dayanand, 242

Sathya Sai Baba Movement, 265–68

Sayadaw, Mahasi, 268–69

Sayadaw, Thamanya, 270

School of Youth Social Service (SYSS), 103

Schumacher, E. F., 262

Scott, James, 183

SEAGST. See South East Asia Graduate School of Theology (SEAGST)

Second Vatican Council, 54

The Secular City (Cox), 90

Secularism, 271–74

challenges of, xxi–xxiii

Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Jakarta (Jakarta Theological Seminary), 354

Sélim, Monique, 299

Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 230

Sèng-si, 161

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 293–94

Serat Centhini, 276

Serat Panitisastra, 275

Sermones (de San Jose), 53

Sexuality, 274–77

according to Buddhists, 275

according to Christians, 275

according to Hadith, 274–75

according to Islamic tradition, 275

according to Qur’an, 274–75

and Philippines, 275–76

Shamanism, 277–80

Shari’a law, 167–68, 280–83

Shastri, 218–19

Sheik Karimul Makdum mosque, 220

Shoki Coe, 38, 52, 161

Shong Lue Yang, 174

Siam Society, 19

Siddique, Muhammad Abdul Aleem, 283–84

Sikkhamats, 261

Simatupang, T. B., 284–85

Sin, Cardinal Jaime Lechica, 39, 216, 241, 245, 285–86

Singapore, 286–89

ancestor worship, 6

Armenians in, 11

Community Engagement Programme, 289

Daoism in, 61

education system in, 71–72

Group Representation Constituency (GPC), 288

Hinduism in, 108

Inter-racial and Religious Confidence Circles, 289

Inter-Religious Harmony Circle, 289

Jain communities in, 133–34

Presidential Council for Religious Harmony, 289

religious freedom in, 88–89

Singapore Jain Religious Society, 133–34

Sipada, 221

SIS. See Sisters in Islam (SIS)

SIS Forum (Malaysia) Berhad. See Sisters in Islam (SIS)

Sisters in Islam (SIS), 85, 239, 289–91

Siva (Hindu diety), 106–7

Sivaraksa, Sulak, 244, 291–92

Smail, John R. W., 209

Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered (Schumacher), 262

Social harmony, 49

Social Science Review (SSR), 291–92

Socially Engaged Buddhism. See Engaged Buddhism

Societies Act, 288

Songkran, 108, 348

Sonpao, 77

Sophia, 354

Sorcery, 214

Sorrentino, Paul, 300

Sound the Bamboo, 39, 161

South East Asia Graduate School of Theology (SEAGST), 147

South East Asia Journal of Theology, 145

Southeast Asia Program of Cornell University, 115

Southeast Asian religions in the USA, 293–97

Southern Buddhism, 227

Spanish-American War, 44, 138

Spencer, Herbert, 303

Spenta Mainyu, 359

Spirit mediumship, 298–301

Spirit-being, 304

Spirits, 9–10, 228

Spivak, Gayatri Chakaravorty, 231

Sri Agastya, 118

St. Paul, 53

St. Paul Major Seminary, 136

Straits Settlements, 127

Struggle Movement, 75

The Struggles of a Muslim Communist (Raid), 46

Study of religion, 302–7

anthropological approaches, 304

comparative, 303–4

current situation of, 306–7

evolutionary theories of religious development, 303

historical-phenomenological approaches, 304–5

method in the, 303

psychological approaches, 305

sociological approaches, 306

Suan Mokkh Temple, 18–19

Sufism, 307–10

Sulong, Haji, 130

Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh, 127

Sun Ai Lee Park, 351

Sung, John, 37

Sunna (Hadith), 281–82

Surya (Hindu diety), 107

Svetambara, 133–34

Syaikh Maghribi. See Ibrahim, Maulana Malik

Syamsiyatun, Siti, 3

Syncretism, 310–13

and Christianity, 311–12

defined, 310

and Islam, 311

SYSS. See School of Youth Social Service (SYSS)

Tabir, 190

Takhayyul, 186

Tamalinda, Shin, 141

Tambon, 195

Tanwir, 217

Tapak Suci Putra Muhammadiyah, 186

Taylor, Isabel, 161

Taylor, Philip, 300

Teachings on Love (Nhat Hanh), 104

Tet, 5

Thai Rice Goddess. See Mae Phosop

Thai Women in Buddhism (Dhammananda), 20

Thai-American Buddhist Association, 297

Thailand, 315–19

ancestor worship, 6

atheists in, 13

Daoism in, 60

education in, 71

emigration in, 67

Hinduism in, 107–8

interfaith relations in, 123

and Islam, 130

limits of Buddhist orthodoxy, 316–19

and local religious practices, 315–16

popular religion in, 228–29

religious freedom in, 89

role of women in public space in, 353

spirit houses, 316

Thaipusam, 319–23

described, 319

and kavadi, 320–22

origin of, 320

Thaksin Shinawatra, 263

Thales, 343

Thein Sein, 194

Theravada Buddhism

and Buddhadasa, 19

in Cambodia, 141, 296

and King Anawarhta, 25

and Myanmar, 88–89, 192

Pali language, 95, 296

in Thailand, 19

and Thamanya Sayadaw, 270

and women, 353

See also Buddhism

Thien Buddhism, 323–26

Thiên Uyên Tâp Anh, 326

Third Way, 75

Thomas, M. M., 272

Three-Mile-an-Hour God (Koyama), 146

The Three Worlds Cosmology of Phra Ruang, 204

Tigrett, Isaac, 265

Timang, 39

Timor Leste (East Timor), 326–28

religious freedom in, 89

Tipitaka, 19, 240

Todd, George, 161

Totem, 304

Touching Peace (Nhat Hanh), 104

Tourism, 328–33

child trafficking, 330–31

development Southeast Asia, 329–30

displacement and pilgrimage, 331–32

negative aspects regarding Southeast Asia, 329

responsible, 332–33

and water problems, 330–31

Tower of Silence (Dakhma), 361

Trafficking, child, 330–31

Tripawai, 108

Triyampawai, 108

Tsing, Anna, 232

Tuhan Yesus, 53

Turner, Victor, 257

Tylor, Edward Burnett, 8, 304

UBCV. See Unified Buddhist Church of Vietnam (UBCV)

ul’ Makhdum, Karim, 222

Umar, Nasaruddin, 85

UMNO. See United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)

UNCHR. See United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR)

Unified Buddhist Church of Vietnam (UBCV), 341–42

United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), 167

United Nations, 215

United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR), 250

Universal Assembly (Mahasanghikas), 24

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 87, 175, 184

Universal Declaration of Women’s Rights, 16

University of Khartoum, 14

University of Malaya, 4

University of the Philippines, 115

Uplanders, 335–37

Vajiradhammapadip Temple, 297

Valdez, Antonio, 173

Values, Asian, 209

van Gennep, Arnold, 257

van Leeuwen, Arend Theodor, 273

van Leur, Jacob C., 209

Van Lith, SJ, 225

Vang Pao, 182

Vat/wat, 296

Vedic Satsang, 242

Velarde, Murillo, 11

Vibhuti, 265

Vickers, Adrian, 210

Vietnam, 339–42

ancestor worship, 5–6

Engaged Buddhism in, 75

ethnic and cultural diversity, 339–40

goddess tradition in, 99–100

religious freedom in, 89

Vietnam War, 46, 103, 109

Vinaya (monastic rules), 24

Violence, and religion, 92

Virgin Mary, 51

Visnu (Hindu diety), 106–8

Vô Ngôn Thông, 323

von Lith, Franz, 54

WAC. See Women’s Agenda for Change (WAC)

Wach, Joachim, 306

Wadud, Amina, 290

Wahhabism, 201

Wahid, Abdurrahman, 190, 200, 343–45

Wakano, Abidin, 217

Wali Sanga (Wali Songo), 53, 345–47

War on Terror, 97

Wat Buddhawararam Temple, 297

Wat Dhammaram Temple, 297

Wat Songdhammakalayani, 21

Water Buffalo Theology (Koyama), 145

Water festivals, 347–49

Chaul Chnam Thmey, 348–49

Feast of Thingyan, 349

Holi, 347–48

Songkran, 348

Way of Orthodox Unity, 61

Wayang, 235

Wayang kulit, 235

Wayang wahyu, 56

WCC. See World Council of Churches (WCC)

Weber, Max, 182, 306

Whirling dervishes, 309

Wielenga, Bastiaan, 156–57

Women, 349–55

in dialogue, 350–52

in public space, 352–55

Women’s Agenda for Change (WAC), 85

Women’s monastic communities, 355–57

Wongsanit Ashram, 292

World Conference on Faith and Order, 37

World Council of Churches (WCC), 52, 147, 284

World Student Christian Federation (WSCF), 147

World War II, and decolonization, 44

The Wretched of the Earth (Fanon), 230

WSCF. See World Student Christian Federation (WSCF)

Xavier, Francis, 134–35

Xavier, St. Francis, 53

Yama (Hindu diety), 107

Yiging (Confucius), 48–49

Yin Shun, 74

Young, Robert, 231

Young Christian Socialist Movement, 241

Zarathustra (Zoroaster), 359

Zhuangzi, 60

Zoroastrianism, 359–62