Text citations are indicated in Century Schoolbook plain, and page references for anatomical drawings, diagrams, and photographs are indicated in italics. In both cases, boldfacing highlights the locations of especially useful references.
Asymmetry (also see symmetry), 227–228, 374, 387
front-to-back imbalances, 228, 437, 471, 473
side-to-side imbalances, 471
Bones
articulating processes, 215–217, 318, 395–397, 599, 605–606; 55, 216–217, 224
atlas, 388–394, 454–455, 472, 601; 219, 221, 225, 389, 453, 472
axis, 388–392, 601; 219, 225, 389, 472
clavicle, 105, 213, 227, 326, 455–457, 473, 606; 25, 58, 77, 79, 154, 212, 462, 464–465
coccyx, 180–181, 219, 289, 312, 328, 330–331, 357, 398, 504, 595–597, 601–602, 606; 145, 178–180, 184–185, 214, 221, 226, 567
cranium, 388–390, 393–394, 447–448, 472, 495, 501, 528, 531–532, 596, 605; 219, 225, 389, 447, 453, 472
dens (see also odontoid process), 389, 598, 601; 219, 389, 472
femur, 140, 142, 146–150, 164, 210–211, 236–237, 247, 297, 308, 310, 330, 333, 345–347, 351, 355, 363–365, 378, 385, 398, 401, 407, 420, 456, 502, 568, 570–571, 573, 579, 595, 600; 79, 146–149, 152–153, 212, 308–309, 584
femoral condyles, 308, 310; 309
fibula, 151, 211, 301, 333, 335, 362, 368, 401, 571, 577, 600; 79, 212, 308–309, 336
greater trochanter, 146, 148, 246, 253; 146–149, 152–153, 464–465
hip bone, 141–142, 599–600, 602; 144, 146–147, 212
humerus, 53, 213, 385, 456, 458, 466, 470, 482–483, 606; 54, 58, 79, 212, 464–465
iliac spine
anterior inferior iliac spine, 142, 150, 161, 237, 318, 347; 143–147
anterior superior iliac spine, 142, 318, 363–364; 143–147
ilium, 140–142, 147, 218, 227, 237, 246, 254, 289, 301, 328, 330–332, 337–338, 340, 346, 356–359, 363–365, 373, 398, 405, 413, 456, 458, 502, 508, 568–569, 576, 581, 597, 599–602, 604–605; 143–148, 180–181, 226, 279, 584
ischial tuberosities, 141–142, 151, 161, 180, 184, 230, 301, 330–331, 333, 346–347, 357, 368, 372–373, 429–430, 434, 488, 502, 568–569, 571, 575, 582, 585–586, 595, 597, 599–602, 604, 606; 56, 143–147, 181, 184–185, 226, 279, 329, 573
ischium, 141–142, 330–332, 356–359, 568–570, 585, 600, 602; 143, 145, 147, 329
lamina, 215, 223, 599–600, 602, 605–606; 216–218, 224, 321
malleolus
lateral malleolus, 580, 583; 336, 581, 583
medial malleolus, 580, 583; 581, 583
metatarsals, 211, 335, 600; 212, 336
patella, 38, 164, 211, 237, 310–311, 347, 604; 150, 212, 308–309, 459, 464
pedicles, 215, 220, 223, 599, 602, 605–606; 216–217, 224, 321
pelvic bone, 141–142, 144, 146, 149, 177, 210–211, 328, 330–331, 346–347, 355, 455, 569, 583, 599–600, 602–603; 212, 329
phalanges, 211, 213, 335, 600, 606; 212, 336
pubic bone, 53, 141, 155, 181, 238, 455, 583, 599, 603, 605; 56, 143
pubic ramus
inferior pubic ramus, 42, 142, 180, 185, 333, 368, 372, 380, 488–491, 521, 570–571, 582–583, 585–586, 599, 602; 56, 143–148, 180–181, 491, 584
superior pubic ramus, 141–142, 605; 56, 143–148
radius, 53, 213, 385, 603, 606; 54, 79, 212, 464
rib (cage), 72–85, 107, 110–111, 121–124, 196–197, 200–201, 213, 277–278, 281, 283, 288–291, 319, 326, 396, 433, 474–475, 527, 603, 605; 75, 77–80, 214, 321
sacrum, 141–142, 144, 172, 210–211, 213, 216, 218–219, 327–328, 330–331, 338, 340, 345–346, 356–359, 397–399, 567–569, 597, 601, 604; 143–145, 178–179, 181, 214, 220–221, 226, 329, 464, 584
scapula, 57, 175, 210, 213, 290, 351, 455–458, 466–467, 469–471, 474, 479–483, 485, 503, 510–512, 595, 606; 25, 58, 212, 290, 461, 465, 479, 482–484
spine of the scapula, 457, 589; 25, 461, 465
skull, 210, 213, 388, 390–392, 472–473, 496, 509, 531, 596, 604; 214, 447
sternum, 76, 197, 210, 213, 326, 392–393, 396, 456, 473, 500, 503, 507–509, 512, 516, 518–520, 522; 73, 75, 77–79, 156, 214, 501, 509
talus, 335
tarsal bones, 211, 335, 600; 336, 584
tibia, 148, 211, 297, 308, 310, 333, 346, 362, 401; 79, 212, 308–309, 336, 584
transverse process, 215–217, 280, 319–320, 454, 457, 472–473, 502, 531, 600, 605–606; 55, 145, 216–219, 221, 224–226, 321, 389, 472
ulna, 53, 213, 385, 603, 606; 54, 79, 212, 464
vertebra, 158, 213–226, 277, 286, 326–327, 337–338, 385, 388, 390–393, 396–397, 454, 499–502, 509, 521–522, 531, 567–568, 573, 596–597, 599–600, 603–606; 55, 70, 73, 75, 78, 148, 178–179, 214–221, 225, 278, 321, 472
vertebral arch, 215–224, 278, 391, 397, 454, 500, 602, 604–606; 216–217, 321
vertebral body, 53, 215–223, 249, 317, 319, 389–392, 395–397, 453–454, 600, 602, 606; 55, 73, 145, 178, 216–218, 222, 224–225, 321
Breathing methods
abdominal breathing, 81–82, 108–120, 123–124, 130, 287, 313, 432–433, 474, 527, 552–554, 557, 576; 109, 117, 123, 136
abdomino–diaphragmatic breathing, (see abdominal breathing) constricted thoracic breathing, 103–106, 124, 553; 134
diaphragmatic breathing, 18, 81–82, 120–128, 131, 230, 232, 234, 286, 313, 432–434, 474–476, 526–528, 553–554, 557, 562, 593; 125, 137
empowered thoracic breathing, 102–103, 105–106, 288, 293, 315; 133
paradoxical breathing, 102, 107–108, 119–120, 433, 474–475; 107, 135
thoraco–diaphragmatic breathing, (see diaphragmatic breathing)
Cavities
abdominal cavity, 76, 83, 108, 156, 205, 244, 602
abdominopelvic cavity, 156–158, 165, 176, 182, 281, 602; 157
glenoid cavity, 57, 385, 466, 483; 58, 464
pelvic cavity, 141, 156, 178, 181, 595
pericardial cavity, 156, 602, 605; 73, 77
peritoneal cavity, 157, 602; 157
pleural cavity, 72–73, 78, 86, 156, 602–603, 605; 73, 77, 80
thoracic cavity, 76, 155–156, 204, 605
Connective tissues, 18, 51–62, 64, 66, 229, 284, 312, 550, 571–572, 596, 601; 54–56, 58
Crus, of diaphragm (see under muscles, diaphragm, respiratory)
Facilitation, 32, 544, 546, 598–599
Feet, position of, 249, 282, 362, 470, 492, 572, 584, 588; 404–405
Gases
blood gases, 68, 95–101, 128, 438, 476; 97, 191
Golgi tendon organ, 41–42, 65, 175, 285, 368–369, 531, 549, 608; 43, 65
Hip flexibility, 165, 168, 171–173, 243–244, 246, 254, 266, 274, 277, 327, 332–334, 340–344, 348, 354–357, 361–380, 425–434, 450, 477–481, 484, 505, 514, 518, 520, 531, 569, 571, 574, 582, 585, 591; 173, 277, 363–365, 367, 426–428, 431, 433–434, 449, 479–481, 539, 592
Inhibition, 32, 41, 44, 46–47, 544–546, 593, 598–599; 45, 545
Joints
acetabulum, 146, 149, 363, 365, 378, 420, 571, 595; 143, 145–146, 226, 329
acromio-clavicular joint, 456
ankle, (see also talocrural), 26, 209, 336, 402–403, 566; 209, 237, 336
ball-and-socket joints, 56, 365, 385; 146
facet joints
for articulating processes, 216–217, 222–223, 318, 385, 405, 598–599, 603, 605; 216–218, 220, 389
for ribs, 217, 222–223, 319, 405, 598; 217–218, 220, 321
hip joint, 140, 146–149, 151, 155, 236, 246, 248, 251, 253–255, 260–263, 266, 274, 306, 327, 332–334, 339–346, 350–353, 361–381, 398–399, 409, 412, 420, 425, 429, 432, 488, 491–493, 514, 531–534, 568–569, 571, 575, 582, 587–588, 591; 143, 145–148, 209, 212, 226, 248, 278, 363–365, 367, 372, 406, 431, 485, 534, 573
intervertebral disks, 53, 158–159, 215–226, 249, 278, 286, 292, 295, 327, 385, 388, 395–396, 453–454, 479, 600–601; 55, 70, 143, 148, 150, 179, 218–222, 224–225, 321
joint capsules, 18, 53–57, 59–60, 222–223, 295, 310, 362, 571, 591, 605; 54, 147
knee joint, 64–65, 151, 207–209, 229, 236–238, 291–293, 297, 305–312, 317, 333, 351, 353, 368, 378, 400–401, 411–412, 430, 512, 571, 587, 600–601; 153, 308–309, 380, 402
pubic symphysis, 53, 141–142, 146, 177, 180, 582, 599, 602–603, 605–606; 56, 143–147, 157, 178–179
radio-ulnar joints, 385
sacroiliac joint, 141–144, 210, 278, 318, 328–332, 338, 340–341, 346, 349, 351, 355–360, 373, 379, 398–399, 405–410, 412, 425, 480, 485–489, 535–536, 539, 568–570, 575, 582, 585, 597, 601; 143–145, 147, 220, 319–320, 329, 379, 406, 539, 584
shoulder joint, 57, 385, 466, 470; 58
sternoclavicular joint, 210, 213, 456
synovial joint, 56–57, 142, 216, 222, 328, 361, 385, 388, 394, 396, 453, 595–596, 599–600, 605; 58, 147, 308–309, 321
Ligaments
collateral ligaments, lateral and medial, 310; 308–309
cruciate ligaments, anterior and posterior, 310; 309
extensile ligament, 57, 226, 236, 316, 327, 473, 572
iliofemoral ligament, 149, 236, 399; 147, 237
iliolumbar ligaments, 142, 337–338, 360; 145
interspinous ligament, 223, 500; 225
ischiofemoral ligament, 149, 420; 147
ligamenta flava, 223, 326, 500; 224
ligamentum nuchae, 223, 326, 500; 225
longitudinal ligaments
anterior longitudinal ligament, 278; 225
posterior longitudinal ligament, 500; 224–225
pubofemoral ligament, 149, 266, 278, 488, 571, 582; 147
sacroiliac ligaments, 142; 145
supraspinous ligament, 223; 225
Meniscus, 308–310, 601, 604; 309
Motor unit, 543–546, 548–550, 601; 545
Muscles
abdominal muscles
external abdominal oblique, 154; 78, 154–156, 459
internal abdominal oblique, 154, 387; 78, 155–156, 226, 279, 462
rectus abdominis, 155, 163–171, 190, 198, 201–203, 205, 238–239, 278, 283, 347–348, 354, 387, 398; 154–157, 170, 203, 237, 344, 462
transversus abdominis, 154, 387; 78, 148, 156, 464
adductor longus, 247–249, 256–258, 265, 345
adductor magnus, 247–249, 256, 345; 308
adductors (thigh), 42, 148, 230, 247, 333–334, 362, 368, 570, 572; 149–150, 152
agonist, 24, 28, 64, 155, 412, 512, 595–596; 141
antagonist, 24, 28, 64–65, 103, 164, 234, 247, 294, 299, 301, 408, 412–413, 512, 569, 595–596, 598–599
biceps brachii, 23–24, 26–27, 466; 25, 58, 459–460, 462–464
biceps femoris (see hamstrings)
coracobrachialis, 458; 462, 464
deep back muscles
erector spinae, 142, 226, 241, 280, 286–289, 291, 300–307, 337, 398, 502, 508, 512, 522, 567–568, 572, 576, 591; 157, 226, 279, 465
interspinales, 280
intertransversarii, 280
multifidus, 280
rotatores, 280
semispinalis, 280, 473, 501; 226, 465
deltoid muscle, 458; 25, 154, 459–461
diaphragm, pelvic, 153, 156, 158–159, 165, 176, 181–183, 185–188, 241–242, 244, 278, 281, 296, 537, 598, 602; 179–182, 185–186
diaphragm, respiratory, 62, 74–82, 108, 113, 153, 155, 158–159, 161, 165, 177, 197, 204, 241–244, 278, 281, 303, 552, 595, 598, 603; 77–80, 148, 157, 304, 547
central tendon, 76–80, 82–83, 121, 184, 187, 589, 597; 78
costal portion of the diaphragm, 76–78, 289; 78–80
crural portion of the diaphragm, 76; 78–79
dome of the diaphragm, 78–81, 86, 102–104, 109, 114, 119–123, 177, 197, 282–283, 287, 353, 553; 122–123
erector spinae (see deep back muscles)
external abdominal oblique (see abdominal muscles)
gastrocnemius, 265, 293–294, 335–336, 350–352; 152–153, 402, 460–461, 463
gluteus maximus, 147–148, 235, 246, 288, 297, 299, 301, 306, 398–399, 502, 510, 512, 536, 569–570; 149, 152–153, 184, 460–461, 463
gluteus medius, 148, 246–249, 256, 260, 299, 398, 570; 149, 152–153, 460–461, 463
gluteus minimus, 148, 246–247, 299, 398, 570; 147, 152–153, 465
infraspinatus, 458, 466, 485; 25, 58, 463
internal abdominal oblique (see abdominal muscles)
intertransversarii (see deep back muscles)
gemelli, inferior gemellus and superior gemellus, 344–345; 149, 153
hamstrings
biceps femoris, 333, 401; 149, 152–153, 308, 402, 460–461, 463
semimembranosus, 333; 152–153, 461, 463
semitendinosus, 333; 149, 152–153, 461, 463
iliacus (see iliopsoas muscles)
iliocostalis (see deep back muscles)
iliopsoas
iliacus, 140, 142, 147–148, 161, 164, 172, 236, 278, 292, 301, 317, 319, 331, 341, 346–347, 354, 356, 358–359, 421, 481, 486, 536, 568–570, 573–574, 579; 79, 148, 150, 168, 170, 237, 245, 342, 464, 578, 580 psoas, 140, 147–148, 161–164, 170–172, 236, 278, 292, 301, 317, 319, 340–341, 346–347, 354, 356–357, 360, 379, 421, 481, 486, 536, 568–570, 573–574, 579; 78–79, 148, 150, 168, 170, 237, 245, 342, 379, 464, 578, 580
intercostal, 74–76, 81, 84, 86, 102–105, 107, 111, 115, 121, 128, 154, 158, 188–189, 192, 197, 199–200, 474, 552; 75, 78, 113
external, 75, 86, 103–104, 107, 121, 128, 154, 197, 200; 75, 113
internal, 75–76, 105, 154, 158, 189, 192, 200; 75, 78
interspinales (see deep back muscles)
latissimus dorsi, 24, 258, 458, 466, 474, 479, 485; 154, 156, 460–461
levator scapulae, 456–457, 466, 474, 501; 463
longissimus (see deep back muscles)
multifidus (see deep back muscles)
obliquus capitis, inferior and superior, 472; 472
obturator internus, 344–345, 591; 149, 153, 180, 463
pectoralis major, 103, 458, 466, 474, 479, 485; 154–155, 459–460
pectoralis minor, 456–457, 466; 462
piriformis, 339, 344–345, 591; 149, 152–153, 463
popliteus, 400–401; 308, 402, 465
psoas (see iliopsoas muscles)
quadratus lumborum, 337, 576, 591; 78, 148, 279, 465
quadriceps femoris, 24, 28, 38, 40, 64–65, 148, 150–151, 208, 230–231, 235–239, 278, 294, 296–299, 303–311, 317, 321, 323, 342, 347, 378, 421, 481, 512, 603; 28, 35, 39, 65, 150, 170, 237, 306–309, 342, 379, 459, 462, 494, 535–536
rectus abdominis (see abdominal muscles)
rectus capitis posterior, major and minor, 472; 472
rectus femoris, 148, 150, 161, 164, 171–173, 237–239, 278, 294, 301, 316–318, 331, 346–348, 366, 489, 493, 536–537, 603; 147, 150, 170, 237, 342, 459–460, 462
rotator cuff, (also see individual listings), 466, 483; 58
rotatores (see deep back muscles)
rotators
lateral rotators of the thigh, 246–247, 249, 256, 344–345
medial rotators of the thigh, 246–247, 249, 256, 398
sartorius, 318; 150, 154, 308, 402, 459
semimembranosus (see hamstrings)
semispinalis (see deep back muscles)
semitendinosus (see hamstrings)
serratus anterior, 175, 456–457, 466, 483, 485; 154–155, 460, 462–463, 483
soleus, 265, 335–336, 350–352, 503; 153, 402, 463
spinalis (see deep back muscles)
splenius capitis, 473, 501; 279
sternocleidomastoid, 326, 473; 154, 462
strap muscles of the neck, 280, 392, 473, 501, 531–532; 226, 472
suboccipital (see also individual listings), 57, 472–473, 604; 279, 472
subscapularis, 458, 466, 485; 58, 79, 462, 464
superficial transverse perineal, 184, 187; 184–185
supraspinatus, 458, 466; 25, 58, 463
teres major, 458, 482, 485; 25, 463, 465
teres minor, 458, 466; 25, 58, 463
transversus abdominis (see abdominal muscles)
trapezius, 456–457, 466, 501, 531–532; 154, 461, 472, 533
triceps brachii, 23–25, 316, 430, 466, 479, 485, 512; 25, 43, 58, 316, 460–461, 463
Nerves
common peroneal, 577–578, 602, 604; 152, 578
intercostal nerves, 86, 599; 87, 559
phrenic, 86–88, 552, 603; 77, 87
spinal, 29, 217, 222–223, 596, 599–600, 602, 604; 30, 33, 35, 39, 43, 45, 87, 220
Nervous system, central
brain stem, 88, 90–91, 101, 596–597, 604; 100, 545
cerebral cortex, 31, 34–36, 38, 40, 50–51, 86, 88, 546, 604; 35, 545
cerebellum, 32, 34, 596–597; 100, 545
medulla, 88, 555–556; 35, 87, 100
spinal cord, 29–32, 34, 36, 38, 41, 44, 46, 51, 86, 88–89, 97–98, 215, 222, 390, 543–544, 561, 596–597, 602, 604, 606; 30, 33, 35, 37, 39, 43, 45, 87, 545, 558
Nervous system, general, 22–23, 27–51, 61–62, 64–66, 85–91, 100–101, 130, 306, 444–446, 541–546, 548, 554–562, 596–606; 30, 33, 35, 37, 39, 43, 45, 87, 100, 545, 558–559
autonomic, 68, 85–91, 100, 444, 446, 551, 554–562, 596, 598, 602, 604; 100, 558, 596
parasympathetic, 89–90, 444, 555–557, 560–561, 596, 601, 605; 558–559
peripheral nervous system, 29, 597, 602; 559
somatic nervous system, 68, 85–89, 100, 381, 541, 543–551, 604
sympathetic, 89–90, 105–108, 324, 381, 439, 444–445, 554–561, 605–606; 558–559
Neurons
association neurons (interneurons), 29, 32, 34–36, 47, 600; 33
axons, 31–32, 36, 38, 543–544, 596, 598–599, 601, 605; 33, 35, 37, 43, 45, 545
cell bodies, 31, 596–597; 33, 35, 43, 45, 545
dendrites, 31–32, 38, 543–544, 597, 601; 33, 35
motor neurons, 29–47, 57, 62, 65–66, 86, 88–89, 114, 175, 291, 542–544, 546, 548, 552, 598, 600–601, 604; 33, 35, 37, 39, 43, 45, 87, 100, 545
sensory neuron, 29, 31–32, 38, 44, 598, 600–601, 604; 30, 33, 43, 45
Nutation and counternutation, 328–332, 338, 340–341, 346, 349–351, 355–360, 372–373, 379, 412, 425–430, 455–456, 480, 487–489, 521, 535–539, 568–570, 574–575, 582, 585, 591, 597, 601; 329
Odontoid process, 388–391, 598, 601; 389
Paralysis
flaccid paralysis, 34
Pelvic diaphragm (see under muscles, diaphragm)
Pressure
atmospheric pressure, 95–96, 158, 192, 438; 97
blood pressure, 204, 238, 437–446, 452, 504, 524–526, 548, 560; 439–440, 525
intra-abdominal pressure, 81, 158–169, 176–178, 182, 186, 192, 201, 204–206, 242–245, 258, 278, 281–283, 292, 302, 313, 323, 359, 479; 282, 314
intrathoracic pressure, 74, 99, 157–159, 176, 204, 302, 323
Reflexes
clasp knife reflex, 40–42, 64–65; 43
crossed-extension reflex, 46; 45
myotatic stretch (“kneejerk”), 38–40, 601; 39
Relaxation, 27–28, 32, 34, 62–63, 285, 319, 539, 541–557, 560–565, 592; 43, 63, 65, 545, 551, 564
Respiratory diaphragm (see under muscles, diaphragm)
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, 91
Respiratory system
alveoli, 68, 70–71, 90, 93–96, 191; 69
bronchial tree, 70, 93, 555, 557; 71
glottis, 18, 72–73, 84, 99, 102, 158–159, 164, 176, 196–200, 204, 236, 240, 281, 302, 321, 443; 70, 196
larynx, 70–74, 93, 177, 196, 539; 70, 77
lungs, 68–74, 76–86, 91–94, 106, 109, 129, 190, 240, 314, 354–355, 438, 444, 474–476, 557, 603; 69, 71, 73, 77, 93
pharynx (see pharynx and its subcategories on p. 617)
Scoliosis, 225
Skeletal system
appendicular skeleton, 210–211, 227, 355, 596, 598; 212
axial skeleton, 210, 213, 227, 355, 567, 596–598, 602; 214
pelvic bowl, 53, 141–147, 151, 156, 171, 177–179, 211, 318, 328, 331, 343, 346, 398, 456, 569–570, 581, 585, 599, 602; 79, 170, 329
pelvic girdle, 455
spine (see vertebral column)
vertebral column, 53, 83, 85, 144, 210, 213–226, 249–250, 318, 327, 346, 395–398, 412, 453–454, 477, 567, 572–576, 579, 581, 603, 606; 144, 214, 218, 221, 501
Symmetry (also see asymmetry), 62, 227–228, 387, 471
front-back symmetry, 228, 437, 471–473
Tendon
Achilles tendon, 402, 460–461, 463
hamstring, 346, 368, 401, 531; 65, 153
patellar, 38, 150, 310; 150, 308–309, 459
quadriceps femoris, 310; 150, 308–309, 459
Vestibular system, with semicircular canals and utricle, 47–50, 66