Adams, Charles Francis
British labor supporting the Union, 232, 245–247
British threat of intervention, 81, 220–222, 225, 234
Emancipation Proclamation, 243–244, 246, 248–249
London appointment, 59
Palmerston’s retreat from intervention, 235
Seward’s instructions on slavery, 65–66
Weed, Hughes and McIlvaine’s mission to London, 76–77
Adams, W. E., 149
African American experience, Assing’s writings on the, 155–157
Age of Revolution, 85–93
Alabama, CSS, 221
Alaska, Russian sale of, 308
Alexander II, 234
Allen, Julian, 179–180
America Before Europe: Principles and Interests (Gasparin), 137–138, 141
American Union (Spence), 143–145, 251
Anti-Corn Law League, 146
Antietam, Battle of (1862), 218–219
Antonelli, Giacomo (cardinal), 261–262, 263(fig.), 264
Archibald, Edward, 104–105
Artoni, Giuseppe, 22–24
Aspromonte, Garibaldi’s debacle at, 227
Bancroft, George, 1(quote), 89
Bannon, John B., 267
Bartholdi, Frédéric-Auguste, 311, 313
Beckwith, Nelson M., 25
Benjamin, Judah P., 189(fig.)
background, 187–188
Confederate emancipation, 278–279
De Leon promoting the Confederate cause in Europe, 195–197
De Leon’s indiscretion in France, 255–256
English exile after the war, 291
European trade plan, 38
French separation from the Confederacy, 233–234
French strategy, 203–205
mission to the Vatican, 262, 264–266, 269
sacrificing slavery for recognition, 272–273, 275–276
severing diplomatic relations with Britain, 253–254, 258
Spence’s views on slavery, 145, 249–250, 251
Union enlistments in Ireland, 267
Bertinatti, Giuseppe, 59–60
American Homestead Act and Circular 19, 177–178
appointment to Paris, 73
British-French plan for intervention, 224
Confederate emancipation plan, 277, 280
Dayton’s controversial death, 297–298
France’s shift in public opinion towards the South, 138
French concerns over British war, 76
Laboulaye, 139–142
Lincoln assassination, 294–295
republican resurgence, 299
Spanish republican revolution, 301
student demonstration in Paris, 1–2
threat of US-British war, 76–77
Bismarck, Otto von, 92, 309–311
Black Decree (1865, Mexico), 304, 305
Blair, Francis Preston, Sr., 286–288
Blockade, 38–39, 187, 189, 203–206, 250
Bolívar, Simón, 94
Bonaparte, Jerome Napoleon, 103
Bonds, Confederate, 250, 258–259, 259(fig.), 271–272
Booth, Mary Louise, 135–137, 136(fig.), 140, 142
Brazil, 284
Garibaldi in, 16
Napoleon III’s Grand Design, 107–109
neutrality, 43
path to independence, 88
restoration of imperial rule in Latin America, 109–110
slavery and abolition, 89, 248, 301
Bricard, Sophie, 200
Bright, John, 145–149, 157, 236, 245, 247–248, 252
Britain
backing away from intervention, 234–237
Bigelow-Scott letter of conciliation, 77
British and French plan for intervention, 219–225, 234–237
Confederate emancipation promise, 277–279
Confederate European commission, 42–46
Confederate foreign policy objectives, 5–6
Confederate partisanship, 100–101
Confederates cultivating support from, 5–6, 42–46, 142–145
Garibaldi’s support of Union cause, 231–232
Garibaldi’s march on Rome upsetting plans for European intervention, 225–229
Lincoln and Seward’s diplomatic appointments, 58–59
Lincoln and Seward’s response to Spanish aggression in the New World, 65
Lincoln assassination, 293(fig.)
Marx’s criticism of, 154
Marx’s flight to, 151
Mason and Slidell, 197–198
Napoleon III’s Grand Design, 9
nurturing Latin American monarchies, 94
preservation of imperial rule in Americas, 106–107
press attach on the Union, 76
race theory as support for the Confederate position, 192–193
recognition of the Confederacy, 251–253
Reform Act of 1867, 308
response to the Emancipation Proclamation, 241–242, 244–245
Russell and Palmerston’s distrust of democracy, 41–42
spread of republicanism, 90–91, 95–98
stance on slavery, 209
Trent affair, 47–49, 76, 78–81, 114, 117, 137, 145, 147–148, 154, 190, 197–198
Tripartite Alliance, 117–118, 122, 202
Union defenders, 145–150
Weed’s mission of conciliation, 78–81
Brucker, Magnus, 166
Buchanan, James, 52–53, 53(fig.), 73
Bull Run, Battle of (1861), 20–21, 34(fig.), 44–45, 73
Bull Run, Second Battle of (1862), 218, 222
Butler, Benjamin, 206–207, 220, 244
Cabral, José-Maria, 111–112
Campbell, Robert, 287
Canada, 42, 48, 62, 79, 94, 96, 107, 159, 178, 190, 276, 307–308
Canisius, Heinrich Theodore, 229–230, 237–238
Canning, George, 94
Capston, J. L., 267
Carlists (Spain), 110
Carlyle, Thomas, 240
Castilla, Ramón, 109
Casualty figures, 167
Catholic Church
anti-Irish feeling in America, 174–175
Confederate alignment with Mexico’s party, 122
Congress of Vienna’s restoration of, 90
European response to the Emancipation Proclamation, 247–248
French invasion of Mexico, 125–126
Grand Design of Napoleon III, 8–9, 107–108, 186, 190, 202, 252, 304
influencing America’s peace movement, 261–262
Lincoln assassination, 307
Mexico’s Reforma, 114–115
Céspedes, Carlos Manuel de, 301
Chambrun, Marquis de, 290
Charlotte of Belgium, 129–130, 130(fig.), 303–306
Chevalier, Michel, 108–109
Chiniquy, Charles, 307
Cinco de Mayo, 124, 125(fig.), 190
Cintrat, Pierre, 202, 220, 255
Circular 19, 177–178, 180–181, 267–268
Citizenship for immigrants in military service, 160
Clay, Cassius, 58
Cleburne, Patrick, 270–271
Cobb, Howell, 32, 257(quote), 272–273
Cobden, Richard, 146, 147, 149, 242
Colonial uprisings, 217–218
Columbia, iconography of, 164, 293(fig.)
Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 152–153
Confederacy
arming Southern slaves, 270–271, 272–273
Benjamin’s foreign policy, 38, 105, 188–191, 275–276
Britain, severing diplomatic relations with, 253–254, 258
British partisanship, 99–105
British-French plan for intervention, 219–223k
casualties, 167
cotton bonds, 250, 258, 259(fig.), 271
cultivating British support, 142–145, 191, 193
cultivating Spanish support, 112–114, 122
Davis’s inaugural addresses, 32–35, 33(fig.), 186–187
De Leon’s public diplomacy campaign for the South, 195–197, 205–209
diplomatic efforts in Europe, 38–44, 56–57, 74, 112–114, 142–145, 199–205
emancipation proposal, 257–260, 274–280
European commission, 38–44
European invasion of Mexico, 118–120
European response to the Emancipation Proclamation, 249–251
European view of the “holy war,” 9, 261, 266
European antislavery views, 6, 9, 20, 25, 29, 37, 44, 45, 46, 70, 144–145, 192, 202, 249–250, 251, 273
Garibaldi’s march on Rome upsetting plans for European intervention, 225–229, 233–234
Grand Design reliance on Southern success, 202–203
insults to the Mexican government, 121–122
Lincoln’s assassination, 290–291
Lincoln’s first inaugural address, 45, 53–54
Mexican foreign policy, 118–122, 202, 204, 252, 302
monarchist leanings, 100–105
motives for secession and war, 27–32, 35–37
Napoleon III’s Grand Design, 29–32, 109, 202–203
Palmerston accused of secret collaboration with, 246–247
perpetuation of slavery, 10, 30–31, 35
Pius IX’s plea for peace, 261–265
pursuit of international recognition, 44–46, 188–191, 204–205, 219–225, 251–252
race theory as support for, 36, 144, 191–192
secession of states from, 54–55
secession from Union, 30–32
surrender, 289–290
the Trent affair, 47–49, 76, 78–81, 114, 117, 137, 145, 147–148, 154, 190, 197–198
Union recruitment of immigrants, 178–180
Washington “peace commission,” 37–38
See also Benjamin, Judah P.; Cotton; Davis, Jefferson; De Leon, Edwin; Mason, James M.; Slavery; Slidell, John
Congress of Vienna, 90
Constitution, Confederate, 35–37, 168
Constitutional monarchy, 90–91
Copperheads, 211
Cornerstone Speech, 35–37, 137
Corwin, Thomas, 58–59, 119, 121
Cotton
Bright championing the Union cause, 146
Confederate cotton bribe to France, 203–204
Confederate-European trade plan, 38–39
cotton bond prices, 258–259, 259(fig.)
cotton famine, 39, 146, 149, 188
economic justification of slavery, 45
impact of emancipation, 217–218
King Cotton diplomacy, 5, 39, 188
Cuba, 58, 89, 106–107, 110, 113–114, 119, 248, 300–301
Dallas, George, 56
Davis, Jefferson, 34(fig.), 53(fig.)
Blair’s designs on Mexico, 286–287
Cleburne Memorial, 270–271
Confederate emancipation, 273
Confederate policy in Mexico, 120–121, 286–287
Davis’s decrees of execution, 244
De Leon’s connection to, 195–197
De Leon’s portrayal to the French, 207
desire for formal recognition of the Confederacy, 28, 271–274
European commission, 39
expanding diplomatic efforts in Europe, 46–49
flight, capture, and trial, 289–291
inaugurations, 32–35, 33(fig.), 186–187
liberty symbol, 165
Lincoln assassination, 290–291
peace talks, 286
Pius IX’s plea for peace, 264–266
provisional government, 32
refusal to surrender, 290
release from prison, 306–307
sacrificing slavery for recognition, 271–274
severing diplomatic relations with Britain, 253
Washington “peace commission,” 37–38
See also Confederacy
Dayton, William
Bigelow’s appointment to Paris, 73–74
British-French plan for intervention in the war, 223–225
controversial death, 297–298
French partisanship for the South, 200
immigrant volunteers, 176
London appointment, 58
response to the Emancipation Proclamation, 243
Seward’s instructions on slavery, 66–67
De Leon, Edwin, 194(fig.)
appealing to the Catholic Church, 269–270
appointment as Confederate agent, 195–197
background of, 193–195
calls for withdrawal of Confederate envoys in Europe, 254
dismissal, 258
European public diplomacy, 205–209
Garibaldi swaying public opinion towards the Union, 233
Slidell’s hostility towards, 254–256
Union enlistments in Ireland, 266–267
Declaration of Independence, 29–30, 34, 104
Delacroix, Eugène, 164–165
Delord, Taxile, 99
Democracy
Bright’s support for Union ideals, 147–148
Confederacy’s antidemocratic appeal abroad, 9, 95–97, 100, 105, 198
European perception of the Confederacy, 6
French criticism of American republicanism, 98–99
Lincoln framing the Union cause, 51, 211
Queen Victoria’s dislike of, 81
Russell and Palmerston’s distrust of, 41–42
secession as rebellion against, 101–104
See also Republicanism; Self-government
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 95
Dillon, Romaine, 158
Diplomacy
Benjamin and Confederate foreign policy, 188–191
British sentiment toward Mason and Slidell, 197–198
British-French plan for intervention, 219–225
Confederate European commission, 38–46
Confederate “peace commission” to Washington, 37–38
Confederates severing diplomatic relations with Britain, 253–254
Davis’s expansion of efforts in Europe, 46–49
De Leon promoting the Confederate cause abroad, 193–197
Garibaldi’s debacle at Aspromonte, 228–229
Lincoln’s engagement with British labor, 245
Lincoln’s relationship with Seward, 60–65
shaping diplomacy by influencing public opinion, 70–73
Slidell’s efforts in France, 199–205
Union-Confederate competition for European favor, 73–78
See also Recognition of the Confederacy
Donoughmore, Richard John Hely-Hutchinson, Earl of, 279
Douglas, Stephen, 54
Douglass, Frederick, 155–157
Draft, military (Confederacy), 167–168, 189–190
Drouyn de Lhuys, Édouard, 233, 237
Dubois de Saligny, Alphonso, 124
D’Utassy, Frederick George, 172
Eckel, Lizzie St. John, 297
Emancipation
America as global model for republicanism, 10
British movement, 245–247
Garibaldi’s commitment to, 20, 24–26
Emancipation policy, Confederate, 271–280
Emancipation Proclamation
British response to, 149–150, 235, 245–249
British-French plan for intervention in the war, 223
Confederation reaction to, 241, 248, 249–251
European reaction to, 240–244
Garibaldi’s support of Union coinciding with, 231–232
growing favor in Europe, 247–249, 260
intervention as potential result of, 210–211
legitimizing the Union cause, 211–216
Lincoln on international republicanism, 282–284
Lincoln’s plans and strategies, 216–218
Pius IX’s understanding of, 269–270
popular response to in Union, 285–286
women’s rights and, 285
Embargo policy, Davis’s, 39
Engels, Friedrich, 151
Enlightenment ideals, 87
Erlanger, Frédéric Emile d’, 250–251, 254, 258–259
Espionage and intelligence gathering, 72, 202
Eugénie, Empress of France, 116, 201, 226, 260, 305, 309
European states
allied invasion of Mexico, 122–126
American Homestead Act and Circular 19, 176–178
America’s republican experiment, 8–10, 85–88, 95–96, 99
Benjamin’s foreign policy, 189–191
Confederate commission, 38–41
Confederate defense of slavery’s economic role, 45–46
Confederate emancipation, 273–280
Confederate states’ need for support from, 30
De Leon promoting the Confederate cause, 193–197
debate over Confederate secession, 138
declining support for the South, 257–260
Emancipation Proclamation, 210–216, 240–244
Garibaldi’s march on Rome upsetting plans for European intervention in America, 225–229
immigrant soldiers in the Union, 159–160
international legal stance on supporting a domestic insurrection, 55–56
lack of sympathy for the South, 187
Lincoln and Seward’s response to Spanish aggression in the New World, 65
Lincoln assassination, 292–295
Lincoln’s diplomatic appointments, 57–60
Lincoln’s framing of the war, 281–284
Lincoln’s threats over intervention, 65–67
motive for American civil war, 131–132
neutrality declarations, 43
perception of abolition as cause of war, 69–70
race theory as support for the Confederate position, 191–193
republican resurgence, 308–311
response to ‘extreme democracy,’ 100–101
response to Union victory, 300–306
restoration of imperialism, 106–109, 114–116
Seward’s diplomatic missions to court favor in, 73–78
Seward’s foreign policy, 62–63
Seward’s overtures to Garibaldi, 73
Seward’s threat of global war, 50–51
Seward’s tour of the Middle East and, 68
shaping diplomacy by influencing public opinion, 70–73
Southern monarchism, 101–105
spread of republican ideals, 89–93
Tripartite Alliance, 117–118, 122
Union and Confederate diplomatic strategies, 5–7
voluntary enlistment with the Union, 238
See also individual states
Evans, Thomas, 199–200
Extreme democracy, 11, 31–32, 96–97, 100, 187, 198
Farroupilhas, War of the, 16
Faulkner, Charles, 56–57
Favre, Jules, 138
Feudalism: Marx’s view of America, 155
Fogg, George, 18
Foote, Henry S., 273
Forbes, John Murray, 131(quote)
Foreign debt, Mexico’s, 119–120
Foreign policy, Confederate
Benjamin’s diplomatic efforts and, 188–191
rightward shift, 185–186
See also Benjamin, Judah P.
Foreign policy, Union
European response to the Emancipation Proclamation, 210–216
leftward maneuvering, 185–186
Seward’s clash with Lincoln, 61–63
See also Seward, William Henry
Forey, Elie Frédéric, 124–126
Forsyth, John, 37–38, 120, 191
Forty-Eighters, 92, 93(fig.), 173, 229
Fould, Achille, 98
France
admiration for American republicanism, 132–135
American Homestead Act and Circular 19, 177–178
America’s republican experiment, 9–10
Bigelow-Scott letter of conciliation, 77–78
British and French plan for intervention, 219–225
Confederate emancipation promise, 277, 279–280
Confederate foreign policy objectives, 5–6
Confederate mission to Europe, 43–44
Confederates’ hope for support from, 190
Confederates severing diplomatic relations with Britain, 254
De Leon’s frustration with, 255–256
De Leon’s public diplomacy campaign for the South, 206–209
declining support for the Confederacy, 233–234, 259
defending the Republic of Rome against, 16
distancing itself from the Confederacy, 233–234
Garibaldi’s support of Union cause, 231
Garibaldi’s march on Rome upsetting plans for European intervention, 225–229
invasion of Mexico, 123–126, 128–130
Lincoln and Seward’s response to Spanish aggression in the New World, 65
Lincoln assassination, 294–297
Marx’s criticism of, 154
Napoleon III’s Grand Design, 8–9
press censorship, 72
public opinion on the American experiment, 138–141
rejoicing over American civil war, 98–99
republican resurgence, 308–309
response to the Emancipation Proclamation, 237, 242–244
restoration of imperial rule in Latin America, 106–109
Slidell’s diplomatic efforts, 199–205
spread of republican ideals, 89–92
Statue of Liberty, 311–313
Tripartite Alliance, 117–118, 122, 202
Union alliance with French republicanism, 209
Union-Confederate competition for favor, 76
withdrawal from Mexico, 304–305
Zouave forces, 163
Franklin, Benjamin, 71
Frémont, John C., 58
French Revolution, 89–90
Friedrich Wilhelm IV, 92
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 198
Fugitive slaves, 217
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 15(quote), 19(fig.), 210(quote), 228(fig.), 299(quote)
arrival in America, 17–20
Canisius’s invitation to join the Union cause, 222–233, 237–238
Emancipation Proclamation, 215
immigrant soldiers in the Union forces, 159
Louis-Napoleon’s coup, 92
march on Rome upsetting plans for European intervention in America, 211, 225–229
Mexico’s Reforma, 114
popularity in America, 20–21
praise of Lincoln, 238–239
Quiggle’s scheme for, 19–24, 26, 159, 229
Seward’s secret service operations, 75
Union alliance, 22–25
Garibaldi Guard, 160–164, 170–173, 172(fig.)
Garnier-Pages, Louis-Antoine, 76
Gasparin, Agénor de, 132–133, 133(fig.), 134–138, 140–141, 157
Gasset y Mercader, Manuel, 117–118
German immigrant soldiers, 162, 165–167, 173
Germany
Lincoln and Seward’s diplomatic appointments, 59
Ottilie Assing, 155–157
rejoicing over American civil conflict, 99
republican hopes, 92
republican resurgence, 309–310
See also Prussia
Gettysburg, Battle of, 249, 262
Gettysburg Address (1863), 9, 281–284, 281(quote)
Gladstone, William, 223, 234–236
Glorious Revolution (1868, Spain), 301
Gobineau, Arthur, 36–37, 144, 191–192
Gould, Benjamin Apthorp, 168–170, 173, 178
Grand Design of Napoleon III, 8–9, 107–108, 186, 190, 202, 252, 304
Grant, Ulysses S., 302
Grassroots activism: Anti-Corn Law League, 146
Greek nationalist independence movements, 29
Greeley, Horace, 150
Guizot, François, 90–91
Gutiérrez de Estrada, José María, 115–116, 126–127
Hampton Roads conference, 276–277, 287–288
Hard-power diplomacy, 4, 6, 65, 81–82, 219
Hidalgo, José, 115–116, 126–127
Homestead Act (1862), 177–178, 180–181. See also, Circular 19
Hope, Alexander James Beresford Beresford, 96–97
Horstmann, August, 165–166
Hotze, Henry, 185(quote)
Benjamin’s effort to “enlighten” Europe, 190–193
British failure to recognize the Confederacy, 252
British sentiment toward Mason and Slidell, 197–198
British debate on recognition of the Confederacy, 251–252
Confederate mission to the Vatican, 269–270
Confederate reaction to the Emancipation Proclamation, 249
De Leon promoting the Confederate cause in Europe, 196–197, 205–206
emancipation debate, 272
European response to the Emancipation Proclamation, 241
expanding diplomatic duties, 258
French stance on slavery, 209
sacrificing slavery for recognition, 277
Spence’s views on slavery, 145, 249–250, 251
Spence’s Confederate propaganda, 144–145
Hudson, Eduard Maco, 57
Hughes, John, 73, 77–78, 261–262, 266–269
Hugo, Victor, 295
Hunter, Robert Mercer Taliaferro, 44, 46, 113–114, 187, 191, 273, 287
Hyde Park demonstrations, 231–232, 236, 308
Immigrants
Confederate accusations of Union profiteering, 178–180
De Leon’s denigration of Union forces, 207–208
enlistment in Garibaldi Guards, 170–173
Homestead Act and Circular 19, 176–178, 180–181
recruitment posters, 160–164, 161(fig.), 162(fig.), 164(fig.)
Union soldiers, 158–160, 165–176
Index, A Weekly Journal of Politics, Literature, and News, 192–193, 196–197, 206
Inequality, racial, 36–37
International law, 51, 54–56, 189, 220
Ireland and Irish immigrants, 165–166, 171, 173–176, 232, 266–269, 268(fig.)
Irish Brigade, 174–175
Italy
Garibaldi’s march on Rome upsetting plans for European intervention in America, 225–229
Garibaldi’s pressure on Victor Emmanuel, 22–24
Lincoln assassination, 294–295
Lincoln’s diplomatic reception, 59–60
Risorgimento, 16, 22, 29, 126, 260–261, 309
Iturbide, Agustín de (prince), 303–304, 306
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall,” 252
Jefferson, Thomas, 34, 36, 87–88, 282
Johnston, William E. See Malakoff
Juárez, Benito, 58, 115, 116(fig.), 119–121, 126
Kenner, Duncan F., 275, 277, 286, 289
King, Rufus, 307
La Marseillaise, 91, 163, 172, 290
Laboulaye, Édouard René Lefèbvre de, 138–140, 139(fig.), 140–142, 157, 283, 311, 313
Lamar, L. Q. C., 253
Language, 159–165, 171–172, 209
Latin America
Marx on slavery, 155
restoration of imperial rule, 106–112
revolutionary movements, 16
Spanish and French withdrawal from, 300–306
spread of republicanism, 88–89, 93–94
See also Mexico; individual states
Latin Catholic empire, European scheme for. See Grand Design
Latrille de Lorencez, Charles, 123–124
Lazarus, Emma, 313
Lee, Robert E., 173, 218, 289–290
Les États-Unis et la France (pamphlet), 141–142
Lewis, George Cornewall, 236
Liberty Enlightening the World, 311–313
Liberty Leading the People (Delacroix), 164–165
Lincoln, Abraham, 53(fig.), 66(fig.)
abhorrence of slavery, 216
appeal for French youth, 2–3
assassination of, 290–294, 296–297, 306–307
British support for Union ideals, 149
Confederate “peace commission” to Washington, 38
Confederate surrender, 290
culmination of ‘extreme democracy,’ 100–101
diplomatic appointments, 56–57
Emancipation Proclamation, 211–218, 219, 285–286
encouraging immigration, 179
European diplomatic appointments, 57–60
Garibaldi’s popularity in America, 17–18
Gettysburg Address, 9, 281–284, 281(quote)
inaugural addresses, 51–55, 288–289
international campaign for republicanism, 281–284
Marx’s response to, 155
national and international legal stance on foreign policy, 51
public response to the Emancipation Proclamation, 213
reelection, 271–272
relationship with Seward, 60–63
response to Southern monarchism, 103–104
reunion and reconstruction, 287–288
San Marino’s desired alliance with American republicans, 86–87
Seward’s first acquaintance with, 68
slaveowners’ rights, 6
See also Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln, Mary Todd, 295–297
London Emancipation Society, 246
Louis Philippe, 90–91
Louisiana, 31, 40, 64, 101, 103, 104, 107, 141, 186, 195, 199, 200, 205, 262, 267
seeks French aid, 274–275, 270–280
Louis-Napoleon. See Napoleon III
Lubbock, Francis, 233–234
Mackay, Charles, 48
Malakoff (New York Times reporter)
American Homestead Act and Circular 19, 178
De Leon’s pamphlet on slavery, 208–209
European reaction to the Emancipation Proclamation, 242–243
foreign intervention in the Americas, 64
Garibaldi’s support of Union cause, 232–233
Gasparin’s republican stance, 132–133, 135–136
international press, 72
Laboulaye’s essay, 138
Palmerston’s hatred of the Union, 97
restoration of imperial rule in Americas, 107
Southern monarchist leanings, 103
student protest in Paris, 2
the Trent affair, 47–48
Malespine, A., 72–73
Mann, Ambrose Dudley, 39–46, 48–49, 173, 262–266, 268–269, 277–278
Mann, Grayson, 262–264
Marsh, George Perkins, 22–23, 25, 132, 228–229, 238
Martens, Friedrich, 166
Marx, Karl, 72, 150–155, 152(fig.), 157, 242, 248
Mason, James M., 199(fig.)
British and French plan for intervention, 221
British views on, 197–198, 253
Confederate emancipation proposal, 272, 275–278
Hotze’s Index finding favor, 193
replacing Yancey in London, 46
sacrificing slavery for recognition, 277–279, 289
severing diplomatic relations with Britain, 253–254, 258
Seward’s public diplomacy efforts to counter, 74
Spence’s Confederate propaganda, 144–145
adopts heir, 303–304
chosen as emperor of Mexico, 117, 125, 126–130, 130(fig.)
relations with US, 301–306, 306(fig.)
welcomes Confederate colonization, 302
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 114, 172, 175, 194, 262, 283, 294–295, 299–300
McClellan, George, 134, 159–160, 203, 211, 221, 237
Meagher, Thomas Francis, 174–175
Mercier, Henri, 62, 65, 224–225
Mexico
allied invasion plan, 117–118, 122–126, 153–154
Blair’s designs for invasion of, 286–288
Confederate alliance with Vidaurri, 118–119
Confederate insults against, 121–122
Confederate-French alliance strategy, 190–191, 203–205
European rule, 128–130
French invasion of, 8, 124–128
Grand Design reliance on Southern success, 202–203
Lincoln and Seward’s diplomatic appointments, 58–59
Maximilian’s dynastic ambitions, 303–304
Napoleon’s fear of Union action, 204–205
Reform War, 114–116
response to Union victory, 303
Spanish zeal for reconquest of, 114–115
spread of republicanism, 88–89
Union and Confederate foreign policy, 118–120
Migration
during war, 176–178. See also Homestead Act; Circular 19
European exodus after the Napoleonic Wars, 8
Military forces
Garibaldi Guard, 170–173
immigrant soldiers, 158–160, 165–176
potential for Northern military population expansion, 168–169
Military population, 168, Mill, John Stuart, 81
Miltenberger, Ernest, 274–275, 280
Mississippi, secession declaration, 30–31
Monadnock (New York Times reporter), 72, 97–98, 235, 241
Monarchy
British attempt to limit republicanism in Latin America, 94–95
Confederate monarchist leanings, 101–105
Confederate sympathies with Latin America’s restoration of, 9, 94–95
European perception of the Union, 6
Gettysburg Address, 283–284
Mexican monarchist experiment, 126, 301–302
Monroe Doctrine, 94–95, 107, 111, 113, 122, 127, 186, 204, 288, 302, 308
The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races (Gobineau), 191–192
Moran, Benjamin, 56
Morehead, Charles S., 261–262
Morny, Charles Morny, Duc de, 117, 201–202, 279–280
Morrill Tariff (1861), 42–43, 146
Motives for secession and war, 35–37, 131–132. See also Republicanism; Self-government; Slavery
Motley, John Lothrop, 129, 148, 310–311
Nanglo, George, 158–159
Napoleon III
allied invasion of Mexico, 124–130, 304
Bigelow-Scott letter of conciliation, 77–78
Blair’s designs on Mexico, 286
Confederate emancipation, 278
coup d’état (1851), 92
European republican resurgence, 309
French rejoicing over American civil conflict, 99
French support for the South, 200
Garibaldi’s support of Union, 233
Garibaldi’s march on Rome, 226
Grand Design, 8–9, 107–109, 126–128, 186, 190, 202, 252, 304
Maximilian’s execution, 305–306
Maximilian’s withdrawal from Mexico, 304–305
Pius IX, 16, 92, 226, 260, 262, 263, 309
response to Union victory, 303
Risorgimento, 260
Slidell’s meeting with, 203–204
Southern monarchism, 104
Spanish connection, 116
Nationalist independence movements, 28–32, 34–35
Naval forces, 38, 47, 106–107, 170, 203–204, 220–221, 225, 235–236, 255, 300
Nélaton, Auguste, 227, 228(fig.), 233
Neutrality, 43, 220–221, 234–237, 246
New Orleans, 159, 199, 200, 206, 261
Nicholls, George. See Monadnock
Nott, Josiah, 191–192
Obama, Barack, 87
O’Donnell, Leopoldo, 111
Orléanists, 133–134
Pakington, John, 95–96
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Lord
backing away from intervention, 234–236
British and French plan for intervention, 219–223
Confederate plan to sacrifice slavery for recognition, 279
death of, 308
distrust of democracy, 41–42
Emancipation Proclamation, 246
motives for neutrality, 190
rejoicing over Union losses, 96–97
threat of British war, 76
Trent affair, 49
Pecquet du Bellet, Paul, 208–209
Perry, Horatio J., 112–113
Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de, 201–203
Phrygian cap (liberty cap), 91, 109, 163, 164, 183, 308
Pickett, John T., 120–122
Pierce, Franklin, 194
Pius IX, 263(fig.)
antipathy to Garibaldi, 17, 114
Confederate effort to win recognition from, 257–270
Davis and, 306
Garibaldi’s support of Union cause, 231–232
Garibaldi’s march on Rome, 226
imprisonment, 309
letter to Jefferson Davis, 265–266, 268–269
Mann’s meeting with, 163–165
Mexico’s Reforma, 114–115
Napoleon III’s coup d’état, 92
Napoleon III’s Grand Design, 9
plea for peace, 261–266
Risorgimento, 260–261
slavery concerns, 257–258, 264, 269
Polignac, Camille de, 274–275, 279–280, 289
Polish uprising, 237
Polygenesis, theory of, 36–37, 191–192
Popular government, See Republicanism; Democracy; Self-government
Press
Assing and Douglass’s antislavery writings, 156–157
British denunciation of American republicanism, 96–97
British pro-South factions, 143
British retreat from intervention, 235–236
Confederate emancipation, 272–274
De Leon promoting the Confederate cause abroad, 193–197, 205–209
Emancipation Proclamation, 241–243, 245
European invasion of Mexico, 118
European opinion on the American republican experiment, 99, 138–139, 141–142
foreign correspondents, 72, 150, 156
Garibaldi-Union relations, 26
Hotze’s Confederate propaganda abroad, 192–193
influencing public opinion among European readers, 3–4
Marx and, 151–155
Napoleon III’s Grand Design, 109
Pius IX’s plea for peace, 262
response to Gasparin’s book, 136–137
revealing Spence’s Confederate connection, 251
shaping diplomacy by influencing public opinion, 72–73
Southern monarchism, 102–103
Spain’s imperial designs on Latin America, 112
See also Malakoff; Marx; Monadnock; Russell, William Howard
Provisional government, 31–32
Prussia, 92, 173, 212, 303, 309–310
Public diplomacy, 3–5, 17, 24, 37, 58–59, 69, 82, 127, 177, 188
Benjamin launches Confederate program, 186, 191. See also, Hotze, Henry; De Leon, Edwin
Seward launches Union program, 70–77. See also, Bigelow, John; Sanford, Henry
Weed, Hughes, McIlvaine mission, 78–81
Public opinion
Benjamin’s European “enlightenment” about the South, 190–191
British shift towards emancipation, 245–249
De Leon’s French campaign for the South, 205–209
declining European support for the South, 259–260
emancipation as the goal of the war, 69–71, 213–214
European sympathy with secessionists, 138
French admiration for republicanism, 132–135
French opinion of the American experiment, 138–142
Garibaldi’s support of Union cause, 230–231
tension between slavery and emancipation, 132
Quiggle, James W., 19–24, 26, 159, 229
Quintero, Agustín, 119
Race
black soldiers in the Union army, 168
Stephens’s Cornerstone Speech on racial inequality, 36
Race war, threats of, 6, 30, 31, 217, 211, 241
Ramsden, John, 97–98
Rattazzi, Urbano, 227
Raymond, Henry J., 63–64
Recognition of the Confederacy, 44–46, 188–191, 204–205, 219–225, 251–252
Reconstruction, 300
Recruitment of immigrant soldiers, 160–164, 177–178
Red republicans, 91, 163, 207, 209, 228–229
Red Shirts, 16, 92, 211, 225–229
Reform Act (1832; Britain), 41–42
Reform League (Britain), 308
Reform War (1858–1861, Mexico), 114–116
La Reforma, 114–115
Republicanism
British opposition to Latin America, 94–95
Cuba’s independence movement, 301
European experiments with, 86–93
European perception of the Union and Confederacy, 6–7
France and, 89–90, 91–92, 163, 309
origins and spread of, 87–93
slavery and, 88–89
threat of US-British war, 77
Union triumph, 299–300
United States as model for, 9–10, 95–97
Universal Republican Alliance, 299–300
Reunion and reconstruction, 287–288, 300
Revolution, Age of, 85–93
Revolution of 1848, 91–93, 93(fig.), 128, 150, 156, 173, 175, 212, 215, 229
Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 30, 38–40
Risorgimento (Italy), 16, 22, 29, 126, 309
Roebuck, John Arthur, 252–253
Roman, Andre, 37–38
Romero, Matías, 127, 128(fig.), 129–130, 302
Russell, John, Earl Russell
backing away from intervention, 234
British and French plan for intervention, 219–223
Confederate bid for British recognition, 43, 45–46
Confederates severing diplomatic ties with Britain, 258
diplomatic coolness towards the South, 253
distrust of democracy, 41–42
Hotze’s Index finding favor, 193
Mason, 198
prolonging the war, 97
threat of US-British war, 42, 79–81
Russell, William Howard, 59–60, 72, 85(quote), 86, 96, 100–101, 101(fig.), 102, 136–137
Russia
British-French plan for intervention, 220, 222–223, 234
sale of Alaska, 308
Salomon, Frederick, 92, 93(fig.), 173
San Marino, Most Serene Republic of, 86–87
Sanders, George, 246
Sanford, Henry Shelton, 18(fig.)
antislavery crusade in England, 69–70
Bigelow-Scott letter of conciliation, 77–78
countering pro-Confederacy diplomatic appointments, 57
Garibaldi and, 15–16, 20–24, 233
immigrant soldiers, 158–159
public diplomacy, 3, 69, 72–73
Quiggle’s invitation to Garibaldi, 21–22
secret service operations, 72–73
Santana, Pedro, 110–111
Schurz, Carl, 69–70, 110, 123, 212–214, 218, 244
Secession
British-French plan for intervention, 219–223
legal arguments, 6, 29, 50, 54–55, 65, 211
Lincoln and Seward’s foreign policy strategy, 65
Lincoln’s inaugural address, 54–55
Second Confiscation Act (1862), 217
Self-government
Confederate motives for war, 29
Confederate soft-power diplomacy, 5–6
resilience of, 1–3
the republican experiment, 7–8
Separatist rebellions, justification for, 27–29
Seward, William Henry, 50(quote), 66(fig.)
Alaska purchase, 308
background influencing foreign policy, 67–69
British and French plan for intervention, 219–223
British working people’s support for the Union, 247
Canisius’s invitation to Garibaldi, 230–233, 238
Confederate cultivation of Spanish sympathy, 112–113
Confederate “peace commission” to Washington, 38
Dayton’s controversial death, 297–298
diplomatic missions to Europe, 56–59, 73–78
Emancipation Proclamation, 211–219, 243–244
European experiment in Mexico, 304
European perception of abolition as cause of war, 70
European restoration of imperial rule, 107
foreign policy, 55–57, 61–65, 67–69
Garibaldi’s connection, 17–18, 20–21, 23–24, 26
Homestead Act and Circular 19, 177–178, 180–181
ideological motives for war, 131–132
Lincoln assassination, 290
Lincoln’s ideological clash with, 281–282
Lincoln’s inaugural address, 53–54
Mann’s arrival in Washington, 40
North-South peace negotiation, 286
preserving slavery, 6
recruitment of foreign soldiers, 161–162
response to Confederate claims and justifications, 50–51
reunion and reconstruction, 287–288
San Marino’s American alliance, 87
the Trent affair, 47–48
Union alliance with French red republicans, 209
Union-Mexican alliance, 302
working relationship with Lincoln, 60–63
See also, Democracy; Republicanism
Sheridan, Philip, 302
Slavery
arming Southern slaves, 270–271
Brazil’s abolition, 301
Britain’s role in introducing, 45
British anti-slavery faction, 147–148
British pro-South faction, 144–145
Catholic clergy and, 270
Confederate dreams of eternal perpetuation, 10
Confederate emancipation, 271–280
Confederate hopes of a Spanish alliance, 113–114
Confederate states’ secession declarations, 30–31
Cuba’s emancipation, 301
De Leon’s efforts to educate the French, 207–209
Emancipation Proclamation legitimizing the Union cause, 211–216
European public opinion, 4–5, 187, 189–191, 202
expansion abroad, 10
former slaves as Union soldiers, 168
French opinion on the American experiment, 138–139
Garibaldi’s questions about Union policies, 20, 24–26
incompatibility with republicanism, 88–89
increasing support for the Union cause abroad, 210–211
Lincoln and Seward’s foreign policy, 61–62, 65–67
Lincoln’s inaugural addresses, 55, 288–289
Marx’s view of, 155
North-South distinctions over, 240–241
Pius IX’s concerns over, 269–270
Seward’s background influencing foreign policy, 67–69
South Carolina’s Declaration of Immediate Causes, 30
Spence’s views, 145, 249–250, 251
Statue of Liberty, 313
Stephens’s Cornerstone Speech, 36
Thirteenth Amendment, 288
See also Emancipation Proclamation
Slidell, John, 201(fig.)
British sentiment towards, 197–198
Confederate emancipation proposal, 275–278, 289
Confederate mission to the Vatican, 261–262
cotton bribe to France, 250–251
De Leon’s resentment of, 195
diplomatic efforts in France, 46, 186, 199–205
emancipation proposal, 276–277
foreign-born Union soldiers, 169–170
hostility towards De Leon, 254–256
Napoleon III meetings, 200, 203–205, 223, 252, 254, 278
sacrificing slavery for recognition, 277–278, 289
Seward’s public diplomacy efforts to counter, 74
threat of US-British war, 81
waning popularity of the South in Europe, 258–260
Smart power, 4
Smith, Goldwin, 283
Smolinski, Joseph, 162–163
Soft-power diplomacy, 4
Soret, Henri, 99
Sovereignty
Britain’s Proclamation of Neutrality, 43
Confederates’ desire for recognition, 28
international debate over the American question, 77
Jefferson’s Enlightenment ideals, 87–88
Spain
as potential Confederate ally, 112–114, 122–128
Confederate trade relations, 38–39
Davis’s expansion of diplomatic efforts in Europe, 46–47
Lincoln and Seward’s diplomatic appointments, 58
Lincoln and Seward’s response to Spanish aggression in the New World, 65
rejoicing over American civil conflict, 99
restoration of imperial rule in Latin America, 106–107, 109–112
Schurz in, 59, 69–70, 110, 123, 212–213
Tripartite Alliance, 117–118, 122, 202
withdrawal from Latin America, 300–301
Spanish American republics, 29
Spence, James, 100, 143–145, 157, 206, 249–251
Spurgeon, Charles, 247
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 285
Statue of Liberty, 311–313
Stephens, Alexander, 35–37, 89, 137, 287–288
Stevens, Thaddeus, 285
Stevenson, Sarah Yorke, 303
Stoeckl, Eduard, 62
Suffrage, 90–91, 103–104, 145–146
Sumner, Charles, 137, 148–149, 283
Surratt, John, 307
Surratt, Mary, 307
Swain, James, 64
Swann, William G., 253
Tariff. See Morrill Tariff; Free trade
Ten Years’ War (Cuba), 301
Tennent, James Emerson, 79
Thirteenth Amendment proposal, 55, 285, 287, 288
Thouvenel, Édouard, 78, 202, 223–225, 233
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 95, 144
Toombs, Robert, 27(quote), 38, 44, 113, 119, 187, 280
Trade relations
Confederate bribe to France, 203–204
Confederate mission to Europe, 38–41
Confederate view of the beneficial effects of slavery, 45–46
Trent affair, 47–48, 76, 78–81, 114, 117, 137, 145, 147–148, 154, 190, 197–198
Tripartite Alliance, 117–118, 122–124, 153–154, 202
Tuckerman, Henry, 17–18
Two sous’ subscription, 295–296
Union
British support for, 145–150
Canada and, 307–308
casualties, 167
enlistment of black soldiers, 168, 217–218
European republican resurgence, 308–309
Homestead Act and Circular 19, 176–178, 180–181
immigrant soldiers, 158–160, 165–167, 170–176
Marx’s advocacy for, 150–155
Mexican foreign policy, 120–121
military victory, 218–219
public diplomacy, 3–4, 69, 72–76
response to French rule in Mexico, 129–130
See also Adams, Charles Francis; Bigelow, John; Dayton, William; Emancipation Proclamation; Garibaldi, Giuseppe; Lincoln, Abraham; Marsh, George Perkins; Sanford, Henry; Seward, William Henry; Slavery
The Uprising of a Great People (Gasparin), 135–137
Vichy meeting, 203–205, 207, 223–224
Victor Emmanuel II, 22–23
Vidaurri Valdez, José Santiago, 118–120
Voting rights, 90–91, 103–104, 145–146
Weed, Thurlow, 47–48, 63, 68, 73, 76–81, 79(fig.), 198
Weld, Angelina Grimké, 285
Welles, Gideon, 217
Welsh, Peter, 165
Weydemeyer, Joseph, 151–152
Wilkes, Charles, 47
Women
Butler’s “woman’s order,” 206, 220
Garibaldi Guard, 171
Thirteenth Amendment, 285
Women’s National Loyal League, 166, 285
Yancey, William, 39–48, 113, 154, 187
Young Italy movement, 194, 283
Young Ireland movement, 175
Zaragoza, Ignacio, 124
Zouave forces, 163