Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
abolitionists, 161–65
Acadians, 18
Adams, John, 31–32, 45, 46, 60
Adams, John Quincy, 96, 117, 129, 130
Adams v. Richardson, 488
African Americans: and Africa colonization schemes, 167–68, 173–78, 547n55
businesses owned by, 278
during Civil War, 256
economic inequality facing, 508, 509
efforts to disenfranchise, 295–96, 323–24, 336–37, 338–40, 372
as elected officials, 283, 372, 474, 497, 503–5
forced relocation of, 461–62
and housing, 340–44, 345, 346, 372, 406, 407–10, 418, 423, 444, 448–50, 507–8, 577n31
independent organization by, 175–76, 397, 575n30
and Jim Crow laws, 278–79
and labor struggles, 448
litigation and lobbying by, 399–401, 424, 488
living conditions of, 345, 508
as mayoral candidates, 474–75, 496–98, 511–12
McKeldin and, 407–8, 409, 441–43, 446, 447, 449, 451
migration to Baltimore by, 277–78
mob attacks on, 153
police killings of, 405–6, 507–8, 512, 513
political alignment of, 295, 372, 396–97
political rights won by, 267, 278, 280, 281, 282
population of in Baltimore, 166, 277, 345, 431
protests and demonstrations by, 236, 281, 398–99, 405, 407, 408, 418–19, 441–42, 446–48, 452–53, 513, 577n31
and public facility segregation, 418–19, 423, 435, 441–42
and race riot of 1968, 462–66
relief payment discrimination against, 393
Schaefer and, 475, 489, 588n26
and schools, 279–80, 283, 422–24, 487–91, 588n23
self-improvement efforts by, 282–83
during War of 1812, 87. See also slavery
African colonization schemes: African American responses to, 167–68, 173–78, 547n55
and Colonization Society split, 169, 171–73
and slavery question, 165–67, 170–71, 177–78
Afro-American Ledger, 343
Agnew, Edward, 64
Agnew, Spiro T., 460, 463–64, 465–66, 584n48
Albert, Augustus, 296–97
Alexander, Robert, 31, 33, 323
Alien and Sedition Acts, 60, 129
almshouse and poorhouse, 19, 187, 309
American Colonization Society, 165, 166, 167, 168, 176–77
Maryland Society secession from, 169, 171–73
American Republican Party. See Know-Nothings
Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), 436
Ancient and Honorable Mechanical Company, 21–22, 30, 31, 43, 58, 59, 67
Anderson, William H., 351–52, 374
Angelos, Peter, 454
Annapolis, MD: colonial, 20, 22, 523n57
during Revolutionary War, 39, 44–45
Union Army occupation of, 243
Anne Arundel County, 293, 327, 349, 351, 359, 366, 499
annexation to Baltimore of, 361–63
of Anne Arundel and Baltimore counties, 358–63
of “Belt,” 305–6
of Jones Town to Baltimore Town, 13–14, 98
Preston’s borough plan for, 349–51
Anti-Annexation Association of Baltimore County, 360–61
anti-Catholicism, 184, 204, 206, 210, 385
Anti-Poe Amendment Association, 337
Approachways Project, 479, 487
Arliss, George, 386
Arnold, Joseph, 369
Artbuthnot, Marriot, 51
Ashland Square American Club, 284, 294
Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, 375–76
Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, 343
Association of the Freemen of Maryland, 34
Association of Tradesmen and Manufacturers of Baltimore, 54
Astor, Vincent, 376
auction tax, 106–7, 156, 537n20
Audubon, John James, 156
Australian ballot, 317
Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk, 184
Axelrod, Joseph, 468
Bachrach, David, 368
Baker, Russell, 4
Baldwin, Streett, 408–9
Baltimore Afro-American, 336, 340, 372, 410, 445, 455, 475, 489, 511
on COPE, 497–98
Baltimore American, 120, 281–82
Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, 122–24, 138, 207–8
Baltimoreans United in Leadership Development (BUILD), 509
Baltimore Association for the Moral and Educational Improvement of the Colored People, 279
Baltimore Association of Commerce, 382, 388, 390, 391, 407, 416–17
Baltimore Bank Riot (1835): context and consequences of, 153–56
and indemnification issue, 156–57
narrative of, 149–53
Baltimore Charity Organization Society, 343
Baltimore City Fair, 479–80
Baltimore Colts, 502–3
Baltimore Correspondent, 358
Baltimore County, 60, 191, 293, 350, 400, 473
and American Revolution, 30, 34–35
city’s present-day relationship to, 508
city’s separation from, 195, 196–97, 508
city subject to control of, 58, 366
in colonial times, 10, 12, 18–19, 20, 24
opposition to city’s annexations in, 97, 98, 360–61, 362
Baltimore County Beltway, 457
Baltimore Division of Colored Schools, 424
Baltimore Economic Development Corporation (BEDCO), 495–96, 499–500, 501–2
Baltimore founding, 10
Baltimore Gazette, 128, 154, 173
Baltimore image, 3–4, 5, 479–81, 494
Baltimore Independent Blues, 60
Baltimore Industrial Development Corporation (BIDC), 475
Baltimore Interstate Division, 459, 468, 469, 486
Baltimore municipal incorporation, 55–56, 57–58
Baltimore Museum of Art, 371, 384
Baltimore Observer, 386
Baltimore Patriot, 97, 137, 143, 183–84
Baltimore Plan, 417–18, 424–25
Baltimore renaissance, 496, 498–502
Baltimore Sun, 192–93, 199, 270, 273, 298, 319, 362, 384, 402–3, 413, 466, 493, 499, 504
on black voting rights, 280, 282
election coverage of, 259, 295, 359–60, 364, 370–71
on Preston, 345–46, 347, 350, 355
on school desegregation, 489, 491
on secession crisis, 237, 238, 244
on violence and riots, 184, 186–87, 209, 210, 211, 214–15, 456, 464, 470, 510
Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, 371
Baltimore Urban Renewal and Housing Agency (BURHA), 426, 435
Baltimore Women’s Civic League, 354
Baltzell, E. Digby, 71
banks: Bank of Maryland fraud scandal, 145–46, 147–49
and Panic of 1819, 95–96
Banks, Robert T., 266, 270–71, 272, 286, 287, 288–89, 305
Barney, John, 537n20
Bartlett, William E., 152
Barton, David, 468
Bascom, Marion, 441
baseball, Sunday, 352–53
Bath Street, 387–88
Baum, Howell, 488
Baxter, Samuel, 44
Belair Market riot (1856), 211
Bell, John, 234
Bell, Lawrence, 511
Bell, Robert, 497
Bender, Edward, 405–6
Benton, Benjamin, 222
Benton, Charles, 476–77, 483–84, 486, 498
Bereska, Joan, 476
Berkowitz, Bernard, 495, 496, 501–2
Bernard, Simon, 112
Bethel AME Church, 174, 175, 176, 236, 397–98
Bethlehem Steel, 383, 390, 495
Biddison, Thomas, 413–14
Bieretz, Edward, 373, 383, 384
Black, Hugo, 376
Bladensburg battle (1814), 83, 90, 91, 92
Boger, Gretchen, 343
Bonaparte, Charles J., 335, 343, 355, 563n37
as progressive reformer, 304, 305, 320, 324
Bond, Hugh Lennox, 262, 263, 281
Bonifant, Washington, 246–47
B&O Railroad, 183, 267, 268, 416; administrative structure of, 121–22
Baltimore’s investments in, 116, 119–22, 181–83, 201–2, 207–8, 314–15
and city street tracks, 136–41
as competitor of C&O Canal, 117–18, 122, 296
financial failure of, 312–13
Rasin-Gorman Ring and, 317
relationship to city of, 116–17, 118–19, 185
selling of stock in, 315
borough plan, 349–51
Bosley, James, 43–44
Boston, MA, 28, 71, 96, 336, 529n22
in Revolutionary times, 30, 31, 49
Bouldin, Jehu, 78, 79, 84, 109
Bowie, Odin, 295
Bradford, Augustus, 252–53, 255, 556n12
Brady, Samuel A., 182, 183, 184, 188
Bready, James, 4
Breckenridge, John C., 233, 236
Brice, Nicholas, 151
bridge building, 14
Broadus, Thomas, 405–6
Broening, William F., 325, 390, 391
civic agenda of, 372–73, 386–88
elections as mayor, 370–72, 384–85
opposition to Prohibition by, 373–74
broken window theory, 512
Brooke, Arthur, 93
Brookings Institution, 508
Brooklyn, NY, 31, 288, 289, 521n13
Brown, George (B&O treasurer), 116
Brown, George Stewart, 338
Brown, George William, 269
and Pratt Street Riot, 241, 242
as reform candidate for mayor, 231, 304, 305
and secession crisis/Civil War, 236–37, 238, 241, 243, 247–48
Brown, John, 227
Brown, Michael, 507
Brown, Robert, 50
Brown, William, 116
Browne, Gary, 100, 130, 180, 200
Brown v. Board of Education, 422, 423, 487
Bruce, William Cabell, 343–34, 376–77
Brugger, Robert, 49
Brune, Herbert M., 456
Brush, Edward, 310
Bryan, William Jennings, 323
Buckingham, James Silk, 161, 162, 163, 544n1
Buckler, Thomas H., 287
Burns, Clarence “Du,” 397, 490, 500–501
as city council president, 501, 503, 589n25
as mayor, 503–6
Burnt District Commission, 333–34, 335
busing, 489
Button, Richard, 35
Buy Where You Can Work campaign, 398–99, 448
Cadwalader, George, 245, 246, 247
Calhoun, James, 59, 64, 69–70, 78
Calhoun, John C., 129–30
C&O, 102–3, 111, 112, 117–18, 122, 296, 299
Erie, 102–3, 110, 201, 457; Potomac, 108–9, 110, 538n35
railroads as competitor of, 117–18, 122, 296
Susquehanna, 103, 108–10, 111–12, 538n47
Canby, Edward, 262, 263, 558n9
and expressway, 457, 458, 467–68, 484, 485, 486, 487
Canton Company, 120–21
Cape Palmas, 172–73
Carey, James, 78
Carmichael, Stokely, 450, 584–85n48
Carroll, Charles, 24, 53–54, 117, 129, 169, 522n32
Carroll, John Lee, 298–99, 300, 301
Carter, Bernard, 291, 296, 297, 303, 315
Casey, Edward S., 2
and anti-Catholicism, 184, 204, 206, 385
political rights of, 53–54
Chandler, Alfred, 125
Chapman, John Lee, 248, 254, 268–69, 270, 287
charities, private, 309, 390–91
Charles Center, 426, 427, 435, 437, 479, 502
charter of Baltimore, 410, 439
of 1898, 322
of 1918, 368–69
amendments to, 80, 101, 382, 500–501
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C&O Canal), 102–3, 111, 112, 299
as competitor of B&O Railroad, 117–18, 122, 296
Chesapeake Bay, 9, 112, 295, 309, 311, 521n2
Chesapeake Marine and Drydock Company, 278
Chicago, IL, 3, 289, 336, 395, 446, 455
chimney sweeps, 68–69
Chinese, 307–8
Christie, James, Jr., 37–38
Christie, Robert, 37, 38–39, 50
CIO Political Action Committee, 394, 410, 413
Citizens Emergency Relief Committee, 391
Citizens for the Preservation of the Inner Harbor, 492, 493
Citizens Planning and Housing Association (CPHA), 435, 438, 473, 483, 493
and Baltimore Plan, 417, 424–25
city constable, position, 62–63
city council, 112, 156–57, 224, 225, 298, 307–8, 352–53, 419, 455–56
African American members of, 372, 455, 497
and annexations, 98–99
and antipoverty program, 445–46, 452–53
and Burnt District reconstruction, 333, 334–35
and city charter, 58, 59, 322, 436, 500–501
and city hall project, 73, 271, 272
and civil rights ordinance, 441–42, 446, 449
and expressway, 437, 456–57, 458–59, 466–67, 486
and expressways, 388
and railroads, 118–19, 123–24, 138–39, 140–41, 182, 207, 268, 313, 315
and schools, 127, 131–32, 190, 205, 320, 424
and sewer system, 289–90, 291, 326–27
and swine restrictions, 134–35, 197–99
and water suppy, 69–70, 208, 289–90
appropriations by, 106, 107, 266, 271, 322
Burns as president of, 501, 503, 589n25
D’Alesandro III and, 436, 442, 445, 455
on fire prevention and fire companies, 68, 188, 216–17
on police and policing, 145, 185, 194, 202, 209, 211–12, 213
City Hall building, 73, 238–39, 269–73, 331
City of Anger (Manchester), 4
City Reform Association, 228–29, 230
City-Wide Congress, 350, 354, 361, 363, 368
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 401, 488
civil rights litigation, 399–401, 488
civil service, 320, 368–69, 396, 596
Civil War: choosing sides in, 241–43
Confederate incursions into Maryland, 254–55
enlistment of black soldiers in, 256
and Lincoln election, 236–39
Maryland constitutional convention during, 257–59
military government during, 246–48, 254, 260
occupation of Baltimore during, 243–45, 253–54
Pratt Street riot during, 239–41
and Reconstruction, 259–60, 262–63
Civil Works Administration (CWA), 393–94
Clarke, Mary Pat, 511
Clay, Cassius Marcellus, 162–63
Claypoole, C. Lloyd, 419
Cleveland, OH, 4, 5, 455, 474, 507
Clinton, Henry, 51
clothing and textile industry, 311
Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 512–13
Cohen, Jacob, 539n16
Coker, Daniel, 173–74, 176, 178, 546n46
Coldspring Newtown, 487, 493, 499–500
Cole, Emory H., 431
Cole, Harry, 431
Commission on Economy and Efficiency, 382, 425
Committee for Downtown, 426–27, 457
Committee of Correspondence, 31
Committee of Observation, 34–36, 38–39, 44–45, 47, 50
Committee of Public Supply, 87–88, 89, 90
Committee of Vigilance and Safety, 90, 91–92, 94, 95, 535n15
Committee on Political Equality (COPE), 497–98
Community Action Agency (CAA), 443–45, 452, 453
Community Action Commission, 443, 444–45, 452–53, 466
Community Action Program, 443, 444
Conditional Unionists, 254, 255
Confederate Army, 254–55
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 441
and East-West expressway, 467, 485
and housing struggle, 444, 446, 448–51
Target City Project of, 446–48, 450, 451
Conservative Unionists, 261–62
Constitution, US: Maryland ratification of, 56
swearing allegiance to, 252–53
Constitutional Union Party, 233–35, 239. See also Union Party
construction industry, 390
labor disputes in, 373, 383–84
Continental Congress, 31, 32, 35, 48, 52
in Baltimore, 45–47
Cook, G. Yates, 417
Cook, John, 222–23
Cooper, Peter, 120–21
Cornwallis, Charles, 51
Costonie, Kiowa, 398
Council of Peninsula Organizations, 495–96
Cowen, John K., 299, 304, 313, 317, 318
Cox, Christopher Columbus, 264–65
Cox, James, 31
Crain, Robert, 423
Cramer, Richard Ben, 501
Crawford, William H., 130
crime, 185–86, 187, 192–93, 510–13
Crittenden, John J., 233
Crook, Howard, 413
crosstown expressway, 410, 414. See also East-West Expressway
Crump, Edward, 396
Cullen-Harrison Act, 393
Culotta, Samuel, 436
Cummings, Harry Sythe, 283, 340
Curran, William, 384–86, 577n34
and Jackson, 386, 391, 394–95, 396, 403–4
and Pollack, 392–93, 395, 404, 405, 412–13, 414
D’Alesandro, Thomas, Jr., 441
becomes mayor, 413–14
development projects of, 414–15, 427
and labor, 420–22
and school desegregation, 423, 424–25
D’Alesandro, Thomas, III, 436, 437, 465, 467, 473
as city council president, 436, 442, 445
and expressway, 458–59, 468–69, 470, 483
and race riot, 462, 463, 464–65, 466
Daley, Lawrence, 498
Dalgleish, James, 36–37
Dallas, A. J., 94
Daniels, Samuel T., 497
Darling, Philip, 457
Dashiell, Milton, 340
Davis, Henry Winter, 207, 250, 252, 259, 282
Davis, Moses, 153–54
Davis, Phineas, 121
Davis, W. W., 363
debt, municipal. See finances, Baltimore
Deems, Jacob, 153
Della, George, 419
Democratic Conservatives, 262, 264, 266, 287
Democratic Party: 1860 national convention of, 232–33
African Americans and, 396–97
and annexation issue, 360, 361–62, 363, 365–67
Banks mayoralty of, 270–72, 286–89, 305
Burns mayoralty of, 503–6
during Civil War, 252–54, 256, 259
and Cleveland administration, 318–19
Curran and, 384–86, 391–96, 403–5, 412–14
D’Alesandro III mayoralty of, 454–56, 458–59, 462–70; D’Alesandro Jr. mayoralty of, 412–15, 419–27; FDR and, 394–95, 396, 402–3
following Civil War, 263–66
Goodman mayoralty of, 436, 437, 442
Grady mayoralty of, 433–35; Hayes mayoralty of, 323–38; Hodges mayoralty of, 305, 313–14, 315; Jackson mayoralty of, 381–84, 386, 391–96, 402–4, 407; Jerome mayoralty of, 191–94, 197–98, 201; Kane mayoralty of, 302–4; Kovens and, 432–34, 473, 476; Latrobe mayoralty of, 298, 300, 302–4, 309–10, 311, 322, 327; Law mayoralty of, 185–86, 188–89, 190; Mahon machine in, 337–38, 345–48, 363–65, 381; Mahool mayoralty of, 336–38, 342, 347
and McKeldin, 410–11
McLane mayoralty of, 331–34, 338
O’Malley mayoralty of, 4, 511–13; Pollack and, 412, 431–37, 454; Preston mayoralty of, 345–53, 355–58, 360–62, 366–70, 372; Rasin-Gorman machine in, 284–87, 294–306, 316–19, 323; Reubenites and, 192; Schaefer mayoralty of, 473–81, 492–93, 496–501; Schmoke mayoralty of, 508–11; Smith mayoralty of, 153–54, 157; Stansbury mayoralty of, 192–93; Vansant mayoralty of, 286, 291, 305; Whyte mayoralty of, 303–4
desegregation: housing, 423, 448–50
school, 422–24, 487–91, 588n23. See also segregation
Diffenderffer, John, 123–24, 139
Digges, Walter, 339
Dillon, John Foster, 141–42
Dillon Rule, 141–42
Dilts, James, 469
DiPietro, Dominic “Mimi,” 465, 504
Dix, John, 247–48
Dixon, Walter, 442
Dohme, A. R. L., 363
Dorf, Paul, 436
Douglass, Frederick, 164–65, 277–78, 281
Douglass, John, 490
development of, 426–27, 501, 502, 508–9
Dugan, Cumberland, 39
Dulany, Daniel, 24
DuPont, Pierre, 376
Durham, Palatinate of, 10
Durr, Fred, 498–99
Early, Jubal, 254
East Baltimore, 226, 301, 385, 444, 450, 462
and antipoverty program, 444, 445
and Baltimore Plan, 417–18
political leanings of, 284, 296, 304, 347, 397, 470, 490
East-West Expressway, 437, 440, 456–59
alternate routes for, 467–69
controversy over, 458–62, 467, 469, 484–87
Schaefer determination on, 482–84
East-West Viaduct, 387–88, 389
economy, Baltimore: as branch-office town, 312–13
canals’ impact on, 103
and deindustrialization, 495–96
financial collapse of, 104–8, 537n25
and grain trade, 12–13, 15–16, 28
and Great Depression, 388–89, 390–91
and privateering, 48, 49, 81, 96, 103
promotion of industry in, 310–12, 335–36, 382–83, 483, 501–2
and Revolutionary War, 47–49, 51
and shipbuilding, 48–49, 278, 311, 495
and tobacco, 9–10, 15–16, 28, 47, 163
unbalanced nature of, 310–12. See also industry and manufacturing
Edmiston, William, 35
Elder, William, 348
election system: campaign for Australian ballot, 317
city charter on, 322
in colonial Baltimore, 34
first mayoral popular vote, 145
Maryland legislature laws on, 266, 300, 306
voter registration laws, 127–28, 132, 266. See also voting rights
electoral fraud and intimidation, 347, 433
against black voters, 295–96, 318–19, 323–24, 336–37, 338–40, 372
by Know-Nothings, 210–11, 213–16, 222–23, 229–30
by Rasin-Gorman Ring, 295–96, 298, 299–300, 302, 318–19
Reform League campaign against, 305
electoral violence, 210–11, 222–23, 318–19
Ellicott, Elias, 535n15
Ellicott, Evan, 148, 151, 155, 163
Ellicott, Samuel, 111
Ellicott, Thomas, 146–47, 148, 150, 163, 172
Elliott, Polly, 65
Embry, Robert, 468, 476, 482–83, 484, 487, 503, 505
eminent domain, 61, 69, 100, 334, 409, 415–16, 426
Emmerich, Herbert, 409
Environmental Protection Agency, 486
Erie Canal, 102–3, 110, 201, 457
Esquire, 501
Etting, Solomon, 118, 119, 169, 539n16
Evening, Abram, 34
Everett, Edward, 234
Evitts, William, 207
expressways: East-West, 437, 440, 458–62, 467–70, 482–87
Jones Falls, 437–40
proposals for crosstown, 410, 414
Fallon, George, 439
Faneuil, Peter, 28
Farmer, James, 446
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FEA), 393–94
Federal Highway Acts: of 1956, 456, 484
of 1962, 460
Federal Hill, 494
origin of name, 56
Union Army atop, 244, 245, 246, 254
Federalists, 58, 91, 96, 98, 129
Federal Republican, 81–82
fee proclamation (1773), 23–25, 524n22
Feldberg, Michael, 154–55
Fell, Edward, 12
Fell’s Point, 58–59, 73, 119, 469, 494
about, 12
absorbed into Baltimore, 14
during Revolutionary War, 48, 49, 50
riots in, 82
yellow fever epidemic in, 63, 64–65
fence posts, 17
Field, Marshall, 376
Field, Steven S., 347, 351, 353, 361, 362, 363, 365
Fifteenth Amendment, 280, 281–82
Fillmore, Millard, 205, 206, 232
finances, Baltimore, 186, 201–2
B&O Railroad investments, 116, 119–22, 181–83, 201–2, 207–8, 314–15
city project financing, 270–71, 326, 333, 372–73, 498
municipal debt, 104–8, 111–12, 124, 180–81, 182, 185, 190, 194, 201, 537n25
War of 1812 costs, 94–96, 535n31
Fine, Bailey, 476
fire, Light Street (1796), 67–68
African American, 423
and gang violence, 187, 192–93, 209–10
and Rasin-Gorman Ring, 296–97
Swann and transformation of, 216–17
fire of 1904, 332–33
recovery from, 333–34
fire prevention, 67–69
Fish, Stuyvesant, 376
Fitzgerald, Carroll, 500
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 494
Follensbee, A. S., 241
Ford, Henry, 357
Fort McHenry: and Civil War, 245, 246, 251, 254, 558n9
road and tunnel through, 484–85, 585n55
during War of 1812, 83–85, 86–87, 89, 92–94
Fourteenth Amendment, 278, 280
Frederick, George A., 270
Frederick, MD, 13, 18, 122, 243–44
French and Indian War, 18
Friedman, Mendel, 500
Fugitive Slave Act, 235
Furst, Frank, 369, 373, 376, 381
and annexation bill, 359–61, 363, 367
Gallatin, Albert, 534n39
Gambrill, John Wesley, 228
gang violence: in black community, 5, 512–14
by volunteer fire companies, 187, 192–93, 209–10
Gans, A. L., 341
Garrett, Robert, 418–19
Garrison, William Lloyd, 161–62, 168, 177
Gelston, George, 447, 449, 450, 463, 464
geography of Baltimore, 9, 12, 13, 57
advantages of, 49, 51, 102, 180, 232
German immigrants and German Americans, 205, 308–9, 357–58, 564n6
Gill, L. D., 272
Gill, N. Rufus, 272
Gill, Richard W., 148
Gilman, Daniel Coit, 322
Gilmor, Harry, 254
Gist, Richard, 521–22n12
Gittings, William S., 233
Gleig, G. R., 93
Glenn, John, 146, 149, 151, 152, 155, 156
Goddard, Mary Katherine, 45
Goldberg, Louis, 450
Goldsborough, A. S., 349, 353, 354–55
Goob, Charles, 387–88
Goodman, Philip, 433, 435, 436, 437, 442
and disenfranchisement of black voters, 323–24, 338
and Grover Cleveland, 318
and US Senate, 298–99, 318, 322
and Whyte, 297, 303. See also Rasin-Gorman Ring
Gould, Jay, 312
Graham, R. Walter, 433, 435, 436
Grant, Ulysses S., 262, 263, 296
Grason, William, 182
Gray, Freddie, 507, 512, 513–14
Great Depression, 388–89, 390–91
Greater Baltimore Committee (GBC), 417, 425, 426–27, 435, 473, 509
Greater Baltimore Non-Partisan League, 363, 365
Griffin, James, 444
Grimsted, David, 155
Groome, James, 299
Gross, Edward, 381
guano, 311
Guffey, Joseph, 396
Gunpowder River, 290–91
Gurry, John E., 342
Hall, William Purnell, 362, 365, 366, 371
Halstead, Murat, 234
Hamilton, William T., 298, 299
Hampstead Hill, 87, 89–90, 92, 93
Hancock, John, 33
Hanson, Alexander C., 81–82, 83, 85
Harbaugh, Leonard, 26
harbor, Baltimore, 361–62, 373, 571n43
and harbor master post, 61. See also port of Baltimore
Harbor Tunnel, 484, 585n55, 587n7
Harlan, Edwin, 413–14
Harlem Park: and expressway, 461–62, 469, 485, 487
as urban renewal area, 426, 435
Harlem Park Neighborhood Council, 461–62
Harper, Charles, 168–69, 173, 546n29
Harper, Robert Goodloe, 110, 129–30, 165–67, 168, 171
John Brown attack on, 227
Harrington, Emerson, 359, 360, 362, 364, 367
Harris, J. Morrison, 215, 241–42, 299
Harrison, Thomas, 14
Harrison, William Henry, 183
Hastings, Thomas, 369
Hatcher, Richard, 497
Hawkins, W. Ashbie, 342
Hay, John, 243
Hayes, Rutherford B., 301
Hayes, Thomas G., 323, 324–27, 338
Haysbert, Raymond, 504
Health and Welfare Council of the Baltimore Area, 442–43
health commissioners, 63, 64–66
Heiskell, J. Monroe, 304
Held, Arthur, 499
Helms, George, 35
Henderson, Marie, 505
Hicks, Thomas H., 233, 243, 252, 556n9
and secession crisis, 237–38, 239, 241–42, 244–45
Highlandtown, 253, 254, 306, 350, 361, 487
Hill, John Philip, 377
Hinks, Samuel, 204, 207, 208, 210–11
Hodges, James, 305, 313–14, 315
Hollis, Meldon, 509
Holmes, Peter, 488–89
Hooker, Donald, 354
Hooper, Harry, 331
Hooper, William A., 303
Hoover, Herbert, 385
Hopkins, Harry, 394
Hopkins, Johns, 163
Horizon House, 448–51
location of African American, 407–10, 577n31
and open-housing legislation, 444, 446, 449, 455
poor condition of African American, 345, 406
public, 394, 408, 417, 423, 469, 493
segregation in, 340–44, 345, 418, 423, 507–8
and urban renewal, 417–18, 425–26, 435
Houston, Charles Hamilton, 399
Houston, Sam, 234
Howard, Charles, 242
Howard, John Eager, 98
Howard, Joseph C., 474
Howe, Richard, 50
Huger, Benjamin, 242
human relations commission, 418, 419, 423
human renewal program, 435–36, 442
Humphrey, Melvin J., 443
and bank fraud riot, 149–50, 151, 152
Hunter, Richard, 509–10
Hunter, Stephen, 4
Chinese, 307–308
German, 308–9, 564n6; Irish, 205; Know-Nothings and, 205, 308
income inequality, 508–9
industry and manufacturing, 54, 390
clothing and textile, 311
construction, 373, 383–84, 390
deindustrialization, 495–96
efforts to promote, 310–12, 335–36, 382–83, 483, 501–2
guano, 311
illegal alcohol production, 375
iron and steel, 311
sailcloth, 311–12
shipbuilding, 48–49, 278, 311, 495
Inner Harbor: development of, 427, 491–93, 496, 498, 501
and expressway, 437, 440, 457–58, 459, 467–68, 469, 484
Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance, 443
Irish immigration, 205
Jackson, Andrew, 129, 130, 146
Jackson, Howard: on African American housing, 407
and Curran, 386, 391, 394–95, 396, 403–4
mayoral office assumed by, 381–82, 391–92
relations with capital and labor by, 382–84
and Ritchie, 392–93
and Roosevelt administration, 393–94, 402–3
Jackson, Juanita. See Mitchell, Juanita Jackson
Jackson, Lillie Carroll, 400, 401
Jackson, Maynard, 496
Jacksonians, 129–31
Jacobs, Curtis M., 236
jail, city, 191, 197, 208, 231
Jerome, John H. T., 191–93, 194, 197, 198, 201
Jews, 308, 309, 343, 385, 504, 539n16
Jim Crow laws, 278–79
Johnson, Bradley, 242
Johnson, Edward, 79, 82, 87, 88, 101, 103, 107–8
Johnson, Lyndon B., 442
and bank scandal, 146, 148, 149
mob attack on house of, 152, 154, 155, 156
and flood control, 99
stench from, 287
Jones Falls Expressway, 437–40, 457, 468
Jones Town, 12, 13–14, 17, 73, 98, 211
Joseph, Mark, 480
Kahler, Charles P., 290
Kane, George P., 241, 242, 247, 248
Kansas City, MO, 395–96
Kelly, C. Markland, 420
Kelly, Frank, 366, 370, 384, 385
Kelly, John “Honest John,” 316–17
Kenly, John, 248–49
Kennedy, Anthony, 206, 207, 241–42, 243, 251
Kennedy, John Pendleton, 26, 106, 112, 130, 131; and Constitutional Unionists, 233–34, 235, 255
and Know-Nothings, 205–6
and slavery, 235–36
on Baltimore elections, 295, 304, 319, 323
on Gorman, 303
Kerney, Martin, 204
Key Highway Shipyard, 495–96, 502
King, John, 300
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 446, 462, 469
Knights of Labor, 313
Know-Nothings: anti-Catholicism of, 184, 206, 210
anti-immigrant views of, 205, 308
Constitutional Unionists as replacement of, 233
electoral violence by, 210–11, 222–23
formation of, 204
internal fragmentation of, 228–29
municipal government by, 207–8, 221, 222, 223–25, 226–27, 228, 288, 533n9
and police department, 211–13, 216, 222–23
Kovens, Irvin, 432–34, 473, 476
Krafft, Charles, 212
Krebs, William, 127, 131, 540n11
Krieger, Zanvyl, 492
Kuchta, Francis, 476
Ku Klux Klan, 295, 372, 376, 448–49, 450
labor unions: of city workers’, 420–21, 579n37
of construction workers, 373, 383–84
independent African American, 448
Knights of Labor, 313
of railroad workers, 125–26, 267–68, 300–302
of sanitation workers, 490
of transit workers, 421–22
Lafferty, Francis, 192
La Guardia, Fiorello, 396, 403
Lane, William Preston, 412, 432
Lapides, Julian, 490
Latrobe, Benjamin, 108, 110, 265
Latrobe, Benjamin, Jr., 118
Latrobe, Ferdinand C., 298, 300, 309–10, 311, 322, 327
and Rasin machine, 302, 303, 304
Latrobe, John H. B., 117, 121, 187, 263, 270
as African colonization advocate, 167, 168–69, 171–72, 173, 546n29
Law, James O., 185–86, 188–89, 190
Leakin, Sheppard C., 183–84, 547n17
Leary, Cornelius, 556n4
Lee, Charles, 33
Lee, Henry (“Light-Horse Harry”), 82
Lee, Robert E., 82, 283, 422–23, 424
Levine, Marc, 501
Levinson, Barry, 4
Liberia, 167, 168, 169–70, 171, 172–73, 176, 547n55
Lieb, Emily, 462
and Baltimore, 239, 242, 243, 255, 259
suspension of habeas corpus by, 245–46, 247
Lineaweaver, F. Pierce, 482–83
Lingan, James, 82
Linthicum, J. Charles, 338
Little Italy, 484, 485, 486, 487
Lively, Walter, 451
Lloyd, Henry, 36
Locke, Milo W., 291–92
Locust Point, 10, 12, 119, 416; community associations in, 495–96
and expressway, 467, 468, 484–85, 487
Loden, Daniel “Little Danny,” 347, 355–56, 363–64
Lords Baltimore, 10–11, 16, 25, 28
Lovejoy, Elijah, 161
Lowi, Theodore, 478
Luber, John, 433
Lux, George, 32
MacKenzie, Colin, 66–67
Madison Avenue, McCulloh Street, and Eutaw Place Improvement Association, 340
Mahon, John J. “Sonny,” 297, 346, 351, 369, 385
as leader of Democratic machine, 337–38, 345–48, 363, 381
and Padgett, 347–48
and patronage, 296, 322, 324, 346, 347, 363
and Preston, 346–47
Mahool, J. Barry, 336, 337, 338, 342, 347
Maine Law temperance movement, 206
Malster, William T., 321–22, 323, 324
Manchester, William, 4
Mandel, Marvin, 470
maps, Baltimore, 13, 77–80, 100, 102
Marbury, William, 342
in colonial times, 25–27
regulation of, 71–72
Marshall, Thurgood, 397–98
civil rights litigation by, 399–400, 401, 424
Maryland Colonization Society, 169, 170, 171–73
Maryland constitution: of 1776, 52, 53–54, 157, 257
of 1851, 195–96, 201, 255, 256
of 1867, 266–67, 270, 278, 505, 510
proposals to draft new, 256, 259, 358
Maryland for Roosevelt League, 394
Maryland Freedom Union, 448
Maryland General Assembly: and African colonization, 169, 170–71
Baltimore as dependency of, 17, 57–58
and Baltimore’s B&O investment by, 122–23, 181, 182–83
and Baltimore borough plan, 351
and Baltimore city charter, 58, 101
and Baltimore city hall project, 269, 270
Baltimore police supervision by, 300, 366
and Baltimore’s autonomy, 99–100, 267, 358–59, 366
and Baltimore’s elections, 266, 306
Baltimore’s representation in, 53, 157
and black voting rights, 282, 336–37, 339
during Civil War, 244–45, 250–51
Fourteenth Amendment ratified by, 280
indemnification statute for Baltimore, 156–57
and Jacobs bill, 236
petitions to, 98–99
and port of Baltimore, 417, 571n43
and precincts, 97
and public works, 108–9, 115, 293
Rasin-Gorman machine and, 294–95
representation in, 267
and riot of 1968, 463–64
and secession crisis, 237–38, 242–43
on temperance and Prohibition, 351–52, 374–75
during War of 1812, 88
Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, 29, 35, 36–37, 38, 45, 55–56
Maryland Port Authority, 417, 425
Maryland provincial assembly, 9–10, 17, 27, 28
Maryland Society for Social Hygiene, 354
Maryland Society for the Abolition of Slavery, 165
Maryland Suffrage League, 337
Mason, George, 15–16
Mathews, Henry M., 301
Mauer, William, 229–30
May, Henry, 250–52
McCardell, J. Neil, 419
McClasky, Patrick, 154
McCormick, William, 65
McCreary, George, 21
McCulloh, James, 93
McElderry, Hugh, 146, 148, 155
McGuirk, Harry “Soft Shoes,” 484
McKeldin, Theodore R., 433, 444, 453, 454, 455
and African American civil rights, 407–8, 409, 441–43, 446, 447, 449, 451
and city development projects, 410, 414, 427
election campaigns of, 395, 411, 434, 436–37
patronage dispensed by, 404–5
and Republican Party divisions, 410–11
McKim, Isaac, 87
McKissick, Floyd, 446, 450, 451
McLane, Louis, 185
McLane, Robert M., 331–32, 333, 334, 338
McMechen, George W. F., 340, 410
Mencken, H. L., 5, 324, 375, 376, 456
merchants, Baltimore, 18, 56, 58, 96
Merchants’ and Manufacturers’ Association, 321, 350, 368, 382, 388
Merchants’ Exchange, 150, 152, 200, 254, 264
Merryman, John, 246–47
Mfume, Kweisi, 511
Michael, James, 193
formation of state, 31
during War of 1812, 84–85, 86, 89, 90
Miller, Henry, 89
Miller, James, 486
Mills, Robert, 103
Miltenberger, Anthony, 152, 153
Mitchell, Clarence, Jr., 397–98, 400–401, 445, 475
Mitchell, Clarence, III, 454, 455, 474–75
Mitchell, Juanita Jackson, 401, 441–42, 443, 451, 452
background of, 397–98
Mitchell, Parren J., 497
as candidate, 452, 467, 490, 491
Mitchell, William K., 132
Moat, William, 35
mob violence. See riots and mob violence
Model Cities program, 455, 463, 466, 470, 476, 478
Mohl, Raymond, 458
Montgomery, John, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 109
Moreton, Robert, 32–33
Morris, John B., 148, 151, 155, 156
Morrison, J. Frank, 304–5, 316
Moses, Robert, 456
Mount Vernon Neighborhood Association, 457
Movement Against Destruction (MAD), 458, 467, 469, 485–86
Municipal Art Society, 388
Murphy, Timothy, 496
Murphy, William H., Jr., 496, 497, 509
Murray, Donald, 399
Mutual United Brotherhood of Liberty, 282–83
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 405, 409–10, 443, 447, 451, 452
and Buy Where You Can Work campaign, 398–99, 448
and litigation, 399–401
and public facilities segregation, 418, 441–42
and school desegregation fight, 424, 487–88
Napier, Sir Charles, 87
Nash, Gary, 21
national capital, 57
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 485–86
National Geographic, 494
Negro Problem, The (Bruce), 343–44
Neighborhood Youth Corps, 444, 490
New Bedford Mercury, 81
New Deal, 393–94
Newman, Harry, 556n9
New Market Fire Company, 192, 209, 296–97
New Republic, 493
newspapers, during American Revolution, 29
New York, NY, 3, 71, 200, 201, 231, 336, 508, 521n13
Baltimore comparisons with, 200, 201
in colonial and Revolutionary times, 22, 49
political organization in, 316–17, 396
New York Times, 377, 494, 507–8
Niles, Hezekiah, 143, 154, 166, 169
Niles’ Weekly Register, 97–98, 101
Nixon, Richard, 444
Norris, Donald, 502
Northern Central Railroad, 207–8, 268
North Point, 9
and War of 1812, 84, 89, 92–94, 284
Novak, William J., 72
O’Conor, Herbert R., 395, 403, 404
Odorless Excavating Apparatus Company, 292–93, 325, 326
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 442, 443, 452
Ogden, William J., 350–51, 361, 362, 368
Olmsted, Fredrick Law, Jr., 388
Orlinsky, Walter, 486, 489, 500–501, 589n25
Orr, Marion, 509
Orser, Edward, 418
Outer City Conservation Program, 476
Owens, Hamilton, 375
Padgett, Robert “Paving Bob,” 337, 347–48, 364, 381
panics, financial: of 1819, 95–96, 101
Patapsco River, 118–19
and War of 1812, 84, 86, 89, 92, 94
patronage, 200, 252, 425, 571n43
Banks and, 288–89
to black Baltimoreans, 396, 397, 491
civil service system and, 369, 396
federal, 243, 259, 305, 319, 323
Hayes and, 324
Jackson and, 391–92, 395; Know-Nothings and, 210, 221, 227–28; Mahon and, 296, 322, 324, 346, 347, 363; McKeldin and, 404–5; Pollack and, 412, 413, 431, 434
public markets and, 25–28
Rasin-Gorman Ring and, 285–86, 295, 296, 302, 316, 561n33
Ritchie and, 381; Schaefer and, 478, 500; Smith and, 130–31; Swann and, 261; Whigs and, 195
Patterson, Orlando, 512
Patterson, Roland, 488, 489, 490–91, 588n23
Patterson, William, 81
Peale, Rembrandt, 269
Pendergast, Thomas, 395–96
Pennington, William, 250
Pennsylvania Railroad, 295
Peregoy, James, 140
Perkins, Thomas, III, 482
Perlman, Philip, 382
Perrine, David, 146
Personality of American Cities, The (Hungerford), 1, 5
Pessen, Edward, 156
Philadelphia, PA, 46, 49, 71, 336, 503
Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, 138, 139, 239, 268–69
Phillips, Christopher, 164, 175–76
Pica, John, 452
Pinderhughes, Alice, 504
Pinkerton, Allan, 239
Piquett, David C., 215
Poe, Edgar Allan (Maryland attorney general), 341, 344, 368
Poe, John Prentiss, 337
police and policing, 336, 410, 490, 511–12
Baltimore Reformers and, 230–31
broken window theory in, 512
killings of African Americans by, 405–6, 507–8, 512–514
Know-Nothings and, 211–13, 216, 222–23
police department creation, 145, 211–13, 216
watchmen and, 22, 185–86, 188–89, 193–94, 543n4
Pollack, James H. “Jack”: and black community, 397, 497
and control of Democratic machine, 431–37, 454
and Curran, 392–93, 395, 404, 405, 412–13, 414
and D’Alesandro Jr., 414, 419–20, 433
and D’Alesandro III, 437
Poppleton, Thomas, 77–80, 100, 109
population, Baltimore, 517
in colonial and Revolutionary times, 14–15, 18, 49
in nineteenth century, 60, 73, 96, 166, 179, 277–78, 306, 316, 367
in twentieth century, 406, 495
population, Maryland, 57
Port Development Commission, 415, 416–17
defense of during War of 1812, 84–85, 89–90
development of under D’Alesandro, 415–17
dredging of, 61. See also harbor, Baltimore
Potato Bug Campaign, 298–99, 302–3
Potomac Canal Company, 108–9, 110, 538n35
Poultney, Evan, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151–52, 163
powder magazine, 72–73
Pratt, Enoch, 314
Pratt Street riot (1861), 239–41
presidential nominating conventions, 232, 233–35
Pressman, Hyman, 436–37, 454, 473, 586n17
Preston, James H., 371, 373, 476
and annexation, 349–50, 361, 362, 365, 366–67, 368
and Baltimore’s relations with state, 358, 571n43
biographical background, 345–46
borough plan of, 350–51
and control of police department, 355–56
and Democratic machine, 363, 369–70
and Mahon, 346–47
on morality and vice, 351–52, 353, 357
and Padgett, 348
photo of, 360; and World War I, 357, 358
privateers, 46, 47–48, 80, 83, 92
Baltimore as base of, 48, 49, 81, 96, 103
Progressive Citizens of America, 419
Prohibition: approval of, 373–77
repeal of, 393
property requirements: for elective office, 59
for voting, 52–53, 55, 127–28, 132
property taxes, 55, 99, 100, 373
prostitution, 354–55
Protection Society, 165
protests and demonstrations: Buy Where You Can Work campaign, 398–99, 448
and Fifteenth Amendment ratification, 281–82
over housing, 407, 408, 577n31
against Jacobs bill, 236
over jobs, 441
over police killings, 405, 512-13, 513, 514
over poverty program, 452–53
over public facilities, 418–19, 441–42
Target City campaign, 446–48
public education. See schools, public
public health: investments in, 65–67
and water supply, 70–71
and yellow fever, 63–65
Public Housing Administration (PHA), 407, 408
Purviance, John, 98
Purviance, Samuel, 32, 33, 39, 46, 48
Radical Unionists, 261, 262, 264, 266, 280
railroads: Baltimore and Susquehanna, 122–24, 138, 207–8
Baltimore’s investments in, 116, 119–22, 181–83, 201–2, 207–8, 314–15
Baltimore’s relationship with, 116–17, 118–19, 185, 268–69
calls for creation of, 115–16
as canal competitors, 117–18, 122, 296
complaints about, 139–41
and Dillon Rule, 141–42
involvement of in politics, 295
Know-Nothing government and, 207–8
and labor struggles, 125–26, 267–68, 300–302
Pennsylvania, 295; Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore, 138, 139, 239, 268–69
pooling practice, 318
port facilities of, 415–17, 542n32
street tracks for, 136–41, 268–69
technology of, 120–21
Western Maryland, 315, 416. See also B&O Railroad
Randolph, Loyall, 397
Rasin, Isaac Freeman, 305, 332, 561n33
and African Americans, 336, 337
biographical background of, 284–85
and Carroll, 298–99
and Carter, 303
death of, 336
and Loden, 363–64
machine-building methods of, 285–86, 296–98, 317–18, 561n33
and McLane, 331
photo of, 285; political perfumery by, 302, 316, 331
Rasin-Gorman Ring, 294–306
business community’s ties with, 299, 316–17
and electoral fraud, 295–96, 298, 299–300, 302, 318–19
Independents’ peace with, 317–18
and patronage, 285–86, 295, 296, 302, 316, 561n33
political methods used by, 285–86, 296–98, 317–18, 561n33
unraveling of, 323
Raskob, John J., 376
Rawlings, Howard “Pete,” 511–12
Read, William G., 172
Reconstruction, 259–60, 262–63
Reeves, Norman, 501
Reform League, 305, 319, 320, 322
Reich, Larry, 482
religion: freedom of, 53–54
institutionalized, 20
Relocation Action Movement (RAM), 458, 461, 467, 469
Republican Party: in 1860s elections, 238, 259, 263, 265–67
birth of in Maryland, 262
black voters and, 296
Broening mayoralty of, 370–74, 384–86, 390–91
Chapman mayoralty of, 254, 268–70, 287; Hooper mayoralty of, 319–21, 323
internal schisms in, 321–24, 411
Malster mayoralty of, 321–24
McKeldin mayoralty of, 404–5, 407–11, 414, 427, 433–34, 436–37, 441–44, 446–47, 449, 451, 453–55
near disappearance of in Baltimore, 284
and patronage, 296, 319–20, 404–5
Timanus mayoralty of, 334–36, 338, 365, 371
Responsible Citizens for Law and Order, 465
Revolution, American: Baltimore public meetings during, 30, 31
Baltimore’s economy during, 47–49
Continental Congress during, 31, 32, 35, 45–47, 48, 52; Loyalist prisoners during, 46–47
newspapers during, 29
struggle with Loyalists during, 31–34, 43–45
surveillance system during, 34–36
threats to Baltimore during, 49–51
use of terror during, 36–39
Rigdon, Robert, 222–23
riots and mob violence, 56, 154–55, 187, 447, 455
Baltimore Bank Riot (1835), 149–53
Belair Market riot (1856), 211
convent anti-Catholic riot (1839), 184–85
Federalist-Republican fight (1798), 60
over Freddie Gray police killing (2015), 507–8, 512, 513–14
against pacifists (1917), 358
Pratt Street riot (1861), 239–41
preexisting social networks and, 155, 544n46
against pro-English newspaper (1812), 81–83, 85, 534n41
during rail strike (1877), 301–2
during Revolutionary War (1773), 32–33
against Whig victory rally (1840), 183–84
Ritchie, Albert, 372, 381, 391, 392
and Pollack, 392–93
Roberts, W. Frank, 391
Robertson, Paul, 411
Robinson, Ralph, 92
Rockefeller, John D., 312
Rogers, Archibald, 459
Roland Park, 343, 350, 386, 388, 479
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 393, 394, 396, 402–3
Roosevelt, Kermit, 376
Rosemont, 461–62, 467, 469, 485, 487
Ross, Alexander, 33
Rouse, James, 417
Rush, Benjamin, 46
Rusk, David, 508
Rusk, Thomas J., 215
Russell, George L., 455, 474, 484, 487, 489
Sachs, Stephen, 503
Sack, Robert, 1
sailcloth industry, 311–12
Schaefer, William Donald (“Shaky”), 435, 436, 464, 467, 495
and Baltimore’s image, 479–81
and black community, 475, 489, 588n26
and Community Action Commission, 445, 452
and community groups, 478–79
electoral campaigns of, 401, 454, 455, 473–75, 493, 496–98
and expressway, 459, 468, 482, 484, 485, 487
governing style of, 476, 477, 501
and labor unions, 489–90
mayoral cabinets of, 476–78, 586n17
mayor’s office assumed by, 475–79
and urban development projects, 492–93, 498–500, 501, 507, 508–9
Scharf, J. Thomas, 10, 57, 591
Schenck, John, 254–55
as mayor, 508–11
Schoepf, Johann, 49
school board, 280, 320, 509–10
blacks as members of, 406, 410, 490
and desegregation, 422–24, 490–91
and Patterson, 488, 489, 490–91
schools, parochial, 204–5
schools, public, 308, 488, 502, 504
in 1840s, 189–90
for black children, 279–80
construction program of, 372, 410
establishing system of, 126–29, 131–32, 267, 540n15
monitorial instruction system in, 133
Schmoke initiative on, 508–10
and school fees, 132–33
struggle to desegregate, 422–24, 487–91, 588n23
Schwab, Charles, 383
Scots Irish Presbyterians, 28–29
Scott, Winfield, 242, 245, 247
secession crisis, 235, 236–38, 244–45
segregation: housing and neighborhood, 340–44, 345, 418, 423, 507–8
public facility, 418–19, 423, 435, 441–42
school, 422–24, 487. See also desegregation
sewer system, 288–89, 291–93, 325–27, 567n48
“shadow government,” 499–500
Sharp Street Methodist Church, 168–69, 173–74, 176
Sheehan, Lawrence Cardinal, 446
Shefter, Martin, 316–17
shipbuilding, 48–49, 278, 311, 495
Shriver, R. Sargent, 442
Shutt, Augustus P., 221, 222, 228–29
Sierra Club, 486
Simon, David, 4–5
sinking fund, 105–6
Skidmore, Owings, and Merill (SOM), 459, 460–61, 462
Skotnes, Andor, 397
Slater, Robert J. “Doc,” 304–5, 316
slavery, 104
abolitionists and, 161–65
African colonization scheme and, 165–67, 170–71, 177–78
in Baltimore, 49, 87, 163, 164
Kennedy plan on, 235–36
in Maryland, 163, 195–96, 236, 255, 256, 257
Maryland’s free black population under, 87, 153, 166, 173–75, 196, 236, 256, 545n24
slave escapes during, 164, 545n8
Small, Jacob, 101–2, 118, 119, 132, 134–35, 143, 144–45
Smith, Adam, 103
Smith, Al, 385
Smith, C. Fraser, 470, 481, 499
Smith, James, 65
Smith, John Spear, 214
Smith, Nathaniel, 44–45
Smith, Samuel, 84, 169, 534n39
and American Revolution, 29, 33
as Baltimore mayor, 153–54, 157
death and funeral of, 179
as general in War of 1812, 83, 84–85, 86, 87, 89, 90–92, 94, 95
as Jacksonian, 130–31
and Jefferson’s trade embargo, 80–81, 533n15
and mob violence, 152–53
as US senator, 60, 80, 90, 533n15
and Water Company, 70
Smith, Samuel Spear, 153
Smith, Thomas A., 295–96
Smyth, James, 66–67
Society for the Preservation of Fell’s Point, Montgomery Street, and Federal Hill, 458
Society for the Suppression of Vice, 355
Society of the War of 1812, 353
Sondheim, Walter, 422, 424, 426, 435, 438, 442
Soper, Morris, 377
Sousa, John Philip, 376
Southeast Baltimore, 374, 386, 413, 466
and expressway, 457, 469, 483, 484, 485
school desegregation in, 489
Southeast Community Organization (SECO), 469
Southeast Council Against the Road (SCAR), 458, 485
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 446
Spear, John, 48
special commissioners, 54–55
Spence, Robert T., 91–92
Spencer, Samuel, 314
Spilman, Henry, 216
sports: park segregation in, 418–19
professional, 414–15
Squire, Matthew, 50
stadium, 414–15
Stansbury, Elijah, 192–93
Stanton, Robert F., 406
“Star Spangled Banner,” 391
Stashower, David, 239
Stauffer, Henry, 78
Stayton, William H., 375–76, 377
Steiner, Richard, 445
stench, 287–89
St. Eustatius, 47–48
Stevens, Thaddeus, 280
Stevenson, John, 13, 17, 35–36
Stiles, George, 535n31
St. Louis, MO, 161, 205, 336, 366
Stokes, Carl, 511
Stone, William F., 319, 320, 332, 334, 336
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 162
St. Paul’s Church, 20
Straus amendment, 339–40
street addresses, 269
street lights, 115, 193, 194, 202, 305, 542–43n3
street paving, 46, 54–55, 61, 66, 72, 97, 333, 348
street signs, 100
Stricker, John, 82, 86, 90, 91
strikes: by city workers, 420–21
by construction workers, 373, 383–84
by nursing home workers, 448
by railroad workers, 125–26, 267–68, 300–302
by sanitation workers, 490
Stuart, J. E. B., 254
Sullivan, Timothy “Silver Dollar,” 316
Supplee, J. Frank, 321–22, 336, 352–53
Supreme Court: Brown v. Board of Education ruling, 422, 423, 487
on housing segregation, 342, 346
Susquehanna Canal, 103, 108–10, 111–12, 538n47
Swann, Thomas, 209, 255, 263, 269
and Constitutional Unionists, 234, 255
and Democratic Party, 261–62, 263, 264–65
and firefighting forces, 216, 217
as Know-Nothing mayor, 221, 222, 223–25, 226–27, 533n9
opposition to African American suffrage by, 280
and police, 211–12, 213, 214, 216, 230–31, 265–66
Swann Lake, 231
Swirnow, Richard, 496
Szanton, Peter, 502
Taft, William Howard, 357
Tait, Galen L., 411
Talbott, J. F. C., 350, 361, 362, 365
Taney, Roger B., 117, 130, 131, 169
and bank fraud scandal, 146, 147
and Ex Parte Merryman decision, 246–47
Tappan, Arthur, 162
Target City Project, 446–48, 450, 451
Tawes, J. Millard, 412, 433–34, 436
tax rates, 190
Taylor, Zachary, 195
Teamsters Union, 420–21, 579n37
telephones, 382
temperance movement, 206, 351–52. See also Prohibition
Tensfield, Charles, 154
term slavery, 164
Terry, David, 400
Thomas, Philip E., 116, 137, 163, 169
Thomas, Thaddeus, 189
Thompson, Joseph (“Honest Joe”), 302
Thomsen, Roszel, 422
Thoughts on Political Economy (Raymond), 103–4, 112
Tibbs, William, 20
Ticknor, Alex, 469
Timanus, E. Clay, 334–35, 336, 338, 365, 371
Time Magazine, 377
tobacco, 9–10, 15–16, 28, 47, 163
Todd, Francis, 162
Tolley, Thomas, 521–22n12
Towers, Frank, 243
town commissioners, 11, 17, 19, 25–27, 521–22n12, 523n4
powers of, 55
Trapnell, Vincent, 43–44
Travers, William H., 224, 225, 226, 227, 553n16
Traxton, Emma, 340–41
Tuan, Yi-fu, 2
tuberculosis, 346
Turner, J. Mabury, 192–93
Tydings, Millard, 402
Unconditional Unionists, 254, 255, 256, 259, 262
Union Party, 252
splintering of, 254, 255. See also Constitutional Union Party
United States Congress: Maryland’s representation in, 57, 60
University of Maryland Law School, 283
Urban Design Concept Team (UDCT), 459–60, 461, 462, 468
Urban League, 409–10, 423, 424, 447, 458
urban renewal program, 425–26, 435
Valiant, William Thomas, 262–63
Van Bibber, Abraham and Isaac, 47–48
Vansant, Joshua, 272, 273, 286, 291, 305
Venetoulis, Theodore, 473
Volstead Act, 374–75, 376, 377
Volunteers Opposed to the Leakin Park Expressway (VOLPE), 458, 486
voter registration: of African Americans, 295, 339, 450, 497
Civil War requirements for, 260, 261
creation of system of, 127–28, 132
voting rights: African Americans’ winning of, 280, 281, 282
during Civil War, 254–55, 258–59, 260, 266
efforts to disenfranchise black voters, 295–96, 318–19, 323–24, 336–37, 338–40, 372
and property qualifications, 52–53, 55, 127–28, 132
Wachter, Frank C., 331–32
Wachter, George, 336, 338, 370
Waddell, George, 70–71
Wallace, David A., 426
Wallis, Severn Teackle, 237–38, 299, 303, 304
Wall Street Journal, 494
Warfield, Henry M., 298
War Memorial Plaza, 371
Warner, Sam Bass, 71
War of 1812: ad hoc government during, 87–88
Baltimore in thick of fighting during, 83–85
Baltimore paying costs of, 94–96, 535n31
defense of Baltimore during, 83–84, 86–87, 89–90
Fort McHenry bombardment during, 92–94
issues leading up to, 80–81
Smith command in, 83, 84–85, 86, 87, 89, 90–92, 94, 95
War on Poverty, 442–45, 452–53
Washington, George, 51, 234, 538n35
hiring of, 185–86, 188–89, 193–94
responsibilities of, 143–45
water supply, 373
and city reservoir, 290–91, 410
creation of municipal commission for, 69–70
and sewer system, 288–90, 291–93, 325–27, 567n48
and Water Company, 70–71, 136, 202, 208
Watkins, John, 192
Watkins, William, 176–79
Waxter, Thomas (judge), 393
Waxter, Thomas J. (councilman), 499
Webb, James, 28
Webster, Daniel, 117
Wechsler, Stuart, 467
Wellington, George L., 322
West Baltimore, 237, 284, 304, 385, 445, 451, 462, 490
antipoverty program in, 445, 446
black community in, 397, 398, 431, 458, 475, 490, 496
Pollack as boss of, 395, 397, 431
Western Maryland Railroad, 315, 416
Weyforth, William C., 384
Whigs, 37, 39, 44–45, 183, 192
Baltimore national convention of, 232
and slavery question, 195
Whyte, William Pinkney, 215, 322
as Baltimore mayor, 303–4
as Maryland governor, 295, 296, 297–98
and Rasin-Gorman machine, 295, 296, 297, 303–4, 337
Wiles, Joseph, 461
Williams, George Washington, 423
Williams, George Weems, 370–71, 372
Williams, Margaret, 399–400
Williams v. Zimmerman, 399
Winans, Ross, 245–46
Winchester, George, 123
Winder, Levin, 84–85, 87, 89, 91, 92
Wirt, William, 117
Wolcott, Oliver, 45–46
Wolman, Abel, 495
Wood, Fernando, 231
Wood, Gordon S., 52
Wool, John E., 253
Woolfolk, Austin, 163
Workingmen’s Party, 302
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 394
World War I, 357–58
World War II, 403
Wright, J. S., 212
Wyatt, Joseph, 419
Yancey, William L., 233
York, Robert, 464
Young, James, 262–63